BMW type-indication from a M5 station wagon ... maybe one of the hottest station wagons on earth :D

 

Like all BMW 'M' cars, it balances superb handling with power, which is delivered by a naturally aspirated 5.0 L (40-valve) V10 producing 373 kW (507 PS (500 hp/373 kW)). The car has a 0-100 km/h time of 4.7 seconds, 0-200 km/h time of 15 seconds, and an electronically governed top speed of 250 km/h (155 mph). Though given the correct tire ratings and the removal of the governor the M5 is capable of 205mph (329km/h).

Original Caption: Emblem of Puerto Rico on a Car in Paterson, New Jersey, an Indication of the Growing Pride of Minorities in America of Their Heritage. The Inner City Today Is an Absolute Contradiction to the Main Stream America of Gas Stations, Expressways, Shopping Centers and Tract Houses. It Is Populated by Blacks, Latins and the White Poor 06/1974

 

U.S. National Archives’ Local Identifier: 412-DA-13441

 

Photographer: Lyon, Danny, 1942-

 

Subjects:

Paterson (Passaic county, New Jersey, United States) inhabited place

Environmental Protection Agency

Project DOCUMERICA

 

Persistent URL: catalog.archives.gov/id/555893

 

Repository: Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001.

 

For information about ordering reproductions of photographs held by the Still Picture Unit, visit: www.archives.gov/research/order/still-pictures.html

 

Reproductions may be ordered via an independent vendor. NARA maintains a list of vendors at www.archives.gov/research/order/vendors-photos-maps-dc.html

   

Access Restrictions: Unrestricted

Use Restrictions: Unrestricted

 

Niveau information : Nada !

Bien vue quelques exemplaires en vente, mais sans vraiment d'indications.

Juste trouvé dans un vieil article de Paul Wing dans un stereoworld visible sur le web une référence à ces « Batailles » B.K. ( VOLUME 9 N°5 Nov /Dec 1982)

 

Ou il décrit une publicité de B.K.

Permettant de savoir ce qui a été réalisé.

 

"Les "Batailles" sont avant tout un ensemble de

dessins plats avec beaucoup de feu rouge apparaissant lorsqu'ils sont

tenus à la lumière."

Court ! Il faudra faire avec!!

Sur cette publicité on peut y lire « Batailles 10 collections de 6 sujets »

Aucune attribution possible, l’équipe B.K. des Diableries et autres sont hors-jeu.

Il est vrai que cela commence à sentir le bâclé pour B.K qui nous avait habitué à beaucoup mieux, beaucoup plus travaillé ! Un premier plan de personnages modelés avec talent, et juste derrière une toile peinte plate. Pas assez éloignées des modelages la toile fausse énormément la perspective, des sujets dessinés vite faits, sont plus grands que certains personnages sculptés....

Mais il y a quand même du travail. Les stéréos sont préparées pour la couleur, même si l'ambiance colorimétrique générale des cinq stéréos paraît identique. Le papier verso blanc est, lui aussi, rehaussé brun et orange. J’étais sur le point d’abandonner cette tentative pour visualisation, le scanne me sortant les pantalons désespéramment rouge vif les vestes bleu marine, etc.

La superposition de l'image albumine très blanchie donne les vrais tons de cette production. Mauve marron... et rouge feu.

B.K fera encore plus bas de gamme avec des stéréos non prévues pour la coloration à la toute fin de sa vie professionnelle.

 

Mes cinq exemplaires concernent la guerre Russo-Turque de 1877-1878.

1. Le passage du Danube.

2. Bachi-Bozoucks attaquant les Redoutes.

4. Prise d'Ardahan.

5. Attaque dans les Balcans.

6. Bataille de Plevna.

Ce qui en arrondissant nous donne une réalisation datant de 1880.

Je ne connais pas les sujets des autres séries.

Infos à suivre, j'espère....

 

/////////////////////////////

02/09/22

Batailles Françaises et étrangères,

12 collection 6 exemplaires.

S/ Publicité

////////////////////////////////

  

Information level: Nada!

Good view some copies on sale, but without really indications.

Just found in an old article by Paul Wing in a stereoworld visible on the web a reference to these «Battles» B.K. ( VOLUME 9 N°5 Nov /Dec 1982)

Or he’s describing a B.K.commercial.

To know what has been achieved.

 

"The "Battles" are above all a set of

flat drawings with lots of red light appearing when they are

held to the light."

Short!

You’ll have to deal with it!!

On this advertisement we can read «Battles 10 collections of 6 subjects»

No attribution possible, team B.K. of Les Diableries and others are out.

It is true that it starts to feel like a sloppy one for B.K who had accustomed us to much better, much more worked!

A foreground of characters modeled with talent, and just behind a flat painted canvas.

Not far enough from the models the canvas distorts the perspective enormously, quickly drawn subjects, are larger than some sculpted characters....

But there’s still work to be done.

The stereos are prepared for color, even if the overall colorimetric atmosphere of the five stereos appears identical.

The white back paper is also highlighted in brown and orange.

I was about to give up this attempt for visualization, scanning me out the trousers desperately bright red navy blue jackets etc...

The superposition of the very bleached albumin image gives the true tones of this production. Purple brown...and red fire.

B.K will make the range even lower with stereos not intended for coloring at the very end of his professional life.

My five copies relate to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878.

1. The Danube Passage.

2. Bachi-Bozoucks attacking the Redoubts.

4. Capture of Ardahan.

5. Attack in the Balcans.

6. Battle of Plevna.

This rounding gives us a realization dating from 1880.

I don’t know the subjects of the other series.

Information to follow, I hope....

   

Koenji Tokyo

The year indication is pressed into a cement layer.

The apartment building is built in a style which was very modern in 1905: Jugendstil (or Art Nouveau). It was fashion in a short period in Central and Western Europe (c. 1985-1910).

It has architectural elements which refers to all kinds of plant motifs. The style of the depicted girl's head is also called Symbolism.

Seen on the facade of an old and neglected apartment building.

Original architect unknown.

 

About the history of the use of year stones in architecture:

English: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_plate

Dutch: nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muuranker

And: nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaartallen_op_gebouwen

 

Liberec (CZ), Juli 31, 2014.

 

© 2014 Sander Toonen Amsterdam/Halfweg | All Rights Reserved

Henderson County, NC.

Under high sun and black shadows, AMTK 66 leads Lincoln Service #303 away from the Normal, IL station on a diverging clear indication. Fuji Velvia 100

 

Be sure to check out my YouTube channel at www.youtube.com/user/CentralILRailfan/videos

German postcard by Ross Verlag, no. 9512/1, 1935-1936. Photo: Toeplitz Productions. Betty Stockfeld in Le vagabond bien-aimé/The Beloved Vagabond (Curtis Bernhardt, 1936).

 

Betty Stockfeld (1904–1966), her name often misspelled as Stockfield, was an Australian film actress, who appeared mostly in British and French films.

 

Betty was the daughter of Sydney businessman Harry Hooper Stockfeld and Susan Elizabeth Stockfeld, née Evans, and supposedly a niece of commander F. Pryce Evans of Shackleton's Nimrod expedition. They were in London at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, so unable to return to Australia. Stockfeld was educated in France and did the London School of Dramatic Art, before debuting on stage. In 1929 Betty Stockfeld on the London stage in the Ben Levy comedy Art and Mrs. Bottle, starring Irene Vanbrugh. In 1931 she had her breakthrough opposite Polish singer/actor Jan Kiepura in City of Song by Carmine Gallone, set in a.o. Naples and London. It was the British version of Gallone's Die singende Stadt; Brigitte Helm played Stockfeld's part in the German version. Betty as Claire Winter plays an English rich woman travels to Naples seeking distraction. She finds it in her Italian guide, who has such a voice for singing she decides to make him famous, taking him with her to London and offering help for an operatic career (source IMDb).

 

From 1931, Betty Stockfeld had a prolific career in British sound cinema, from 1932 at the Ealing studios, BIP, and British & Dominion Film. As she was fluent in French, also in French sound cinema, first in Blanc comme neige (Jean Choux et.al., 1931), and from 1932 at the Paris Paramount studios. Thanks to her bilingual training, she also acted in both the French and English versions of films such as Le roi des palaces (Carmine Gallone, 1932)/King of the Ritz (Gallone, Herbert Smith 1933) with Jules Berry/ Stanley Lupino, and Le vagabond bien-aimé/The Beloved Vagabond (both by Curtis Bernhardt, 1936) with Maurice Chevalier. All through the 1930s, Stockfeld was active in Britain and France in mostly light entertainment films, e.g. in French comedies with Lucien Baroux, Fernand Gravey, and Danielle Darrieux, and in Britain opposite e.g. Owen Nares, Tyrell Davis, and Gordon Harker.

.

In 1939 she acted in one Italian film: Frenesia by Mario Bonnard, starring the two old monstres sacré of the Italian stage, Dina Galli and Antonio Gandusio. In the same year she also acted in Les neuf célibataires (Sacha Guitry), Son oncle de Normandie (Jean Dréville), Derrière la façade (Georges Lacombe, Yves Mirande), and Les gangsters du château d'If (René Pujol). In 1940 she still did three films in France before the war broke out. Yet, despite the indication on the postcard of Paramount, Stockfeld made no film for Paramount in 1939-1940, neither as a production company nor as a distribution company. After 1942 she was away from the sets, but from 1950 she returned in 5 films and a few TV series between 1950 and 1961, including Jacques Becker's Edouard et Caroline (1951) and Les amants du Tage (Henri Verneuil, 1954). Betty Stockfeld died of leukemia in Tadworth, Surrey, in 1966.

 

Sources: seekingbetty.wordpress.com/, IMDB, English and French Wikipedia.

Un visuel peu commun et réussi de ce célèbre pont. ( pas trouvé la raison social de l'homme qui pose. ) Et comme je n'arrive pas me descider sur les deux anaglyphes , je mets les deux!

S & Wyman ayant pris des clichers de se pont a l'inauguration en 1890, les indications sur le copyright etant souvent tres aleatoires, peut etre 1890...

@ 1896 S & Wyman

 

Le pont du Forth est un pont du Royaume-Uni situé à quatorze kilomètres à l’ouest de la ville écossaise d’Édimbourg. Il est le deuxième plus long pont ferroviaire de type cantilever au monde quant à sa portée libre (le premier étant le pont de Québec) et le premier de grande taille jamais construit. Sa longueur est supérieure à 2,5 kilomètres. Il est uniquement destiné au trafic ferroviaire et permet de relier le council area d’Édimbourg à celui de Fife en enjambant le fleuve Forth. Il constitue ainsi un axe majeur de transport entre le nord-est et le sud-est du pays, doublé depuis 1964 par le pont autoroutier du Forth. En 1999 le pont est inscrit sur la liste indicative du patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO2, et le 5 juillet 2015 il gagne le titre de patrimoine mondial.

(...)

Au bout d'un an, en mai 1881, John Fowler et Benjamin Baker présentent les plans d’un pont de type cantilever, extrêmement robuste et spécialement conçu pour résister aux vents les plus violents car la catastrophe ferroviaire du pont sur le Tay demeure dans toutes les mémoires. Après avoir reçu l’approbation de la compagnie, ceux-ci sont soumis au Parlement qui accorde l’autorisation officielle en juillet 1882. Les travaux commencent donc avec la construction des trois caissons destinés à supporter les cantilevers. Au bout de cinq ans, en 1887, les trois bras cantilever sont construits et en place. Il reste donc à les relier, opération délicate qui prend alors un temps assez long du fait des mauvaises conditions climatiques. Mais finalement, le 4 mars 1890, deux trains longs de plus de 300 mètres et pesant chacun près de 900 tonnes, composés d’une locomotive tirant cinquante wagons, franchissent le pont côte-à-côte du sud vers le nord.

 

Pour arriver à ce résultat, il aura fallu plus de 58 000 tonnes d’acier, 6,5 millions de rivets, 20 950 mètres cubes de granite, 49 200 mètres cubes de pierraille et 21 350 tonnes de ciment. Quatre mille hommes auront travaillé sur cet ouvrage pendant près de huit ans, et cinquante-sept en seront morts malgré les mesures de sécurité mises en place8. Le tout pour un coût de 3,2 millions de livres de l’époque, ce qui équivaut à environ 235 millions de 2000 soit 347 millions d’euros.

 

An unusual and successful visual of this famous bridge. (not found the name of the man who poses.) And as I can't get myself down on the two anaglyphs, I put both!

S & Wyman having taken pictures of the bridge at the inauguration in 1890, the indications on the copyright being often very random, maybe 1890 ...

@ 1896 S & Wyman

  

The Forth Bridge is a bridge in the United Kingdom located fourteen kilometers west of the Scottish city of Edinburgh. It is the second longest cantilever type railway bridge in the world in terms of its free span (the first being the Quebec bridge) and the first large size ever built. Its length is more than 2.5 kilometers. It is intended only for rail traffic and connects the Edinburgh council area to that of Fife by spanning the River Forth. It thus constitutes a major transport axis between the north-east and the south-east of the country, doubled since 1964 by the Forth motorway bridge. In 1999 the bridge was registered on the indicative UNESCO World Heritage List2, and on July 5, 2015 it won the title of World Heritage.

(...)

After a year, in May 1881, John Fowler and Benjamin Baker presented plans for a cantilever type bridge, extremely robust and specially designed to withstand the strongest winds because the railway disaster on the Tay bridge remains in all memories. After receiving the company's approval, they were submitted to Parliament, which granted official authorization in July 1882. Work therefore began with the construction of the three caissons intended to support the cantilevers. After five years, in 1887, the three cantilever arms were built and in place. It therefore remains to connect them, a delicate operation which then takes a fairly long time due to the bad weather conditions. But finally, on March 4, 1890, two trains over 300 meters long and each weighing nearly 900 tonnes, composed of a locomotive pulling fifty wagons, crossed the bridge side by side from south to north.

 

To achieve this result, more than 58,000 tonnes of steel, 6.5 million rivets, 20,950 cubic meters of granite, 49,200 cubic meters of stone and 21,350 tonnes of cement were required. Four thousand men will have worked on this structure for almost eight years, and fifty-seven will have died despite the security measures put in place8. All at a cost of 3.2 million pounds of the time, which is equivalent to about 235 million in 2000 or 347 million euros.

 

S: WK

“According to Vedanta, there are only two symptoms of enlightenment, just two indications that a transformation is taking place within you toward a higher consciousness. The first symptom is that you stop worrying. Things don't bother you anymore. You become light-hearted and full of joy. The second symptom is that you encounter more and more meaningful coincidences in your life, more and more synchronicities. And this accelerates to the point where you actually experience the miraculous. (quoted by Carol Lynn Pearson in Consider the Butterfly)” ― Deepak Chopra, Synchrodestiny: Harnessing the Infinite Power of Coincidence to Create Miraclestags: enlightenment, faith, joy, miracles, synchronicity, trust, worry 578 likes like

To give an indication of the length of the shelter.

 

The Bombings of 1940 forced a reappraisal of deep-shelter policy and at the end of October the Government decided to construct a system of deep shelters linked to existing tube stations. London Transport was consulted about the sites and required to build the tunnels at the public expense with the understanding that they were to have the option of taking them over for railway use after the war. With the latter point in mind, positions were chosen on routes of possible north-south and east-west express tube railways. It was decided that each shelter would comprise two parallel tubes 16 foot 6 inches internal diameter and 1,600 feet long and would be placed below existing station tunnels at Clapham South, Clapham Common, Clapham North, Stockwell, Oval, Goodge Street, Camden Town, Belsize Park, Chancery Lane and St. Pauls...Each tube would have two decks, fully equipped with bunks, medical posts, kitchens and sanitation and each installation would accommodate 9,600 people...All the deep level shelters were sub-divided into sleeping areas. Each tunnel was divided into 4 sections with connecting doors between them. Each section was given a name. At Clapham South they were all naval commanders. The northern entrance sections (i.e. those accessed directly from the northern lift without crossing to the other side) were named: Freemantle, Beatty, Evans, Anson, Nelson, Jellicoe, Madden and Inglefield while those accessed from the southern entrance were: Grenville, Hardy, Drake, Oldham, Keppel, Parry and Ley. Each section had bunks fitted longitudinally along the outer wall, a single at the top, a double in the middle and a single at the bottom. Along the inner wall bunks were fitted across the passage forming bays. There were 7.952 bunks in total and each bunk was allocated to a named person. If they didn't turn up one night the bunk remained unused...Although work on them began in November 1940 there were difficulties in obtaining sufficient labour and materials so the first one was only ready in March 1942 and the other seven were finished later that year. Access to them was by ticket in order to help control numbers and prevent disruption to the underground network. There was considerable pressure to open the shelters to relieve the strain on London’s tube stations from people sheltering from the bombing, but the authorities were concerned about the cost of maintaining the shelters once opened and preferred to keep them in reserve in case the bombing intensified. Clapham South was used as weekend troop accommodation from 1943. The start of the attacks on London by V1 flying bombs (commonly known as ‘doodlebugs’) in June 1944, followed by the V2 rocket campaign in September that year, caused many of the deep shelters to be made fully available to the public; Clapham South opened on 19 July 1944. The south entrance, next door to what was the Odeon cinema, was in a small compound that housed administrative offices and ticket printing presses for all eight deep shelters. The shelters were used for their original purpose for less than a year. The north section closed on 21 October 1944 and the shelter was transferred from the Ministry of Home Security to the Ministry of Works on 1 October 1945. Clapham South closed completely on 7 May 1945 and from June 1945 it found a new use as a military leave hostel and for one month in June 1946 it acted as an armed-forces troop billet. At the end of the war, London had a severe labour shortage and the Colonial Office sought to recruit a labour force from Britain’s colonies. At that time there were no immigration restrictions for citizens from one part of the British Empire moving to another part. An advertisement appeared in Jamaica's Daily Gleaner on 13 April 1948 offering transport to the UK for a fare of £28.10s (£28.50) for anyone who wanted to work in the UK. As a result the ship MV Empire Windrush arrived in Tilbury later in 1948 carrying 492 worker migrants from Jamaica. However, as there was no accommodation for the new arrivals the Colonial Office decided to house them in the deep-level shelter at Clapham South.

The nearest labour exchange to Clapham South was on Coldharbour Lane in Brixton so the men sought jobs there. As a result Brixton became a focus for West Indian settlers from that point onwards with successive arrivals making their way to the developing

community. The actual time the deep-level shelter was occupied by new arrivals was relatively short as the men all quickly found jobs and accommodation, and successfully integrated into many parts of south London.

[Subterranea Britannica]

「速度を落とせ」it means "Slow Down"or"Reduce Speed" but drivers can't see it on the road. it's foolish graffiti!

The year indication is carved in a relatively soft sandstone year stone.

A dark red ox is sculpted in a recessed central surface. The "bonte os" means "colorful ox."

The canal house is a three-story townhouse with an attic. Above the windows are wide semicircular relieving arches.

The house has a brick facade and is crowned with a step-gable, which was in fashion from about 1600 to 1665.

 

About the history of the use of year stones in architecture:

English: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_plate

Dutch: nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muuranker

And: nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaartallen_op_gebouwen

 

Amsterdam-Centrum, Prinsengracht, Jan. 29, 2019.

 

© 2019 Sander Toonen Amsterdam/Halfweg | All Rights Reserved

NELPG's preserved J72 0-6-0T "Joem" with the short-lived summer passenger service at the Layerthorpe (York) terminus of the Derwent Valley Light Railway shortly before the demise of the industrial line - c.08/1979.

 

The actual date the image was made is unknown; the indication given is based on the film processing date imprinted on the original slide.

The Thirty-Fifth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from April 25 to April 27, 2016.

 

Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.

Indication on the cargo hull MERCS KELANI

Indication sur la coque du cargo MERCS KELANI

IMO 950089

COLOMBO

More photos: zaporozhenko.livejournal.com/

 

Citation [Russian]:

«Всё начинается и заканчивается сказками» /Интернет/

 

Music: «Poets of the Fall – The Beautiful Ones»

grooveshark.com/s/The+Beautiful+Ones/3eej7i

 

Time: 15:46

Date: October, 21th 2012

Location: Russia/Kaliningrad

Model: Anna

 

Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II (DIGITAL SPIRIT)

Lens: Canon EF 135 mm f/2.0L USM

ISO: 400

Aperture: 2.5

Focal length: 135 mm

Shutter Speed: 1/320 seconds

 

Head: -

Tripod: -

Focusing Screen: Canon EG-D

Photo Bag: Lowepro Flipside 300

Memory Card: 16Gb Sandisk Extreme CompactFlash 60Mb/s

 

Filter: Hoya 72 mm HD Digital UV(0)

 

________________________________

Copyright © Zaporozhenko Vitaly and Julia

 

We both, Zaporozhenko Vitaly and my wife, Zaporozhenko Julia – we are the authors of photos that are placed on our page on this site.

Any republications of our photos on the Internet are allowed only with a condition of the indication of our authorship and the link to our zaporozhenko.livejournal.com/ Internet page. Any other types of republications which aren't suitable under conditions of the above-written – are strictly forbidden.

Also we forbid making any changes in our photos: removal of a logo, addition of other inscriptions, photo framing, processing in graphic editors, etc.

Any commercial use of the photos which authors we are, and also their use in printing editions and on other printed carriers is strictly forbidden without our written consent.

At a certain time before sunrise contrails become visible for a few minutes. What is unusual in this instance is that there is only 1 contrail visible when there is normally several, an indication as to how few planes are in the sky due to the pandemic

The Copley Family

 

West Building, Main Floor—Gallery 59

 

•Date: 1776/1777

•Medium: Oil on Canvas

•Dimensions:

oOverall: 184.1 × 229.2 cm (72½ × 90¼ in.)

oFramed: 226.1 × 271.8 × 13.9 cm (89 × 107 × 5½ in.)

•Credit Line: Andrew W. Mellon Fund

•Accession Number: 1961.7.1

•Artists/Makers:

oPainter: John Singleton Copley, American, 1738-1815

 

Overview

 

In June 1774, when he was already thirty-five years old, Copley decided that he must go to Europe. Although he intended to stay abroad just long enough to acquire artistic sophistication, the American Revolution changed his plans. Studying in Rome and stopping in many continental cities, Copley arrived in London in October 1775. There he was joined by his wife, children, and father-in-law, Richard Clarke, one of the Tory merchants whose investments had been dumped overboard at the Boston Tea Party.

 

In I777 at the Royal Academy, Copley exhibited The Copley Family, which records his delight at being reunited with his family. The artist portrayed himself turning away from a sheaf of his sketches to look at the spectator. His wife, Susanna, leans forward to hug their four-year-old son, John Junior. Mary, who was a year younger than her brother, lies on the sofa, while Betsy, aged six and the eldest of the children, stands with a serious aplomb indicative of her seniority. The baby, Susanna, tries to attract her grandfather’s attention with a rattle. The background is fanciful; no carpeted room ever merged so ambiguously into a forest glen. Copley’s contemporaries would have understood the idyllic landscape as a reference to the family’s natural simplicity and the elaborate furnishings as an indication of their civilized propriety.

 

Provenance

 

The artist; his son, John Singleton Copley, Jr., Lord Lyndhurst [1772-1863], London; (his sale, Christie, Manson & Woods, London, 5 March 1864, no. 91); bought by “Clarke” for the artist’s granddaughter, Martha Babcock Greene Amory [Mrs. Charles Amory, 1812-1880], Boston;[1] her husband, Charles Amory [1808-1898], Boston;[2] their son, Edward Linzee Amory [1844-1911], New York;[3] his nephew, Copley Amory [1866-1960], Washington,[4] to his descendants, Copley Amory, Jr. [1890-1964], Cambridge, Massachusetts,[5] Henry Russell Amory [1892 1962], Santa Barbara, California, Katharine Amory Smith [b. 1908], Washington, Walter Amory [b. 1924], Duxbury, Massachusetts, and Elizabeth Cole Amory [b. 1955], Princeton, New Jersey;[6] sold 1961 to NGA.

 

[1]The annotated copy of Christie’s Catalogue of the Very Valuable Collection of Pictures, of the Rt. Hon. Lord Lyndhurst, deceased at the Boston Atheneum indicates that “Clarke” was the purchaser, as does The Art-Journal, London, 1 April 1864, 120. The initials BA that are entered next to the lot number indicate that it was purchased for Martha Babcock Amory. George Redford, Art Sales, 2 vols. (London, 1888), 2: 20, thought the painting was bought in, but James Hughes Anderdon, who was at the sale, noted in his copy of the catalogue (Royal Academy) that there was a round of applause after the painting was auctioned [Jules David Prown, John Singleton Copley 2 vols. (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1966), 2:404]. News of the sale appeared in the (Boston) Daily Advertiser, 19 March 1864. For Mrs. Amory’s dates see John William Linzee, The Linzee Family of Great Britain and the United States of America, 2 vols. (Boston, 1917), 2:766.

[2]For Charles Amory’s dates see Linzee 1917, 2:766; he placed the painting on loan at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

[3]Edward Linzee Amory continued the loan of the painting to the Museum of Fine Arts from 1898; his dates are in Linzee 1917, 2:766.

[4]For Copley Amory’s dates see Linzee 1917, 2:795, and The New York Times, 18 April 1960, 29 (obituary).

[5]The birth date of Copley Amory, Jr. is in Linzee 1917, 2:796; his death date was provided by Walter Amory, 19 November 1990, to Ellen Miles.

[6]Birth and death dates are from Linzee 1917, 2:796, or have been provided by family members.

 

Associated Names

 

•Amory, Charles

•Amory, Copley

•Amory, Edward Linzee

•Amory, Elizabeth Cole

•Amory, Henry Russell

•Amory, Jr., Copley

•Amory, Martha Babcock Greene

•Amory, Walter

•Christie, Manson & Woods, Ltd.

•Clarke

•Copley, John Singleton

•Copley, Jr., John Singleton

•Smith, Katharine Amory

 

Exhibition History

 

•1777—Royal Academy, London, 1777, no. 61.

•1862—International Exhibition, London, 1862, no. 51.

•1873—Boston Atheneum, 1873, no. 144.

•1874—Boston Atheneum, 1874, no. 130.

•1888—Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1888-1916, 1921-1925.

•1938—John Singleton Copley, 1738-1815, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1938, no. 22.

•1941—On loan to the National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1941-1951.

•1965—John Singleton Copley, 1738-1815, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; Metropolitan Musuem of Art, New York; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1965-1966, no. 61.

•1974—American Self-Portraits 1670-1973, National Portrait Gallery, Washington; Indianapolis Museum of Art, 1974, no. 6 (shown in Washington only).

•1980—La Pintura de Los Estados Unidos de Museos de la Ciudad de Washington, Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City, 1980-1981, no. 1, color repro.

•1995—John Singleton Copley in England, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, 1995-1996, no. 1, repro.

 

Bibliography

 

•1777—“John’s Impression,” The Morning Chronicle, and London Advertiser, April 26, 1777.

•1777—The London Packet, or New Lloyd’s Evening Post, April 25-28, 1777.

•1832—Cunningham, Allan. The Lives of the Most Eminent British Painters, Sculptors and Architects. London, 1829-1833: 6 vols. (1832): 5:178-179.

•1862—International Exhibition, Exh. cat. London, 1862, no. 51. [See Graves, Algernon. A Century of Loan Exhibitions London, 1912: 1:206, no. 51, “Family Portraits,” lent by Lord Lyndhurst.

•1867—Tuckerman, Henry T. Book of the Artists. New York, 1867: 79.

•1873—Perkins, Augustus Thorndike. A Sketch of the Life and a List of Some of the Works of John Singleton Copley. Boston, 1873: 20-21, 48-49, 134.

•1874—Boston Atheneum, Exh. cat. 1874, no. 130. [See Yarnall and Gerdts 1986, 825, under “Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.”]

•1882—Amory, Martha Babcock. The Domestic and Artistic Life of John Singleton Copley, R.A.. Boston, 1882: 12, 23, 77-80, 106-107, 240, 262-263, 438.

•1888—Cook, Clarence. Art and Artists of Our Time. 3 vols. New York, 1888: 3:159, repro., 160.

•1890—Trustees of the Museum of Fine Arts. Fourteenth Annual Report (for the year ending December 31, 1889). Boston, 1890: 46.

•1892—Museum of Fine Arts. Catalogue of Paintings and Drawings, With a Summary of other Works of Art, Exhibited on the Second Floor. 3rd ed. Boston, 1892: 15, no. 140.

•1895—Museum of Fine Arts. Catalogue of Paintings and Drawings, With a Summary of other Works of Art, Exhibited on the Second Floor, Boston, 1895: 17, no. 150.

•1903—“Second Picture Gallery.” Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin 1, no. 3 (July 1903): 18.

•1905—Isham, Samuel. The History of American Painting. New York, 1905: 37-38, repro. 35.

•1906—Handbook of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Boston, 1906: 102, repro.

•1910—Bayley, Frank W. A Sketch of the Life and a List of Some of the Works of John Singleton Copley. Boston, 1910: 35.

•1915—Bayley, Frank W. The Life and Works of John Singleton Copley. Boston, 1915: 35-36, 79, 101-102.

•1924 Addison, Julia de Wolf. The Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Rev. ed. Boston, 1924: 6-7.

•1930—Bolton, Theodore and Harry Lorin Binsse. “John Singleton Copley.” The Antiquarian 15 (December 1930): 116.

•1938—John Singleton Copley, 1738-1815, Exh. cat. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1938: no. 22.

•1938—Parker, Barbara Neville and Anne Bolling Wheeler. John Singleton Copley: American Portraits in Oil, Pastel, and Miniature with Biographical Sketches. Boston, 1938: 8-9.

•1943—Walker, John, and MacGill James. Great American Paintings from Smibert to Bellows 1729-1924. London and New York, 1943: 22, pl. 11.

•1944—Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds. Masterpieces of Painting from the National Gallery of Art. New York, 1944: 140, color repro.

•1951—Walker, John. Paintings from America. Harmondsworth, England, 1951: 16, 42, pl. 5.

•1963—Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. New York, 1963 (reprinted 1964 in French, German, and Spanish): 230, repro.

•1965—John Singleton Copley, Exh. cat. National Gallery of Art, Washington; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1965-1966: no. 61.

•1966—Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds. A Pageant of Painting from the National Gallery of Art. 2 vols. New York, 1966: 2:394, color repro.

•1966—Prown, Jules David. John Singleton Copley, 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966, pp. 61, 262-263, 373, 387, 403-404, 414-415, fig. 344, no. 192.

•1970—American Paintings and Sculpture: An Illustrated Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1970: 44, repro.

•1972—Curwen, Samuel. The Journal of Samuel Curwen, Loyalist. Andrew Oliver ed. 2 vols. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1972: 1:132; 2:701.

•1974—American Self-Portraits 1670-1973. Exh. cat. National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.; Indianapolis Museum of Art. Washington, D.C., 1974: no. 6.

•1975—Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1975: color repro. 389.

•1980—American Paintings: An Illustrated Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1980: 136, repro.

•1980—La Pintura de Los Estados Unidos de Museos de la Ciudad de Washington. Exh. cat. Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City, 1980-1981: no. 1.

•1980—Wilmerding, John. American Light: The Luminist Movement, 1850-1875, Paintings, Drawings, Photographs. Exh. cat. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1980: 46, color repro. 47.

•1980—Wilmerding, John. American Masterpieces from the National Gallery of Art. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1980: 13, no. 4, color repro.

•1981—Williams, William James. A Heritage of American Paintings from the National Gallery of Art. New York, 1981: 24, 30, color repro. 44-45.

•1984—Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. Rev. ed. New York, 1984: 384, no. 545, color repro.

•1986—Prown, Jules David. “Benjamin West’s Family Picture: A Nativity in Hammersmith.” In Honor of Paul Mellon, Collector and Benefactor: Essays.John Wilmerding, ed. Washington, 1986: 281, 286 n. 32, repro. 279.

•1987—Lovell, Margaretta M. “Reading Eighteenth-Century American Family Portraits; Social Images and Self-Images.” Winterthur Portfolio 22, no. 4 (Winter 1987): 256, repro. 259.

•1988—Wilmerding, John. American Masterpieces from the National Gallery of Art. Rev. ed. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1988: 54, no. 4, color repro.

•1992—American Paintings: An Illustrated Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1992: 150, repro.

•1992—National Gallery of Art, Washington. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1992: 210, repro.

•1995—John Singleton Copley in England. Exh. cat. National Gallery of Art, Washington; The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, 1995-1996: no. 1.

•1995—Miles, Ellen G. American Paintings of the Eighteenth Century. The Collections of the National Gallery of Art Systematic Catalogue. Washington, D.C., 1995: 46-54, color repro. 47.

•1998—Boeckl, Christine M. “Self-Portraits: Men.” In Helene E. Roberts, ed. Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography: Themes Depicted in Works of Art. 2 vols. Chicago, 1998: 2:803.

•1999—Zuffi, Stefano and Francesca Castria, La peinture baroque. Translated from Italian by Silvia Bonucci and Claude Sophie Mazéas. Paris, 1999: 391, color repro.

•2004—Hand, John Oliver. National Gallery of Art: Master Paintings from the Collection. Washington and New York, 2004: 286-287, no. 232, color repro.

•2010—Carp, Benjamin L. Defiance of the Patriots: The Boston Tea Party & the Making of America. New Haven, 2010: 72, fig. 14.

  

From American Paintings of the Eighteenth Century:

 

1961.7.1 (1650)

 

The Copley Family

 

•1776/1777

•Oil on Canvas, 184.1 × 229.2 (72½ × 90¼)

•Andrew W. Mellon Fund

 

Technical Notes

 

The tacking margins of the original, moderately fine weight, plain-weave fabric were trimmed at the top and sides, but only partially at the bottom, where the remainder was flattened. There are two lining fabrics. The more recent one, visible from the reverse, is a medium-weight, twill-weave fabric. The older one, sandwiched between this lining and the original fabric, is perhaps a double layer of a finer, plain-weave fabric.1 The present stretcher is larger on all sides than the original dimensions of the painting, which were 180.8 by 227.2 cm.

 

The moderately thick ground is white and probably covered the tacking margins. Infrared reflectography reveals no underdrawing, although the forms are blocked in with very careful placement, suggesting that Copley was working from earlier studies. The paint is applied with a broader range of techniques—ranging from dry and wet pastes to thin, dry, and fluid glazes—than observed in Copley’s earlier style. There is high, globular impasto in the highlights of the face, cap, jewelry, rugs, and decorative borders. The youthful quality of the children’s skin is differentiated from that of the artist’s father-in-law by a smooth blending of tones. The decorative sashes and bows of the children’s costumes were painted over the underlying folds of cloth. There are extensive pentimenti in these sashes and bows on either side of the child in the center, notably in the standing girl’s left sleeve cuff, in the drapery in that area, and in her brother’s ribbon, to the right.

 

In addition to a tear to the left of the father’s head, there are vertical central and diagonal corner stretcher creases. The paint surface has extensive vertical fabric weave texture and traction crackle in some of the darks. There are scattered small holes but no major losses. There are, however, areas of severe local abrasion, generally in the less important areas, including Mrs. Copley’s hair and hair-covering, the peripheral areas above her head, the greens of the landscape, and the browns of the foliage. There is also some abrasion in the clothing of the sitters.

 

Only some of the craquelure and abrasion has been retouched. The varnish was removed in 1962. The present varnish is unevenly discolored and grayed.

 

Provenance

 

The artist; his son John Singleton Copley, Jr., Lord Lyndhurst [1772-1863], London; his sale (Christie, Manson & Woods, London, 5 March 1864, no. 91); bought by “Clarke” for the artist’s granddaughter Martha Babcock Greene Amory [Mrs. Charles Amory, 1812-1880], Boston;2 her husband Charles Amory [1808-1898], Boston;3 their son Edward Linzee Amory [1844-1911], New York;4 his nephew Copley Amory [1866-1960], Washington,5 to his descendants Copley Amory, Jr. [1890-1964], Cambridge, Massachusetts,6 Henry Russell Amory [1892-1962], Santa Barbara, California, Katharine Amory Smith [b. 1908], Washington, Walter Amory [b. 1924], Duxbury, Massachusetts, and Elizabeth Cole Amory [b. 1955], Princeton, New Jersey.7

 

Exhibited

 

Royal Academy of Arts, London, 1777, no. 61. International Exhibition, London, 1862, no. 51.8 Boston Athenaeum, 1873, no. 144. Boston Athenaeum, 1874, no. 130.9 MFA, on long-term loan, 1888-1916, 1921-1925.™ John Singleton Copley, 1738-1815, Loan Exhibition of Paintings, Pastels, Miniatures and Drawings, MFA, 1938, no. 22. NGA, on long-term loan, 1941-1951.11 Copley, 1965-1966, no. 61. American Self-Portraits 1670-1973, NPG, 1974, no. 6. La Pintura de Los Estados Unidos de Museos de la Ciudad de Washington, Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes, México City, 1980-1981, no. 1.

 

Among Copley’s most memorable images is this group portrait, which celebrates the artist’s reunion in London in October 1775 with his wife Susanna (1745-1836) and their children Elizabeth (1770-1866), Mary (1773-1868), and John Singleton Copley, Jr. (1772-1863). Copley was separated from his family for about a year and a half in 1774-1775, after he left Boston to study in Europe. His wife and children moved to London in May 1775. They were joined at the end of the year by the artist’s father-in-law Richard Clarke (1711-1795), a wealthy Boston merchant.12 Susanna (1776-1785), the youngest child in the painting, was born the following 20 October in London. The Copley Family is one of the artist’s first English pictures and his first large group portrait. Painted during the early years of the American Revolution, the portrait expresses Copley’s pride at being reunited with his family in such troubled times at the beginning of a new phase of his career.

 

While in Europe in 1774-1775, Copley frequently expressed his longing to rejoin his family, either in Boston or in England. On 15 September 1774 he wrote his wife from France, “If you knew how great my desires were to be with you, you would not think it necessary to say one word to hasten that happy time; I am sure I shall think that an hour of happiness that brings us together beyand any I shall enjoy till it arrives.”13 On 8 October he questioned whether they would remain in Boston or live in London. “As soon as possible you shall know what my prospects are in England, and then you will be able to determine whether it is best for you to go there or for me to return to America.”14 In December, as turmoil in America increased, he expressed concern over his family’s well-being. “When I reflect on the condition Boston may be in, I tremble for you all; in a state of confusion and bloodshed no one is safe, and I greatly fear the dispute will end in the most fatal and dreadful consequences…if general confusion is inevitable, I hope it will not take place till you are in England.”15 From Parma the following June he wrote,

 

By the time this reaches you, if it please God to give me life and health, I shall be very near England; when there, I shall think of myself at home. You cannot more ardently wish to meet me than I do for the happy moment that will again bless me with the possession of so endearing a wife and children. Be not too anxious, for the time will soon arrive.16

 

Copley, dressed in a blue brocade robe and wearing a wig, stands in the background on the far left. He leans on a plinth and holds two large sheets of paper that are presumably drawings (no lines or marks are visible). His father-in-law, seated in front of him, holds young Susanna on his lap. Elizabeth, the oldest child, wearing a white dress with striped skirt and a pink sash, stands solemnly in the foreground. Susanna Copley, the artist’s wife, in blue, is seated on the right on a rose-colored sofa. She has her arms around John Singleton Copley, Jr., who is dressed in a yellow frock of the type worn by young girls and boys alike. His sister Mary, in a white dress with a gold sash, plays on the sofa next to her mother. In the left foreground are a boy’s brown hat with a blue feather and a doll dressed in imitation of Elizabeth, in a white dress and hat. Their clothing is very fashionable for 1776, although Mrs. Copley’s hair is not quite as elaborate as the style worn by her English contemporaries.17 A rose and green floral carpet and a rose-colored curtain on the left define the interior. Behind Copley and on the right are pillars, which mark the transition to the outdoor space. Behind the drawings that Copley holds can be seen the outline of a large urn, decorated with standing and seated figures that appear to be wearing classical drapery or robes. The distant landscape includes trees, a stream, and hills on which stands a small, church-like, two-story building.

 

Copley began the painting by 1 April 1776 when Samuel Curwen, a Massachusetts Loyalist living in London, visited Richard Clarke and the Copleys in their house at 12 Leicester Square, where they had moved in January 1776 and where they lived until 1783.

 

Passing through Leicester Square I called in at Mr. Copely’s to see Mr. Clarke and the family, who kindly pressed my staying to tea, and in the meantime was amused by seeing his performances in painting. He was then at work on a family piece containing himself, Mr. Clarke, his wife and 4 Children, of all of Whom I observed a very striking likeness; at Tea was present Mr. West, a Philadelphian, a most Masterly hand in the Historic painting; author of the well known, and applauded piece now in print, called West’s death of Wolfe; and taken from his painting.18

 

At this time, however, only three children were with the Copleys in London. The fourth child in the painting was apparently intended to be Clarke Copley, born in Boston in January 1775 and left with relatives when the family sailed to London. Copley learned that Clarke was left in America when he received Susanna’s letter in July 1775 in Italy, saying that she was in London with three of the children. “My thoughts are constantly with you and our children. You tell me you brought three, but you do not say which you left behind; I suppose it was the youngest, he being too delicate to bring.”19 Clarke died in Boston in January 1776. It is thought that Copley began the group portrait before he learned of his son’s death, and he retained the figure of the infant because he knew that his wife was expecting another child.20

 

This group portrait combines the best qualities of Copley’s American work with features that reveal the influence of paintings he had seen since his arrival in Europe. Hallmarks of Copley’s earlier style include the realism of the facial features, particularly of Richard Clarke and the children, and the skillful representation of fabrics. Also reminiscent of his American works is the artist’s pose, which was modified from one used in 1768 for his portrait of John Amory (MFA). The pose was derived from Thomas Hudson’s portrait of English landscape painter Samuel Scott (1731-1733, Tate Gallery, London), who leans against the back of a chair and holds a group of drawings.21 Copley’s pose is also similar to the earlier American self-portrait of John Smibert (1688-1751), seen on the far left in Smibert’s painting of The Bermuda Group (1729-1731, YUAG). Copley undoubtedly knew this painting from visits to Smibert’s Boston studio; its contents were accessible long after Smibert’s death.

 

New with The Copley Family is a greater variety of brushwork, which ranges from dry and wet pastes to thin, dry, and fluid glazes. Also new is Copley’s success in uniting a large number of figures in one composition. Examination of the painting with infrared reflectography indicates that the placement of the forms was done very carefully and without changes, evidence that Copley was working from studies such as that of his wife and two children (see 1991.141.1). The organization of the painting is along several diagonals that cascade from upper left to lower right. The diagonal composition and the Italianate background, with its gently sloping hills (unlike the topography of Boston or London) and small church-like building, are reminiscent of The Madonna di San Gerolamo (1523, Galeria Nazionale, Parma), a popular work by the sixteenth-century Italian artist Correggio. Copley had copied this painting for an English patron during his last two months in Italy (the location of his copy is unknown).22 (For a contemporary copy of the Correggio see Matthew Pratt’s Madonna of St. Jerome, 1944.17.1). Other Italian paintings of madonnas with children that may have influenced Copley include Raphael’s Madonna della Sedia in the collection of the Grand Duke of Tuscany.23 Copley wrote his wife on 26 October 1774, “At the grand duke’s gallery there is a wonderful collection of pictures, statues, bas-reliefs, and gems. At the palace there is a great collection of paintings also, of the best the arts have ever produced : in this the sweet picture of the Virgin with Jesus, by Raphael, delighted me very much, — I mean the one that hung over our chimney.”24 He discussed the painting again on 14 March 1775 with his half-brother Henry Pelham, suggesting that Pelham look at John Smibert’s copy (now unlocated).25 It is also possible that while he was in Florence, Copley saw Raphael’s Mccolini-Cowper Madonna (NGA), acquired at about this time by George, 3rd Earl Cowper, a friend of the Grand Duke of Tuscany. English artists who wished to copy pictures in the duke’s collection applied to Cowper to arrange permission.26 Although Copley followed this procedure in June 1775 to request permission to copy the Madonna della Sedia for Ralph Izard and for his wife (he decided eventually not to make these copies), he does not mention the newly acquired Madonna.27 Copley also saw an unidentified Madonna and Child by Guido Reni in Rome; he tried but was not able to get permission to copy it.28 In addition, he came upon a Holy Family by Raphael in the collection of the King of Naples in January 1775.29

 

The influence of these paintings on Copley is particularly noticeable in Mrs. Copley’s pose. At the same time that the group portrait was being painted, Mrs. Copley was apparently her husband’s model for the figure of the Madonna in a Nativity. Her features, seen in profile in the group portrait, are very similar to those of the Madonna.30 Jules Prown has suggested that Copley’s use of an allusion to the Madonna in his group portrait shows the influence of Benjamin West, who used a madonna-like pose for the image of his wife in The West Family (1772, Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection, New Haven). “This conflation of a family picture and a Nativity including his own wife and child in Copley’s oeuvre…at the moment when he first arrived in England, admiring and emulating West, suggests that Copley’s artistic imagination was particularly stimulated by West’s family picture.”31 West chose similar poses for other family groups, notably for the figure of Mary Izard in Arthur Middleton, His Wife Mary Izard, and Their Son Henry Middleton (1771-1772, Collection of Dr. Henry Middleton Drinker) and for that of Mrs. West in Mrs. West with Raphael West, of which there were four versions, including one of about 1773 (Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection, New Haven).32 Also, West modeled his double portrait Mrs. West with Raphael West on Raphael’s Madonna della Sedia, which he had seen in Florence in 1761-1762.33 Prown notes about The West Family that “an intimate family scene is informed not only with the larger theme of the Ages of Man but the specifically Christian themes of the Holy Family and of the Nativity, of birth as the immanent manifestation of the Divine in the affairs of men.”34 Margaretta Lovell offers a similar interpretation, suggesting that these artists incorporated religious images “into a context of modern domestic life” and have “appropriated for their wives—in their role as mother—the supreme example of female virtue.”35

 

Copley’s letter to Henry Pelham of 14 March 1775 suggests that he saw the issue differently, as one regarding the use of familiar models for thematic paintings. He told Pelham about the practice of using live models for images in such works. By making use of a Model for the heads you will naturally vary your faces agreable to your Models, and though I would not make the heads like the model, that is, not such a likeness as I would make in a portrait, yet should they be like to the greatest degree I should not think it a matter to be objected to…. Chusing such Models as are most agreable to the several carracters you mean to paint, you will procure that variety in your Works that is so much admired in the first Works of Art.36

 

Perhaps in his view it was his wife’s experience with motherhood that informed the pose of the Madonna in his Nativity.

 

Two baroque family group portraits painted in England in the early seventeenth century—Peter Paul Rubens’ Deborah Kip, Wife of Sir Balthasar Gerbier, and Her Children (1630, NGA) and Anthony Van Dyck’s The Five Eldest Children of Charles / (1637, Collection of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II)—as well as Joshua Reynolds’ recent portrait of Lady Cockburn and her three sons (1773, National Gallery of Art, London) may also have influenced the concept and composition of The Copley Family. The baroque group portraits were well known to mid-eighteenth-century English artists and connoisseurs and, like Copley’s picture, depict family groups, with children, in indoor-outdoor settings. Frederick Prince of Wales acquired Balthasar Gerbier and Family, a seventeenth-century copy of Rubens’ composition, in 1749. This painting, a wider version of Rubens’ portrait that includes Gerbier, was then attributed to Van Dyck but is now unattributed.37 George III purchased Van Dyck’s group of Charles Fs children from a private collection in 1765.38 Copley might have seen these works in London in July 1774, when with West he visited “the queen’s palace, where I beheld the finest collection of paintings I have seen, and, I believe, the finest in England.”39 Rubens’ original (NGA) was also in England at the time, in a private collection. These paintings may also have been known to Copley through reproductive engravings. Reynolds’ portrait of Lady Cockburn and her three sons was exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts in the spring of 1774, before Copley’s arrival from Boston. Like Copley’s painting, Reynolds’ work is a depiction of motherhood that incorporates references to earlier works of art, in this case to images of Charity. If Copley had been able to see this painting, perhaps when he visited Reynolds’ studio on 15 July 1774, it may have influenced his grouping of Mrs. Copley and her children.40

 

Copley sent The Copley Family to the spring exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts in 1777. Its only review appeared in both the London Packet, or New Lloyd’s Evening Post for April 25-28 and the Morning Chronicley and London Advertiser for April 26. The reviewer was critical of Copley’s control of light and shade.

 

Mr. Copley, from the size of his family piece, is likely to be as much the subject of observation in the rooms as any artist who has exhibited; as his picture (No. 61) has, in some of its parts, great merit, it is a pity that the whole effect should be destroyed from a want of proper proportion of light and shade. Several of the figures, particularly that of the lady and old gentleman, are well painted. The face of the infant in the lap also has great merit; but the arm round the mother’s neck appears to be rather unnaturally turned, and extravagantly long. The figure of the gentleman, leaning behind with some plans in his hand, seems also to be oddly placed, and not properly one of the family. Add to this the settee, the carpet, and the prospect through the window, are all so glaring, that the effect of the figures is greatly destroyed; and, after regarding the picture for some time, it is difficult for a beholder to guess which object the painter meant to make his main subject. The portrait of a gentleman, in the little room fronting the door, is also in part liable to the same objection, the background is not sufficiently kept under.41

 

This aspect of technique—balancing the elements of a painting to retain the focus on the central figures—had concerned Copley since his arrival in England. He wrote Henry Pelham from London on 17 August 1774 with advice based on pictures that he had recently seen.

 

Be carefull as you go towards the bottum of your Ganvis to mannage your objects that they do not take the eye. Scumble them down so that when you Vew the Picture the Center shall predominate. I think in Diana’s figure in your Room you have an Example, observe her leggs how they seem to run out of observation, from her head and breast Downwards how gradualy her figure seems to lose it self.42

 

Copley had not learned this aspect of painting in America, where his primary examples of European art were engravings.

 

After the Academy exhibition Copley hung the painting in his exhibition room, where Samuel Curwen saw it when he visited on 19 December 1780. “We departed for Mr. R. C[larke’s] home in Leister square. Found him at home, after some time invited into picture room, wherein were 2 Exhibition pictures, Brooke Watsons wonderful deliverance from a great shark…, the other picture Copeley’s own family containing 6 persons, himself, wife, 3 children and Mr. Clarke his father in law.”43 When the family moved to 24 George Street, London, in 1783, “It was placed by his own hand, in the position it retained for nearly a century, over the fireplace in the dining-room in George Street,” according to the artist’s granddaughter Martha Amory.44 In 1789, when the painting was to be engraved by Robert Thew (1758-1802), Copley made a small oil, which represents the entire composition and is the same size as the engraving. The small painting was in Thew’s possession at his death.45 The plate was left unfinished (proof print, NGA).40 Mrs. Copley sent the oil to her daughter Elizabeth Greene in Boston on 31 August 1804.

 

We have sent…the sketch of the family picture, the print remains in the state in which Mr. Thew left it at his death…should it ever be thought worth wile to finish the plate, you must only let the sketch again cross the Atlantic in the meantime we shall be happy in the pleasure it affords you, and the rest of our dear Friends; it contains the best likeness of my departed and dearely valued Father.47

 

The oil copy and print differ from the large painting in details of Mrs. Copley’s dress and hair, in the details of the sofa, the left foreground and background, and in the dress of Mary, the girl on the sofa.

 

The Copley Family was well known in nineteenth-century England. Allan Cunningham remarked that it had a natural look and “some very fine colouring,” and it was reviewed with praise when it was exhibited at the International Exhibition in London in 1862.48 The artist’s granddaughter Martha Amory purchased the painting from the estate of her uncle John Singleton Copley, Jr., Lord Lyndhurst, in 1864 and brought it to Boston. In 1872 it was rescued from the great Boston fire of 9-10 November, “having been transported by hand with great difficulty, on account of its size, and placed under the care of a gentleman who kindly offered to harbor it during that calamitous night.”49 Since that time it has frequently been on view in museums and has become familiar to an American public as one of Copley’s most endearing paintings.

 

EGM

 

Notes

 

1.The painting was conserved in London after the 1864 Lyndhurst sale, according to the essay on John Singleton Copley in DNB 4:1105.

2.The annotated copy of Christie’s Catalogue of the Very Valuable Collection of Pictures, of the Rt. Hon. Lord Lyndhurst, deceased at the Boston Athenaeum indicates that “Clarke” was the purchaser, as does the Art-Journal, London, 1 April 1864, 120. The initials BA that are entered next to the lot number indicate that it was purchased for Martha Babcock Amory. Redford 1888, 2:20, thought the painting was bought in, but James Hughes Anderdon, who was at the sale, noted in his copy of the catalogue (Royal Academy of Arts) that there was a round of applause after the painting was auctioned (Prown 1966, 2:404). News of the sale appeared in the (Boston) Daily Advertiser, 19 March 1864. For Mrs. Amory’s dates see Linzee 1917, 2:766.

3.For Charles Amory’s dates see Linzee 1917, 2:766; he placed the painting on loan at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

4.Edward Linzee Amory continued the loan of the painting to the Museum of Fine Arts from 1898; his dates are in Linzee 1917, 2:766.

5.For Copley Amory’s dates see Linzee 1917, 2:795, and the New York Times, 18 April 1960, 29 (obituary).

6.The birth date of Copley Amory, Jr., is in Linzee 1917, 2:796; his death date was provided to the author by Walter Amory on 19 November 1990.

7.Birth and death dates are from Linzee 1917, 2:796, or have been provided by family members.

8.Graves 1913,1:206, no. 51, “Family Portraits,” lent by Lord Lyndhurst. The review in the Times, 1 May 1862, ii, described the painting as “the group of Copley portraits (51) in which the painter has represented his father, in the background himself, and his wife and children on the right.” Mrs. Amory was wrong when she wrote that the exhibition was in Manchester.

9.Perkins and Gavin 1980, 41; Yarnall and Gerdts 1986, 825, list the second exhibition under “Museum of Fine Arts, Boston,” on whose behalf it was held.

10.Cook 1888,160; MFA1890,46; MFA1892,15, no. 140; MFA 1895,17, no. 150; MFA Bulletin 1903,18; MFA Handbook 1906,102; Addison 1924,6-7; letter from Diana Hallowell, MFA, 15 August 1961 (NGA).

11.Gallery records; see also Walker and James 1943, 22 and pi. u, and Walker 1951,16, 42, pi. 5.

12.Curwen 1972, 1:102, entry for Friday, 29 December 1775: “W. Cabot…brought account of Mr. Richard Clarke’s arrival from Boston, the vessell had a short passage of 21 days.”

13.Copley-Pelham Letters, 256.

14.Amory 1882, 33.

15.Amory 1882, 40, letter from Rome dated 4 December 1774.

16.Amory 1881, 55, letter of 12 June 1775.

17.Nathalie Rothstein, “What Silk Shall I Wear?: Fashion and Choice in Some 18th and Early 19th Century Paintings in the National Gallery of Art,” lecture, NGA, 16 September 1990.

18.Curwen 1972,1:132.

19.Amory 1882, 63.

20.Prown 1966, 2:262.

21.Prown 1966, 1:figs. 220-221; Copley knew the portrait from the mezzotint by John Faber, Jr.

22.Prown 1966, 2:253-254, 443.

23.Brown 1983, 23; on the painting see Dussler 1971, 36 and pl. 84. For a discussion of the Grand Duke’s collection and its popularity among the English in Italy see Millar 1967, especially 6-7,10,18.

24.Copley to his wife, quoted in Amory 1882,38, and partially quoted in Prown 1966, 2:248.

25.Copley-Pelham Letters, 304; he also mentioned the painting to his mother on 25 June 1775; Copley-Pelham Letters, 331.

26.On the history of this painting see Shapley 1979, 1:389-391, and Millar 1967, 27. The exact date of Cowper’s acquisition is not known.

27.Letter to Susanna Copley, 9 June 1775, in Amory 1882, 53.

28.Copley-Pelham Letters, 331, to his mother, 25 June Ï775.

29.Letter to his sister, 28 January 1775; Prown 1966, 2:251, quoting Amory 1882, 44. Perhaps this was Raphael’s Madonna del Divin’ Amore (c. 1518, Museo Nazionale, Naples), which was in the Palazzo de Giardino, Naples, Capodimonte by 1680; see Dussler 1971, 49 and pl. 104.

30.Prown 1966, 2:263-264 and figs. 347-349.

31.Prown 1986, 281.

32.Von Erffa and Staley 1986, 530-532, no. 661, repro.; 461-462, no. 546, repro.; 457-459, nos. 535-538, repros.

33.Brown 1983, 17-18; Von Erffa and Staley 1986, 458.

34.Prown 1986,278.

35.Lovell 1987, 259-260.

36.Copley-Pelham Letters, 304.

37.On Rubens’ painting and its versions and engravings, and the history of their ownership see Stechow 1973, 6-22, and Whitfield 1973, 23-31.

38.Mular 1963, 1:99; 2: pl. 74.

39.Letter to his wife dated 21 July 1774, in Amory 1882, 28.

40.The author is grateful to Allen Staley for the suggestion that Reynolds’ portrait was a possible influence on Copley’s family group. On the painting see Wind, “Charity,” 1938, 322-330; Davies 1959, 84-85; Penny 1986, 259-260, no. 88; it is reproduced in Waterhouse 1973, unpaginated, pi. 70. For Copley’s visit to Reynolds’ studio see Copley-Pelham Letters, 226.

41.The Portrait of a Gentleman has not been identified; see Prown 1966, 2:387.

42.Copley-Pelham Letters, 240-241.

43.Curwen 1972, 2:701.

44.Amory 1882,79.

45.Prown 1966, 2:263,415 and fig. 346; Troyen 1980, 66-67, no. 12, repro.

46.Prown 1966, 2:414. The proof print at the National Gallery of Art [1961.11.1], the gift of Copley Amory, Jr., is inscribed on the plate “J. S. Copley R.A. pinx / London Publish’d Novr 25 1789^5 the Act directs / Rt. Thew Sc.” The image measures approximately 51 by 62 cm.

47.Quoted in Amory 1882,80, misdated; the original is on deposit at the Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.

48.“The Pictures at the International Exhibition—No. I.” Times (London) (1 May), 11.

49.Amory 1882, 80.

 

References

 

•1777—“Exhibition of the Royal Academy.” London Packet, or New Lloyd’s Evening Post, 25-28 April: 1.

•1777—“Exhibition of the Royal Academy.” Morning Chronicle, and London Advertiser, 26 April: 2.

•1832—Cunningham: 5:178-179.

•1867—Tucker man : 79.

•1873—Perkins: 20-21, 48-49,134.

•1882—Amory: 12,23,77-80,106-107,240, 262-263, 438.

•1888—Cook: 3:159, repro., 160.

•1890—MFA:46.

•1892—MFA: 15, no. 140.

•1895—MFA: 17, no. 150

•1903—MFA Bulletin: 18

•1905—Isham: 37-38, repro. 35.

•1906—MFA Handbook: 102, repro.

•1910—Bayley:35.

•1915—Bayley: 35-36,79,101-102.

•1924—Addison : 6-7

•1930—Bolton and Binsse, “Copley”: 116.

•1938—Parker and Wheeler: 8-9.

•1966—Prown: 1:61, 2:262-263, 373n, 387,403-404, 414-415, and fig. 344.

•1972—Curwen: 1:132, 2:701.

•1980—Wilmerding: 46, color repro. 47.

•1981—Williams: 24,30, color repro. 44-45.

•1984—Walker: 384, no. 545, color repro.

•1986—Prown: 281, 286 n. 32, repro. 279.

•1987—Lovell: 256, repro., 259.

•1988—Wilmerding: 54, color repro. 55.

Carved from white Italian Carrara marble, the "Maiden with a Lute" sits picturesquely amid a well established tree Rhododendron. There is no indication as to which studio or artist carved her, but she is very elegant and beautiful in an almost melancholic way. She has obviously paused to gain some inspiration before taking up the lute to play again. How could she not find inspiration amid the beautiful Forest Glade Gardens in Mount Macedon where she resides?

 

The Forest Glade Gardens are well established European inspired landscaped gardens of six hectares that are to be found on the Mount Macedon Road in the hill station town of Mount Macedon.

 

The Forest Glade Gardens are just shy of one hundred years old. The gardens were originally two adjoining properties that comprised orchards and lush grazing paddocks. In 1941 local family the Newtons purchased and extended the property and set about creating one of Mount Macedon's most stunning gardens.

 

In 1971 the Forest Glade Gardens were acquired by Melbourne property developer Mr. Cyril Stokes who together with his partner Trevor Neil Bell, developed the gardens even further. Cyril was a great collector of European antiques, and his love of European antiquity is reflected in the gardens, particularly in the many classical marble and bronze statues dotted about the grounds.

 

Unfortunately the Forest Glade Gardens were partly destroyed by the tragic Ash Wednesday bushfires of 1983. However, after many years of hard labour put in by Cyril and Trevor, The Forest Glade Gardens were reborn from the ashes. The gardens are built on a sloping block and consist of a range of terraces all of which offer wonderful vistas. A garden designed to give pleasure all year round, the Forest Glad Gardens contain several heritage listed trees and are made up of smaller themed gardens including; the Italian Garden, the Japanese Garden, the Daffodil Meadow, the Peony Walk, Hydrangea Hill, the Topiary Gardens, the Bluebell Meadow, the Fern Gully and the Laburnum Arch.

 

In 2011 the property was gifted to a registered charity - The Stokes Collection Limited - with the intention of keeping the Forest Glade Gardens maintained and open to the public.

 

I spent a delightful Saturday with the Famous Flickr Five+ Group in Mount Macedon, where I have never been before. Now I have, I would very much like to go back to such a picturesque place again.

 

The Mount Macedon township is located east of the Mount Macedon summit, which is approximately 60 km north-west of Melbourne.

 

The name of Mount Macedon is apparently derived from Philip II, who ruled Macedon between 359 and 336BC. The mountain was named by Thomas Mitchell, the New South Wales Surveyor General.

 

Settled in the 1850s by gold miners and timber cutters, the railway arrived at the Mount Macedon township in 1861, providing a vital connection to Melbourne, and sealing the town's future as a 'hill station' resort for wealthy Melburnians escaping the summer heat in the 1870s. With the land deforested, large blocks were sold and beautiful and extensive gardens were planted around the newly built homes. The rich soil and good rainfall also made the area suitable for large orchards and plant nurseries who could send fruit and flowers back to Melbourne. Newspaper owner, David Syme, built a house, "Rosenheim" in 1869. It was acquired in 1886 for Victorian Governors to use as a country retreat, making Mount Macedon an attractive destination for the well heeled of Melbourne society. A primary school was built in Mount Macedon in 1874, and as the decades progressed, hotels, guest houses, shops, a Presbyterian Church and Church of England were built. In 1983, Mount Macedon was devastated by the Ash Wednesday Bush Fires. A large portion of the town was raised, and a number of lives were lost. However, like a phoenix from the ashes, Mount Macedon has risen and rebuilt. Today it is still a popular holiday destination, particularly during spring time when the well established gardens flourish with flowers and in autumn when the exotic trees explode in a riot of reds and yellows.

What do we know about the image?

 

It is an unused postcard with no indication on the back as to the identity of the photographer. The background is the same as many other postcard images on this site. My inclination is that the photograph was taken by Albert Marshall (1860 – 1918) the Winster photographer/postcard publisher and was taken in the yard of the Angel Inn, near the Market House. Albert lived in the yard and had his business premises close by.

 

At the bottom of the image someone has written “Mrs. H. Hardy & Mary.” The card was among papers handed down through the Barnsley, Brassington and Newton families who lived on East Bank, Winster, during the 20th Century and forms part of the Eric Brassington Collection. Eric has no family information which adds to the above.

 

This image and the original notes about it had been posted for sometime when I was contacted by John Marsden, a former Winster resident, who confirmed that the image was of his grandmother and mother.

 

Mrs. H. Hardy was the wife of Charles Herbert Hardy. She was born Maud Blackham in Starkholmes, Matlock. In the 1901 Census she was living at West Bank, aged 15, working as a nurse/domestic, at the home of her uncle, John Rouse (born 1864). John was married living with his wife, 3 sons and 2 daughters. Frank Blackham, aged 19, John's nephew and probably Maud's brother, was also living in the household and working as a lead miner.

 

In 1907 Maud was married to Charles Herbert Hardy. In the 1911 Census Charles, aged 27, and Maud, aged 24, were living on East Bank, with their daughter Rose Mary Hardy, aged 3, who had been born in Winster. Charles was a stationary engineman at a Lead Ore Mine (probably Mill Close) and he had been born in Winster. Maud was born in Starkholmes.

 

Rose Mary (1908 - 1970) was married in 1929 to William Marsden and she continued to live in Winster until her death. There are other images of her elsewhere on this site.

 

Tthe photograph was probably taken in about 1911.

 

Michael Greatorex

Text updated 30 December 2009

 

Messenger dog with its handler, in France, during World War I. This collie dog worked as a messenger in the front line under constant gunfire. A scrolled up message can be seen attached to the dogs collar. Dogs were also used in the trenches to kill rats and mice, thereby protecting food supplies. In addition to carrying out messenger duties and various other tasks, a regimental mascot also helped to maintain the troops morale.

 

Most of the armies involved in 'the Great War' had specially trained dogs in many of their regiments. These dogs performed a wide range of important tasks, including carrying messages, sentry duty, acting as decoys, ambulance duties and killing vermin. Keeping a pet also helped to raise the morale of the soldiers, by adding an element of domestic home life to the trench.

 

[Original reads: 'OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN ON THE BRITISH WESTERN FRONT IN FRANCE. "Bruce", a well known messenger dog who is always working under shell fire in the line.']

 

digital.nls.uk/74549020

Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic , European country and an independent state in the west of the Scandinavian Peninsula . Geographically speaking, the country is long and narrow, and on the elongated coast towards the North Atlantic are Norway's well-known fjords . The Kingdom of Norway includes the main country (the mainland with adjacent islands within the baseline ), Jan Mayen and Svalbard . With these two Arctic areas, Norway covers a land area of ​​385,000 km² and has a population of approximately 5.5 million (2023). Mainland Norway borders Sweden in the east , Finland and Russia in the northeast .

 

Norway is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy , where Harald V has been king and head of state since 1991 , and Jonas Gahr Støre ( Ap ) has been prime minister since 2021 . Norway is a unitary state , with two administrative levels below the state: counties and municipalities . The Sami part of the population has, through the Sami Parliament and the Finnmark Act , to a certain extent self-government and influence over traditionally Sami areas. Although Norway has rejected membership of the European Union through two referendums , through the EEA Agreement Norway has close ties with the Union, and through NATO with the United States . Norway is a significant contributor to the United Nations (UN), and has participated with soldiers in several foreign operations mandated by the UN. Norway is among the states that have participated from the founding of the UN , NATO , the Council of Europe , the OSCE and the Nordic Council , and in addition to these is a member of the EEA , the World Trade Organization , the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and is part of the Schengen area .

 

Norway is rich in many natural resources such as oil , gas , minerals , timber , seafood , fresh water and hydropower . Since the beginning of the 20th century, these natural conditions have given the country the opportunity for an increase in wealth that few other countries can now enjoy, and Norwegians have the second highest average income in the world, measured in GDP per capita, as of 2022. The petroleum industry accounts for around 14% of Norway's gross domestic product as of 2018. Norway is the world's largest producer of oil and gas per capita outside the Middle East. However, the number of employees linked to this industry fell from approx. 232,000 in 2013 to 207,000 in 2015.

 

In Norway, these natural resources have been managed for socially beneficial purposes. The country maintains a welfare model in line with the other Nordic countries. Important service areas such as health and higher education are state-funded, and the country has an extensive welfare system for its citizens. Public expenditure in 2018 is approx. 50% of GDP, and the majority of these expenses are related to education, healthcare, social security and welfare. Since 2001 and until 2021, when the country took second place, the UN has ranked Norway as the world's best country to live in . From 2010, Norway is also ranked at the top of the EIU's democracy index . Norway ranks third on the UN's World Happiness Report for the years 2016–2018, behind Finland and Denmark , a report published in March 2019.

 

The majority of the population is Nordic. In the last couple of years, immigration has accounted for more than half of population growth. The five largest minority groups are Norwegian-Poles , Lithuanians , Norwegian-Swedes , Norwegian-Syrians including Syrian Kurds and Norwegian-Pakistani .

 

Norway's national day is 17 May, on this day in 1814 the Norwegian Constitution was dated and signed by the presidency of the National Assembly at Eidsvoll . It is stipulated in the law of 26 April 1947 that 17 May are national public holidays. The Sami national day is 6 February. "Yes, we love this country" is Norway's national anthem, the song was written in 1859 by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1832–1910).

 

Norway's history of human settlement goes back at least 10,000 years, to the Late Paleolithic , the first period of the Stone Age . Archaeological finds of settlements along the entire Norwegian coast have so far been dated back to 10,400 before present (BP), the oldest find is today considered to be a settlement at Pauler in Brunlanes , Vestfold .

For a period these settlements were considered to be the remains of settlers from Doggerland , an area which today lies beneath the North Sea , but which was once a land bridge connecting today's British Isles with Danish Jutland . But the archaeologists who study the initial phase of the settlement in what is today Norway reckon that the first people who came here followed the coast along what is today Bohuslân. That they arrived in some form of boat is absolutely certain, and there is much evidence that they could easily move over large distances.

 

Since the last Ice Age, there has been continuous settlement in Norway. It cannot be ruled out that people lived in Norway during the interglacial period , but no trace of such a population or settlement has been found.

 

The Stone Age lasted a long time; half of the time that our country has been populated. There are no written accounts of what life was like back then. The knowledge we have has been painstakingly collected through investigations of places where people have stayed and left behind objects that we can understand have been processed by human hands. This field of knowledge is called archaeology . The archaeologists interpret their findings and the history of the surrounding landscape. In our country, the uplift after the Ice Age is fundamental. The history of the settlements at Pauler is no more than fifteen years old.

 

The Fosna culture settled parts of Norway sometime between 10,000–8,000 BC. (see Stone Age in Norway ). The dating of rock carvings is set to Neolithic times (in Norway between 4000 BC to 1700 BC) and show activities typical of hunters and gatherers .

 

Agriculture with livestock and arable farming was introduced in the Neolithic. Swad farming where the farmers move when the field does not produce the expected yield.

 

More permanent and persistent farm settlements developed in the Bronze Age (1700 BC to 500 BC) and the Iron Age . The earliest runes have been found on an arrowhead dated to around 200 BC. Many more inscriptions are dated to around 800, and a number of petty kingdoms developed during these centuries. In prehistoric times, there were no fixed national borders in the Nordic countries and Norway did not exist as a state. The population in Norway probably fell to year 0.

 

Events in this time period, the centuries before the year 1000, are glimpsed in written sources. Although the sagas were written down in the 13th century, many hundreds of years later, they provide a glimpse into what was already a distant past. The story of the fimbul winter gives us a historical picture of something that happened and which in our time, with the help of dendrochronology , can be interpreted as a natural disaster in the year 536, created by a volcanic eruption in El Salvador .

 

In the period between 800 and 1066 there was a significant expansion and it is referred to as the Viking Age . During this period, Norwegians, as Swedes and Danes also did, traveled abroad in longships with sails as explorers, traders, settlers and as Vikings (raiders and pirates ). By the middle of the 11th century, the Norwegian kingship had been firmly established, building its right as descendants of Harald Hårfagre and then as heirs of Olav the Holy . The Norwegian kings, and their subjects, now professed Christianity . In the time around Håkon Håkonsson , in the time after the civil war , there was a small renaissance in Norway with extensive literary activity and diplomatic activity with Europe. The black dew came to Norway in 1349 and killed around half of the population. The entire state apparatus and Norway then entered a period of decline.

 

Between 1396 and 1536, Norway was part of the Kalmar Union , and from 1536 until 1814 Norway had been reduced to a tributary part of Denmark , named as the Personal Union of Denmark-Norway . This staff union entered into an alliance with Napoléon Bonaparte with a war that brought bad times and famine in 1812 . In 1814, Denmark-Norway lost the Anglophone Wars , part of the Napoleonic Wars , and the Danish king was forced to cede Norway to the king of Sweden in the Treaty of Kiel on 14 January of that year. After a Norwegian attempt at independence, Norway was forced into a loose union with Sweden, but where Norway was allowed to create its own constitution, the Constitution of 1814 . In this period, Norwegian, romantic national feeling flourished, and the Norwegians tried to develop and establish their own national self-worth. The union with Sweden was broken in 1905 after it had been threatened with war, and Norway became an independent kingdom with its own monarch, Haakon VII .

 

Norway remained neutral during the First World War , and at the outbreak of the Second World War, Norway again declared itself neutral, but was invaded by National Socialist Germany on 9 April 1940 .

 

Norway became a member of the Western defense alliance NATO in 1949 . Two attempts to join the EU were voted down in referendums by small margins in 1972 and 1994 . Norway has been a close ally of the United States in the post-war period. Large discoveries of oil and natural gas in the North Sea at the end of the 1960s led to tremendous economic growth in the country, which is still ongoing. Traditional industries such as fishing are also part of Norway's economy.

 

Stone Age (before 1700 BC)

When most of the ice disappeared, vegetation spread over the landscape and due to a warm climate around 2000-3000 BC. the forest grew much taller than in modern times. Land uplift after the ice age led to a number of fjords becoming lakes and dry land. The first people probably came from the south along the coast of the Kattegat and overland into Finnmark from the east. The first people probably lived by gathering, hunting and trapping. A good number of Stone Age settlements have been found which show that such hunting and trapping people stayed for a long time in the same place or returned to the same place regularly. Large amounts of gnawed bones show that they lived on, among other things, reindeer, elk, small game and fish.

 

Flintstone was imported from Denmark and apart from small natural deposits along the southern coast, all flintstone in Norway is transported by people. At Espevær, greenstone was quarried for tools in the Stone Age, and greenstone tools from Espevær have been found over large parts of Western Norway. Around 2000-3000 BC the usual farm animals such as cows and sheep were introduced to Norway. Livestock probably meant a fundamental change in society in that part of the people had to be permanent residents or live a semi-nomadic life. Livestock farming may also have led to conflict with hunters.

 

The oldest traces of people in what is today Norway have been found at Pauler , a farm in Brunlanes in Larvik municipality in Vestfold . In 2007 and 2008, the farm has given its name to a number of Stone Age settlements that have been excavated and examined by archaeologists from the Cultural History Museum at UiO. The investigations have been carried out in connection with the new route for the E18 motorway west of Farris. The oldest settlement, located more than 127 m above sea level, is dated to be about 10,400 years old (uncalibrated, more than 11,000 years in real calendar years). From here, the ice sheet was perhaps visible when people settled here. This locality has been named Pauler I, and is today considered to be the oldest confirmed human traces in Norway to date. The place is in the mountains above the Pauler tunnel on the E18 between Larvik and Porsgrunn . The pioneer settlement is a term archaeologists have adopted for the oldest settlement. The archaeologists have speculated about where they came from, the first people in what is today Norway. It has been suggested that they could come by boat or perhaps across the ice from Doggerland or the North Sea, but there is now a large consensus that they came north along what is today the Bohuslän coast. The Fosna culture , the Komsa culture and the Nøstvet culture are the traditional terms for hunting cultures from the Stone Age. One thing is certain - getting to the water was something they mastered, the first people in our country. Therefore, within a short time they were able to use our entire long coast.

 

In the New Stone Age (4000 BC–1700 BC) there is a theory that a new people immigrated to the country, the so-called Stone Ax People . Rock carvings from this period show motifs from hunting and fishing , which were still important industries. From this period, a megalithic tomb has been found in Østfold .

It is uncertain whether there were organized societies or state-like associations in the Stone Age in Norway. Findings from settlements indicate that many lived together and that this was probably more than one family so that it was a slightly larger, organized herd.

 

Finnmark

In prehistoric times, animal husbandry and agriculture were of little economic importance in Finnmark. Livelihoods in Finnmark were mainly based on fish, gathering, hunting and trapping, and eventually domestic reindeer herding became widespread in the Middle Ages. Archaeological finds from the Stone Age have been referred to as the Komsa culture and comprise around 5,000 years of settlement. Finnmark probably got its first settlement around 8000 BC. It is believed that the coastal areas became ice-free 11,000 years BC and the fjord areas around 9,000 years BC. after which willows, grass, heather, birch and pine came into being. Finnmarksvidda was covered by pine forest around 6000 BC. After the Ice Age, the land rose around 80 meters in the inner fjord areas (Alta, Tana, Varanger). Due to ice melting in the polar region, the sea rose in the period 6400–3800 BC. and in areas with little land elevation, some settlements from the first part of the Stone Age were flooded. On Sørøya, the net sea level rise was 12 to 14 meters and many residential areas were flooded.

 

According to Bjørnar Olsen , there are many indications of a connection between the oldest settlement in Western Norway (the " Fosnakulturen ") and that in Finnmark, but it is uncertain in which direction the settlement took place. In the earliest part of the Stone Age, settlement in Finnmark was probably concentrated in the coastal areas, and these only reflected a lifestyle with great mobility and no permanent dwellings. The inner regions, such as Pasvik, were probably used seasonally. The archaeologically proven settlements from the Stone Age in inner Finnmark and Troms are linked to lakes and large watercourses. The oldest petroglyphs in Alta are usually dated to 4200 BC, that is, the Neolithic . Bjørnar Olsen believes that the oldest can be up to 2,000 years older than this.

 

From around 4000 BC a slow deforestation of Finnmark began and around 1800 BC the vegetation distribution was roughly the same as in modern times. The change in vegetation may have increased the distance between the reindeer's summer and winter grazing. The uplift continued slowly from around 4000 BC. at the same time as sea level rise stopped.

 

According to Gutorm Gjessing, the settlement in Finnmark and large parts of northern Norway in the Neolithic was semi-nomadic with movement between four seasonal settlements (following the pattern of life in Sami siida in historical times): On the outer coast in summer (fishing and seal catching) and inland in winter (hunting for reindeer, elk and bear). Povl Simonsen believed instead that the winter residence was in the inner fjord area in a village-like sod house settlement. Bjørnar Olsen believes that at the end of the Stone Age there was a relatively settled population along the coast, while inland there was less settlement and a more mobile lifestyle.

 

Bronze Age (1700 BC–500 BC)

Bronze was used for tools in Norway from around 1500 BC. Bronze is a mixture of tin and copper , and these metals were introduced because they were not mined in the country at the time. Bronze is believed to have been a relatively expensive material. The Bronze Age in Norway can be divided into two phases:

 

Early Bronze Age (1700–1100 BC)

Younger Bronze Age (1100–500 BC)

For the prehistoric (unwritten) era, there is limited knowledge about social conditions and possible state formations. From the Bronze Age, there are large burial mounds of stone piles along the coast of Vestfold and Agder, among others. It is likely that only chieftains or other great men could erect such grave monuments and there was probably some form of organized society linked to these. In the Bronze Age, society was more organized and stratified than in the Stone Age. Then a rich class of chieftains emerged who had close connections with southern Scandinavia. The settlements became more permanent and people adopted horses and ard . They acquired bronze status symbols, lived in longhouses and people were buried in large burial mounds . Petroglyphs from the Bronze Age indicate that humans practiced solar cultivation.

 

Finnmark

In the last millennium BC the climate became cooler and the pine forest disappears from the coast; pine forests, for example, were only found in the innermost part of the Altafjord, while the outer coast was almost treeless. Around the year 0, the limit for birch forest was south of Kirkenes. Animals with forest habitats (elk, bear and beaver) disappeared and the reindeer probably established their annual migration routes sometime at that time. In the period 1800–900 BC there were significantly more settlements in and utilization of the hinterland was particularly noticeable on Finnmarksvidda. From around 1800 BC until year 0 there was a significant increase in contact between Finnmark and areas in the east including Karelia (where metals were produced including copper) and central and eastern Russia. The youngest petroglyphs in Alta show far more boats than the earlier phases and the boats are reminiscent of types depicted in petroglyphs in southern Scandinavia. It is unclear what influence southern Scandinavian societies had as far north as Alta before the year 0. Many of the cultural features that are considered typical Sami in modern times were created or consolidated in the last millennium BC, this applies, among other things, to the custom of burying in brick chambers in stone urns. The Mortensnes burial ground may have been used for 2000 years until around 1600 AD.

 

Iron Age (c. 500 BC–c. 1050 AD)

 

The Einangsteinen is one of the oldest Norwegian runestones; it is from the 4th century

 

Simultaneous production of Vikings

Around 500 years BC the researchers reckon that the Bronze Age will be replaced by the Iron Age as iron takes over as the most important material for weapons and tools. Bronze, wood and stone were still used. Iron was cheaper than bronze, easier to work than flint , and could be used for many purposes; iron probably became common property. Iron could, among other things, be used to make solid and sharp axes which made it much easier to fell trees. In the Iron Age, gold and silver were also used partly for decoration and partly as means of payment. It is unknown which language was used in Norway before our era. From around the year 0 until around the year 800, everyone in Scandinavia (except the Sami) spoke Old Norse , a North Germanic language. Subsequently, several different languages ​​developed in this area that were only partially mutually intelligible. The Iron Age is divided into several periods:

 

Early Iron Age

Pre-Roman Iron Age (c. 500 BC–c. 0)

Roman Iron Age (c. 0–c. AD 400)

Migration period (approx. 400–600). In the migration period (approx. 400–600), new peoples came to Norway, and ruins of fortress buildings etc. are interpreted as signs that there has been talk of a violent invasion.

Younger Iron Age

Merovingian period (500–800)

 

The Viking Age (793–1066)

Norwegian Vikings go on plundering expeditions and trade voyages around the coastal countries of Western Europe . Large groups of Norwegians emigrate to the British Isles , Iceland and Greenland . Harald Hårfagre starts a unification process of Norway late in the 8th century , which was completed by Harald Hardråde in the 1060s . The country was Christianized under the kings Olav Tryggvason , fell in the battle of Svolder ( 1000 ) and Olav Haraldsson (the saint), fell in the battle of Stiklestad in 1030 .

 

Sources of prehistoric times

Shrinking glaciers in the high mountains, including in Jotunheimen and Breheimen , have from around the year 2000 uncovered objects from the Viking Age and earlier. These are objects of organic material that have been preserved by the ice and that elsewhere in nature are broken down in a few months. The finds are getting older as the melting makes the archaeologists go deeper into the ice. About half of all archaeological discoveries on glaciers in the world are made in Oppland . In 2013, a 3,400-year-old shoe and a robe from the year 300 were found. Finds at Lomseggen in Lom published in 2020 revealed, among other things, well-preserved horseshoes used on a mountain pass. Many hundreds of items include preserved clothing, knives, whisks, mittens, leather shoes, wooden chests and horse equipment. A piece of cloth dated to the year 1000 has preserved its original colour. In 2014, a wooden ski from around the year 700 was found in Reinheimen . The ski is 172 cm long and 14 cm wide, with preserved binding of leather and wicker.

 

Pytheas from Massalia is the oldest known account of what was probably the coast of Norway, perhaps somewhere on the coast of Møre. Pytheas visited Britannia around 325 BC. and traveled further north to a country by the "Ice Sea". Pytheas described the short summer night and the midnight sun farther north. He wrote, among other things, that people there made a drink from grain and honey. Caesar wrote in his work about the Gallic campaign about the Germanic tribe Haruders. Other Roman sources around the year 0 mention the land of the Cimbri (Jutland) and the Cimbri headlands ( Skagen ) and that the sources stated that Cimbri and Charyds lived in this area. Some of these peoples may have immigrated to Norway and there become known as hordes (as in Hordaland). Sources from the Mediterranean area referred to the islands of Scandia, Scandinavia and Thule ("the outermost of all islands"). The Roman historian Tacitus wrote around the year 100 a work about Germania and mentioned the people of Scandia, the Sviones. Ptolemy wrote around the year 150 that the Kharudes (Hordes) lived further north than all the Cimbri, in the north lived the Finnoi (Finns or Sami) and in the south the Gutai (Goths). The Nordic countries and Norway were outside the Roman Empire , which dominated Europe at the time. The Gothic-born historian Jordanes wrote in the 5th century about 13 tribes or people groups in Norway, including raumaricii (probably Romerike ), ragnaricii ( Ranrike ) and finni or skretefinni (skrid finner or ski finner, i.e. Sami) as well as a number of unclear groups. Prokopios wrote at the same time about Thule north of the land of the Danes and Slavs, Thule was ten times as big as Britannia and the largest of all the islands. In Thule, the sun was up 40 days straight in the summer. After the migration period , southern Europeans' accounts of northern Europe became fuller and more reliable.

 

Settlement in prehistoric times

Norway has around 50,000 farms with their own names. Farm names have persisted for a long time, over 1000 years, perhaps as much as 2000 years. The name researchers have arranged different types of farm names chronologically, which provides a basis for determining when the place was used by people or received a permanent settlement. Uncompounded landscape names such as Haug, Eid, Vik and Berg are believed to be the oldest. Archaeological traces indicate that some areas have been inhabited earlier than assumed from the farm name. Burial mounds also indicate permanent settlement. For example, the burial ground at Svartelva in Løten was used from around the year 0 to the year 1000 when Christianity took over. The first farmers probably used large areas for inland and outland, and new farms were probably established based on some "mother farms". Names such as By (or Bø) show that it is an old place of residence. From the older Iron Age, names with -heim (a common Germanic word meaning place of residence) and -stad tell of settlement, while -vin and -land tell of the use of the place. Farm names in -heim are often found as -um , -eim or -em as in Lerum and Seim, there are often large farms in the center of the village. New farm names with -city and -country were also established in the Viking Age . The first farmers probably used the best areas. The largest burial grounds, the oldest archaeological finds and the oldest farm names are found where the arable land is richest and most spacious.

 

It is unclear whether the settlement expansion in Roman times, migrations and the Iron Age is due to immigration or internal development and population growth. Among other things, it is difficult to demonstrate where in Europe the immigrants have come from. The permanent residents had both fields (where grain was grown) and livestock that grazed in the open fields, but it is uncertain which of these was more important. Population growth from around the year 200 led to more utilization of open land, for example in the form of settlements in the mountains. During the migration period, it also seems that in parts of the country it became common to have cluster gardens or a form of village settlement.

 

Norwegian expansion northwards

From around the year 200, there was a certain migration by sea from Rogaland and Hordaland to Nordland and Sør-Troms. Those who moved settled down as a settled Iron Age population and became dominant over the original population which may have been Sami . The immigrant Norwegians, Bumen , farmed with livestock that were fed inside in the winter as well as some grain cultivation and fishing. The northern border of the Norwegians' settlement was originally at the Toppsundet near Harstad and around the year 500 there was a Norwegian settlement to Malangsgapet. That was as far north as it was possible to grow grain at the time. Malangen was considered the border between Hålogaland and Finnmork until around 1400 . Further into the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, there was immigration and settlement of Norwegian speakers along the coast north of Malangen. Around the year 800, Norwegians lived along the entire outer coast to Vannøy . The Norwegians partly copied Sami livelihoods such as whaling, fur hunting and reindeer husbandry. It was probably this area between Malangen and Vannøy that was Ottar from the Hålogaland area. In the Viking Age, there were also some Norwegian settlements further north and east. East of the North Cape are the scattered archaeological finds of Norwegian settlement in the Viking Age. There are Norwegian names for fjords and islands from the Viking Age, including fjord names with "-anger". Around the year 1050, there were Norwegian settlements on the outer coast of Western Finnmark. Traders and tax collectors traveled even further.

 

North of Malangen there were Norse farming settlements in the Iron Age. Malangen was considered Finnmark's western border until 1300. There are some archaeological traces of Norse activity around the coast from Tromsø to Kirkenes in the Viking Age. Around Tromsø, the research indicates a Norse/Sami mixed culture on the coast.

 

From the year 1100 and the next 200–300 years, there are no traces of Norwegian settlement north and east of Tromsø. It is uncertain whether this is due to depopulation, whether it is because the Norwegians further north were not Christianized or because there were no churches north of Lenvik or Tromsø . Norwegian settlement in the far north appears from sources from the 14th century. In the Hanseatic period , the settlement was developed into large areas specialized in commercial fishing, while earlier (in the Viking Age) there had been farms with a combination of fishing and agriculture. In 1307 , a fortress and the first church east of Tromsø were built in Vardø . Vardø became a small Norwegian town, while Vadsø remained Sami. Norwegian settlements and churches appeared along the outermost coast in the Middle Ages. After the Reformation, perhaps as a result of a decline in fish stocks or fish prices, there were Norwegian settlements in the inner fjord areas such as Lebesby in Laksefjord. Some fishing villages at the far end of the coast were abandoned for good. In the interior of Finnmark, there was no national border for a long time and Kautokeino and Karasjok were joint Norwegian-Swedish areas with strong Swedish influence. The border with Finland was established in 1751 and with Russia in 1826.

 

On a Swedish map from 1626, Norway's border is indicated at Malangen, while Sweden with this map showed a desire to control the Sami area which had been a common area.

 

The term Northern Norway only came into use at the end of the 19th century and administratively the area was referred to as Tromsø Diocese when Tromsø became a bishopric in 1840. There had been different designations previously: Hålogaland originally included only Helgeland and when Norse settlement spread north in the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, Hålogaland was used for the area north approximately to Malangen , while Finnmark or "Finnmarken", "the land of the Sami", lay outside. The term Northern Norway was coined at a cafe table in Kristiania in 1884 by members of the Nordlændingernes Forening and was first commonly used in the interwar period as it eventually supplanted "Hålogaland".

 

State formation

The battle in Hafrsfjord in the year 872 has long been regarded as the day when Norway became a kingdom. The year of the battle is uncertain (may have been 10-20 years later). The whole of Norway was not united in that battle: the process had begun earlier and continued a couple of hundred years later. This means that the geographical area became subject to a political authority and became a political unit. The geographical area was perceived as an area as it is known, among other things, from Ottar from Hålogaland's account for King Alfred of Wessex around the year 880. Ottar described "the land of the Norwegians" as very long and narrow, and it was narrowest in the far north. East of the wasteland in the south lay Sveoland and in the north lay Kvenaland in the east. When Ottar sailed south along the land from his home ( Malangen ) to Skiringssal, he always had Norway ("Nordveg") on his port side and the British Isles on his starboard side. The journey took a good month. Ottar perceived "Nordveg" as a geographical unit, but did not imply that it was a political unit. Ottar separated Norwegians from Swedes and Danes. It is unclear why Ottar perceived the population spread over such a large area as a whole. It is unclear whether Norway as a geographical term or Norwegians as the name of a ethnic group is the oldest. The Norwegians had a common language which in the centuries before Ottar did not differ much from the language of Denmark and Sweden.

 

According to Sverre Steen, it is unlikely that Harald Hårfagre was able to control this entire area as one kingdom. The saga of Harald was written 300 years later and at his death Norway was several smaller kingdoms. Harald probably controlled a larger area than anyone before him and at most Harald's kingdom probably included the coast from Trøndelag to Agder and Vestfold as well as parts of Viken . There were probably several smaller kingdoms of varying extent before Harald and some of these are reflected in traditional landscape names such as Ranrike and Ringerike . Landscape names of "-land" (Rogaland) and "-mark" (Hedmark) as well as names such as Agder and Sogn may have been political units before Harald.

 

According to Sverre Steen, the national assembly was completed at the earliest at the battle of Stiklestad in 1030 and the introduction of Christianity was probably a significant factor in the establishment of Norway as a state. Håkon I the good Adalsteinsfostre introduced the leasehold system where the "coastal land" (as far as the salmon went up the rivers) was divided into ship raiders who were to provide a longship with soldiers and supplies. The leidange was probably introduced as a defense against the Danes. The border with the Danes was traditionally at the Göta älv and several times before and after Harald Hårfagre the Danes had control over central parts of Norway.

 

Christianity was known and existed in Norway before Olav Haraldson's time. The spread occurred both from the south (today's Denmark and northern Germany) and from the west (England and Ireland). Ansgar of Bremen , called the "Apostle of the North", worked in Sweden, but he was never in Norway and probably had little influence in the country. Viking expeditions brought the Norwegians of that time into contact with Christian countries and some were baptized in England, Ireland and northern France. Olav Tryggvason and Olav Haraldson were Vikings who returned home. The first Christians in Norway were also linked to pre-Christian local religion, among other things, by mixing Christian symbols with symbols of Odin and other figures from Norse religion.

 

According to Sverre Steen, the introduction of Christianity in Norway should not be perceived as a nationwide revival. At Mostratinget, Christian law was introduced as law in the country and later incorporated into the laws of the individual jurisdictions. Christianity primarily involved new forms in social life, among other things exposure and images of gods were prohibited, it was forbidden to "put out" unwanted infants (to let them die), and it was forbidden to have multiple wives. The church became a nationwide institution with a special group of officials tasked with protecting the church and consolidating the new religion. According to Sverre Steen, Christianity and the church in the Middle Ages should therefore be considered together, and these became a new unifying factor in the country. The church and Christianity linked Norway to Roman Catholic Europe with Church Latin as the common language, the same time reckoning as the rest of Europe and the church in Norway was arranged much like the churches in Denmark, Sweden and England. Norway received papal approval in 1070 and became its own church province in 1152 with Archbishop Nidaros .

 

With Christianity, the country got three social powers: the peasants (organized through the things), the king with his officials and the church with the clergy. The things are the oldest institution: At allthings all armed men had the right to attend (in part an obligation to attend) and at lagthings met emissaries from an area (that is, the lagthings were representative assemblies). The Thing both ruled in conflicts and established laws. The laws were memorized by the participants and written down around the year 1000 or later in the Gulationsloven , Frostatingsloven , Eidsivatingsloven and Borgartingsloven . The person who had been successful at the hearing had to see to the implementation of the judgment themselves.

 

Early Middle Ages (1050s–1184)

The early Middle Ages is considered in Norwegian history to be the period between the end of the Viking Age around 1050 and the coronation of King Sverre in 1184 . The beginning of the period can be dated differently, from around the year 1000 when the Christianization of the country took place and up to 1100 when the Viking Age was over from an archaeological point of view. From 1035 to 1130 it was a time of (relative) internal peace in Norway, even several of the kings attempted campaigns abroad, including in 1066 and 1103 .

 

During this period, the church's organization was built up. This led to a gradual change in religious customs. Religion went from being a domestic matter to being regulated by common European Christian law and the royal power gained increased power and influence. Slavery (" servitude ") was gradually abolished. The population grew rapidly during this period, as the thousands of farm names ending in -rud show.

 

The urbanization of Norway is a historical process that has slowly but surely changed Norway from the early Viking Age to today, from a country based on agriculture and sea salvage, to increasingly trade and industry. As early as the ninth century, the country got its first urban community, and in the eleventh century we got the first permanent cities.

 

In the 1130s, civil war broke out . This was due to a power struggle and that anyone who claimed to be the king's son could claim the right to the throne. The disputes escalated into extensive year-round warfare when Sverre Sigurdsson started a rebellion against the church's and the landmen's candidate for the throne , Magnus Erlingsson .

 

Emergence of cities

The oldest Norwegian cities probably emerged from the end of the 9th century. Oslo, Bergen and Nidaros became episcopal seats, which stimulated urban development there, and the king built churches in Borg , Konghelle and Tønsberg. Hamar and Stavanger became new episcopal seats and are referred to in the late 12th century as towns together with the trading places Veøy in Romsdal and Kaupanger in Sogn. In the late Middle Ages, Borgund (on Sunnmøre), Veøy (in Romsdalsfjorden) and Vågan (in Lofoten) were referred to as small trading places. Urbanization in Norway occurred in few places compared to the neighboring countries, only 14 places appear as cities before 1350. Stavanger became a bishopric around 1120–1130, but it is unclear whether the place was already a city then. The fertile Jæren and outer Ryfylke were probably relatively densely populated at that time. A particularly large concentration of Irish artefacts from the Viking Age has been found in Stavanger and Nord-Jæren.

 

It has been difficult to estimate the population in the Norwegian medieval cities, but it is considered certain that the cities grew rapidly in the Middle Ages. Oscar Albert Johnsen estimated the city's population before the Black Death at 20,000, of which 7,000 in Bergen, 3,000 in Nidaros, 2,000 in Oslo and 1,500 in Tunsberg. Based on archaeological research, Lunden estimates that Oslo had around 1,500 inhabitants in 250 households in the year 1300. Bergen was built up more densely and, with the concentration of exports there, became Norway's largest city in a special position for several hundred years. Knut Helle suggests a city population of 20,000 at most in the High Middle Ages, of which almost half in Bergen.

 

The Bjarkøyretten regulated the conditions in cities (especially Bergen and Nidaros) and in trading places, and for Nidaros had many of the same provisions as the Frostating Act . Magnus Lagabøte's city law replaced the bjarkøretten and from 1276 regulated the settlement in Bergen and with corresponding laws also drawn up for Oslo, Nidaros and Tunsberg. The city law applied within the city's roof area . The City Act determined that the city's public streets consisted of wide commons (perpendicular to the shoreline) and ran parallel to the shoreline, similarly in Nidaros and Oslo. The roads were small streets of up to 3 cubits (1.4 metres) and linked to the individual property. From the Middle Ages, the Norwegian cities were usually surrounded by wooden fences. The urban development largely consisted of low wooden houses which stood in contrast to the relatively numerous and dominant churches and monasteries built in stone.

 

The City Act and supplementary provisions often determined where in the city different goods could be traded, in Bergen, for example, cattle and sheep could only be traded on the Square, and fish only on the Square or directly from the boats at the quayside. In Nidaros, the blacksmiths were required to stay away from the densely populated areas due to the risk of fire, while the tanners had to stay away from the settlements due to the strong smell. The City Act also attempted to regulate the influx of people into the city (among other things to prevent begging in the streets) and had provisions on fire protection. In Oslo, from the 13th century or earlier, it was common to have apartment buildings consisting of single buildings on a couple of floors around a courtyard with access from the street through a gate room. Oslo's medieval apartment buildings were home to one to four households. In the urban farms, livestock could be kept, including pigs and cows, while pastures and fields were found in the city's rooftops . In the apartment buildings there could be several outbuildings such as warehouses, barns and stables. Archaeological excavations show that much of the buildings in medieval Oslo, Trondheim and Tønsberg resembled the oblong farms that have been preserved at Bryggen in Bergen . The land boundaries in Oslo appear to have persisted for many hundreds of years, in Bergen right from the Middle Ages to modern times.

 

High Middle Ages (1184–1319)

After civil wars in the 12th century, the country had a relative heyday in the 13th century. Iceland and Greenland came under the royal authority in 1262 , and the Norwegian Empire reached its greatest extent under Håkon IV Håkonsson . The last king of Haraldsätten, Håkon V Magnusson , died sonless in 1319 . Until the 17th century, Norway stretched all the way down to the mouth of Göta älv , which was then Norway's border with Sweden and Denmark.

 

Just before the Black Death around 1350, there were between 65,000 and 85,000 farms in the country, and there had been a strong growth in the number of farms from 1050, especially in Eastern Norway. In the High Middle Ages, the church or ecclesiastical institutions controlled 40% of the land in Norway, while the aristocracy owned around 20% and the king owned 7%. The church and monasteries received land through gifts from the king and nobles, or through inheritance and gifts from ordinary farmers.

 

Settlement and demography in the Middle Ages

Before the Black Death, there were more and more farms in Norway due to farm division and clearing. The settlement spread to more marginal agricultural areas higher inland and further north. Eastern Norway had the largest areas to take off and had the most population growth towards the High Middle Ages. Along the coast north of Stad, settlement probably increased in line with the extent of fishing. The Icelandic Rimbegla tells around the year 1200 that the border between Finnmark (the land of the Sami) and resident Norwegians in the interior was at Malangen , while the border all the way out on the coast was at Kvaløya . From the end of the High Middle Ages, there were more Norwegians along the coast of Finnmark and Nord-Troms. In the inner forest and mountain tracts along the current border between Norway and Sweden, the Sami exploited the resources all the way down to Hedmark.

 

There are no censuses or other records of population and settlement in the Middle Ages. At the time of the Reformation, the population was below 200,000 and only in 1650 was the population at the same level as before the Black Death. When Christianity was introduced after the year 1000, the population was around 200,000. After the Black Death, many farms and settlements were abandoned and deserted, in the most marginal agricultural areas up to 80% of the farms were abandoned. Places such as Skien, Veøy and Borgund (Ålesund) went out of use as trading towns. By the year 1300, the population was somewhere between 300,000 and 560,000 depending on the calculation method. Common methods start from detailed information about farms in each village and compare this with the situation in 1660 when there are good headcounts. From 1300 to 1660, there was a change in the economic base so that the coastal villages received a larger share of the population. The inland areas of Eastern Norway had a relatively larger population in the High Middle Ages than after the Reformation. Kåre Lunden concludes that the population in the year 1300 was close to 500,000, of which 15,000 lived in cities. Lunden believes that the population in 1660 was still slightly lower than the peak before the Black Death and points out that farm settlement in 1660 did not reach the same extent as in the High Middle Ages. In 1660, the population in Troms and Finnmark was 6,000 and 3,000 respectively (2% of the total population), in 1300 these areas had an even smaller share of the country's population and in Finnmark there were hardly any Norwegian-speaking inhabitants. In the High Middle Ages, the climate was more favorable for grain cultivation in the north. Based on the number of farms, the population increased 162% from 1000 to 1300, in Northern and Western Europe as a whole the growth was 200% in the same period.

 

Late Middle Ages (1319–1537)

Due to repeated plague epidemics, the population was roughly halved and the least productive of the country's farms were laid waste. It took several hundred years before the population again reached the level before 1349 . However, those who survived the epidemics gained more financial resources by sharing. Tax revenues for the state almost collapsed, and a large part of the noble families died out or sank into peasant status due to the fall in national debt . The Hanseatic League took over trade and shipping and dominated fish exports. The Archbishop of Nidaros was the country's most powerful man economically and politically, as the royal dynasty married into the Swedish in 1319 and died out in 1387 . Eventually, Copenhagen became the political center of the kingdom and Bergen the commercial center, while Trondheim remained the religious center.

 

From Reformation to Autocracy (1537–1660)

In 1537 , the Reformation was carried out in Norway. With that, almost half of the country's property was confiscated by the royal power at the stroke of a pen. The large seizure increased the king's income and was able, among other things, to expand his military power and consolidated his power in the kingdom. From roughly the time of the Reformation and in the following centuries, the state increased its power and importance in people's lives. Until around 1620, the state administration was fairly simple and unspecialised: in Copenhagen, the central administration mainly consisted of a chancellery and an interest chamber ; and sheriffs ruled the civil (including bailiffs and sheriffs) and the military in their district, the sheriffs collected taxes and oversaw business. The accounts were not clear and without summaries. The clergy, which had great power as a separate organization, was appointed by the state church after the Reformation, administered from Copenhagen. In this period, Norway was ruled by (mainly) Danish noble sheriffs, who acted as intermediaries between the peasants and the Oldenborg king in the field of justice, tax and customs collection.

 

From 1620, the state apparatus went through major changes where specialization of functions was a main issue. The sheriff's tasks were divided between several, more specialized officials - the sheriffs retained the formal authority over these, who in practice were under the national administration in Copenhagen. Among other things, a separate military officer corps was established, a separate customs office was established and separate treasurers for taxes and fees were appointed. The Overbergamtet, the central governing body for overseeing mining operations in Norway, was established in 1654 with an office in Christiania and this agency was to oversee the mining chiefs in the Nordenfjeld and Sønnenfjeld areas (the mines at Kongsberg and Røros were established in the previous decades). The formal transition from county government to official government with fixed-paid county officials took place after 1660, but the real changes had taken place from around 1620. The increased specialization and transition to official government meant that experts, not amateurs, were in charge of each area, and this civil service meant, according to Sverre Steen that the dictatorship was not a personal dictatorship.

 

From 1570 until 1721, the Oldenborg dynasty was in repeated wars with the Vasa dynasty in Sweden. The financing of these wars led to a severe increase in taxation which caused great distress.

 

Politically-geographically, the Oldenborg kings had to cede to Sweden the Norwegian provinces of Jemtland , Herjedalen , Idre and Särna , as well as Båhuslen . As part of the financing of the wars, the state apparatus was expanded. Royal power began to assert itself to a greater extent in the administration of justice. Until this period, cases of violence and defamation had been treated as civil cases between citizens. The level of punishment was greatly increased. During this period, at least 307 people were also executed for witchcraft in Norway. Culturally, the country was marked by the fact that the written language became Danish because of the Bible translation and the University of Copenhagen's educational monopoly.

 

From the 16th century, business became more marked by production for sale and not just own consumption. In the past, it was particularly the fisheries that had produced such a large surplus of goods that it was sold to markets far away, the dried fish trade via Bergen is known from around the year 1100. In the 16th century, the yield from the fisheries multiplied, especially due to the introduction of herring in Western Norway and in Trøndelag and because new tools made fishing for herring and skre more efficient. Line fishing and cod nets that were introduced in the 17th century were controversial because the small fishermen believed it favored citizens in the cities.

 

Forestry and the timber trade became an important business, particularly because of the boom saw which made it possible to saw all kinds of tables and planks for sale abroad. The demand for timber increased at the same time in Europe, Norway had plenty of forests and in the 17th century timber became the country's most important export product. There were hundreds of sawmills in the country and the largest had the feel of factories . In 1680, the king regulated the timber trade by allowing exports only from privileged sawmills and in a certain quantity.

 

From the 1520s, some silver was mined in Telemark. When the peasants chased the German miners whereupon the king executed five peasants and demanded compensation from the other rebellious peasants. The background for the harsh treatment was that the king wanted to assert his authority over the extraction of precious metals. The search for metals led to the silver works at Kongsberg after 1624, copper in the mountain villages between Trøndelag and Eastern Norway, and iron, among other things, in Agder and lower Telemark. The financial gain of the quarries at that time is unclear because there are no reliable accounts. Kongsberg made Denmark-Norway self-sufficient in silver and the copper works produced a good deal more than the domestic demand and became an important export commodity. Kongsberg and Røros were the only Norwegian towns established because of the quarries.

 

In addition to the sawmills, in the 17th century, industrial production ( manufactures ) was established in, among other things, wool weaving, soap production, tea boiling , nail production and the manufacture of gunpowder .

 

The monopoly until the Peace of Kiel (1660–1814)

Until 1660, the king had been elected by the Danish Riksråd, while he inherited the kingdom of Norway, which was a tradition in Norway. After a series of military defeats, the king committed a coup d'état and deposed the Riksdag. King Frederik III introduced absolute power, which meant that there were hardly any legal restrictions on the king's power. This reinforced the expansion of the state apparatus that had been going on for a few decades, and the civil administration was controlled to a greater extent from the central administration in Copenhagen. According to Sverre Steen, the more specialized and expanded civil service meant that the period of autocracy was not essentially a personal dictatorship: The changing monarchs had the formal last word on important matters, but higher officials set the conditions. According to Steen, the autocracy was not tyrannical where the citizens were treated arbitrarily by the king and officials: the laws were strict and the punishments harsh, but there was legal certainty. The king rarely used his right to punish outside the judiciary and often used his right to commute sentences or pardons. It almost never happened that the king intervened in a court case before a verdict had been passed.

 

In 1662, the sheriff system (in which the nobility played an important role) was abolished and replaced with amt . Norway was divided into four main counties (Akershus, Kristiansands, Bergenhus and Trondhjems) which were later called stiftamt led by stiftamtmen with a number of county marshals and bailiffs (futer) under them. The county administrator in Akershus also had other roles such as governor. The former sheriffs were almost absolute within their fiefs, while the new stifamtmen and amtmen had more limited authority; among other things, they did not have military equipment like the sheriffs. The county officials had no control over state income and could not enrich themselves privately as the sheriffs could, taxes and fees were instead handled by their own officials. County officials were employed by the king and, unlike the sheriffs, had a fixed salary. Officials appointed by the king were responsible for local government. Before 1662, the sheriffs themselves appointed low officials such as bailiffs, mayors and councillors. A church commissioner was given responsibility for overseeing the churchwardens' accounts. In 1664, two general road masters were appointed for Norway, one for Sonnafjelske (Eastland and Sørlandet) and one for Nordafjelske (Westlandet and Trøndelag; Northern Norway had no roads).

 

Both Denmark and Norway got new law books. The wretched state finances led to an extensive sale of crown property, first to the state's creditors. Further sales meant that many farmers became self-owned at the end of the 18th century. Industrial exploitation of Norwegian natural resources began, and trade and shipping and especially increasing timber exports led to economic growth in the latter part of the 1700s.

 

From 1500 to 1814, Norway did not have its own foreign policy. After the dissolution of the Kalmar Union in 1523, Denmark remained the leading power in the Nordic region and dominated the Baltic Sea, while Sweden sought to expand geographically in all directions and strengthened its position. From 1625 to 1660, Denmark lost its dominance: Christian IV lost to the emperor in the Thirty Years' War and ceded Skåne, Blekinge, Halland, Båhuslen , Jemtland and Herjedalen as well as all the islands in the inner part of the Baltic Sea. With this, Norway got its modern borders, which have remained in place ever since. Sweden was no longer confined by Norway and Denmark, and Sweden became the great power in the Nordic region. At the same time, Norway remained far from Denmark (until 1660 there was an almost continuous land connection between Norway and Denmark). During the Great Nordic War, Danish forces moved towards Scania and ended with Charles the 12th falling at Fredriksten . From 1720 to 1807 there was peace except for the short Cranberry War in 1788. In August 1807, the British navy surrounded Denmark and demanded that the Danish fleet be handed over. After bombing 2-7. On September 1807, the Danes capitulated and handed over the fleet (known as the "fleet robbery") and the arsenal. Two weeks later, Denmark entered into an alliance with Napoleon and Great Britain declared war on Denmark in November 1807. The Danish leadership had originally envisioned an alliance with Great Britain. Anger at the fleet robbery and fear of French occupation of Denmark itself (and thus breaking the connection with Norway) were probably the motive for the alliance with France. According to Sverre Steen, the period 1807-1814 was the most significant in Norway's history (before the Second World War). Foreign trade was paralyzed and hundreds of Norwegian ships were seized by the British. British ships, both warships and privateers , blocked the sea route between Norway and Denmark as described in " Terje Vigen " by Henrik Ibsen . During the Napoleonic Wars , there was a food shortage and famine in Norway, between 20 and 30 thousand people out of a population of around 900 thousand died from sheer lack of food or diseases related to malnutrition.

 

From the late summer of 1807, Norway was governed by a government commission led by the governor and commander-in-chief, Prince Christian August . Christian August was considered an honorable and capable leader. In 1808, a joint Russian and Danish/Norwegian attack on Sweden was planned; the campaign fails completely and Christian August concludes a truce with the Swedes. The Swedish king was deposed, the country got a new constitution with a limited monarchy and in the summer of 1808, Christian August was elected heir to the throne in Sweden. Christian August died a few months after he moved to Sweden and the French general Jean Baptiste Bernadotte became the new heir to the throne with the name "Karl Johan". After Napoleon was defeated at Leipzig in 1813, Bernadotte entered Holstein with Swedish forces and forced the Danish king to the Peace of Kiel .

 

Colonies and slave trade

Denmark-Norway acquired overseas colonies: St. Thomas (1665), St. Jan and St. Croix (18th century). At the same time, the kingdom entered into an agreement with rulers on the Gold Coast (Ghana) regarding the establishment of slave forts, including Christiansborg in Accra . The trade was triangular from Copenhagen to the Gold Coast with weapons, gunpowder and liquor which were exchanged for gold, ivory and slaves . The slaves were transported across the Atlantic to the Caribbean, among other things to the Danish-Norwegian colonies where St. Croix was most important. The ships returned to Copenhagen with sugar, tobacco, cotton and other goods. About 100,000 slaves were transported across the sea on Danish and Norwegian ships from 1660 to 1802. About 10% of the slaves died during the crossing. At least two of the slave ships ("Cornelia" and "Friderich") were in Norwegian ownership. Engelbret Hesselberg was a fut on St. Croix and after a slave rebellion in 1759, he had some of the rebels executed, among other things, by burning them alive, hanging them by their feet or putting them naked in a cage in the sun. At the end of the 18th century, opposition to the slave trade grew in Denmark-Norway, among others the Norwegian Claus Fasting promoted strong criticism. The slave trade was banned from 1803, while slavery itself was banned in Denmark from 1848.

 

Immigration to Norway

In the 1500s and 1600s, many people moved within Europe. From Germany, France and the Netherlands, enterprising people came to Sweden and Denmark, and gave rise to influential families. Danes in particular came to Norway who, formally speaking, were not foreigners, but were probably perceived as strangers by the local population. There was some immigration of ethnic Germans, some from areas under the Danish crown and others. Some immigrated from the Netherlands, England and Scotland. For example, half of those who applied for citizenship in Bergen in the 17th century were foreigners and they were often founders of new businesses. Immigrants from the Netherlands brought knowledge of line fishing and the preparation of herring; the Scot came with knowledge of the production of cuttlefish ; and Germans engaged in mining. Some foreigners ran large farms they bought near the cities, for example Frogner near Christiania and Lade near Trondheim. A large part of the country's leading echelon of officials and merchants were around 1,800 descendants of immigrants, and family names of foreign origin had a higher status. According to Sverre Steen, it was special for Norway that the immigrants and their descendants were given such a much stronger position than other residents.

 

Social and cultural conditions

Around 1800, most people, both women and men, in Norway could read and many could write. Foreigners traveling in Norway were surprised at how well-informed and interested Norwegian farmers were about the situation outside the country. In the 17th century, Peder Claussøn Friis translated Snorre Sturlason's royal sagas from Old Norse, and in a new edition this book became important in nation-building in later centuries. Early in the 18th century, Tormod Torfæus wrote Norway's history to 1387 in 4 volumes in Latin ; the preparation is considered to be scientifically unsustainable. In the 1730s, Ludvig Holberg wrote the popular scientific Danmarks Reges Historie , which is considered to maintain a high standard. According to Holberg, Norway emerged as a kingdom after the "nomenclature union in 1380". Holberg was the most important Norwegian cultural figure in the Danish era. Gerhard Schøning wrote Norges Reges Historie (in Danish) in the 1770s ; Schøning claimed that the Norwegians were a separate people from the dawn of time and had immigrated from the north-east without visiting Denmark.

 

1814

Norway remained the hereditary kingdom of the Oldenborg kings until 1814 , when the king had to renounce Norway at the Peace of Kiel on 14 January 1814 after being on the losing side during the Napoleonic Wars . Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Iceland were not included in the transfer to Sweden. The King of Sweden undertook to maintain the laws and freedoms the Norwegians had and Norway was to take over its share of the national debt. At the same time, the Swedish king ceded Rügen and Swedish Pomerania as well as 1 million dalers. Norway was ceded to the king of Sweden and the Treaty of Kiel established that Norway was a separate kingdom. Prince Christian Frederik traveled to Trondheim to calm the mood. Sixty leading citizens of Trondheim signed a letter in which they supported the prince's policy of independence and at the same time asked that a congress should be convened to lay the foundations for Norway's future constitution. On his return from Trondheim, he gathered 15 civil servants and 6 businessmen for the Stormannsmøetet at Eidsvoll 16-17. February where it was agreed on a constitutional assembly in the same place from 10 April. Until then, the prince was to rule the country as regent with the support of a government council. After the meeting, the prince announced that the Norwegian people had been released from their oath to Frederik VI and, as a free and independent people, had the right to decide their own government constitution.

 

Sverre Steen describes these as revolutionary ideas: It involved a transition from princely sovereignty to popular sovereignty as was known from the US Constitution and from the French Revolution. Georg Sverdrup stated at the nobles' meeting in February that the Norwegian krone had thus "returned home" to the Norwegian people and that the people could, by their own decision, transfer the krone to whoever was deemed most suitable. The transition was not prepared in Norway except as an idea as individuals. In the previous years, there had been dissatisfaction (especially in Eastern Norway) with the Danish government, but no stated demands for secession from Denmark. When the rumor spread in 1813 that Denmark would probably have to cede Norway, there was talk of independence. At the elders' meeting, it was agreed that the congregations should gather in the churches and swear allegiance to Norway, as a simple referendum on independence and against union with Sweden. At the same time, the priests organized elections for the National Assembly, which was to convene later.

 

In public, there was overwhelming support for independence, while those who wanted union with Sweden advanced their views in silence. The mood of the people was for full independence.

The Thirty-Fifth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from April 25 to April 27, 2016.

 

Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.

Signal Cg 22 displays a kör (Proceed) indication, welcoming train 18924 into Swedish territory from Norway, at the boundary near the Norwegian town of Magnor and the Swedish town Charlottenberg.

 

I am standing in Norway and shooting a signal that lies only a couple meters on the Swedish side of the frontier. There is a relay case and pair of insulated joints that forms the demarcation point between the signaling systems of the two nations. Out of frame to the right is a large sign marking the border that train passengers can see from their train's windows. Farther out of frame is the Swedish-Norwegian peace monument commemorating the bond between the two neighboring Scandinavian nations.

 

The only formality when crossing from one country to the other is that trains coast across the electrical section break separating the catenary systems of the two nations.

 

The train for which this signal is displayed (and the sign marking the national border) can be seen in an image looking west into Norway from the Swedish side of the frontier.

 

Signal Cg 22 only displays red and green; an eastward signal on the Norwegian side of the border serves as its distant signal. Likewise, a westward signal inside Sweden serves as distant for the signal governing movements into Norway, which is mounted back-to-back with Cg 22.

 

Train 18924 is Saturday-only Oslo, Norway to Karlstad, Sweden train on what is a roughly three and a half hour journey, with all but about 45 minutes of the trip being within the Swedish province of Värmland.

There are some indications that this gentleman may have stretched the truth to some extent but as was typical for his class in those days his family were not shy about telling the world at large how wonderful the major was.

 

It interesting to note that there is very little information relating to his wife or other family members.

  

Erected to the memory of

MAJOR THEOBALD BUTLER

who died 26th Decr.1851, aged 66 years

 

Having entered the British Army at

an early age he served under

SIR JOHN MOORE and subsequently

under his Grace the DUKE of WELLINGTON

through the Peninsular Wars

for which he received a medal and

seven clasps, he also received a

second medal for being present at

the memorable Battle of Waterloo

in 1815. latterly he devoted himself

to the practice of those christian

virtues which will be the means of

procuring for him a happy Eternity.

 

also in loving memory of

his son-in-law J.J. O'RORKE, Esq.

who died 18th Feby. 1866

and his wife MARY

died 21st June 1904

and her sister BELINDA BUTLER

died 13th May 1903.

 

R.I.P.

47569 with a parcels trains at Leeds City - c.04/1990.

 

The actual date the image was made is unknown; the indication given is based on the film processing date imprinted on the original slide.

CDV by Hurlbut, West Greenville, PA

period pencil inscription on back

Mark L. Weastcott

David Minnis

C. N. Failes

Sarah Jane Westcott

Anna L. Failes

 

At first glance this carte de visite appears to be an ordinary photo of a small group of family or friends. Additional research reveals some exciting details as well as a minor mystery. On its face, the photo shows three young men and two women, all in civilian clothing. These people are identified in pencil on the reverse as Mark L. Weastcott (sic), David Minnis, C. N. Failes, Sarah Jane Westcott, and Anna L. Failes. Unfortunately there is no indication which name on the reverse of the photo corresponds to each person of the front. The photo was taken by Hurlbut, in West Greenville, Pennsylvania.

 

A preliminary search of the National Park's online Civil War Soldiers and Sailors Database revealed that all three men served in the Union Army from Pennsylvania: Mark Westcott and David Minnis in the 57th PA, and C. N. Failes in the 141st PA Infantry. Further research showed that Westcott was actually a common misspelled version of Westcoatt's actual name by omitting the "a", and that a typo on the website mistakenly identified Failes' unit as the 141st PA -- it actually was the 140th PA. But I still did not know who on the CDV was who.

 

I found the Westcoatt family in Trumbull County Ohio in 1850, Mercer County Pennsylvania in 1860 and Johnson County Iowa in 1870. The parents were Oliver P and Christiana Westcoatt. The children in the family were, in order of age Mary, Mark, Ann, Ezra, Amanda, John, Ida, Oliver Jr., William and Ambrose. Birth years ranged from about 1842 for Mary down to 1868 for Ambrose. The Minnis family showed up in Mercer County Pennsylvania in 1850, 1860 and 1870. The parents were Samuel and Narcissa Minnis. The children here were, in order, David born in 1844, William, John, Cynthia, James, Clara and Mary born in 1863. I had no such luck for finding census records for Failes or his family until he shows up in the 1880 census as head of his own household.

 

Next, I tried to put a name to a specific face on the photo. Through military records, I discovered that C. N. Failes was Caleb N. Failes and he was born in 1840. Westcoatt was born about 1843 and Minnis in 1844. So Failes was the oldest of the men by 3 or 4 years. That was clue number one. Next I noticed that one of the men appeared to be wearing what looks like a diamond shaped pin with a second circular pin and ribbon below it. This could be a Third Corps badge with a round ID tag hanging below it. Regardless of the nature of the lower pin, the upper one clearly reminds me of the diamond shaped lozenge used by the Third Corps. This was clue number two. Lastly, on close inspection, I could not decide if there was a photographic defect showing up on the cheek of the man on the left, or if the blemish was actually a scar. This was clue number three.

 

A trip to the National Archives in Washington, DC allowed me to pull the military, medical and pension records of all three men. (All three men's military biographies are presented in more detail below.) Here I learned that Failes did not serve in the 141st PA as I had been led to believe, but in the 140th PA instead. The 140th PA was assigned to the 5th Corps for the first few months, and then was transferred to the 2nd Corps. Failes thus did not seem to be a candidate for the man wearing the diamond shaped pin. But the 57th PA was part of the 3rd Corps at the time the other two men enlisted in February 1864. Even though the regiment was soon transferred out of the 3rd Corps, it is reasonable to assume that a new recruit could have been talked into buying an ID pin and corps badge before the transfer was announced. Therefore the man standing at the rear could be either Minnis or Westcoatt. The final piece of the puzzle fell into place when the medical and pension records for Westcoatt revealed that he had indeed been shot in the face, and was left with a rather large scar on his right cheek, matching what appears in the photo of the clean-shaven man seated on the left. Therefore, by process of elimination I have tentatively identified the three men in the photo as Mark Westcoatt seated at left, David Minnis standing in rear with lapel pin, and Caleb Failes, the oldest of the three, wearing a beard and seated in front.

 

The only times when all three men could have been together in West Greenville, Pennsylvania where the photo was taken, would have been either before August 1862 when C. N. Failes enlisted, or after June 1865 when all three men were discharged. At no time during their military service were all three men listed as absent at the same time. The presence of Westcoatt's scar and the Third Corps Badge worn by Minnis places this image in the post war period. The lack of a tax stamp on the reverse of the photo may further indicate that it was taken after August 1866 when the tax was repealed. However there is a faint stain that may be the result of a former tax stamp affixed to the back thus possibly dating this to the period 1864-1866, or it could just be the mark of a stamp on an adjoining CDV while held back to back in an album.

 

While I have an idea who the men in the photo are, I still have no clue as to the women. It is clear from the records than neither woman was a wife of Mark Westcoatt or C. N. Failes. Anna Failes might very well be a sister of C. N. Failes. Indeed, the woman sitting in the center seems to have a bit of a resemblance to the man with the goatee that I suspect is Failes, but so far I have found no census records for the Failes family prior to the Civil War. Sarah Jane Westcott remains a mystery. Her name does not correspond to any of Mark's sisters as listed in the census records for the Wesctoatt family. Although the woman at left bears a striking resemblance to the man sitting in front of her whom I believe is Mark Westcoatt I have not been able to figure out who she is. There is also the possibility that the first and last names of the women were inadvertently switched by whoever wrote the names on the back of the card. In that case, Ann L. could be Anna the sister of Mark L. Westcoatt, and Sarah Jane could be somehow related to C. N. Failes.

 

Military Biographies

 

Caleb N. Failes (1840-1921)

 

Caleb N. Failes was born October 22, 1840 in Mercer County, Pennsylvania. On August 15, 1862 he enlisted at Mercer County for 3 years in Company B, 140th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. This regiment was assigned to the 5th Army Corps until December 1862, at which time it was transferred to the 2nd Army Corps. The new regiment was ordered to join the Army of the Potomac in the field, and reached Aquia Creek, Virginia on December 15, 1862. But Failes failed to make it that far. On December 10, he had been sent from the hospital camp at Seward, Maryland to the U.S. Army General Hospital at York, Pennsylvania suffering from Typhoid Fever. Luckily he recovered enough to be returned to duty on February 11, 1863. His health did not last long, however, and on April 10 he was back in the regimental hospital and for the next two weeks he is listed as variously suffering from diarrhea, bronchitis, pains and rheumatism. Then, on April 21, 1863 he was admitted to the hospital of the 1st Division, 2nd Army Corps, Army of the Potomac near Falmouth, Virginia due to "Continued Fever." From there, on June 14, 1863 he was transferred to Carver U.S. Army General Hospital in Washington, DC and was finally returned to duty on August 8. Thus he missed the early fighting of his regiment at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg.

 

By the fall of 1863 it appears Caleb Failes had finally kicked the sick bug. He was back in the ranks for the advance on the Rappahannock in late 1863 and for the spring campaign in early 1864. The 140th PA fought its way through from the Wilderness to Petersburg. By this time the regiment's effective strength was down to about 150 enlisted men, with companies that once numbered 100 men reduced to little bands of 10 or 12 now clustered around a tattered and powder-grimed stand of colors.

 

In the June 18, 1864 attack on Petersburg Failes was wounded in action when he was felled by a large piece of artillery shell. The metal fragment must have been nearly spent because it bounced off his right shoulder rather than perforate his body. Failes was evacuated from the battlefield, and with nearly 600 other wounded was packed onto the steamer Connecticut to be transferred to the Division Number 1 U.S.A. General Hospital at Annapolis, Maryland where he was admitted on June 20. The wound was diagnosed as a "contusion of the right shoulder caused by a piece of shell" and the medical records indicate that it "Requires no treatment." But in those days before x-rays and MRIs, there may well have been internal bone or ligament damage, because it took a very long time for the injury to heal and for him to regain useful movement and strength in his right arm. On July 3, 1864 Failes was transferred from Division No. 1 Hospital to the General Hospital at Camp Parole, just outside the city of Annapolis, where he remained for some time, still listed as suffering from a gunshot wound of the right shoulder. He was granted a two-week furlough on October 31, 1864, presumably to visit his home, and was readmitted to Camp Parole Hospital from furlough on Nov 14, 1864. He was again granted a furlough on January 6, 1865, this time for 30 days, and "Returned on time" by February 3.

 

The 140th PA had finished out the war at Appomattox Court House and returned to Washington, DC in May 1865. Its members were mustered out of the army at Alexandria, Virginia on May 31. But Caleb Failes was still recuperating in the hospital at Annapolis at that time and missed the regimental discharge. He received his individual muster out at Annapolis on June 8, 1865. Discharged from the service, he returned home to Pennsylvania. About two years later, in 1867 he married Mary C. ("Lottie") Unger and the couple raised several children. Caleb N. Failes died on December 15, 1921 at Warren, Ohio.

 

Mark L. Wesctoatt (~1843-1902) & David A. Minnis (1844-1919)

 

Mark L. Westcoatt was listed as 20 years old and a laborer when he enlisted in Company B, 57th PA Infantry at West Greenville, Mercer County, Pennsylvania, on February 10, 1864. This was the same company in which his father, Oliver P. Westcoatt, had enlisted on October 21, 1861. At the time, the elder Westcoatt had given his occupation as a blacksmith and his age as 44 (one year below maximum military draft age). In the spring of 1862 Oliver was detailed as an ordnance guard. But army life was hard on the older man, and he was given a disability discharge for being "debilitated" while at White's Ford, Maryland, on October 28, 1862. Although only one year had elapsed since Oliver's enlistment, his age as listed in army records had inexplicably advanced from 44 to 51 years old. In early 1864, the veterans of the regiment came home on furlough and apparently took the opportunity to enlist new recruits, and among the new enlistees was Mark Westcoatt. Perhaps the younger man wanted to follow the example of his father, or maybe he felt the need to redeem the family's honor after his father's discharge. Mark Westcoatt was described as six feet tall with dark hair and dark or hazel eyes.

 

David Andrew Minnis was born on September 26, 1844 in Sheakleyville, Mercer County, Pennsylvania. He was 19 and a farmer when he enlisted just two days after Mark Westcoatt in the same company on February 12, 1864. Minnis was described as 5 feet 8 inches tall with gray eyes and light hair. Both men had signed on for a three-year term of enlistment and were mustered into Federal service with the 57th PA Infantry on March 1, 1864. The 57th PA had been part of the 3rd Army Corps up till now, but in March 1864 it was transferred to the 2nd Army Corps.

 

In early March the veterans and new recruits arrived in Virginia in preparation of the spring campaign. The new men would presumably have been given cursory military instruction in an attempt to bring them up to speed with the veterans. It would have been a tough introduction to life in the field for the new men, but within 60 days the regiment would be thrown into the meat grinder of combat at the Wilderness. David Minnis survived the battle unscathed. But in this, his first fight, Mark Westcoatt was seriously wounded. The regimental casualty sheet noted Westcoatt received a gunshot wound of the face on May 5, 1864. He was hit by a .58 caliber minie ball that struck "him in left cheek passing through & knocking out ten of his teeth, the ball coming out at the right side. Said shot fired by the enemy." Had the bullet hit him two inches behind and above, it would have penetrated his temple and killed him instantly.

 

Westcoatt was evacuated from the field and admitted to Stanton U.S. Army General Hospital in Washington, DC, on May 11, 1864. His treatment consisted of a "water dressing" in which the bandages were kept wet in the belief that it promoted healing. He was diagnosed with a gunshot wound to the face with fractured upper jaw. In fact, the front portion of his upper jawbone was completely missing. The bullet "passed latterly through the face carrying away the incisors canine & bicuspid teeth together with the alveolar process of superior maxillary bone. Ball entered left cheek just in front and below malar bone, making its exit at same point in right cheek." Not surprisingly, after blasting its way through his face and carrying away a large chunk of bone and several teeth with it, the bullet tore a much bigger hole on its exit through the right cheek than when it entered on the left side. Westcoatt had "a small round scar (of entrance) upon the left side of face a little posterior to the angle of the mouth: a large stellate scar upon the right side of face into angle of mouth and upward and back 2 1/2 inches and again back and down about the same distance." In all, Westcoatt lost all of his upper teeth "except two molars and the wisdom tooth on the left side and one molar and the wisdom tooth on the right side," either because they and the bone supporting them were directly carried away by the bullet or as a result of being loosened by the shock.

 

After a couple of weeks at Stanton Hospital, Westcoatt was transferred on May 27 to Saterlee U.S. Army General Hospital in West Philadelphia, being admitted there on May 28, 1864. It took six months of convalescence, but Westcoatt, although somewhat impaired in eating and chewing, was returned to duty with his regiment on November 26, 1864.

 

Meanwhile David Minnis survived the brutal fighting in Virginia through the spring and summer of 1864 before the 57th PA settled in for the siege of Petersburg. But life in the trenches was not healthy for other reasons besides enemy bullets. On September 29, 1864 Minnis was admitted to the 3rd Division Depot Field Hospital, 2nd Army Corps, Army of the Potomac due to remittent fever. On October 4, 1864, he was sent on to an army general hospital and arrived at the U.S. Army General Hospital at Beverly, New Jersey on October 7. Two months later, on December 3, 1864, Minnis was transferred to the U.S.A. Gen Hospital at 16th and Filbert Streets in Philadelphia with what was described as "Functional Cardiac Disorder." He too was eventually returned to duty with the 57th PA, arriving back with his regiment on February 8, 1865. The regiment was present at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865 when Robert E. Lee surrendered the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. David Minnis was promoted to corporal on May 1, 1865. And the regiment marched to Washington, DC and did duty at Alexandria until the men were mustered out on June 29, 1865. With the war over, the government no longer needed thousands stands of arms and the former soldiers were allowed to purchase their weapons and take them home with them. David Minnis apparently decided to keep his army issued musket and accouterments in exchange for a $6 stoppage of his pay "for gun and equipment." He returned home to Salem Township, PA and became a boot and shoe maker.

 

Many years after the war, about 1885, David Minnis married Mary Elizabeth Porter who was about 22 years younger than him. In fact she would not even be born until 1867, almost two years after he was discharged from the army. David Minnis died October 4, 1919 at Franklin, Venango County, Pennsylvania. He was 55. His widow lived until 1954.

 

Mark Westcoatt moved to Scott Township, Johnson County, Iowa after the war with his parents and siblings. A few years later, he had moved out of his parent's home and shows up in the 1870 census as a 26 year old farmer living with Caroline Westcott, age 25, and Helen S. Westcott, age 2. However, ten yeas later he appears in the 1880 census at a boarding house in Cedar Township, Benton County, Iowa and is listed as single and a laborer. This raises the question, who were Caroline and Helen, and what happened to them?

 

Mark lived for a time in Mt. Auburn, Barton County, Iowa. The 1885 Iowa state census shows Mark living with his mother and his youngest brother, William Westcoatt, who was about 20 years younger than him.

 

Wescoatt's pension records indicate that he continued to have trouble due to his old wound. After examining him in 1881, a doctor wrote to the Pension Bureau stating, "The teeth of superior maxillary bone are all gone. His face is disfigured and mouth so deformed as to be unable to have a plate and false teeth fitted. Being unable to properly masticate his food for a long time he has now some dyspeptic trouble. While his wound in no way interferes with manual labor I am quite unable to fix the amount of pension which is justly due him. Taking the disfigurement of face and condition of mouth and inability to masticate food or wear false teeth into consideration I believe he is justly entitled to an increase."

 

Over the years, other doctors weighed in as well. "...he incurred gunshot wound of his face which carried away his upper front teeth and the alveolar process so he cannot make artificial teeth do duty. It impairs biting and chewing." 1881

 

"The exit of the missile tore the right upper lip and cheek as shown in the diagram. These scars are normal and cause no disability. We think the disability resulting from the loss of the upper teeth is rated correctly." 1886

 

"That at a result of G.S.W. of upper jaw he is unable to thoroughly and satisfactorily masticate his food and that his digestion is to some extent impaired as a result. That on account of condition of jaw he has been unable to secure a plate that he could wear...in our opinion a satisfactory plate is an impossibility." 1891

 

Pension records also indicate that on August 14, 1893, Mark Westcoatt married Elizabeth R. Kinsie, who at 50 was about three or four years older than him. Notwithstanding the prior census records linking Mark Westcoatt with Caroline Westcott in 1870, his pension records indicate that this was his first marriage. Elizabeth Kinsie, on the other hand, was a widow (her maiden name was Noble) and her 16-year-old son, William Kinsey, lived with them after they were married. Elizabeth died sometime before 1900. Mark Westcoatt passed away on July 24, 1902 in Blackhawk County, Iowa. He was about 58 years old.

 

References:

U.S. Census records for 1850, 1860, 1870, and 1880.

Iowa State Census for 1885

Military, Pension and Medical records United States Archive and Record Administration

Dyer, Frederick H., A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion, Vol. III, Regimental Histories

 

After a long day of providing cab rides, and shuffling the coupled N&W caboose around the Monticello Railroad Museum grounds, Norfolk Southern GP60 # idles peacefully under a huge late-September moon, and millions of stars.

This Takahē portrait is an indication of its owner's personal journey through life, plus a celebration of the reprieve from extinction its family has enjoyed.

This large, colourful, flightless wetlands bird was happily mixing with the tourists in Zealandia Sanctuary, Wellington.

The fleet number on the front of this Leopard is an indication of the fact that Crystal Coaches had passed into the ownership of Stevenson's of Uttoxeter a little while earlier, but was still being operated as a separate entity. This former Frames, then Rickards, coach was the only full-size vehicle with Crystal at the time, and later transferred across to the main fleet, then was sold to Tom Hollis at Queensferry in 1986, who ran it until early 1989.

 

Central coach park, Blackpool, 20/10/84

 

The roses in the People's Garden

Plan

Rosarium History - Classification

Floribunda - new color range - Casting

Tree roses - new plantings - Pests - Winter Care

Rambling Roses - fertilizing, finishes

Shrub Roses - Rose Renner - Sponsorship - variety name

The history of roses in the People's Garden

The People's Garden, located between the Imperial Palace and the ring road is famous for its beautiful roses:

1000 standard roses

4000 Floribunda,

300 rambling roses,

(Also called Rose Park) 200 shrub roses.

Noteworthy is the diversity: there are about 400 varieties, including very old plants:

1859 - Rubens

1913 - Pearl of the Vienna Woods

1919 - Jean C.N. Forestier

The above amounts are from the Federal Gardens. My own count has brought other results:

730 tree roses

2300 Floribunda

132 rambling roses

100 shrub roses

That's about 3300 roses in total. Approx. 270 species I was able to verify. Approx. 50 rose bushes were not labeled. Some varieties come very often, others only once or twice.

Molineux 1994

Rubens 1859

Medialis 1993

Swan lake 1968

Once flourished here Lilac and Rhododendron bushes

1823 People's Garden was opened with the Temple of Theseus. Then made ​​multiple extensions.

The part of today's "Rosarium" along the Ring Road was built in 1862. (Picture fence 1874)

What is so obvious to today's Vienna, was not always so: most of the beds in the People's Garden originally were planted with lilac and rhododendron.

Only after the second World War II it was converted to the present generous rose jewelry.

Since then grow along the ring side creepers, high stem and floribunda roses. On the side of Heroes Square, with the outputs, shrub roses were placed, among which there are also some wild roses.

1889 emerged the Grillparzer Monument.

(All the pictures you can see by clicking the link at the end of the side!)

Rhododendrons, output Sisi Avenue, 1930

Classifications of roses

(Wild roses have 7 sheets - prize roses 5 sheets)

English Rose

Florybunda

Hybrid Tea Rose

Rambling Rose

At the Roses in the People´s Garden are hanging labels (if they do not fall victim to vandals or for souvenirs) with the year indication of breeding, the name of breeding and botanical description:

Hybrid Tea Rose (TB): 1 master, 1 flower;

Florybunda (Flb): 1 strain, many flowers;

English Rose (Engl): mixture of old and modern varieties Tb and Flb.

Called Schlingrose, also climbing rose

Florybunda: 1 strain, many flowers (Donauprinzessin)

Shrub Roses - Floribunda - Tree roses - Climbing Roses

Even as a child, we hear the tale of Sleeping Beauty, but roses have no thorns, but spines. Thorns are fused directly to the root and can not be easily removed as spines (upper wooden containers called).

All roses belong to the bush family (in contrast to perennials that "disappear" in the winter). Nevertheless, there is the term Shrub Rose: It's a chronological classification of roses that were on the market before 1867. They are very often planted as a soloist in a garden, which them has brought the name "Rose Park".

Hybrid Tea Rose: 1 master, 1 flower (rose Gaujard )

Other classifications are:

(High) standard roses: roses are not grafted near the ground, but at a certain strain level. With that, the rose gardener sets the height of the crown.

Floribunda roses : the compact and low bushy roses are ideal for group planting on beds

Crambling roses: They have neither roots nor can they stick up squirm. Their only auxiliary tool are their spines with which they are entangled in their ascent into each other

English Rose: mixture of old varieties, hybrid tea and Florybunda (Tradescanth)

4000 Floribunda

Floribunda roses are hardy, grow compact, knee-high and bushy, are durable and sturdy

There are few smelling varieties

Polyantha classification: a tribe, many small flowers; Florybunda: a tribe, many big blossoms

New concept of color: from red to light yellow

The thousands Floribunda opposite of Grillparzer Monument shimmer (still) in many colors. From historical records, however, is indicated that there was originally a different color scheme for the Floribunda than today: At the entrance of the Burgtheater side the roses were dark and were up to Grillparzer monument ever brighter - there they were then already white.

This color range they want again, somewhat modified, resume with new plantings: No white roses in front of the monument, but bright yellow, so that Grillparzer monument can better stand out. It has already begun, there was heavy frost damage during the winter 2011/12.

Colorful roses

2011: white and pink roses

2012: after winter damage new plantings in shades of yellow .

Because the domestic rose production is not large enough, the new, yellow roses were ordered in Germany (Castor).

Goldelse, candlelight, Hanseatic city of Rostock.

Watering

Waterinr of the Floribunda in the morning at 11 clock

What roses do not like at all, and what attracts pests really magically, the foliage is wet. Therefore, the Floribunda roses are in the People's Garde poured in the morning at 11 clock, so that the leaves can dry thoroughly.

Ground sprinklers pouring only the root crown, can not be used because the associated hoses should be buried in the earth, and that in turn collide with the Erdanhäufung (amassing of earth) that is made for winter protection. Choosing the right time to do it, it requires a lot of sense. Is it too early, so still too warm, the bed roses begin to drive again, but this young shoots freeze later, inevitably, because they are too thin.

1000 Tree roses

Most standard roses are found in the rose garden.

During the renovation of the Temple of Theseus the asphalt was renewed in 2011, which was partially only a few centimeters thick, and so was the danger that trucks with heavy transports break into. Due to this construction site the entire flower bed in front had to be replaced.

Now the high-stem Rose Maria Theresia is a nice contrast to the white temple, at her feet sits the self-cleaning floribunda aspirin. Self-cleaning means that withered flowers fall off and rarely maintenance care is needed.

Pink 'Maria Theresa' and white 'aspirin' before the temple of Theseus

Standard tree rose Maria Theresa

Floribunda aspirin

The concept of the (high) standard roses refers to a special type of rose decoration. Suitable varieties of roses are not grafted near the ground, but at a certain height of the trunk. With that the rose gardener sets the height of the crown fixed (60 cm, 90 cm, 140 cm)

Plantings - Pests - Winter Care

Normally about 50 roses in the People's Garden annually have to be replaced because of winter damages and senility. Till a high standard rose goes on sale, it is at least 4 years old. With replantings the soil to 50 cm depth is completely replaced (2/3 basic soil, 1/3 compost and some peat ).

Roses have enemies, such as aphids. Against them the Pirimor is used, against the Buchsbaumzünsler (Box Tree Moth, Cydalima perspectalis) Calypso (yet - a resistance is expected).

In popular garden roses are sprayed with poison, not only when needed, but also as a precaution, since mildew and fire rose (both are types of fungi) also overwinter.

Therefore it is also removed as far as possible with the standard roses before packing in winter the foliage.

Pest Control with Poison

The "Winter Package " first is made with paper bags, jute bags, then it will be pulled (eg cocoa or coffee sacks - the commercially available yard goods has not proven).

They are stored in the vault of the gardener deposit in the Burggarten (below the Palm House). There namely also run the heating pipes. Put above them, the bags after the winter can be properly dried.

Are during the winter the mice nesting into the packaged roses, has this consequences for the crows want to approach the small rodents and are getting the packaging tatty. It alreay has happened that 500 standard roses had to be re-wrapped.

"Winter Package" with paper and jute bags

300 ambling roses

The Schlingrosen (Climbing Roses) sit "as a framing" behind the standard roses.

Schlingrose pearl from the Vienna Woods

Schlingrose Danube

Schlingrose tenor

Although climbing roses are the fastest growing roses, they get along with very little garden space.

They have no rootlets as the evergreen ivy, nor can they wind up like a honeysuckle. Their only auxiliary tool are their spines with which they are entangled in their ascent mesh.

Climbing roses can reach stature heights of 2 to 3 meters.

4 x/year fertilizing

4 times a year, the soil is fertilized. From August, but no more, because everything then still new drives would freeze to death in winter. Well-rotted horse manure as fertilizer was used (straw mixed with horse manure, 4 years old). It smelled terrible, but only for 2 days.

Since the City of Vienna may only invest more plant compost heap (the EU Directive prohibits animal compost heap on public property), this type of fertilization is no longer possible to the chagrin of gardeners, and roses.

In the people garden in addition is foliar fertilizer used (it is sprayed directly on the leaves and absorbed about this from the plant).

Finishes in the Augarten

Old rose varieties are no longer commercially available. Maybe because they are more sensitive, vulnerable. Thus, the bud of Dr. F. Debat already not open anymore, if it has rained twice.

 

Roses need to be replaced in the People's Garden, this is sometimes done through an exchange with the Augarten Palace or the nursery, where the finishes are made. Previously there were roses in Hirschstetten and the Danube Park, but the City of Vienna has abandoned its local rose population (not to say destroyed), no exchange with these institutions is possible anymore.

Was formerly in breeding the trend to large flowers, one tends to smell roses again today. Most varieties show their resplendent, lush flowers only once, early in the rose-year, but modern varieties are more often blooming.

200 shrub roses

Some shrub roses bloom in the rose garden next to the Grillparzer Monument

Most of the shrub or park roses can be found along the fence to Heroes' Square. These types are so old, and there are now so many variations that even a species of rose connoisseurs assignment is no longer possible in many cases.

The showy, white, instensiv fragrant wild rose with its large umbels near des Triton Fountain is called Snow White.

Shrub roses are actually "Old Garden Roses" or "old roses", what a time

classification of roses is that were on the market before 1867.

Shrub roses are also called park roses because they are often planted as a soloist in a park/garden.

They grow shrubby, reaching heights up to 2 meters and usually bloom only 1 x per year.

The Renner- Rose

The most famous bush rose sits at the exit to Ballhausplatz before the presidential office.

It is named after the former Austrian President Dr. Karl Renner

When you enter, coming from the Ballhausplatz, the Viennese folk garden of particular note is a large rose bush, which is in full bloom in June.

Before that, there is a panel that indicates that the rose is named after Karl Renner, founder of the First and Second Republic. The history of the rose is a bit of an adventure. President Dr. Karl Renner was born on 14 in December 1870 in the Czech village of Untertannowitz as the last of 18 children of a poor family.

Renner output rose at Ballhausplatz

He grew up there in a small house, in the garden, a rose bush was planted.

In summer 1999, the then Director of the Austrian Federal Gardens, Peter Fischer Colbrie was noted that Karl Renner's birthplace in Untertannowitz - Dolni Dunajovice today - and probably would be demolished and the old rosebush as well fall victim to the demolition.

High haste was needed, as has already been started with the removal of the house.

Misleading inscription " reconstruction"?

The Federal Gardens director immediately went to a Rose Experts on the way to Dolni Dunajovice and discovered "as only bright spot in this dismal property the at the back entrance of the house situated, large and healthy, then already more than 80 year old rose bush".

After consultation with the local authorities Peter Fischer Colbrie received approval, to let the magnificent rose bush dig-out and transport to Vienna.

Renner Rose is almost 100 years old

A place had been found in the Viennese People´s Garden, diagonal vis-à-vis the office where the president Renner one resided. On the same day, the 17th August 1999 the rosebush was there planted and in the following spring it sprouted already with flowers.

In June 2000, by the then Minister of Agriculture Molterer and by the then Mayor Zilk was a plaque unveiled that describes the origin of the rose in a few words. Meanwhile, the "Renner-Rose" is far more than a hundred years old and is enjoying good health.

Memorial Dr. Karl Renner : The Registrar in the bird cage

Georg Markus , Courier , 2012

Sponsorships

For around 300 euros, it is possible to assume a Rose sponsorship for 5 years. A tree-sponsorship costs 300 euros for 1 year. Currently, there are about 60 plates. Behind this beautiful and tragic memories.

If you are interested in sponsoring people garden, please contact:

Master gardener Michaela Rathbauer, Castle Garden, People's Garden

M: 0664/819 83 27 volksgarten@bundesgaerten.at

Varieties

Abraham Darby

1985

English Rose

Alec 's Red

1970

Hybrid Tea Rose

Anni Däneke

1974

Hybrid Tea Rose

aspirin

Florybunda

floribunda

Bella Rosa

1982

Florybunda

floribunda

Candlelight

Dagmar Kreizer

Danube

1913

Schlingrose

Donauprinzessin

Doris Thystermann

1975

Hybrid Tea Rose

Dr. Waldheim

1975

Hybrid Tea Rose

Duftwolke

1963

Eiffel Tower

1963

English Garden

Hybrid Tea Rose

Gloria Dei

1945

Hybrid Tea Rose

Goldelse

gold crown

1960

Hybrid Tea Rose

Goldstar

1966

deglutition

Greeting to Heidelberg

1959

Schlingrose

Hanseatic City of Rostock

Harlequin

1985

Schlingrose

Jean C.N. Forestier

1919

Hybrid Tea Rose

John F. Kennedy

1965

Hybrid Tea Rose

Landora

1970

Las Vegas

1956

Hybrid Tea Rose

Mainzer Fastnacht

1964

Hybrid Tea Rose

Maria Theresa

medial

Moulineux

1994

English Rose

national pride

1970

Hybrid Tea Rose

Nicole

1985

Florybunda

Olympia 84

1984

Hybrid Tea Rose

Pearl of the Vienna Woods

1913

Schlingrose

Piccadilly

1960

Hybrid Tea Rose

Rio Grande

1973

Hybrid Tea Rose

Rose Gaujard

1957

Hybrid Tea Rose

Rubens

1859

English Rose

Rumba

snowflake

1991

Florybunda

snow white

shrub Rose

Swan

1968

Schlingrose

Sharifa Asma

1989

English Rose

city ​​of Vienna

1963

Florybunda

Tenor

Schlingrose

The Queen Elizabeth Rose

1954

Florybunda

Tradescanth

1993

English Rose

Trumpeter

1980

Florybunda

floribunda

Virgo

1947

Hybrid Tea Rose

Winchester Cathedral

1988

English Rose

Source: Federal leadership Gardens 2012

Historic Gardens of Austria, Vienna, Volume 3 , Eva Berger, Bohlau Verlag, 2004 (Library Vienna)

Index Volksgartenstraße

www.viennatouristguide.at/Altstadt/Volksgarten/volksgarte...

The first indication of the water tunnel, «Stollen Gredetsch Suon» to the right. Switzerland, July 19, 2016. (8/34)

Isn't this a great time of year with indications of summer all over

the place? I saw the first lot of shiny new bees of the year,

foraging for nectar around gorse flowers in Kirktonhall Glen in West

Kilbride this lunchtime. This one is in the act of uncurling its tongue

ready for a feast as it enters a flower bathed in spring sunshine.

 

My 105th picture in the Glasgow Herald Picture of the Day.

* Wardsend Cemetery

Getting towards the end of the season now, Tuesday the 8th December and all indications are is that this year, the diagrams will finish on Saturday, with 37402 and 37716 as it turned out this morning, ending a more successful run of the DRS RHTT this year in the in the last 2 or 3; the class 37s probably helped a lot. With a blue rake of FEA-B RHTT A Tank Wagons, the bits of colour contrasting with the now winter browns in this cutting at Owlerton and not to the south of here, Parkwood Springs. The hills rise in the background to the area over on the far right, which was once the home of the Sheffield Ski Village and which saw fires destroy it finally in 2012 after only a 14 year history; the land having been derelict since then. Rumour has it, that the space is now to be used for the Sheffield Snowsports Centre and possibly a Mountain Bike Centre, the history of the area reads fairly bleakly, see-

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Ski_Village

To the left of the cutting, a vast area of Victorian burials can be found with some rather austere and at night, spooky looking mausoleums and other grave monuments which reflected in part, some of the wealth of the Victorians who are buried here. Having come under one of the well constructed M.S.L.R bridges along this line, the set now heads on down towards Hillfoot, Neepsend and Woodburn Junction with D.R.S. class 37, 37402, ex-D974, 'Stephen Middlemore 23.12.1954 - 8.6.2013' with 'B.R. Large Intercity Logo', though its hard to see under the grime at the front, with 37423, ex-D6996, 'Spirit of the Lakes' at the back now, on the 3S14, Stocksbridge Works via Woodburn and Rotherham Central to Hull, on the Rail Head Treatment Train working. The line and ballast look in good order here which is a surprise as apart from the two runs up here this year by the RHTT, and the Sandrover, 3 days a week during the same period, this is the only regular care it gets.

The first indication of silver–lead mineralisation in the Barrier Ranges came in late 1875 with the discovery of galena by Julius Charles Nickel and Dan McLean while they were well sinking on Thackaringa Station, near the South Australian - New South Wales border. John Stokie, hotel keeper at Thackaringa, learnt of the find and had a sample assayed to reveal 72% lead and 49 oz/t of silver. He applied for a lease in June 1876 and later, with Menindee storekeeper Patrick Green, developed the Pioneer Mine. About 35 tons of ore were mined and transported to Menindee, shipped to Adelaide by paddle steamer and then sent to England as ballast on a wool ship. However, most of the ore was thrown overboard when the vessel sprang a leak and it was thought that the hull had been strained by the dead weight. Five tons were saved and tested in England to reveal the ore was payable. Before receiving the news, Stokie had been persuaded to abandon the enterprise, particularly given the transport and other difficulties, and Green had died.

 

The mine remained idle until 1881 when the Mount Browne gold rush occurred, 250 km to the north. Stokie and hotelier Richard Green (Patrick’s brother) applied for several new claims over the site. Mining recommenced with two miners in April 1881 and by September, 100 tons of ore had been raised and shipped to England. News of silver mining in the Barrier Ranges attracted more prospectors, including Cornish miners from the declining copper mines of South Australia. More than 30 silver-bearing lodes were discovered at Thackaringa and the narrow (<2m) veins of galena, siderite and quartz were worked in small quarries and shallow shafts. All ore was bagged and taken by bullock dray 320 km to Terowie in South Australia, then by train to Port Adelaide and shipped overseas for processing. By 1888, the population of Thackaringa was between 200 and 300 people.

 

The Thackaringa district is most famous for containing several large pegmatites that were selectively mined for feldspar and beryl - the best known being the Triple Chance Mine. The northern part of the district is cut by a large retrograde shear zone containing large garnets and minerals for fire resistance use.

 

The western edge of the Thackaringa Hills has the first site of mining in the Broken Hill silver fields with the Pioneer Mine. This along with many other small silver lead mines occur over a 10km north-south strike where numerous quartz veins contain silver and lead mineralisation. There are many other small mineral deposits found in the Thackaringa district where quartz veins and/or granitic rocks have crystallised including the Thackaringa davidite belt and pods of large rutile crystals.

 

Source: The pathway to Broken Hill: Early discoveries in the Barrier Ranges, New South Wales, Australia Kenneth G. McQueen, IAE, University of Canberra, mindat.org & Trove.

The Bilot Fort Temples By Hindu Shahi 700 Ad to 800 Ad

Bilot (Bilout shrief ) is an ancient ruin in Dera Ismail Khan District, Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa. According to the district Gazetteer of Mianwali of 1915 the remains

of Bilot (and the nearby ruin of Mari) "are indication of the existence of a Hindu civilization of considerable importance and antiquity". It is located at 32°30'0N 71°19'60E

The ruin consists of two forts in the north-west of the district on small hills attached to the lower spurs of the Khasor Range, and overlooking the Indus River. One lies a few miles south of Kundal and the other near Bilot. According to the District Gazetteer of Mianwali: “ These forts are of great antiquity and interest. Their main features are an outer defensive wall, consisting of rough blocks of stone, some of great size, and various groups of buildings resembling small Hindu temples and more or less carved. These are built of a curiously honey-combed drab-coloured stone not to be found in the adjacent hills, which is said to have been brought by river all the way from Khushalgarh. The area of the forts is considerable and they could have held a fairly large garrison. The only legends attached to them relate that they were occupied by the last of the Hindu Rajas, Til and Bil; but all traces of rulers and ruled are now lost. ” Bilot Fort is the second fort situated next to the town of Bilot Sharif and about 55 km East of Dera Ismail Khan in Pakistan. It was an ancient Hindu Fort with a famous temple inside its walls. The fort has disintegrated over time but the temple still stands. Images of Bilot Fort and the standing temple View of the Hindu Temples View of the Hindu Temples Closeup view of a temple Closeup view of a temple Some amount of restoration work has been done on the temple Some amount of restoration work has been done on the temple The walls of the temple are made of porous rock The walls of the temple are made of porous rock Fine work on the walls and ceilings Fine work on the walls and ceilings Stairs up the temple lead to an opening Stairs up the temple lead to an opening View from the upper floor of a temple View from the upper floor of a temple One of the well preserved temple rooms One of the well preserved temple rooms

One thing is very Interesting we can see same Design same architecture work on four places in Sakase Amb Temples, Nandna Temples Near Pind dadan khan salt range ,Melote temple near Katas Raj Chakwal ,Bilot Temples at Kafir kot or Bilot Shrief . These four places on Hill stations and all by Hindu Shahi 400 years to 500 years

Orenair flight 554 returned to land at Punta Cana Airport (PUJ), Dominican Republic, following a fire indication in one of the engines. Smoke was reported in the cabin so the pilots decided to land without dumping fuel. Following an overweight landing, the aircraft's tires overheated and caught fire, resulting in an evacuation of the aircraft.

Since that the aircraft is parked at AMS.

Silverton:

 

The first indication of silver–lead mineralisation in the Barrier Rangers came in late 1875 with the discovery of galena by Julius Charles Nickel and Dan McLean while they were well sinking on Thackaringa Station, near the South Australian - New South Wales border.

 

In 1879 John Stokie established a store at Umberumberka, 19 km north of Thackaringa. He continued prospecting and discovered silver–lead veins nearby, which he pegged with Edward Pegler in November 1881. A 100 ton parcel of ore was shipped to England for a 40% profit. The following October the Umberumberka Silver Lead Mining Company Ltd was floated with nominal capital of £20 000. Umberumberka was the second area of silver–lead mineralisation discovered in the Barrier Ranges and the new company was the first to be publicly floated. The town of Silverton soon developed close to the mine and became the main settlement of the growing silver field.

 

Silverton was surveyed in 1883, by which time Australia had a population of 2, 250, 194. By September that year, the population of Silverton was 250, and by December 1883 it had doubled. That year the Day Dream Mine opened and attracted an additional population of 400 - 500 people. In 1884 1,222 mineral leases, 937 business permits and 114 miners' rights were issued. That same year 6,000 tonnes of ore were extracted and the town acquired its own newspaper, the Silver Age.

 

By 1885 - 1886 the town's population had reached 3,000. Silverton was proclaimed a township in 1885 and a municipality the following year. In 1885 a short-lived smelter was established at Day Dream Mine, operating for only a year. In 1892 the Umberumberka Mine closed, followed by the Day Dream Mine. The Pioneer Mine at Thackaringa closed in 1897. By 1901, after miners had moved to the richer fields at Broken Hill, the town went into decline and only 286 people remained. Today the town has a population of around 50 people, most of whom work in tourism.

 

The Silverton Tramway Company:

 

The Silverton Tramway Company, a rare private railway of 50klms in length, was incorporated in New South Wales October 14, 1886 and the line was completed and opened for traffic on January 12, 1888. One of only two privately owned railways in the state, the tramway was originally founded to transport ore from local mines in the Broken Hill and Silverton region into South Australia. The company soon branched out, not only carrying ore from the mines but freighted other goods and offered a passenger service which accounted for a third of their business.

 

The company serviced travellers on long trips heading interstate to Semaphore (Adelaide) to the Largs Bay Holiday Camp and excursions for local community groups often conveying passengers to Silverton and McCulloch Park (at Stephens Creek) for the day and returning to Broken Hill in the afternoon. When traveling to South Australia the train would travel from Broken Hill, through Silverton and then to Burns which is on the New South Wales side of the border of Cockburn (a town divided by the NSW/SA border).

 

In 1927 the New South Wales government completed the railway from Sydney to Broken Hill, thus joining the Silverton Tramway and completing the link from Sydney to Adelaide. It played a strategic role in the trans-Australia network until 1970, when it was surpassed by the New South Wales Government Railways (Indian-Pacific). From 1888-1970 it was critical to the economic functioning of Broken Hill, by providing the key transport of ore to the Port Pirie smelters. It played a significant role in the politics and recreation of Broken Hill, and a crucial role at times of water shortage in Broken Hill.

 

Today, Silverton resides in the Unincorporated Area of New South Wales (NSW) and so does not feature a City Council. It is run by the Silverton Village Committee, who to this day hold their quarterly meetings in the Silverton Municipal Chambers.

 

Source: Silverton NSW (www.aussietowns.com.au/town/silverton-nsw), New South Wales Heritage Register & Discover Broken Hill (discoverbrokenhill.com.au/silverton-nsw/historic-building...), "The pathway to Broken Hill: Early discoveries in the Barrier Ranges, New South Wales, Australia" by Kenneth George McQueen, and 'Aplin, Graeme; S.G. Foster; Michael McKernan, eds. (1987). Australians: Events and Places. Broadway, New South Wales, Australia: Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates. p. 97'

The Thirty-Fourth Session of WIPO's Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from November 16 to November 18, 2015.

 

Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.

Items on display at an exhibition of India’s varied geographical indications, taking place at WIPO from October 6-14, 2015.

 

Co-organized by WIPO and the Government of India on the sidelines of the WIPO Assemblies of Member States, it was inaugurated with an event themed “Make in India” on October 6, 2015 featuring a recital of traditional Indian music and Indian artisans demonstrating their handiwork.

 

The event began with the screening of a WIPO-produced film on a capacity building project sponsored by WIPO’s Accessible Books Consortium in India and a keynote address by India’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations in Geneva, Ambassador Ajit Kumar, followed by a screening of a film on the “Make in India” initiative.

 

Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Violaine Martin. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.

An event co-organized by WIPO and the Indian Government on the sidelines of the WIPO Assemblies of Member States themed “Make in India” on October 6, 2015 featured an exhibition on India’s varied geographical indications, a recital of traditional Indian music and Indian artisans demonstrating their handiwork.

 

The event began with the screening of a WIPO-produced film on a capacity building project sponsored by WIPO’s Accessible Books Consortium in India and a keynote address by India’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations in Geneva, Ambassador Ajit Kumar, followed by a screening of a film on the “Make in India” initiative.

 

Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.

Every room we ventured into inside each of the storage bunkers had been stripped of any indications of its former purpose. Although this one had a more vibrant look to it thanks to the sun outside.

  

Part I >> Part II >> Part III >> Part IV >> Part V >> Part VI >> Part VII

 

Abandoned Scotland Online

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