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12 May 2019, Montenegro, Petnjica - Geographical indication, GI protected Crnogorska Govedja beef prosciutto signals reputation, generations of know-how and a strong link to the territory. With help from the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Some 100 smallholder farmers from small mountain villages are now reaping the benefits of agro-tourism and getting recognition for preserving centuries-old culinary traditions and a way of life that, elsewhere, has been long abandoned or is slowing dying out. The FAO-EBRD project has linked smallholder farmers, hotel and restaurant owners to local government and tourism agencies to promote their agro-tourism initiatives. It connected farmers with restaurant and hotel owners; trained farmers and chefs in how to store and cook local products to meet the European Unions’ hygienic standards, and adapt old recipes for today’s use – all with the aim of encouraging locals to keep their traditions alive whilst boosting their incomes and bettering their lives. Elsewhere in the small mountainous villages of northern Montenegro, FAO and EBRD, with funding from Luxembourg, helped farmers get international recognition - Geographical Indication (GI) status - for some of their foods thanks to their high quality and unique production process.
Photo credit must be given: ©FAO/EBRD/Dermot Doorly. Editorial use only. Copyright ©FAO.
The Fortieth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from November 12 to November 16, 2018.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
A New Zealand Non Commissioned Officer gives target indications to his troops as they raid Manatuto Prison. The raid was conducted as part of a major exercise.
Mid Caption:
A major multi-lateral exercise climaxed in East Timor yesterday (25 June 10) when a multinational force raided Manatuto Prison.
US Marines, Australian and New Zealand soldiers of the International Stabilisation Force (ISF) and the East Timor Defence Force (F-FDTL) concentrated on the prison in the country’s east for two raids that tested interoperability and operational planning.
The prison raids culminated with an assault by F-FDTL, ISF and US Marines, including air support from the USS Peleliu and the Timor Leste Aviation Group (TLAG).
More than 100 F-FDTL soldiers participated in the MARINE EXERCISE 10 (MAREX 10), also called EXERCISE CROCODILE.
The Exercise focused on professional development and arms corps advice to the F-FDTL. It also included community support activities such as engineering, medical and community relations programs.
The participating Marines landed from USS Peleliu and comprised the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (15 MEU).
The ISF personnel included Australian soldiers of 8/9 Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment (8/9 RAR) and 2/1 Battalion, the Royal New Zealand Regiment (2/1 RNZR).
The Fortieth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from November 12 to November 16, 2018.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Fortieth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from November 12 to November 16, 2018.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Fortieth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from November 12 to November 16, 2018.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Fortieth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from November 12 to November 16, 2018.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Fortieth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from November 12 to November 16, 2018.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Fortieth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from November 12 to November 16, 2018.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Forty-Fifth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from March 28 to March 30, 2022.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Forty-Sixth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva from November 21 to November 23, 2022 in hybrid form – with delegates and observers attending physically in Geneva, Switzerland, and via remote participation from around the world.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
were the words from Tower B17's operator, as 276 started 'em up.
Since my first time shooting it in 2007 (at Nahant Yard), the Mt. Rushmore unit has eluded me since that day. It wasn't getting away from me this morning!
07/23/12
The Forty-Fifth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from March 28 to March 30, 2022.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Forty-First Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from April 8 to April 11, 2019.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Fortieth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from November 12 to November 16, 2018.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Fortieth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from November 12 to November 16, 2018.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Fortieth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from November 12 to November 16, 2018.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Forty-Fifth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from March 28 to March 30, 2022.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Forty-Fifth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from March 28 to March 30, 2022.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Forty-Sixth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva from November 21 to November 23, 2022 in hybrid form – with delegates and observers attending physically in Geneva, Switzerland, and via remote participation from around the world.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The Forty-Sixth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva from November 21 to November 23, 2022 in hybrid form – with delegates and observers attending physically in Geneva, Switzerland, and via remote participation from around the world.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The Forty-Sixth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva from November 21 to November 23, 2022 in hybrid form – with delegates and observers attending physically in Geneva, Switzerland, and via remote participation from around the world.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The Fortieth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from November 12 to November 16, 2018.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Forty-Sixth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva from November 21 to November 23, 2022 in hybrid form – with delegates and observers attending physically in Geneva, Switzerland, and via remote participation from around the world.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Image available for purchase from www.ballaratheritage.com.au
Information from Birds Australia
Hooded Plover
Thinornis rubricollis
For over 20 years concern has been expressed about the status of the Hooded Plover, a medium sized wading bird endemic to southern Australia.
Hooded Plovers live on sandy surf beaches, and prefer beaches backed by dunes rather than by cliffs. The species is non-migratory, although recent colour-band sightings have shown that birds will move several hundred kilometres.
In one well-studied population in Victoria, the breeding success was so low that it seems likely that populations will continue to decline. The current population estimate suggests there are about 5000-7000 Hooded Plovers in total.
Although the species has just been removed from the federal Environment Biodiversity and Protection Act, there are several reasons to believe that the species has a place on the list. These include population declines, and a postgraduate study that has found low breeding success.
There are also indications that the species consists of an eastern and western subspecies. Indeed, Hooded Plovers are considered Critically Endangered in NSW where it is now confined to the southern part of the state.
Many of the threats faced by Hooded Plovers involve humans, who accidentally crush nests and chicks, disturb the birds when breeding, and allow their dogs to chase and sometimes kill Hooded Plover chicks and eggs. Everybody who visits beaches in southern Australia can help this species by obeying regulations and staying away from Hooded Plovers when possible.
According to the Action Plan for Australian Birds 2000, the eastern subspecies of the Hooded Plover is vulnerable, while the western subspecies is near threatened.
EPBC Information
Legal StatusTop The current conservation status of the Hooded Plover (eastern), Thinornis rubricollis rubricollis, under Australian and State/Territory Government legislation, is as follows:
National: Listed as a Marine species under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
New South Wales: Listed as Endangered under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995.
Victoria: Listed as Vulnerable under the Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria 2003; listed as Threatened under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.
South Australia: Listed as Vulnerable under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972.
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TaxonomyTop Scientific name: Thinornis rubricollis rubricollis.
Common name: Hooded Plover (eastern).
Other common names: At the species level, the Hooded Plover T. rubricollis has also been known (historically) as the Hooded Dotterel or Dotterel (Marchant & Higgins 1993).
The taxonomy of the Hooded Plover (eastern) is considered equivocal due to a lack of published evidence (Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
The eastern subspecies and its western counterpart, T. r. tregellasi, were first recognized by Mathews (1913-1914), who split the two forms on the basis of size and plumage differences. Contemporary studies have confirmed that plumage and morphological differences exist between the eastern and western populations of the Hooded Plover (Marchant & Higgins 1993; Weston 2006, pers. comm.), and there also appear to be differences in the ecology and habitat of the two forms (Marchant & Higgins 1993).
A study comparing the genetics of the eastern and western populations of the Hooded Plover has commenced, but the results of this study are not yet available. The status of the two subspecies will remain unresolved until this study is completed, but the evidence provided above, together with the fact that the two populations are separated by a broad expanse of unsuitable habitat, suggests that there is a strong likelihood that the eastern and western populations represent genuine subspecies (Weston February 2006, pers. comm.).
At the species level, the Hooded Plover was recently moved from the genus Charadrius to the genus Thinornis (Christian et al. 1992). It is, therefore, the only species of the genus Thinornis that is endemic to Australia (Christidis & Boles 1994). There has also been some dispute over which specific name, rubricollis or the historical cucullatus, should be used (McAllan & Christidis 1998; Olson 1998).
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DescriptionTop The Hooded Plover (eastern) is a stocky, medium-sized plover that is about 20 cm long and weighs approximately 100 g (Marchant & Higgins 1993). Average mass varies slightly depending on whether birds are breeding, and on the stage of the breeding cycle (Weston & Elgar 2005b).
Adult males and adult females are alike (Marchant & Higgins 1993); they cannot be distinguished in the field, and live birds have only been sexed genetically (Weston et al. 2004). The adult birds have a black 'hood', a broad white 'collar' across the back of neck that is bordered at the base by a thin strip of black, a blackish stripe that extends across the base of the neck and shoulders to the sides of the breast, pale brownish-grey upperparts (except for some blackish around the tip of the upper-tail) and white underparts. When in flight, black and white colouring is revealed on the distal and posterior regions of the upper wing, and a narrow brownish-grey band can be seen along the trailing edge of the under-wing. The adults have a red bill that is black at tip, red rings around the eyes, brown irises, and dull orange-pink legs and feet (Marchant & Higgins 1993).
Juvenile birds differ from the adults by having mainly dull grey-brown colouring on the head (there are small patches of white below the eyes and at the base of the bill, and the chin and throat are whitish or pale grey); lacking the thin strip of black at the base of the collar; lacking the blackish stripe that extends across the base of the neck and shoulders to the sides of the breast (in juveniles, this area is coloured the same as the rest of the upperparts); dark brown edging on the feathers of the upperparts; a bill that is mostly black but that has a small area of fleshy-pink colouring at the base; and pale orange rings around the eyes (Marchant & Higgins 1993).
The Hooded Plover (eastern) usually occurs in pairs during the breeding season (Buick & Paton 1989; Schulz 1987a; Weston 1993a) and in small to large flocks (of up to 100 birds) during the non-breeding season (Cooper 1997; Marchant & Higgins 1993; Schulz 1987a; Weston 2006, pers. comm.). Single birds, pairs and small flocks may be observed throughout the year (Buick & Paton 1989; Schulz 1987a; Weston 1993a). The Hooded Plover (eastern) breeds in socially monogamous, solitary pairs (Bransbury 1991a; Marchant & Higgins 1993).
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Australian DistributionTop The Hooded Plover (eastern) is widely dispersed on or near sandy beaches in south-eastern Australia. Its range extends from about Jervis Bay in New South Wales to the western reaches of the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia, and includes Tasmania and various offshore islands such as Kangaroo Island, King Island and Flinders Island (Barrett et al. 2003; Garnett & Crowley 2000; Marchant & Higgins 1993; Matthews 1913-14). There is also a single confirmed record of the Hooded Plover (eastern) in Queensland (a vagrant juvenile was located on Bribie Island in May 1998) (Cameron & Weston 1999).
The extent of occurrence is estimated at 1 500 000 km². This estimate, which is based on published maps, is considered to be of high reliability (Garnett & Crowley 2000).
The extent of occurrence is stable at present (Garnett & Crowley 2000), but historical records indicate that a decline occurred during the first half of the 20th century.
There are historical records of the Hooded Plover (eastern) from around Sydney (Hindwood & Hoskin 1954; Hoskin 1992; North 1913-14) that are accepted as accurate (Cameron & Weston 1999; McAllan 2001). These records, when compared to the current northern limit of the Hooded Plover (eastern) around Jervis Bay, indicate that the range has contracted southward by an approximate distance of 150 km. This contraction would have resulted in a decrease in the extent of occurrence.
However, the contraction in range was possibly much greater. There are a small number of historical reports of the Hooded Plover (eastern) from southern Queensland and New South Wales, summarized in Cameron and Weston (1999). The validity of these reports has been challenged (McAllan 2001) but, if at least some of these reports are accurate, then it is possible that the distribution of the Hooded Plover (eastern) may formerly have extended, probably continuously, from southern Queensland and along the entire New South Wales coast into Victoria. The range may therefore have contracted southward by a distance of more than 900 km (Cameron & Weston 1999) which, if correct, would have resulted in a significant decline in the extent of occurrence.
It is likely that the extent of occurrence will decline in future. The ongoing decline in population sizes (e.g. Baird & Dann 2003) is likely to lead to the fragmentation of existing populations and, ultimately, to a contraction in the limits of the distribution, especially in New South Wales (Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
The area of occupancy is estimated at 4000 km². This estimate is based on the number of 1 km² grid squares that the Hooded Plover (eastern) is thought to occur in at the time when its population is most constrained. The estimate is considered to be of medium reliability (Garnett & Crowley 2000).
Historical records indicate that a decline in the area of occupancy occurred during the first half of the 20th century (see above for details about past contractions in the range and, therefore, declines in the area of occupancy). This decline appears to have continued throughout the latter stages of the 20th century, given that population declines were recorded in Victoria (Baird & Dann 2003; Weston 1993) and Tasmania (Woehler & Park 1997) during the 1980s and 1990s.
It had been thought likely that the area of occupancy had stabilized in recent years (Garnett & Crowley 2000). However, contemporary studies have recorded the loss of some breeding territories (Weston 2000), and there is some evidence to indicate that the loss of breeding territories is ongoing. It is likely that the area of occupancy is in slow decline, as a small number of territories disappear each year, and very few new territories are reported (Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
There have been no estimates of the number of locations in which the Hooded Plover (eastern) occurs. The wide dispersal of the plovers within their habitats (especially when breeding) makes it difficult for discrete populations and locations to be defined (Weston 2002, pers. comm.). However, the vast majority of birds breed along the coastline and hence are vulnerable to widespread threats such as rises in sea levels and predation by introduced predators (Weston 2005).
Adelaide Zoo has bred the Hooded Plover (eastern) in captivity (Weston 2003), and maintains a small number of birds (Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
The distribution of the Hooded Plover (eastern) is currently not severely fragmented. Breaks in the distribution do occur where habitat is unsuitable (e.g. coast backed by cliffs), and some beaches appear to be unoccupied. However, records of colour-banded birds show that plovers can readily travel past cliffs, across inlets and bays, and around major promontories (i.e. Wilson's Promontory), and so disjunct habitats such as those described above do not constitute a fragmentation of the population (Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
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Surveys ConductedTop The Hooded Plover (eastern) has been subject to many population surveys, including several which have not been properly analysed or published (Weston 2006, pers. comm.). The Australian Wader Studies Group conducts biennial counts of Hooded Plover (eastern) populations during the breeding season. These surveys have taken place along the coasts of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia (Weston 2003). The species has been most surveyed in Victoria, where counts have been conducted since 1980 (Weston 1993). Counts in other states have been less regular (Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
There have also been surveys of Hooded Plover (eastern) populations outside of the breeding season (e.g. Heislers & Weston 1993), but these counts are less numerous and less extensive than those conducted during the breeding season. Regular counts (including some monthly counts) have been conducted at some locations (e.g. Waratah Bay, Kilcunda and Venus Bay in Victoria), but the results of these counts are yet to be analysed (Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
It is highly likely, given the number and coverage of surveys that have been conducted, that the current known distribution and (to a lesser extent) current estimated population size are representative of the actual distribution and population size (Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
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Population InformationTop The total population size of the Hooded Plover (eastern) is estimated at 3000 breeding birds. This estimate is considered to be of medium reliability (Garnett & Crowley 2000).
Although there have been considerable efforts to survey populations of the Hooded Plover (eastern) during the past two decades (e.g. Weston 1993), most of these studies have reported only count results and do not extrapolate to population estimates (Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
The Hooded Plover (eastern) has a reasonably continuous distribution and is capable of undertaking relatively long-distance movements (Cameron & Weston 1999). This would suggest that the subspecies is unlikely to occur in genetically-isolated subpopulations. This view is supported by Garnett and Crowley (2000), who estimate that there is a single contiguous (i.e. interbreeding) population.
Estimates of regional population sizes are reasonably well known, but are not representative of true subpopulations. The estimated population sizes for each state are 30 to 70 birds in New South Wales ( Keating & Jarman 2003; Morris 1989a; Straw 1995), 460 to 600 birds in Victoria (Murlis 1989; Weston 1995), 1700 to 2000 birds in Tasmania (Bryant 2002; Holdsworth & Park 1993; Newman & Patterson 1984) and 320 to 540 birds in South Australia (Bransbury 1988; Natt & Weston 1995). Population declines have been recorded in New South Wales (Cameron & Weston 1999), Victoria (Baird & Dann 2003; Weston 1993) and Tasmania (Woehler & Park 1997).
The total population size of the Hooded Plover (eastern) is likely to be declining (Garnett & Crowley 2000; Weston 2002, pers. comm.). This summation is based on population declines in New South Wales (Cameron & Weston 1999; Keating & Jarman 2003), Victoria (Baird & Dann 2003; Weston 1993) and Tasmania (Woehler & Park 1997) during recent decades, and the fact that the loss of breeding territories appears to be ongoing (Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
In New South Wales, it is presumed that the state population declined in association with the southward contraction in range that occurred during the early 20th century (Cameron & Weston 1999; Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
In Victoria, population declines have been recorded along several sections of the coastline. This includes a significant decline in the region between San Remo and Darby Beach, which supports the second largest population of Hooded Plovers (eastern) in Victoria (Weston 1993).
In Tasmania, survey data collected over a period of fourteen years (1982 to 1996) indicate that the Hooded Plover (eastern) population in Tasmania is declining, and that the rate of population decline appears to be increasing (e.g. the population decreased by an average of 1.6% per annum from 1982 to 1996, and by an average of 4.6% per annum from 1992 to 1996) (Park 1997; Woehler &).
There is potential for declines in some populations to be reversed, e.g. active and intense management at Mornington Peninsula National Park in Victoria led to an increase in the formerly declining local Hooded Plover (eastern) population (Dowling & Weston 1999a; Olsen & Weston 2004). However, management efforts such as these are currently limited to only a few sites and locations, and so are unlikely to be sufficient to reverse the general decline in total population size (Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
The generation length of the Hooded Plover (eastern) is estimated to be 5 years. This estimate was originally considered to be of low reliability due to a lack of reliable life history data (Garnett & Crowley 2000), but life history data (e.g. age of first breeding, longevity) collected since the estimate was made suggest that 5 years is a reasonable estimate of generation length (Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
The dispersed nature of the breeding distribution means that all populations are important, and that loss of any population would result in fragmentation. Range contraction in New South Wales means that maintenance of the easternmost breeding population may be key to halting the contraction (Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
There are no published records of cross-breeding between the Hooded Plover (eastern) and the Hooded Plover (western), or between the Hooded Plover (eastern) and any other species.
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Populations in ReservesTop The Atlas of Australian Birds records the Hooded Plover (eastern) in 77 conservation reserves throughout south-eastern Australia since 1998 (n=438 records). Five reserves have had 25 or more records of the plover since 1998: South Bruny National Park, Tasmania (n=48 records); The Lakes National Park, Victoria (n=46 records); Discovery Bay Coastal Park, Victoria (n=32 records); Gippsland Lakes Coastal Park, Victoria (n=28 records); and Calverts Lagoon Conservation Area (n=25 records), Tasmania (Atlas of Australian Birds, unpublished data).
In Victoria, it is estimated that approximately 90% of the adult population of Hooded Plovers (eastern) occurs on land owned by Parks Victoria. Seven sites under the management of Parks Victoria contain 5% or more of the estimated Victorian population. These are: Discovery Bay Coastal Park, Eumeralla (Yambuk) Coastal Reserve, Mornington Peninsula National Park, San Remo-Point Smythe Coastal Reserve, Nooramunga Marine and Coastal Park, McLoughlins Beach-Seaspray Coastal Reserve, and Croajingalong National Park (Weston 2003).
In Victoria, active management occurs in Mornington Peninsula National Park and Phillip Island Nature Park. In South Australia, informal site-specific work has taken place in reserves in the south-east of the state, where string fences have been erected to prevent vehicles from crushing nests (M.A. Weston 2006, pers. comm.). Active management also occurs in New South Wales, at Inverloch in Victoria, and at sites in Tasmania (Keating & Jarman 2004; M.A. Weston 2006). Some management activity in each of these regions is likely to occur within reserves, but it is not known which specific reserves are involved (M.A.Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
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HabitatTop The Hooded Plover (eastern) occurs in coastal areas, on or near high energy sandy beaches. They are generally found close to shore, but may occasionally visit sites located a short distance inland (e.g. lakes near the coast). Hooded Plovers (eastern) mainly inhabit sandy ocean beaches and their adjacent dunes. They have been claimed to have reasonably narrow preferences when it comes to beach habitat, but recent studies suggest that a variety of beach types may be used. Hooded Plovers (eastern) are sometimes found in habitats other than beaches, e.g. on rock platforms, reefs, around near coastal lakes and lagoons.
Beaches occupied by Hooded Plovers (eastern) tend to be broad and flat, with a wide wave-wash zone for foraging and much beachcast seaweed, and backed by sparsely-vegetated sand-dunes that provide shelter and foraging and nesting sites (Baird & Dann 2003; Marchant & Higgins 1993; Weston 2000, 2003).
They usually avoid beaches that are narrow or steep, that have little seaweed, or that have waves that wash up to the base of the adjacent dunes. They also tend to avoid beaches that lack adjacent dunes, or that have dunes that are bare or heavily vegetated. They are claimed to avoid beaches that have rocky or pebble-covered shores, and sections of coastline that have continous cliffs (Bransbury 1988; Hewish 1989; Lane 1981a; Schulz 1990), but nests are commonly placed on stone-covered beaches at Phillip Island (Baird & Dann 2003), and birds may be found on small beaches surrounded by long lines of cliffs at Cape Otway (Baker-Gabb & Weston 1999).
Furthermore, the single study that has been conducted on general habitat preferences of the Hooded Plover (eastern) found that were no differences in the usage (i.e. the densities of birds or nests) of various distinct types of beach (Bear 2000). Further work is required to determine which factors or characteristics influence the use of beach habitats (Weston 2003).
The Hooded Plover (eastern) also occurs infrequently in other types of habitat. Hooded Plovers (eastern) visit saline and freshwater lakes and lagoons near the coast, especially during the non-breeding season, but the importance of these sites is not well known (Bransbury 1988; Buick 1985; Marchant & Higgins 1993; Thomas 1968; Weston 2002, pers. comm.). They are also occasionally found in near-shore habitats other than beaches, e.g. on tidal bays and estuaries, on rock platforms, or on rock or sand-covered reefs close to shore (Bransbury 1988; Hewish 1989; Schulz 1986b; Weston & Peter 2004).
The Hooded Plover (eastern) may use near-coastal lakes as a refuge from high levels of disturbance on adjacent beaches (Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
The Hooded Plover (eastern) does not associate with any other species listed as threatened under the EPBC Act 1999, but it can co-occur with species listed at the state level such as Little Terns Sterna albifrons. It can also occur coincidentally near some other creatures (e.g. shorebirds, seals) that are listed as Marine and/or Migratory species under the EPBC Act 1999 (Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
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Life CycleTop Banding studies have shown that the Hooded Plover (eastern) is capable of surviving for more than 16 years in the wild, although the average longevity is less than this (Weston 2000). Most birds begin breeding in the second season after hatching, but some commence breeding in either the first or third seasons after hatching (Baird & Dann 2003; Weston 2000).
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FeedingTop The diet of the Hooded Plover (eastern) mainly consists of marine invertebrates (e.g. polychaete worms, molluscs and crustaceans). It also feeds on insects (e.g. beetles, flies, dragonflies) and vegetable material (mostly seeds) (Buick 1985; Schulz 1986b; Schulz et al. 1984).
The Hooded Plover (eastern) forages near the shoreline in coastal areas, e.g. on beaches, rock or reef platforms, amongst boulders and dunes, and at lakes close to the coast (Buick 1985; Marchant & Higgins 1993; Schulz 1986b; Schulz et al. 1984; Weston 2006, pers. comm.; Weston & Elgar 2005a). It captures its prey by running across the surface of a foraging substrate and intermittently stopping to peck or probe at prey items (Buick 1985; Schulz 1986b; Weston 2006, pers. comm.). The Hooded Plover (eastern) is capable of foraging during the day or at night (Weston 2006, pers. comm.). The amount of time spent foraging varies between seasons, being greatest in winter and smaller in summer (Buick 1985). The lesser amount of time spent foraging in summer is due in part to the fact that breeding adults sacrifice some foraging time so that they may attend their nests and, more particularly, their broods (i.e. adults forage much less when attending young as compared to attending nests) (Weston & Elgar 2005b).
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Movement PatternsTop The Hooded Plover (eastern) is largely sedentary (Weston 2006, pers. comm.), but some birds undertake movements during the non-breeding season, e.g. when congregating together into winter flocks (Bransbury 1985; Marchant & Higgins 1993; Weston 2002, pers. comm.). In one study, Weston and colleagues (2009) observed that most movements were relatively short (5 km), with 60% of movemenbts < 1 km and 95% < 20 km. Also, the extent of coastline used by individual birds averaged 47.8 km (Weston et al. 2009).
A major unpublished banding study indicates that adult plovers travel up to 50 km to join non-breeding flocks. The same study also indicates that juveniles are much more mobile than adults, with records of several movements in excess of 100 km (Weston 2006, pers. comm.) and one record of an unprecedented movement of more than 900 km (Cameron & Weston 1999). In one study, travel distances were larger in the non-breeding season, non-breeding adults remained closer to their partners (than breeding adults) and larger flock sizes were observed in the non-breeding season (Weston et al. 2009).
The Hooded Plover (eastern) is capable of crossing moderately large stretches of water such as the mouths of Port Phillip and Westernport Bays (Weston 2002, pers. comm.) and the channels of water between mainland Australia and several offshore islands (e.g. Kangaroo Island, Pearson Island) (Dennis 1998, pers. comm.; Eckert 1971; Hornsby 1978). Birds sometimes make local, short-distance movements to inland sites (e.g. lakes behind beaches) or to exposed reefs and inlets (Belcher 1914; Blakers et al. 1984; Emison et al. 1987).
Pairs defend territories from other Hooded Plovers (eastern) during the breeding season. These territories, which consist of a small area near the shoreline (e.g. a section of beach and adjacent dunes), are multi-purpose and are used for foraging, roosting and breeding (Weston 2000). The occupancy and, therefore, maintenance of territories declines during the non-breeding season as some birds congregate into winter flocks (Weston 2000; Weston 2006, pers. comm.). Pairs that remain intact generally maintain territories and construct their nests in the same area (i.e. within about 1 km) year after year. Information on the size of territories is only available from central Victoria, where territories ranged in size from 400 m to 1 800 m (Weston 2000). These measures represent the length of the coastline that the territories occupied (as territories are essentially linear in form) (Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
No information is available on home ranges, although information from colour-banded birds suggests that birds can wander up to approximately 50 km to join winter flocks (Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
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Survey GuidelinesTop The adult plumage of the Hooded Plover (eastern) is distinctive (Marchant & Higgins 1993). However, inexperienced observers, or those with poor or brief views (especially of birds in flight), could mistake Ruddy Turnstones Arenaria interpres for adult Hooded Plovers (eastern) (Cameron & Weston 1999).
The juvenile plumage of the Hooded Plover (eastern) is also quite distinctive (Marchant & Higgins 1993). However, juveniles could be confused with Sanderlings Calidris alba, Double-banded Plovers Charadrius bicinctus or Ringed Plovers C. hiaticula (although the Ringed Plover, which breeds in the northern hemisphere, is a rare and accidental visitor to Australia) (Cameron & Weston 1999; Marchant & Higgins 1993). Unattended nestlings of the Hooded Plover (eastern) can be mistaken for chicks of the Red-capped Plover C. ruficapillus (Weston 2003).
The detectability of the Hooded Plover (eastern) can vary depending on the type of habitat it is encountered in. In flat and exposed sites such as beaches, plovers and their nests are readily detected by experienced observers (M.A. Weston 2006, pers. comm.). However, plovers sometimes nest or forage in dunes adjacent to beaches (Weston 2003), and in such situations it is possible for some birds or nests to be overlooked, even by experienced observers (M.A. Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
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ThreatsTop Major oil spills could, in theory, cause local extinctions and, consequently, initiate the fragmentation of populations (M.A. Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
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Threat Abatement and RecoveryTop Research has shown that local Hooded Plover (eastern) populations can recover if management procedures are introduced to reduce the destruction of nests and chicks and the disturbance of breeding pairs (Dowling & Weston 1999a).
The following recovery actions have been completed or are underway (Schulz 1992c; M.A. Weston 2006, pers. comm.):
Biennial surveys of populations in Victoria and New South Wales, more frequent monitoring of some populations in Victoria and New South Wales (especially during the breeding season), and less frequent surveys of populations in South Australia and Tasmania.
Control programs for foxes and feral dogs and cats along some stretches of coastline.
Bans or regulations on domestic dogs at some beaches during the Hooded Plover (eastern) breeding season.
On-ground works including fencing and temporary closure of beaches and the use of volunteer wardens (Dodge et al. 2005).
Studies to evaluate the effectiveness of management techniques (see Baird & Dann 1999, Dodge et al. 2005, Dowling & Weston 1999a).
Preparation of recovery plans for New South Wales and South Australian populations and management plans for Victoria and Tasmania.
Education programs, together with the stationing of wardens at beaches that have been closed temporarily, the introduction of signage and general publicity about the Hooded Plover (eastern), to increase public awareness.
The following recovery actions have been proposed (M.A. Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
Continuation of all existing actions. However, there is a need to expand these actions to include a greater proportion of the range of the Hooded Plover (eastern).
More information and research is needed on the efficacy of management techniques such as the use of chick shelters, predator control, effective mechanisms to alter human behaviour on beaches and habitat restoration and maintenance (Weston 2003).
Incorporation of the species requirements into planning provisions and coastal management strategies.
Greater communication between widely distributed workers.
The following government organisations have been involved in the recovery effort for the Hooded Plover (eastern): National Parks and Wildlife Service in New South Wales; the Department of Sustainability and Environment and Parks Victoria in Victoria; the Department of Environment and Heritage in South Australia; and the Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment in Tasmania. Other organizations involved in the recovery effort include the Australian Wader Study Group (Birds Australia), beach management authorities and local governments (Garnett & Crowley 2000; M.A. Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
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Major StudiesTop There have been a number of major studies on the Hooded Plover (eastern). A recent review of the literature found that, at the species level, the Hooded Plover had received substantial coverage in 174 publications (122 of which were specific to the eastern subspecies), and that 38 of these 174 publications should be classed as major studies (Weston 2005). All but two of these major studies were conducted on populations of the eastern subspecies (Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
The literature review described above was based on all known literature up to early October 2003 (Weston 2005). Some additional major studies have been published since then (e.g. Baird & Dann 2003, Weston & Elgar 2005a, Weston & Elgar 2005b).
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Management DocumentationTop A draft Recovery Plan was prepared by Baker-Gabb and Weston (1999).
Management documentation has been authored by Urquhart and Teoh (2001), Weston (2003) and Weston and Morrow (2000).
A recovery plan for the South Australian population of the Hooded Plover (eastern) is in preparation. In addition, a project is currently underway to produce a manual for the management of beach-nesting birds. This manual is to be released in 2008 (M.A. Weston 2006, pers. comm.).
The Forty-Sixth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva from November 21 to November 23, 2022 in hybrid form – with delegates and observers attending physically in Geneva, Switzerland, and via remote participation from around the world.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The Fortieth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from November 12 to November 16, 2018.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Forty-Sixth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva from November 21 to November 23, 2022 in hybrid form – with delegates and observers attending physically in Geneva, Switzerland, and via remote participation from around the world.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Ulceloocin® Clinical indication
Ulceloocin® Oral Ulcer Patch is intended for use as an oral wound dressing to protect ulcer tissue by forming a physical barrier on the wound tissue to avoid further irritation and thus to relieve pain.
It is indicated for all types of ulcers and small wounds of the oral mucosa including canker sores, aphthous ulcers, and injuries such as traumatic ulcers caused by self-biting, braces, and ill-fitting dentures.
The Forty-Fifth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from March 28 to March 30, 2022.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Forty-Fifth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from March 28 to March 30, 2022.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
A New Zealand Non Commissioned Officer gives target indications to his troops as they raid Manatuto Prison. The raid was conducted as part of a major exercise.
Mid Caption:
A major multi-lateral exercise climaxed in East Timor yesterday (25 June 10) when a multinational force raided Manatuto Prison.
US Marines, Australian and New Zealand soldiers of the International Stabilisation Force (ISF) and the East Timor Defence Force (F-FDTL) concentrated on the prison in the country’s east for two raids that tested interoperability and operational planning.
The prison raids culminated with an assault by F-FDTL, ISF and US Marines, including air support from the USS Peleliu and the Timor Leste Aviation Group (TLAG).
More than 100 F-FDTL soldiers participated in the MARINE EXERCISE 10 (MAREX 10), also called EXERCISE CROCODILE.
The Exercise focused on professional development and arms corps advice to the F-FDTL. It also included community support activities such as engineering, medical and community relations programs.
The participating Marines landed from USS Peleliu and comprised the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (15 MEU).
The ISF personnel included Australian soldiers of 8/9 Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment (8/9 RAR) and 2/1 Battalion, the Royal New Zealand Regiment (2/1 RNZR).
The Forty-Sixth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva from November 21 to November 23, 2022 in hybrid form – with delegates and observers attending physically in Geneva, Switzerland, and via remote participation from around the world.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The Forty-Sixth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva from November 21 to November 23, 2022 in hybrid form – with delegates and observers attending physically in Geneva, Switzerland, and via remote participation from around the world.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Almost hidden by the maze of masts and wiring at Sydney flying junction, a signal displays yellow over yellow:
Indication: MEDIUM TURNOUT
Meaning: PROCEED on turnout route. Next signal displays at least a CAUTION or CAUTION TURNOUT indication.
The Fortieth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from November 12 to November 16, 2018.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Forty-Fifth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from March 28 to March 30, 2022.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Fortieth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from November 12 to November 16, 2018.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
Early indications are (to me at least) that Leonardo AI is less prone to lapsing into sentimental clichés than Fotor AI.
It also defaults to nice sharp high resolution images.
The Forty-Sixth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva from November 21 to November 23, 2022 in hybrid form – with delegates and observers attending physically in Geneva, Switzerland, and via remote participation from around the world.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The Forty-Sixth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva from November 21 to November 23, 2022 in hybrid form – with delegates and observers attending physically in Geneva, Switzerland, and via remote participation from around the world.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The Forty-Sixth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva from November 21 to November 23, 2022 in hybrid form – with delegates and observers attending physically in Geneva, Switzerland, and via remote participation from around the world.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The Forty-Fifth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from March 28 to March 30, 2022.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Forty-Fifth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from March 28 to March 30, 2022.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.