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Low Light Video Doc. Mandarin by Jody Wells

7 2

Female (by All Apparent Indications)

Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata)

with

Mallard MALL (Anas platyrhynchos)

Beacon Hill Park

near "Warren Island"

Victoria BC

DSCN1075

Taken on November 24, 2019

www.birdfieldguide.co.uk/Mandarin_Duck.html

A review of bill & plumage field marks visible when swimming would seem to confirm that this bird is a female

But apparently immature males should have orange legs...

SO in the mean time I have received photos of legs - that according to a quick look I did online seem to fit good for adult female

Very Low probability from what I can tell that what we have is a sub adult male , and if so, & it hangs around we should soon see some indications of moulting into breeding plumage as we move along into spring 2020

The photos of legs show no bands and both hallux are intact.

This could mean it was born "free" since domestically kept birds should have hallux (kind of the equivalent of dew claws) docked [cut off] in order to distinguish them from wild stock should they escape.

Someone suggested that recent California fires could be pushing that feral population to flee, & perhaps this individual is from there

Better Photos of this bird ,the following day, on ebird here

ebird.org/checklist/S61756789

IN GOD WE TRUST ...item 3.. FAMU seeking more funds to fight hazing (11:53 PM, Jun 6, 2012) ...item 4a / 4b.. FAMU events director facing fraud charges (August 28, 2012 10:20 AM) ... by marsmett talahassee

14 1

The 45-year-old woman is facing eight misdemeanor counts. She is accused of defrauding $1,821.41 from the university.

........*****All images are copyrighted by their respective authors .......

Toward the end of the eight-hour day, Trustee Karl White quipped: "Hazing is dead, the question is how much the funeral is going to cost."

---- We Have The Answers: Form Committees, Subcommittees and Task Forces to study the Problem.

--- Lunch Time, Lets Eat !!!

--- How much does it cost to say, "You haze, you are OUT !!" ?

--- Hyperbolic -- extravagant .. exaggeration

--- Friedrich Nietzsche (a German philosopher .. 1844–1900) .. paraphrasing ... All things are subject to interpretation and that who ever has the POWER determines the TRUTH !!

--- Sen. Daniel Patrick Moynihan (March 16, 1927 – March 26, 2003) - "Every man is entitled to his own opinion, but not to his own facts."

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.....item 1).... Sunshine State News ... www.sunshinestatenews.com ... North

FAMU seeking more funds to fight hazing

Tallahassee Democrat | Posted: June 7, 2012 3:00 AM

TAGS: North

www.sunshinestatenews.com/feeditem/famu-seeking-more-fund...

FAMU plans to spend in excess of a million dollars more next year to hire new staff devoted to eradicate hazing and repair the university's image in the wake of drum major's Robert Champion's November death.

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img code photo ... Dr. Larry Robinson

cmsimg.tallahassee.com/apps/pbcsi.dll/bilde?Avis=CD&D...

Photos by Mike Ewen/Democrat

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Full story: www.tallahassee.com/article/20120607/NEWS01/ 206070327/1001/RSS

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.....item 2).... FSU News ... www.fsunews.com ...

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img code photo .... President James Ammons .. Florida A&M University

cmsimg.tallahassee.com/apps/pbcsi.dll/bilde?Site=CD&D...

Photos by Mike Ewen/Democrat Florida A&M University President James Ammons vowed Thursday to fix the problems at FAMU despite getting a vote of no-confidence from the board of trustees as they met to talk about the president's goals. During the afternoon session, members voted 8-4 to give Ammons a vote of no-confidence. Ammons vowed to make serious changes for FAMU's future growth. / Mike Ewen/Democrat

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Written by

Jennifer Portman

Democrat senior writer

FILED UNDER

Policy And Politics

Florida A&M Policy And Politics

Despite no-confidence vote, Ammons vows to stay at FAMU helm

11:19 PM, Jun. 7, 2012

www.fsunews.com/article/20120608/POLITICSPOLICY06/2060803...

Despite a second public rebuke by his own board, FAMU President James H. Ammons pledged Thursday to stay on and address the problems plaguing the university.

"I hear you loudly and clearly," Ammons told the board. "I understand there are some measures that I have to take as president of this university to fix things and I am going to fix them."

A majority of FAMU's board of trustees supported a no-confidence vote against Ammons at its Thursday meeting. Eight of the 12 sitting board members voted in favor of the motion offered by Trustee Bill Jennings.

The move marked the second time in about six months board members expressed their displeasure with the president's performance. At a December board meeting following the hazing death of drum major Robert Champion, a majority of trustees voted to publicly reprimand Ammons. The votes, however, were lacking to place him on administrative leave as desired by a few members.

Jennings, who has served on the board for a dozen years and is a former chairman, said it was his stewardship and fiduciary responsibility to call Ammons to task for a variety of problems plaguing the institution under his command. Specifically, Jennings cited Ammons' lack of knowledge that 101 members of the Marching 100 last fall were not enrolled in FAMU's required band class and had "absolutely no relation" to the university, yet received per diem cash payments of university money. He said the board lacked the required vote of two-thirds to remove Ammons, but a message needed to be sent.

"There has been a breakdown in the leadership structure of the university as well as the internal controls," Jennings said. "I have lost confidence in his ability to lead us through this crisis."

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img code photo ... Spurgeon McWilliams

cmsimg.tallahassee.com/apps/pbcsi.dll/bilde?Site=CD&D...

Spurgeon McWilliams makes a point Thursday with fellow trustee Narayan Persaud. / Mike Ewen/Democrat

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Added Jennings, who said Thursday that scheduling conflicts could mean Thursday was his last meeting before going off the board in January: "I cannot hold the people who report to Dr. Ammons accountable, but I can hold Dr. Ammons accountable."

Most of the board agreed. Only Chairman Solomon Badger and trustees Dr. Spurgeon McWilliams, Kelvin Lawson and Marjorie Turnbull declined to support the no-confidence vote.

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...page 2 of 2

Despite no-confidence vote, Ammons vows to stay at FAMU helm

11:19 PM, Jun. 7, 2012

(Page 2 of 2)

"I don't think the reasons are there for a vote of no confidence," McWilliams said after the meeting. "I think there is a group of trustees who have an agenda that might be coming from downtown with the governor's office or the chancellor or some of these people but I think that's wrong."

Trustee Belinda Shannon — who did not support Ammons' December reprimand — said she is now "deeply troubled" by serious gaps in university oversight and communication.

"Leadership at the top requires a unique set of attributes," Shannon said. "I do question ... whether or not you possess those attributes."

Trustee Rufus Montgomery said he supported the no-confidence vote for many of the same reasons, including concerns expressed in a letter this week from Board of Governors Chairman Dean Colson. Among Colson's concerns were the administration's response to improprieties by top staffers, fraudulent internal audits and a lack of university control over the Marching 100.

Student Trustee Marissa West said there exists "a certain level of disconnect" between students and Lee Hall.

"There has been some concern that the university isn't as transparent or available to them," West said.

Faculty Trustee Narayan Persaud said FAMU's leadership is "lost in a wilderness of errors," and that the administration's frequent refrain that it was unaware of festering problems is "an indication of poor management."

Before casting his vote against Ammons, Trustee Corey Alston cautioned: "I hope the administration would get the message this time."

In a statement following the board meeting, the BOG's Colson applauded trustees for their action.

"I recognize how difficult it must be for the FAMU Board of Trustees to take aggressive steps to reverse the trend of the past year," Colson wrote. "The FAMU Board of Trustees' leadership has never been more needed, so I sincerely appreciate their direct engagement that continues to identify, research and resolve every issue that needs their collective attention."

Others, however, including the FAMU National Alumni President Tommy Mitchell and state Rep. Alan Williams, decried the board's no-confidence vote.

"Dr. Ammons is well respected ... as a community, we are fortunate to have him at the helm," said Williams, a Democrat from Tallahassee and FAMU graduate, who drove to campus to speak at the meeting when he learned of the no-confidence vote. "I stand with Dr. Ammons and I have confidence in the future of Florida A&M University."

Ammons would not say after the meeting what he talked about in one-on-one sidebar conversations with board members before the vote. Instead, he stressed he has no intention to step down voluntarily.

"I am committed to FAMU," he said. "This is my university and until the final bell rings, I am going to serve as president of Florida A&M University."

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.....item 3).... Tallahassee Democrat ... www.tallahassee.com/article ...

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img code photo ... Dr. Larry Robinson

cmsimg.tallahassee.com/apps/pbcsi.dll/bilde?Site=CD&D...

Photos by Mike Ewen/Democrat Dr. Larry Robinson makes a point Wednesday during opening discussions. "We already feel we have an overbloated administrative bureaucracy. Adding layers of bureaucracy doesn't really address institutional problems," said Persaud. FAMU Board of trustees met to talk about an anti-hazing plan on the college campus. / Mike Ewen/Democrat

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FAMU seeking more funds to fight hazing

Ammons: Important to send message that FAMU 'will not tolerate hazing'

Written by

Jennifer Portman

Democrat senior writer

FILED UNDER

News

Local

11:53 PM, Jun 6, 2012

www.tallahassee.com/article/20120607/NEWS01/206070327/100...

During the first day of a two-day FAMU board of trustees retreat Wednesday, administrators outlined budget requests for the next fiscal year, including an estimated $197,000 to pay for a new special anti-hazing assistant to the president and a compliance officer to police the Marching 100 and other university bands. Administrators also asked for about $800,000 for a "rebranding campaign" and $139,000 to beef up staffing in the university's Judicial Affairs office, which deals with violations of student conduct codes.

Toward the end of the eight-hour day, Trustee Karl White quipped: "Hazing is dead, the question is how much the funeral is going to cost."

Trustees are considering the additional spending requests as they decide at their formal meeting today whether to approve a 15-percent tuition increase proposed by the administration. That increase would help make up for rising costs and decreasing state funding. Administrators recommend dipping into the university's reserves to cover a $19.8 million shortfall, FAMU's portion of a $300 million cut the Legislature imposed this year on the State University System.

FAMU also faces a projected 18 percent enrollment drop for the fall semester. Chief Financial Officer Teresa Hardee said the anticipated decrease of about 450 students would result in an additional revenue loss of $2.5 million.

If trustees approve the 15 percent tuition increase and use of reserves, FAMU's base overall budget for the next fiscal year would be about $160 million — most of that is $72 million from tuition and fee payments and $66 million from the state general revenue. Five years ago, FAMU received $116 million from state general-revenue support.

Board member Rufus Montgomery pushed administrators to justify their requests for additional money. The school's various divisions submitted budget requests for ongoing and additional needs totaling about $169 million.

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FAMU seeking more funds to fight hazing

Ammons: Important to send message that FAMU 'will not tolerate hazing'

11:53 PM, Jun 6, 2012

(Page 2 of 3)

"If you can request money I would like you to be able to explain to us, for budget proposes, what you would do if we took money away?" Montgomery said.

The budget request contains an additional $850,000 for Ammons' office, which includes the two new anti-hazing positions and up to $200,000 for the hiring of a chief operating officer.

Board members said they supported paying for the anti-hazing assistant and band compliance officer — a position officials said appears to be unique in higher education — but were cool to the idea of adding a new COO.

"We already feel we have an overbloated administrative bureaucracy," said faculty Trustee Narayan Persaud. "Adding layers of bureaucracy doesn't really address institutional problems."

Ammons told the board he could live without the COO position and a $125,000 renovation of his conference room — an idea, he added, pushed by his staff. But he said adding the two hazing positions "is a must."

"I think it is important we send the right message around campus that we will not tolerate hazing," Ammons said. "If we didn't have those two positions there may be a question as to whether or not we are serious."

FAMU officials want to spend about $800,000 on a "rebranding campaign" of the university. If approved by the board, the campaign would lay the ground work for a five-year $50 million fundraising effort. In addition to the $800,000, which in part would pay for a new executive director of communications and an outside marketing firm, administrators are seeking $230,000 to hire three new people to work on the fundraising campaign.

Current FAMU spokeswoman Sharon Saunders would move from her role to become a new associate vice president of advancement. A new director of communications would be hired.

Trustee Belinda Shannon said the rebranding campaign must include a comprehensive communication strategy as the university works to reinvent its image in the wake of Champion's death, endemic hazing on campus and other persistent institutional problems.

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...pag 3 of 3

FAMU seeking more funds to fight hazing

Ammons: Important to send message that FAMU 'will not tolerate hazing'

11:53 PM, Jun 6, 2012

(Page 3 of 3)

"We are facing a crisis of historical proportion," she said.

Trustee White warned that the amount requested for the campaign may not be enough.

"I am confident we have more than an $800,000 problem," he said.

After a vote by the board, FAMU's budget recommendation will be forwarded to the Board of Governors for approval at its meeting later this month.

In addition to the general operating budget, trustees also will vote today on a new, short-term anti-hazing plan. That plan, which was presented to the board Wednesday, would establish new eligibility rules for the university's bands, including the Marching 100.

"I know that we have ahead of us a big task of restoring the trust and the confidence in this university to provide a safe environment for our students, faculty, staff and anyone who is associated with Florida A&M University," Ammons said.

The proposed changes to "NCAA-like" rules call for all band members to be full-time FAMU students making adequate progress toward their degrees with at least a 2.5 grade-point average. Band practice could not exceed 20 hours a week and membership in the band would be limited to four years. Ammons said the changes would result in a "smaller, but higher quality" Marching 100. The band remains suspended at least through next spring.

"I have looked at the current academic record of the band, and many of them would not be in the band," Ammons said.

He added he may revisit allowing students from other schools, such as Tallahassee Community College, to join the band. Ammons, when he was named president in 2007, reversed the controversial decision by Interim President Castell Bryant to exclude outside students from the band, but acknowledged, "It didn't work the way it was laid out to work."

University officials discovered that last fall, 101 band members were not enrolled in FAMU's required band course.

The structure of the music department also would be different under the new plan. Unlike in the past under retired band director and music department chairman Julian White, the head of the music department will not be allowed to also serve as a director of any of FAMU's ensembles, including the Marching 100.

"We thought it was not appropriate to have the director of marching and prep bands be the department chair at the same time," said Provost Larry Robinson, who laid out the anti-hazing plan to trustees. "You have limited checks and balances there ... That was too much authority, too much power."

Despite the steps being taken to root out hazing, administrators and trustees agreed ending the practice may take years. Robinson said some institutions continue to grapple with the problem a decade after a student hazing death.

"You've always got to be concerned about reoccurrence," said Trustee Dr. Spurgeon McWilliams, whose own son was hazed when he was in the band. "With a significant disease like this is, it could take five to 10 years."

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.....item 4a).... The Daytona Beach News-Journal ... www.news-journalonline.com ...

FAMU events director facing fraud charges

ASSOCIATED PRESS

August 28, 2012 10:20 AM

Posted in: News Tagged: FAMU

www.news-journalonline.com/breakingnews/2012/08/famu-even...

TALLAHASSEE -- Florida A&M University's events director is facing travel expense and per diem fraud charges.

A Florida Department of Law Enforcement spokeswoman said today that Tammy Hamlet turned herself in to authorities Monday night. She was freed on her own recognizance.

The 45-year-old woman is facing eight misdemeanor counts. She is accused of defrauding $1,821.41 from the university.

FLDE spokesman Gretl Plessinger said the investigation was continuing and there may be other arrests.

A university spokeswoman did not immediately return a call seeking comment.

Hamlet was not in her office today and did not immediately respond to an email..

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.....item 4b).... South Florida Times ... www.sfltimes.com ... "Elevating the Dialogue"

HOME HOME FAMU EVENTS DIRECTOR ARRESTED

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img code photo ... Tammy Hamlet, 45

www.sfltimes.com/images/stories/photos/tammy_hamlet.jpg

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FAMU EVENTS DIRECTOR ARRESTED

Written by Elgin Jones

www.sfltimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=vi...

Tammy Hamlet, Florida A&M University’s director of university events, has been charged with eight misdemeanor counts of fraudulently claiming per diem and travel expenses.

Hamlet, 45, surrendered at the Leon County Jail on Monday night.

An investigation coinducted by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement found she falsely claimed $1,821 in school-related travel expenses.

The issue was discovered during an ongoing investigation into the finances related to FAMU’s Marching 100 band, but the charges against her are not related to the band.

The expenses are related to trips taken in 2010 and 2011.

Hamlet has been released on bail and her arraignment is scheduled for Oct. 18.

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M847PRS-060595-055427 by John C

An early indication of the Stagecoach involvement in GM Buses (South) was the drafting in of 20 nearly-new Volvo B6-50 with Alexander bodywork from other Group operations. East London provided 11 of the 20, including 307, seen shortly after entering service at the West Didsbury terminus of the 50.

This image is copyright and must not be reproduced or downloaded without the permission of the photographer.

Indications Of Religiosity by Jeff Anderson

(Indications) by Robbie McIntosh

22 3

Leica M9-P

Leica Elmarit 28mm f/2.8 III

indication by Leon Ruwette

Friends by Ed Yourdon

Actually, I think the girl in the middle was just a little bit sad, because she was the only one without a cellphone in her hand...

**********************************

For much of my life, I’ve had the bad habit of visiting a new city for a week of intense activity — and, on occasion, even living in a new city for as long as a year — without ever getting to know it. It’s easier than you might think, if you have a set routine: you get up in the morning, you take the same route to school or work, you come home at the end of the day, and that’s that. I think I may have also been slightly warped by the childhood experience of moving every year (17 schools before college), and concluding (perhaps subconsciously) that there was no point really getting to know anything about (or anyone in) the current town, since we’d be moving within a year …

Anyway, I resolved to try harder during a recent weeklong Thanksgiving trip to visit the west coast contingent of my family, which involved our driving from Portland to a rented house in Bend, Oregon — located roughly in the center of Oregon. I had never been in Bend before, and I probably never will be again … but even so, I wanted to get a sense of what the town was all about.

Bend turns out to be the largest town in central Oregon, but its estimated population in 2013 was only 81,236. If you include the surrounding area of “metropolitan Bend,” that number increases to 165,954 — but that still makes it only the fifth largest metropolitan area in Oregon, and probably about the same as an individual neighborhood in New York City.

Compared to NYC, Bend’s recorded history is also much shorter — though that ignores the fact that Native Americans lived in the area for some 12,000 years before fur trading parties arrived in 1824, and succeeding generations of pioneers, intent on pushing further west to the Pacific Coast, forded the Deschutes River at a shallow point known as the “Farewell Bend” — which ultimately gave the town its name (you can blame the U.S. Postal Service for shortening the original name to “Bend”).

Not much happened until 1901, when the Pilot Butte Development Company built a commercial sawmill in Bend; a city was incorporated there in 1904 by a general vote of the community’s 300 residents. From what I can tell, the town then continued to grow, thrive, and prosper for another 30 or 40 years … after which it seems to have stagnated. Walking along Bond Street and Wall Street — the two busiest downtown streets — I saw a number of plaques on the side of buildings indicating that they had all been built in the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s …

As for today, tourism is probably the most significant economic activities — focused around skiing at Mount Bachelor, and recreational activities around the nearby Cascade Lakes. Bend is also home to the Deschutes Brewery, which is the 6th largest craft brewery in the nation. And the town has hosted on of the top indie film festivals in the nation (the BendFilm Festival) each year since 2004. For whatever it’s worth, much of the town’s growth in recent years is due to its attraction as a retirement destination (I guess there must be a rational explanation for the decision to retire here, perhaps including a low crime rate or a low cost-of-living — but I found the concept quite mind-boggling) …

But none of this explains the look and feel of the houses in the “historical district” a few blocks away from the center of town. This is where my family members and I spent Thanksgiving week, and I walked through several quiet, empty blocks during the few days that it wasn’t raining … and while the photos in this Flickr album will give you some idea of what the houses and people look like, I’m at a loss for words to characterize what’s going on around here.

For one thing, it seems that every house is different. They’re all on tiny lots — probably about 1/4 of an acre — but they’re all different sizes, painted different colors, with different designs and architectures. I’m used to towns where all of the houses in an entire neighborhood are identical, because they were all designed and constructed by the same real-estate developer. And my son pointed out that in Portland, just a few hours away by car, the houses in several neighborhoods may look different from the house next door — but they all fall into five or six basic styles. Not so in Bend: it seems that nobody talked to anyone else, and nobody looked at any other house in the neighborhood, before they came up with their own unique design.

And with one or two exceptions, none of the houses are “modern” in any sense of the word. Many of them remind me of the neighborhoods were I lived as a child in the early 1950s; and I have a strong suspicion that many of them are much older than that, perhaps having been built in the 1920s or 1930s. Like the rest of the town, it seems that everything thrived here until the beginning of the 1940s … and then stopped.

Which then raises another interesting question: who actually lives in these houses today, in late 2014? I really couldn’t tell, because the streets were generally empty. and the only thing I saw through a living room window was a football game on a large TV screen. But I noticed that the cars parked on the street were by no means as old as the houses; most of them appeared to be less than five years old, with many large, modern trucks and Jeeps. There were a few bicycles and other indications of childhood life, along with a significant number of brightly-painted lawn chairs, an occasional barbecue grills (including some big, gas-powered grills on the front porch!), and lots of American flags …

If I had had a little more time or energy, I could have gone into the Deschutes County Museum (housed in what had been a stand-alone school house built in 1914), or perhaps the Town Hall, to learn a little more … but I didn’t.

And so Bend will remain a mystery, as we pack up and drive back to Portland tomorrow morning. And while nobody here will care, or even notice, I will go on record with the following prediction: I won’t be retiring here.

CAPPADOCIA Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites. World Heritage List. Ortahisar Castle and Ortahisar Village by Feridun F. Alkaya

ORTAHISAR AND ORTAHISAR CASTLE

Ortahisar is picturesque stone houses, narrow streets and lovely churches as well as the castle-like rock formation after which the town is named. This 90m high natural fortress, a prominent landmark in the region – honeycombed with caves and tunnels, camouflaged by nature without the slightest indication of human presence inside – has partly crumbled away revealing some of its interior. Today it has been restored and the peak is accessible by a staircase. The Ortahisar Castle offers a magnificent panorama over the fairy chimneys of Hallacdere and the snowy peak of Mt. Erciyes.

Cappadocia World Heritage List;

whc.unesco.org/en/list/357

In a spectacular landscape, entirely sculpted by erosion, the Göreme valley and its surroundings contain rock-hewn sanctuaries that provide unique evidence of Byzantine art in the post-Iconoclastic period. Dwellings, troglodyte villages and underground towns – the remains of a traditional human habitat dating back to the 4th century – can also be seen there.

Brief synthesis

Located on the central Anatolia plateau within a volcanic landscape sculpted by erosion to form a succession of mountain ridges, valleys and pinnacles known as “fairy chimneys” or hoodoos, Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia cover the region between the cities of Nevşehir, Ürgüp and Avanos, the sites of Karain, Karlık, Yeşilöz, Soğanlı and the subterranean cities of Kaymaklı and Derinkuyu. The area is bounded on the south and east by ranges of extinct volcanoes with Erciyes Dağ (3916 m) at one end and Hasan Dağ (3253 m) at the other. The density of its rock-hewn cells, churches, troglodyte villages and subterranean cities within the rock formations make it one of the world's most striking and largest cave-dwelling complexes. Though interesting from a geological and ethnological point of view, the incomparable beauty of the decor of the Christian sanctuaries makes Cappadocia one of the leading examples of the post-iconoclastic Byzantine art period.

It is believed that the first signs of monastic activity in Cappadocia date back to the 4th century at which time small anchorite communities, acting on the teachings of Basileios the Great, Bishop of Kayseri, began inhabiting cells hewn in the rock. In later periods, in order to resist Arab invasions, they began banding together into troglodyte villages or subterranean towns such as Kaymakli or Derinkuyu which served as places of refuge.

Cappadocian monasticism was already well established in the iconoclastic period (725-842) as illustrated by the decoration of many sanctuaries which kept a strict minimum of symbols (most often sculpted or tempera painted crosses). However, after 842 many rupestral churches were dug in Cappadocia and richly decorated with brightly coloured figurative painting. Those in the Göreme Valley include Tokalı Kilise and El Nazar Kilise (10th century), St. Barbara Kilise and Saklı Kilise (11th century) and Elmalı Kilise and Karanlık Kilise (end of the 12th – beginning of the 13th century).

Criterion (i): Owing to their quality and density, the rupestral sanctuaries of Cappadocia constitute a unique artistic achievement offering irreplaceable testimony to the post-iconoclastic Byzantine art period.

Criterion (iii): The rupestral dwellings, villages, convents and churches retain the fossilized image of a province of the Byzantine Empire between the 4th century and the arrival of the Seljuk Turks (1071). Thus, they are the essential vestiges of a civilization which has disappeared.

Criterion (v): Cappadocia is an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement which has become vulnerable under the combined effects of natural erosion and, more recently, tourism.

Criterion (vii): In a spectacular landscape dramatically demonstrating erosional forces, the Göreme Valley and its surroundings provide a globally renowned and accessible display of hoodoo landforms and other erosional features, which are of great beauty, and which interact with the cultural elements of the landscape.

Integrity

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, having been extensively used and modified by man for centuries, is a landscape of harmony combining human interaction and settlement with dramatic natural landforms. There has been some earthquake damage to some of the cones and the pillars, but this is seen as a naturally occurring phenomenon. Overuse by tourists and some vandalism have been reported and some incompatible structures have been introduced.

The erosional processes that formed the distinctive conical rock structures will continue to create new fairy chimneys and rock pillars, however due to the rate of this process, the natural values of the property may still be threatened by unsustainable use. The cultural features, including rock-hewn churches and related cultural structures, mainly at risk of being undermined by erosion and other negative natural processes coupled with mass tourism and development pressures, can never be replaced. threats Some of the churches mentioned by early scholars such as C. Texier, H.G. Rott and Guillaume de Jerphanion are no longer extant.

Authenticity

The property meets the conditions of authenticity as its values and their attributes, including its historical setting, form, design, material and workmanship adequately reflect the cultural and natural values recognized in the inscription criteria.

Given the technical difficulties of building in this region, where it is a matter of hewing out structures within the natural rock, creating architecture by the removal of material rather than by putting it together to form the elements of a building, the underlying morphological structure and the difficulties inherent in the handling of the material inhibited the creative impulses of the builders. This conditioning of human effort by natural conditions persisted almost unchanged through successive periods and civilizations, influencing the cultural attitudes and technical skills of each succeeding generation.

Protection and management requirements

The World Heritage property Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia is subject to legal protection in accordance with both the Protection of Cultural and Natural Resources Act No. 2863 and the National Parks Act No. 2873. The entire territory between the cities of Nevşehir, Ürgüp and Avanos is designated as a National Park under the Act No. 2873. In addition, natural, archaeological, urban, and mixed archaeological and natural conservation areas, two underground towns, five troglodyte villages, and more than 200 individual rock-hewn churches, some of which contain numerous frescoes, have been entered into the register of immovable monuments and sites according to the Act No. 2863.

Legal protection, management and monitoring of the Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia fall within the scope of national and regional governmental administrations. The Nevşehir and Kayseri Regional Conservation Councils are responsible for keeping the register of monuments and sites, including carrying out all tasks related to the legal protection of monuments and listed buildings and the approval to carry out any restoration-related works. They also evaluate regional and conservation area plans prepared by the responsible national and/or local (i.e. municipal) authorities.

Studies for revision and updating of the existing land use and conservation plan (Göreme National Park Long-term Development Plan) of 1981 were completed in 2003. The major planning decisions proposed were that natural conservation areas are to be protected as they were declared in 1976. Minor adjustments in the peripheral areas of settlements and spatial developments of towns located in the natural conservation sites including Göreme, Ortahisar, Çavuşin, Ürgüp and Mustafapaşa will be strictly controlled. In other words, the Plan proposes to confine the physical growth of these towns to recently established zones. Hotel developments will take into account the set limits for room capacities. Furthermore, the plan also suggested that local authorities should be advised to review land use decisions for areas that have been reserved for tourism developments in the town plans.

Preparation of conservation area plans for the urban and/or mixed urban-archaeological conservation sites within the historic sections of Göreme are in place and provide zoning criteria and the rules and guidelines to be used in the maintenance and restoration of listed buildings and other buildings which are not registered, but which are located within the historic zones. Similar planning studies for the towns of Ortahisar and Uçhisar are in place. Once finalised, a conservation area plan for the urban conservation area in Ürgüp will be in place. All relevant plans are kept up to date on a continuing basis.

Appropriate facilities aimed at improving the understanding of the World Heritage property have been completed for the subterranean towns of Kaymaklı and Derinkuyu, and are required for Göreme and Paşabağı.

Monuments in danger due to erosion, including the El Nazar, Elmalı, and Meryemana (Virgin Mary) churches, have been listed as monuments requiring priority action. Specific measures for their protection, restoration and maintenance are required at the site level.

While conservation plans and protection measures are in place for individual sites, it is recognised by the principal parties responsible for site management that an integrated Regional Plan for the Cappadocia Cultural and Tourism Conservation and Development Area is required to protect the World Heritage values of the property. Adequate financial, political and technical support is also required to secure the management of the property.

whc.unesco.org/en/list/357

www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/world-heritage/cappadocia/

www.goreme.com/ortahisar.php

36823 by Ben Abel

The Grade I Listed remains of Old Sarum a former Iron Age fort, 2 miles north of Salisbury in Wiltshire.

The great monoliths of Stonehenge and Avebury were erected nearby and indications of prehistoric settlement have been discovered from as early as 3000 BC. An Iron Age hillfort was erected around 400 BC, controlling the intersection of two native trade paths and the Hampshire Avon. The site continued to be occupied during the Roman period, when the paths became roads. The Saxons took the British fort in the 6th century and later used it as a stronghold against marauding Vikings. The Normans constructed a motte and bailey castle, a stone curtain wall, and a great cathedral. A royal palace was built within the castle for King Henry I and was subsequently used by Plantagenet monarchs.

This heyday of the settlement lasted for around 300 years until disputes between the Wiltshire sheriff and the Salisbury bishop finally led to the removal of the church into the nearby plain. As New Salisbury grew up around the construction site for the new cathedral in the early 13th century, the buildings of Old Sarum were dismantled for stone and the old town dwindled. Its long-neglected castle was abandoned by Edward II in 1322 and sold by Henry VIII in 1514.

The castle grounds were sold by Henry VIII in 1514. Although the settlement was effectively uninhabited, its landowners continued to have parliamentary representation into the 19th century, making it the most notorious of the rotten boroughs that existed before the Reform Act of 1832. Most famously, Old Sarum served as a pocket borough of the Pitt family.

The site of the castle and cathedral is considered a highly important British monument: it was among the 26 English locations scheduled by the 1882 Ancient Monuments Protection Act, the first such British legislation. This protection has subsequently continued, expanding to include some suburban areas west and southeast of the outer bailey.

W. H. St J. Hope, W. Hawley, and D.H. Montgomerie excavated the site between 1909 and 1915 for the Society of Antiquaries of London. In 1917, during World War I, a site just northeast of Old Sarum along the Portway was developed as the 'Ford Farm' aerodrome. This became Old Sarum Airfield, which remains in operation with a single grass runway. A second excavation occurred in the 1950s under John W G Musty and Philip Rahtz.

Blue Hours @ Baltit Fort Hunza,Karimabad by Fareed Gujjar - Next Mount Everest April 14

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Baltit Fort or Balti Fort is an ancient fort in the Hunza valley in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.

In the past, the survival of the feudal regime of Hunza was ensured by the impressive Baltit fort, which overlooks Karimabad. The foundations of the fort date back to 700 years ago, with rebuilds and alterations over the centuries. In the 16th century the local prince married a princess from Baltistan who brought master Balti craftsmen to renovate the building as part of her dowry. The architectural style is a clear indication of buddhist Tibetan influence in Baltistan at the time.

The Mirs of Hunza abandoned the fort in 1945, and moved to a new palace down the hill. The fort started to decay which caused concern that it might possibly fall into ruin. Following a survey by the Royal Geographical Society of London a restoration programme was initiated and supported by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Historic Cities Support Programme. The programme was completed in 1996 and the fort is now a museum run by the Baltit Heritage Trust.

Stalled at the Fuel Center by Retail Retell

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Remodel, Week 1

Headed outside for our last indication of the beginning stages of a remodel, which actually first appeared several weeks ago: the brown canopy of the fuel center, seen on the left in February, sometime late May/early June lost some (but not all) of its brown color to the undercoat of white and, in one stretch, a mysterious blue color. l_dawg2000 has seen this, and posits Walmart tried to turn the fuel center blue, only to meet resistance from the city of Hernando's government (building codes are in place here, which is why the Walmart is all brick and likely won't be seeing the new gray/blue color scheme). No progress has occurred since that initial stripping/recoating.

Also... adding the dates to my pics is new to me; I'll certainly decrease the size of those annoying boxes in the future!

Murphy USA // 2580 McIngvale Road, Hernando, MS 38632

Walmart Supercenter // 2600 McIngvale Road, Hernando, MS 38632

These places are public so these photos are too, but just as I tell where they came from, I'd appreciate if you'd say who :)

Thailand - Bangkok - Grand Palace - Tourists 08_DSC5930 by Darrell Godliman

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I think these girls give a good indication of the scale of these doors on the sides of one of the minor temples in the Grand Palace complex.

Being my second visit the the Grand Palace in Bangkok, rather than just take the obvious shots I took quite a few shots of tourists enjoying posing at statues, taking selfies etc.

Click here to see photos from this and a previous trip to Thailand : www.flickr.com/photos/darrellg/albums/72157600177340620

From Wikipedia : "The Grand Palace is a complex of buildings at the heart of Bangkok, Thailand. The palace has been the official residence of the Kings of Siam (and later Thailand) since 1782. The king, his court and his royal government were based on the grounds of the palace until 1925. King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), resided at Chitralada Royal Villa and his successor Vajiralongkorn at Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall, both in the Dusit Palace, but the Grand Palace is still used for official events. Several royal ceremonies and state functions are held within the walls of the palace every year. The palace is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Thailand.

Construction of the palace began on May 6, 1782, at the order of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), the founder of the Chakri Dynasty, when he moved the capital city from Thonburi to Bangkok. Throughout successive reigns, many new buildings and structures were added, especially during the reign of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V). By 1925, the king, the Royal Family and the government were no longer permanently settled at the palace, and had moved to other residences. After the abolition of absolute monarchy in 1932, all government agencies completely moved out of the palace.

In shape, the palace complex is roughly rectangular and has a combined area of 218,400 square metres (2,351,000 sq ft), surrounded by four walls. It is situated on the banks of the Chao Phraya River at the heart of the Rattanakosin Island, today in the Phra Nakhon District. The Grand Palace is bordered by Sanam Luang and Na Phra Lan Road to the north, Maharaj Road to the west, Sanamchai Road to the east and Thai Wang Road to the south.

Rather than being a single structure, the Grand Palace is made up of numerous buildings, halls, pavilions set around open lawns, gardens and courtyards. Its asymmetry and eclectic styles are due to its organic development, with additions and rebuilding being made by successive reigning kings over 200 years of history. It is divided into several quarters: the Temple of the Emerald Buddha; the Outer Court, with many public buildings; the Middle Court, including the Phra Maha Monthien Buildings, the Phra Maha Prasat Buildings and the Chakri Maha Prasat Buildings; the Inner Court and the Siwalai Gardens quarter. The Grand Palace is currently partially open to the public as a museum, but it remains a working palace, with several royal offices still situated inside."

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Hailing The Bus. by ManOfYorkshire

Give a good clear indication to the driver that you wish the Bus to stop by extending your arm out and moving towards the edge of the kerb.

Perfectly done by this lady at Horsham Railway Station bus stop.

Metrobus 6763, an Alexander Dennis Envriro 200, YX63ZWW prepares to stop. The bus was new in December 2013 but still looks immaculate. Note how smart and professional looking the driver is also!

Working Route 98 to Southwater.

"Come to Egypt" - travel poster, 1937 by mikeyashworth

A striking image - sadly no indication of who commissioned the poster or an artist.

Edmund Tarbell - The Three Sisters, A Study In June Sunlight [1890] by Gandalf's Gallery

The subtitle of this first important Impressionist work by Edmund Tarbell (American, 1862-1938) is a clear indication of his interest in the new French style just recently introduced in America.

The painting’s dappled light, brilliant palette, and short, textured brush strokes caused a sensation when it was exhibited in Tarbell’s hometown of Boston. The transient light and undiluted colour create a warm atmosphere in which the figures are more solidly drawn. Posing his wife, her sisters, and his baby daughter in a lovely garden setting, Tarbell did not attempt probing portraits but instead sought to portray an affluent and tranquil way of life. The inclusion of the American colonial chair implies their New England heritage that underlies this seemingly French aesthetic.

gandalfsgallery.blogspot.com/2010/12/edmund-tarbell-three...

West Yorkshire PTE 7250 TUB250R Foden NC Northern Counties by Scott Poole

During the early 1970's there were indications that Leyland was planning another radical shake-up of its product range. By 1975 the B15 project was in full swing, an integral vehicle with sophisticated, high specification parts resulting in a totally new vehicle. Of course we all know this was the new look Leyland Titan TN series, which was unfortunately destined to become a London Double Decker bus.

Dennis who were also looking into a new rear engine vehicle with its Dominator model, with some valued assistance from the South Yorkshire PTE, the Dennis Dominator was successful in taking some orders away from Leyland. Just as the MCW/Scania Metropolitan double decker did from 1973 until 1977, with some 650 plus buses built. MCW turning to the integral route with their Metrobus chassis from 1977 until 1989.

Foden of Sandbach who were also involved with some bus chassis during the 1940' & 1950's were looking to re-enter the bus industry. By 1975 Leyland had announced the intention to stop Fleetline production by 1978, which left a gap in some operators fleets. Leyland knew that the VR was still available for purchase.

Foden joined together with Northern Counties of Wigan to produce seven prototype chassis, with semi integral frames. Using the tried and trusted Gardner 6LXB engine and the Alison MT.640 5 speed gearbox, this was long before Optare made the Alison gearbox its standard option. Truck chassis were built with Alison gearboxes at the time of the Foden NC. Four PTEs were also interested in the new venture, with Greater Manchester (2), South Yorkshire (1 East Lancs body), West Midlands PTE (1) and West Yorkshire PTE (1). Along with one for Derby City Transport and the National Bus Company, who also took one. The NBC were at the time conducting fuel efficiency trails at Potteries Motor Traction (PMT) Newcastle under Lyme depot, with a Bristol VRT and a Dennis Dominator.

West Yorkshire PTE had there example delivered in early March 1977, as 7250 TUB250R with low height Northern Counties bodywork. 7250 was used as part of a display of PTE vehicles at the official opening of the Bradford Interchange in March 1977. Then the Foden was used by Calderdale and Kirklees drivers and staff for trials and evaluation. In October 1977, 7250 entered passenger service. The bus was used initially used on the 43 Huddersfield to Halifax via Elland service, with 3480 LUG480P the Volvo Alisa B55-10 with Alexander bodywork ( which was withdrawn in 1981 and sold to Derby City Transport). However it was clear that the Foden was not fitting in at the PTE, with very few PSV duties, 7250 was withdrawn from service in May 1984. 7250 was sold to Weymouth dealer Green in December 1985, staying there until July 1988.

This is when Bootle based Anitree Coaches purchased the Foden for continued service in Merseyside. 7250 even ventured back to Yorkshire on occasions to the 'Heart of the Pennines' rally. John Cherry, who owns Anitree Coaches, really like the Foden NC he even purchased the West Midlands PTE vehicle 6300 ROC300R. WMPTE 6300 is currently based in Kirkby and is awaiting an MOT and some finishing touches before going into WMPTE livery.

By 2012, 7250 was re-painted into the original WYPTE 'roads & pavements' livery and appeared at the 2012 Wirral Transport show.

The North West Vehicle Restoration Trust (NWVRT) now hold an annual open at their Kirkby premises, which a good event. In 2015 the NWVRT announced that John Cherry's WYPTE Foden 7250 was going to be at the event. This then got myself (Scott Poole) to continue researching the Foden NC as a chassis and project. On the day of the rally I managed to chat with john and gain permission to photograph the Foden, which was out of public view, with the assistance of an NWVRT volunteer, many thanks to you both gents.

Pausing at Kirkby railway station allows time for a rear view of the Foden NC.

Here is a link to my bus blog about the Foden NC t.co/shvIRNceu9

Indications /Indication by Monique Maynard

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Île St Bernard

Wicklewood, Norfolk - All Saints by Chris, Norfolk

In the Domesday Book there are indications of two manors and formerly there were two churches on this site, All Saints and St. Andrews. In 1367 both churches were united under the office of the Almoner of Norwich Priory. St. Andrews was in a poor state of maintenance and was demolished soon afterwards.

Much in common with many of Norfolk’s ancient churches All Saints has architectural features, which cover several periods. There are indications of a much earlier church on the foundations and the 14th. – 15th. century work of lint and freestone that stands today was probably raised on them.

The churches most prominent feature is the square embattled five stages tower on the south side, it also serves as the main entrance porch. This is believed to be 15th. century but there are indications that the outer stone entranceway with its massive half round pillars and plain pointed archway are of 13th. century construction. On the towers upper floors are fireplaces. A massive one on the first floor and a smaller one on the second floor. Possibly they were used for baking Communion bread originally and subsequently for heating.

The church has a single bell. The bell was made by the bell founder John Taylor of Loughborough who bought the two previous old bells in 1878 for £98-12s-3d (£98.61p) and supplied the present bell for £101-1s-3d (£101.06p). The bell weighs 14 cwt.-1 qrt-2 lbs. (1,592 lb./722 kg). The total cost of all the work related to installing the new bell was £146-10s-6d. (£146.52p).

Inside the church the nave area is interesting, in that at head height there is a prominent ‘string course’ at about 6 ft. 6 in. (2 m) high and above that are highly decorative black knapped flints in layers, alternating with medieval bricks.

The church gained Grade: I listed building status on 29th. November 1959. (English Heritage Legacy ID: 226551).

“Turkish Culture and Geographical Indications” Held on Sidelines of 2016 WIPO Assemblies by World Intellectual Property Organization

An exhibition co-organized by WIPO and Turkey was held on the sidelines of the WIPO Assemblies, which met in Geneva from October 3 to 11, 2016.

The event entitled “Turkish Culture and Geographical Indications” showcased a snapshot of Turkey’s rich culture and geographical indications and was inaugurated on October 4, 2016.

It featured examples of Turkey’s protected geographic indications, including Afyon marble, Antep Kutnu cloth, Gaziantep mother-of-pearl inlaying and Safranbolu Turkish delight. The inauguration also featured a performance of traditional Turkish music.

Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Violaine Martin. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.

Pole Support by Random Retail

The poles might be a good indication of where the wall may go.

My local Kmart will be shrinking starting in July. The store is one of supposedly 60 test stores to try a new strategy to increase sales by putting the entire store on sale.

Marshalls and other unannounced tenant(s) that will make for a 45,000 sq ft project. Interesting thing here is that the Kmart store will still be around 73,000 Sq ft rather than the 59,000 that would of been half the store. In other words, the store will still technically occupy more than half of the building.

The project is expected to be complete in Q2 next year. Hopefully this project will not turn around and cause this store to close completely as the Anderson, SC store did. Whatever happens, I'll be sure to send picture updates when I can.

Olean, NY. May 2017.

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If you would like to use THIS picture in any sort of media elsewhere (such as newspaper or article), please send me a Flickrmail or send me an email at natehenderson6@gmail.com

indication by Jes

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One bonus side effect of shooting into bright morning light is being able to easily get those motion-freezing high shutter speeds.

Signal Indication by Nick Hart

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After clearing a 10 MPH restriction at LeMoyne, 470 receives the signal onto the 59th Street Branch.

Archer Ave - Chicago, IL

08/22/15

Mandarmani...... A Pollution Mosaic by pallab seth

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Macro image pointing out of an early indication of harmful algal blooms and oil spillage from automobiles on Mandarmani Sea Beach.......

As compared to other parts of the world, the occurrence of algal bloom events is comparatively less in Bay of Bengal primarily due to large volume of freshwater input from river dischage and rainfall, warmer sea surface temperatures, monsoonal clouds and reversal of currents.

In Mandarmani, recent increase in tourism activities with sprawling hotels along the coastlines has been attributed to incrasing anthropogenic activities with excessive levels of organic nutrients - the factors that are known to contribute to the growth of diatom and cyanobacterial blooms.

The 13 km long beach of Mandarmani is argued to be the longest driveable beach in India. Hundreds of motorized vans (Vanos) and personal cars of the visiting day tourists are operating unchecked which are the main culprits for the oil spillage.

A decade ago one can easily spot Red Fiddler Crabs by the thousands on 13 km long beach. From my recent visit, I have noticed a substantial decrease in numbers of this beautiful crabs indicating an increase of environmental pollution of the area.

Mandarmani Sea Beach, Bay of Bengal

Images of Bengal, India

Green Light? by Tim Butler Transport Photography

Indications seem to suggest W.B Yeats will enter service this coming week on the Dublin-Holyhead service,replacing the Ulysses which slips off to drydock.

Movement to the quayside at Hammond Lane has taken place, Holyhead in January followed by Cherbourg in March.

December 2018

West Yorkshire PTE 7250 TUB250R Foden NC Northern Counties by Scott Poole

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By 2012, 7250 was re-painted into the original WYPTE 'roads & pavements' livery and appeared at the 2012 Wirral Transport show.

Here WYPTE 7250 is posed in the yard as I took several shots both inside and out, a very tidy and well kept vehicle indeed.

Here is a link to my bus blog about the Foden NC t.co/shvIRNceu9

Signal Indication School by Ian M. Hapsias

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NS 13G with the Wabash heritage unit passes underneath the 10.8 signals at Haysville while 3 different signal indications are shown in the background for eastbounds.

Quiz time: Can you name the 3 signal indications?

Harpster dusk by Aaron J. Border

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The C&O cantilever signal at Harpster beckons a westbound further up the line with a "clear" indication.

vingerwijzing by André

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indication

1902 by Sander Toonen

Year inlay in granito floor tile as an indication of the year of the erection of the building. This achievement is proudly mentioned in the tiled floor.

Original architect unknown.

Some history about the use of year stones or indication in architecture:

English: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_plate

Dutch: nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muuranker

And: nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaartallen_op_gebouwen

What else happened in 1902:

English: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902

Deutsch: de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902

Français: fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902

Nederlands: nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902

Türkçe: tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902

Bol, at the island Brač (HR), Aug. 14, 2012.

When hopes turn into despair! by satheesan nair.c

Indications and warnings.

Brick with tubes, mold pip edge, regular font H, H•, •H• by WRme2

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The H, H• and •H• bricks seem to be pretty common. I only found a few in the USA, but these are easy to find in mainland Europe and the United Kingdom. The meaning of the dots next to the mold letter is unknown. My first guess would be that they are a mold maintenance/revision indication.

It is difficult to be confident about what originated where, but I found:

USA:

CA; red; without dots

Mainland Europe:

CA; red, white, black, yellow., transparent; with and without dots. Possibly most without dots.

ABS; red, without dots

United Kingdom:

CA; red, white, black; with and without dots. Possibly most with dots.

ABS; red, with double dots

It is especially strange that I found ABS bricks with and without the dots. I think it is known that both the USA and the UK were first supplied with bricks originating in Denmark for a short time before their licensed production started. These bricks could have been part of that. That would explain why we find bricks without dots in all countries. The transition from CA to ABS did not occur instantaneous, there was a transition period for each factory. Maybe the H mold without dots was one of the first to produce ABS bricks in Denmark before it was moved to the new factory in the UK where it initially was used to produce CA bricks again. Then, after the one dot and two dots revisions, it finally transitioned to ABS again.

This theory includes a lot of guesswork and assumptions, so it could be completely wrong :-)

Logo: Wide straight O

Material: CA (top rows), ABS (bottom row)

Wall type: Thick

Inner ribs: none

Inner tubes: with rounded bottom

Flowrib / center line inside top surface : No

Mold pip: corner bottom edge

Mold identification letter: H

Mold position numbers: 1 to 20

Intellectual property protection: Pat pend

Colors known:

• CA: red, white, black, yellow., transparent

• ABS: red

Remarkable features:

• later versions include one or two dots near the mold letter

UNANSWERED QUESTIONS

• Did this mold really move between production locations?

India - Telangana - Hyderabad - Streetlife - Pollution Check by Manfred Sommer

Hyderabad (Listeni/ˈhaɪdərəˌbæd/ HY-dər-ə-bad; often /ˈhaɪdrəˌbæd/) is the capital of the southern Indian state of Telangana and de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh. Occupying 625 square kilometres along the banks of the Musi River, it has a population of about 6.8 million and a metropolitan population of about 7.75 million, making it the fourth most populous city and sixth most populous urban agglomeration in India. At an average altitude of 542 metres, much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes, including Hussain Sagar - predating the city's founding - north of the city centre.

Established in 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, Hyderabad remained under the rule of the Qutb Shahi dynasty for nearly a century before the Mughals captured the region. In 1724, Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty, known as the Nizams of Hyderabad. The Nizam's dominions became a princely state during the British Raj, and remained so for 150 years, with the city serving as its capital. The city continued as the capital of Hyderabad State after it was brought into the Indian Union in 1948, and became the capital of Andhra Pradesh after the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. Since 1956, Rashtrapati Nilayam in the city has been the winter office of the President of India. In 2014, the newly formed state of Telangana split from Andhra Pradesh and the city became joint capital of the two states, a transitional arrangement scheduled to end by 2025.

Relics of Qutb Shahi and Nizam rule remain visible today, with the Charminar - commissioned by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah - coming to symbolise Hyderabad. Golconda fort is another major landmark. The influence of Mughlai culture is also evident in the city's distinctive cuisine, which includes Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem. The Qutb Shahis and Nizams established Hyderabad as a cultural hub, attracting men of letters from different parts of the world. Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the mid-19th century, with artists migrating to the city from the rest of the Indian subcontinent. While Hyderabad is losing its cultural pre-eminence, it is today, due to the Telugu film industry, the country's second-largest producer of motion pictures.

Hyderabad was historically known as a pearl and diamond trading centre, and it continues to be known as the City of Pearls. Many of the city's traditional bazaars, including Laad Bazaar, Begum Bazaar and Sultan Bazaar, have remained open for centuries. However, industrialisation throughout the 20th century attracted major Indian manufacturing, research and financial institutions, including Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, the National Geophysical Research Institute and the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology. Special economic zones dedicated to information technology have encouraged companies from across India and around the world to set up operations and the emergence of pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries in the 1990s led to the area's naming as India's "Genome Valley". With an output of US$74 billion, Hyderabad is the fifth-largest contributor to India's overall gross domestic product.

HISTORY

TOPONYMY

According to John Everett-Heath, the author of Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names, Hyderabad means "Haydar's city" or "lion city", from haydar (lion) and ābād (city). It was named to honour the Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, who was also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battles. Andrew Petersen, a scholar of Islamic architecture, says the city was originally called Baghnagar (city of gardens). One popular theory suggests that Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the founder of the city, named it "Bhaganagar" or "Bhāgnagar" after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl with whom he had fallen in love. She converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal. The city was renamed Hyderabad in her honour. According to another source, the city was named after Haidar, the son of Quli Qutb Shah.

EARLY AND MEDIEVAL HISTORY

Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed Iron Age sites that may date from 500 BCE. The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was known as Golkonda ("shepherd's hill"), and was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty from 624 CE to 1075 CE. Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golkonda came under the control of the Kakatiya dynasty from 1158, whose seat of power was at Warangal, 148 km northeast of modern Hyderabad.

The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the Khilji dynasty in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan Alauddin Khilji of the Delhi Sultanate. This lasted until 1321, when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by Malik Kafur, Allaudin Khilji's general. During this period, Alauddin Khilji took the Koh-i-Noor diamond, which is said to have been mined from the Kollur Mines of Golkonda, to Delhi. Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing Warangal under the rule of the Tughlaq dynasty until 1347 when Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, a governor under bin Tughluq, rebelled against Delhi and established the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan Plateau, with Gulbarga, 200 km west of Hyderabad, as its capital. The Bahmani kings ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.

Sultan Quli, a governor of Golkonda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1518; he rebuilt the mud-fort of Golconda and named the city "Muhammad nagar". The fifth sultan, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591, to avoid the water shortages experienced at Golkonda. During his rule, he had the Charminar and Mecca Masjid built in the city. On 21 September 1687, the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golkonda fort. The annexed area was renamed Deccan Suba (Deccan province) and the capital was moved from Golkonda to Aurangabad, about 550 km northwest of Hyderabad.

MODERN HISTORY

In 1713 Farrukhsiyar, the Mughal emperor, appointed Asif Jah I to be Viceroy of the Deccan, with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm). In 1724, Asif Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan Suba, named the region Hyderabad Deccan, and started what came to be known as the Asif Jahi dynasty. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asif Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad. The death of Asif Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons, backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces, contended for the throne. The accession of Asif Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the treaty of Masulipatnam, surrendering the coastal region to the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent.

In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams. In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali (Dalwai of Mysore), Baji Rao I (Peshwa of the Maratha Empire), and Basalath Jung (Asif Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to occupy Bolarum (modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's borders, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.

Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad. With the introduction of railways in the 1880s, four factories were built to the south and east of Hussain Sagar lake, and during the early 20th century, Hyderabad was transformed into a modern city with the establishment of transport services, underground drainage, running water, electricity, telecommunications, universities, industries, and Begumpet Airport. The Nizams ruled their princely state from Hyderabad during the British Raj.

After India gained independence, the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of the Indian Union. The Hyderabad State Congress, with the support of the Indian National Congress and the Communist Party of India, began agitating against Nizam VII in 1948. On 17 September that year, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed Operation Polo. With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an Instrument of Accession, which made him the Rajpramukh (Princely Governor) of the state until 31 October 1956. Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the Telangana uprising against the feudal lords of the Telangana region. The Constitution of India, which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India, with Hyderabad city continuing to be the capital. In his 1955 report Thoughts on Linguistic States, B. R. Ambedkar, then chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution, proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the second capital of India because of its amenities and strategic central location. Since 1956, the Rashtrapati Nilayam in Hyderabad has been the second official residence and business office of the President of India; the President stays once a year in winter and conducts official business particularly relating to Southern India.

On 1 November 1956 the states of India were reorganised by language. Hyderabad state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form the modern states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The nine Telugu- and Urdu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh,with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the Telangana movement, attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010. The city suffered several explosions: one at Dilsukhnagar in 2002 claimed two lives; terrorist bombs in May and August 2007 caused communal tension and riots; and two bombs exploded in February 2013. On 30 July 2013 the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state, and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal, and in February 2014 both houses of Parliament passed the Telangana Bill. With the final assent of the President of India in June 2014, Telangana state was formed.

GEOGRAPHY

TOPOGRAPHY

Situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India, Hyderabad is 1,566 kilometres south of Delhi, 699 kilometres southeast of Mumbai, and 570 kilometres north of Bangalore by road. It lies on the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of the Deccan Plateau. Greater Hyderabad covers 625 km2, making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India. With an average altitude of 542 metres, Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink granite, dotted with small hills, the highest being Banjara Hills at 672 metres. The city has numerous lakes referred to as sagar, meaning "sea". Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi, such as Hussain Sagar (built in 1562 near the city centre), Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar. As of 1996, the city had 140 lakes and 834 water tanks (ponds).

CLIMATE

Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw) bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh). The annual mean temperature is 26.6 °C; monthly mean temperatures are 21–33 °C. Summers (March–June) are hot and humid, with average highs in the mid-to-high 30s Celsius; maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C between April and June. The coolest temperatures occur in December and January, when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to 10 °C. May is the hottest month, when daily temperatures range from 26 to 39 °C; December, the coldest, has temperatures varying from 14.5 to 28 °C.

Heavy rain from the south-west summer monsoon falls between June and September, supplying Hyderabad with most of its mean annual rainfall. Since records began in November 1891, the heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period was 241.5 mm on 24 August 2000. The highest temperature ever recorded was 45.5 °C on 2 June 1966, and the lowest was 6.1 °C on 8 January 1946. The city receives 2,731 hours of sunshine per year; maximum daily sunlight exposure occurs in February.

CONSERVATION

Hyderabad's lakes and the sloping terrain of its low-lying hills provide habitat for an assortment of flora and fauna. The forest region in and around the city encompasses areas of ecological and biological importance, which are preserved in the form of national parks, zoos, mini-zoos and a wildlife sanctuary. Nehru Zoological Park, the city's one large zoo, is the first in India to have a lion and tiger safari park. Hyderabad has three national parks (Mrugavani National Park, Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park), and the Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary is about 50 km from the city. Hyderabad's other environmental reserves are: Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens, Shamirpet Lake, Hussain Sagar, Fox Sagar Lake, Mir Alam Tank and Patancheru Lake, which is home to regional birds and attracts seasonal migratory birds from different parts of the world. Organisations engaged in environmental and wildlife preservation include the Telangana Forest Department, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the Animal Welfare Board of India, the Blue Cross of Hyderabad and the University of Hyderabad.

ADMINISTRATION

COMMON CAPITAL OF TELANGANA AND ANDHRA PRADESH

According to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 part 2 Section 5: "On and from the appointed day, Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years. After expiry of the period referred to in sub-section, Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh."

The same sections also define that the common capital includes the existing area designated as the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955. As stipulated in sections 3 and 18 of the Reorganisation Act, city MLAs are members of Telangana state assembly.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) oversees the civic infrastructure of the city's 18 "circles", which together encompass 150 municipal wards. Each ward is represented by a corporator, elected by popular vote. The corporators elect the Mayor, who is the titular head of GHMC; executive powers rest with the Municipal Commissioner, appointed by the state government. The GHMC carries out the city's infrastructural work such as building and maintenance of roads and drains, town planning including construction regulation, maintenance of municipal markets and parks, solid waste management, the issuing of birth and death certificates, the issuing of trade licences, collection of property tax, and community welfare services such as mother and child healthcare, and pre-school and non-formal education. The GHMC was formed in April 2007 by merging the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) with 12 municipalities of the Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy and Medak districts covering a total area of 625 km2. In the 2009 municipal election, an alliance of the Indian National Congress and Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen formed the majority. The Secunderabad Cantonment Board is a civic administration agency overseeing an area of 40.1 km2, where there are several military camps. The Osmania University campus is administered independently by the university authority.

Law and order in Hyderabad city is supervised by the governor of Telangana. The jurisdiction is divided into two police commissionerates: Hyderabad and Cyberabad, which are again divided into four and five police zones respectively. Each zone is headed by a deputy commissioner.

The jurisdictions of the city's administrative agencies are, in ascending order of size: the Hyderabad Police area, Hyderabad district, the GHMC area ("Hyderabad city") and the area under the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA). The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs, extending to 54 mandals in five districts encircling the city. It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB).

As the seat of the government of Telangana, Hyderabad is home to the state's legislature, secretariat and high court, as well as various local government agencies. The Lower City Civil Court and the Metropolitan Criminal Court are under the jurisdiction of the High Court. The GHMC area contains 24 State Legislative Assembly constituencies, which form five constituencies of the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament of India).

UTILITY SERVICES

The HMWSSB regulates rainwater harvesting, sewerage services and water supply, which is sourced from several dams located in the suburbs. In 2005, the HMWSSB started operating a 116-kilometre-long water supply pipeline from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam to meet increasing demand. The Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited manages electricity supply. As of October 2014, there were 15 fire stations in the city, operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department. The government-owned India Post has five head post offices and many sub-post offices in Hyderabad, which are complemented by private courier services.

POLLUTION CONTROL

Hyderabad produces around 4,500 tonnes of solid waste daily, which is transported from collection units in Imlibun, Yousufguda and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite in Jawaharnagar. Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010. Rapid urbanisation and increased economic activity has also led to increased industrial waste, air, noise and water pollution, which is regulated by the Telangana Pollution Control Board (TPCB). The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was: 20–50% from vehicles, 40–70% from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust, 10–30% from industrial discharges and 3–10% from the burning of household rubbish. Deaths resulting from atmospheric particulate matter are estimated at 1,700–3,000 each year. Ground water around Hyderabad, which has a hardness of up to 1000 ppm, around three times higher than is desirable, is the main source of drinking water but the increasing population and consequent increase in demand has led to a decline in not only ground water but also river and lake levels. This shortage is further exacerbated by inadequately treated effluent discharged from industrial treatment plants polluting the water sources of the city.

HEALTHCARE

The Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of all facilities related to health and preventive services. As of 2010–11, the city had 50 government hospitals, 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12,000 hospital beds, fewer than half the required 25,000. For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds, 9 specialist doctors, 14 nurses and 6 physicians. The city also has about 4,000 individual clinics and 500 medical diagnostic centres. Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of the distance to, poor quality of care at and long waiting times in government facilities, despite the high proportion of the city's residents being covered by government health insurance: 24% according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005. As of 2012, many new private hospitals of various sizes were opened or being built. Hyderabad also has outpatient and inpatient facilities that use Unani, homeopathic and Ayurvedic treatments.

In the 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported that the city's total fertility rate is 1.8, which is below the replacement rate. Only 61% of children had been provided with all basic vaccines (BCG, measles and full courses of polio and DPT), fewer than in all other surveyed cities except Meerut. The infant mortality rate was 35 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births. The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese, 49% of children below 5 years are anaemic, and up to 20% of children are underweight, while more than 2% of women and 3% of men suffer from diabetes.

DEMOGRAPHICS

When the GHMC was created in 2007, the area occupied by the municipality increased from 175 km2 to 625 km2. Consequently, the population increased by 87%, from 3,637,483 in the 2001 census to 6,809,970 in the 2011 census, 24% of which are migrants from elsewhere in India, making Hyderabad the nation's fourth most populous city. As of 2011, the population density is 18,480/km2. At the same 2011 census, the Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration had a population of 7,749,334, making it the sixth most populous urban agglomeration in the country. The population of the Hyderabad urban agglomeration has since been estimated by electoral officials to be 9.1 million as of early 2013 but is expected to exceed 10 million by the end of the year. There are 3,500,802 male and 3,309,168 female citizens - a sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000. Among children aged 0–6 years, 373,794 are boys and 352,022 are girls - a ratio of 942 per 1000. Literacy stands at 82.96% (male 85.96%; female 79.79%), higher than the national average of 74.04%. The socio-economic strata consist of 20% upper class, 50% middle class and 30% working class.

ETHNIC GROUPS, LANGUAGE AND RELIGION

Referred to as "Hyderabadi", residents of Hyderabad are predominantly Telugu and Urdu speaking people, with minority Bengali, Gujarati (including Memon), Kannada (including Nawayathi), Malayalam, Marathi, Marwari, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil and Uttar Pradeshi communities. Hadhrami Arabs, African Arabs, Armenians, Abyssinians, Iranians, Pathans and Turkish people are also present; these communities, of which the Hadhrami are the largest, declined after Hyderabad State became part of the Indian Union, as they lost the patronage of the Nizams.

Telugu is the official language of Hyderabad and Urdu is its second language. The Telugu dialect spoken in Hyderabad is called Telangana, and the Urdu spoken is called Dakhani. English is also used. A significant minority speak other languages, including Hindi, Marathi, Odia, Tamil, Bengali and Kannada.

Hindus are in the majority. Muslims are present throughout the city and predominate in and around the Old City. There are also Christian, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist and Parsi communities and iconic temples, mosques and churches can be seen. According to the 2001 census, Hyderabad district's religious make-up was: Hindus (55.41%), Muslims (41.17%), Christians (2.43%), Jains (0.43%), Sikhs (0.29%) and Buddhists (0.02%); 0.23% did not state any religion.

SLUMS

In the greater metropolitan area, 13% of the population live below the poverty line. According to a 2012 report submitted by GHMC to the World Bank, Hyderabad has 1,476 slums with a total population of 1.7 million, of whom 66% live in 985 slums in the "core" of the city (the part that formed Hyderabad before the April 2007 expansion) and the remaining 34% live in 491 suburban tenements. About 22% of the slum-dwelling households had migrated from different parts of India in the last decade of the 20th century, and 63% claimed to have lived in the slums for more than 10 years. Overall literacy in the slums is 60–80% and female literacy is 52–73%. A third of the slums have basic service connections, and the remainder depend on general public services provided by the government. There are 405 government schools, 267 government aided schools, 175 private schools and 528 community halls in the slum areas. According to a 2008 survey by the Centre for Good Governance, 87.6% of the slum-dwelling households are nuclear families, 18% are very poor, with an income up to ₹20000 (US$300) per annum, 73% live below the poverty line (a standard poverty line recognised by the Andhra Pradesh Government is ₹24000 (US$360) per annum), 27% of the chief wage earners (CWE) are casual labour and 38% of the CWE are illiterate. About 3.72% of the slum children aged 5–14 do not go to school and 3.17% work as child labour, of whom 64% are boys and 36% are girls. The largest employers of child labour are street shops and construction sites. Among the working children, 35% are engaged in hazardous jobs.

NEIGHBOURHOODS

The historic city established by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah on the southern side of the Musi River forms the "Old City", while the "New City" encompasses the urbanised area on the northern banks. The two are connected by many bridges across the river, the oldest of which is Purana Pul ("old bridge"). Hyderabad is twinned with neighbouring Secunderabad, to which it is connected by Hussain Sagar.

Many historic and tourist sites lie in south central Hyderabad, such as the Charminar, the Mecca Masjid, the Salar Jung Museum, the Nizam's Museum, the Falaknuma Palace, and the traditional retail corridor comprising the Pearl Market, Laad Bazaar and Madina Circle. North of the river are hospitals, colleges, major railway stations and business areas such as Begum Bazaar, Koti, Abids, Sultan Bazaar and Moazzam Jahi Market, along with administrative and recreational establishments such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Telangana Secretariat, the Hyderabad Mint, the Telangana Legislature, the Public Gardens, the Nizam Club, the Ravindra Bharathi, the State Museum, the Birla Temple and the Birla Planetarium.

North of central Hyderabad lie Hussain Sagar, Tank Bund Road, Rani Gunj and the Secunderabad Railway Station. Most of the city's parks and recreational centres, such as Sanjeevaiah Park, Indira Park, Lumbini Park, NTR Gardens, the Buddha statue and Tankbund Park are located here. In the northwest part of the city there are upscale residential and commercial areas such as Banjara Hills, Jubilee Hills, Begumpet, Khairatabad and Miyapur. The northern end contains industrial areas such as Sanathnagar, Moosapet, Balanagar, Patancheru and Chanda Nagar. The northeast end is dotted with residential areas. In the eastern part of the city lie many defence research centres and Ramoji Film City. The "Cyberabad" area in the southwest and west of the city has grown rapidly since the 1990s. It is home to information technology and bio-pharmaceutical companies and to landmarks such as Hyderabad Airport, Osman Sagar, Himayath Sagar and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park.

LANDMARKS

Heritage buildings constructed during the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras showcase Indo-Islamic architecture influenced by Medieval, Mughal and European styles. After the 1908 flooding of the Musi River, the city was expanded and civic monuments constructed, particularly during the rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan (the VIIth Nizam), whose patronage of architecture led to him being referred to as the maker of modern Hyderabad. In 2012, the government of India declared Hyderabad the first "Best heritage city of India".

Qutb Shahi architecture of the 16th and early 17th centuries followed classical Persian architecture featuring domes and colossal arches. The oldest surviving Qutb Shahi structure in Hyderabad is the ruins of Golconda fort built in the 16th century. The Charminar, Mecca Masjid, Charkaman and Qutb Shahi tombs are other existing structures of this period. Among these the Charminar has become an icon of the city; located in the centre of old Hyderabad, it is a square structure with sides 20 m long and four grand arches each facing a road. At each corner stands a 56 m-high minaret. Most of the historical bazaars that still exist were constructed on the street north of Charminar towards Golconda fort. The Charminar, Qutb Shahi tombs and Golconda fort are considered to be monuments of national importance in India; in 2010 the Indian government proposed that the sites be listed for UNESCO World Heritage status.

Among the oldest surviving examples of Nizam architecture in Hyderabad is the Chowmahalla Palace, which was the seat of royal power. It showcases a diverse array of architectural styles, from the Baroque Harem to its Neoclassical royal court. The other palaces include Falaknuma Palace (inspired by the style of Andrea Palladio), Purani Haveli, King Kothi and Bella Vista Palace all of which were built at the peak of Nizam rule in the 19th century. During Mir Osman Ali Khan's rule, European styles, along with Indo-Islamic, became prominent. These styles are reflected in the Falaknuma Palace and many civic monuments such as the Hyderabad High Court, Osmania Hospital, Osmania University, the State Central Library, City College, the Telangana Legislature, the State Archaeology Museum, Jubilee Hall, and Hyderabad and Kachiguda railway stations. Other landmarks of note are Paigah Palace, Asman Garh Palace, Basheer Bagh Palace, Errum Manzil and the Spanish Mosque, all constructed by the Paigah family.

ECONOMY

Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the gross domestic product (GDP), tax and other revenues, of Telangana, and the sixth largest deposit centre and fourth largest credit centre nationwide, as ranked by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in June 2012. Its US$74 billion GDP made it the fifth-largest contributor city to India's overall GDP in 2011–12. Its per capita annual income in 2011 was ₹44300 (US$670). As of 2006, the largest employers in the city were the governments of Andhra Pradesh (113,098 employees) and India (85,155). According to a 2005 survey, 77% of males and 19% of females in the city were employed. The service industry remains dominant in the city, and 90% of the employed workforce is engaged in this sector.

Hyderabad's role in the pearl trade has given it the name "City of Pearls" and up until the 18th century, the city was also the only global trading centre for large diamonds. Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century, helped by railway expansion that connected the city with major ports. From the 1950s to the 1970s, Indian enterprises, such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC), Bharat Electronics (BEL), Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH) and Andhra Bank (AB) were established in the city. The city is home to Hyderabad Securities formerly known as Hyderabad Stock Exchange (HSE), and houses the regional office of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). In 2013, the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) facility in Hyderabad was forecasted to provide operations and transactions services to BSE-Mumbai by the end of 2014. The growth of the financial services sector has helped Hyderabad evolve from a traditional manufacturing city to a cosmopolitan industrial service centre. Since the 1990s, the growth of information technology (IT), IT-enabled services (ITES), insurance and financial institutions has expanded the service sector, and these primary economic activities have boosted the ancillary sectors of trade and commerce, transport, storage, communication, real estate and retail.

Hyderabad's commercial markets are divided into four sectors: central business districts, sub-central business centres, neighbourhood business centres and local business centres. Many traditional and historic bazaars are located throughout the city, Laad Bazaar being the prominent among all is popular for selling a variety of traditional and cultural antique wares, along with gems and pearls.

The establishment of Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited (IDPL), a public sector undertaking, in 1961 was followed over the decades by many national and global companies opening manufacturing and research facilities in the city. As of 2010, the city manufactured one third of India's bulk drugs and 16% of biotechnology products, contributing to its reputation as "India's pharmaceutical capital" and the "Genome Valley of India". Hyderabad is a global centre of information technology, for which it is known as Cyberabad (Cyber City). As of 2013, it contributed 15% of India's and 98% of Andhra Pradesh's exports in IT and ITES sectors and 22% of NASSCOM's total membership is from the city. The development of HITEC City, a township with extensive technological infrastructure, prompted multinational companies to establish facilities in Hyderabad. The city is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES firms, including global conglomerates such as Microsoft (operating its largest R&D campus outside the US), Google, IBM, Yahoo!, Dell, Facebook, and major Indian firms including Tech Mahindra, Infosys, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Polaris and Wipro. In 2009 the World Bank Group ranked the city as the second best Indian city for doing business. The city and its suburbs contain the highest number of special economic zones of any Indian city.

Like the rest of India, Hyderabad has a large informal economy that employs 30% of the labour force. According to a survey published in 2007, it had 40–50,000 street vendors, and their numbers were increasing. Among the street vendors, 84% are male and 16% female, and four fifths are "stationary vendors" operating from a fixed pitch, often with their own stall. Most are financed through personal savings; only 8% borrow from moneylenders. Vendor earnings vary from ₹50 (75¢ US) to ₹800 (US$12) per day. Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy, poultry farming, brick manufacturing, casual labour and domestic help. Those involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of urban poor.

CULTURE

Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire. After the fall of Delhi in 1857, the migration of performing artists to the city particularly from the north and west of the Indian sub continent, under the patronage of the Nizam, enriched the cultural milieu. This migration resulted in a mingling of North and South Indian languages, cultures and religions, which has since led to a co-existence of Hindu and Muslim traditions, for which the city has become noted. A further consequence of this north–south mix is that both Telugu and Urdu are official languages of Telangana.[164] The mixing of religions has also resulted in many festivals being celebrated in Hyderabad such as Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali and Bonalu of Hindu tradition and Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha by Muslims.

Traditional Hyderabadi garb also reveals a mix of Muslim and South Asian influences with men wearing sherwani and kurta - paijama and women wearing khara dupatta and salwar kameez. Muslim women also commonly wear burqas and hijabs in public. In addition to the traditional Indian and Muslim garments, increasing exposure to western cultures has led to a rise in the wearing of western style clothing among youths.

LITERATURE

In the past, Qutb Shahi rulers and Nizams attracted artists, architects and men of letters from different parts of the world through patronage. The resulting ethnic mix popularised cultural events such as mushairas (poetic symposia). The Qutb Shahi dynasty particularly encouraged the growth of Deccani Urdu literature leading to works such as the Deccani Masnavi and Diwan poetry, which are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu. Lazzat Un Nisa, a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts, contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts. The reign of the Nizams saw many literary reforms and the introduction of Urdu as a language of court, administration and education. In 1824, a collection of Urdu Ghazal poetry, named Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, authored by Mah Laqa Bai - the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan - was published in Hyderabad.

Hyderabad has continued with these traditions in its annual Hyderabad Literary Festival, held since 2010, showcasing the city's literary and cultural creativity. Organisations engaged in the advancement of literature include the Sahitya Akademi, the Urdu Academy, the Telugu Academy, the National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, the Comparative Literature Association of India, and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad. Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library, the largest public library in the state which was established in 1891, and other major libraries including the Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam, the British Library and the Sundarayya Vignana Kendram.

MUSIC AND FILMS

South Indian music and dances such as the Kuchipudi and Kathakali styles are popular in the Deccan region. As a result of their culture policies, North Indian music and dance gained popularity during the rule of the Mughals and Nizams, and it was also during their reign that it became a tradition among the nobility to associate themselves with tawaif (courtesans). These courtesans were revered as the epitome of etiquette and culture, and were appointed to teach singing, poetry and classical dance to many children of the aristocracy. This gave rise to certain styles of court music, dance and poetry. Besides western and Indian popular music genres such as filmi music, the residents of Hyderabad play city-based marfa music, dholak ke geet (household songs based on local Folklore), and qawwali, especially at weddings, festivals and other celebratory events. The state government organises the Golconda Music and Dance Festival, the Taramati Music Festival and the Premavathi Dance Festival to further encourage the development of music.

Although the city is not particularly noted for theatre and drama, the state government promotes theatre with multiple programmes and festivals in such venues as the Ravindra Bharati, Shilpakala Vedika and Lalithakala Thoranam. Although not a purely music oriented event, Numaish, a popular annual exhibition of local and national consumer products, does feature some musical performances. The city is home to the Telugu film industry, popularly known as Tollywood and as of 2012, produces the second largest number of films in India with the largest number being produced by Bollywood. Films in the local Hyderabadi dialect are also produced and have been gaining popularity since 2005. The city has also hosted international film festivals such as the International Children's Film Festival and the Hyderabad International Film Festival. In 2005, Guinness World Records declared Ramoji Film City to be the world's largest film studio.

ART AND HANDICRAFTS

The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches of Deccani painting. Developed during the 16th century, the Golconda style is a native style blending foreign techniques and bears some similarity to the Vijayanagara paintings of neighbouring Mysore. A significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in the Golconda style. The Hyderabad style originated in the 17th century under the Nizams. Highly influenced by Mughal painting, this style makes use of bright colours and mostly depicts regional landscape, culture, costumes and jewellery.

Although not a centre for handicrafts itself, the patronage of the arts by the Mughals and Nizams attracted artisans from the region to Hyderabad. Such crafts include: Bidriware, a metalwork handicraft from neighbouring Karnataka, which was popularised during the 18th century and has since been granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag under the auspices of the WTO act; and Zari and Zardozi, embroidery works on textile that involve making elaborate designs using gold, silver and other metal threads. Another example of a handicraft drawn to Hyderabad is Kalamkari, a hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile that comes from cities in Andhra Pradesh. This craft is distinguished in having both a Hindu style, known as Srikalahasti and entirely done by hand, and an Islamic style, known as Machilipatnam that uses both hand and block techniques. Examples of Hyderabad's arts and crafts are housed in various museums including the Salar Jung Museum (housing "one of the largest one-man-collections in the world"), the AP State Archaeology Museum, the Nizam Museum, the City Museum and the Birla Science Museum.

CUISINE

Hyderabadi cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice, wheat and meat dishes and the skilled use of various spices. Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem, with their blend of Mughlai and Arab cuisines, have become iconic dishes of India. Hyderabadi cuisine is highly influenced by Mughlai and to some extent by French, Arabic, Turkish, Iranian and native Telugu and Marathwada cuisines. Other popular native dishes include nihari, chakna, baghara baingan and the desserts qubani ka meetha, double ka meetha and kaddu ki kheer (a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd).

MEDIA

One of Hyderabad's earliest newspapers, The Deccan Times, was established in the 1780s. In modern times, the major Telugu dailies published in Hyderabad are Eenadu, Andhra Jyothy, Sakshi and Namaste Telangana, while the major English papers are The Times of India, The Hindu and The Deccan Chronicle, and the major Urdu papers include The Siasat Daily, The Munsif Daily and Etemaad. Many coffee table magazines, professional magazines and research journals are also regularly published. The Secunderabad Cantonment Board established the first radio station in Hyderabad State around 1919. Deccan Radio was the first radio public broadcast station in the city starting on 3 February 1935, with FM broadcasting beginning in 2000. The available channels in Hyderabad include All India Radio, Radio Mirchi, Radio City, Red FM and Big FM.

Television broadcasting in Hyderabad began in 1974 with the launch of Doordarshan, the Government of India's public service broadcaster, which transmits two free-to-air terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel. Private satellite channels started in July 1992 with the launch of Star TV. Satellite TV channels are accessible via cable subscription, direct-broadcast satellite services or internet-based television. Hyderabad's first dial-up internet access became available in the early 1990s and was limited to software development companies. The first public internet access service began in 1995, with the first private sector internet service provider (ISP) starting operations in 1998. In 2015, high-speed public WiFi was introduced in parts of the city.

EDUCATION

Public and private schools in Hyderabad are governed by the Central Board of Secondary Education and follow a "10+2+3" plan. About two-thirds of pupils attend privately run institutions. Languages of instruction include English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu. Depending on the institution, students are required to sit the Secondary School Certificate or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education. After completing secondary education, students enroll in schools or junior colleges with a higher secondary facility. Admission to professional graduation colleges in Hyderabad, many of which are affiliated with either Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTUH) or Osmania University (OU), is through the Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test (EAM-CET).There are 13 universities in Hyderabad: two private universities, two deemed universities, six state universities and three central universities. The central universities are the University of Hyderabad, Maulana Azad National Urdu University and the English and Foreign Languages University. Osmania University, established in 1918, was the first university in Hyderabad and as of 2012 is India's second most popular institution for international students. The Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University, established in 1982, is the first distance learning open university in India.

Hyderabad is also home to a number of centres specialising in particular fields such as biomedical sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, such as the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) and National Institute of Nutrition (NIN). Hyderabad has five major medical schools - Osmania Medical College, Gandhi Medical College, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences - and many affiliated teaching hospitals. The Government Nizamia Tibbi College is a college of Unani medicine. Hyderabad is also the headquarters of the Indian Heart Association, a non-profit foundation for cardiovascular education.

Institutes in Hyderabad include the National Institute of Rural Development, the Indian School of Business, the Institute of Public Enterprise, the Administrative Staff College of India and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy. Technical and engineering schools include the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad (IIITH), Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad (BITS Hyderabad) and Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad (IIT-H) as well as agricultural engineering institutes such as the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University. Hyderabad also has schools of fashion design including Raffles Millennium International, NIFT Hyderabad and Wigan and Leigh College. The National Institute of Design, Hyderabad (NID-H), will offer undergraduate and postgraduate courses from 2015.

SPORTS

The most popular sports played in Hyderabad are cricket and association football. At the professional level, the city has hosted national and international sports events such as the 2002 National Games of India, the 2003 Afro-Asian Games, the 2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open women's tennis tournament, the 2007 Military World Games, the 2009 World Badminton Championships and the 2009 IBSF World Snooker Championship. The city hosts a number of venues suitable for professional competition such as the Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex for field hockey, the G. M. C. Balayogi Stadium in Gachibowli for athletics and football, and for cricket, the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium and Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, home ground of the Hyderabad Cricket Association. Hyderabad has hosted many international cricket matches, including matches in the 1987 and the 1996 ICC Cricket World Cups. The Hyderabad cricket team represents the city in the Ranji Trophy - a first-class cricket tournament among India's states and cities. Hyderabad is also home to the Indian Premier League franchise Sunrisers Hyderabad. A previous franchise was the Deccan Chargers, which won the 2009 Indian Premier League held in South Africa.

During British rule, Secunderabad became a well-known sporting centre and many race courses, parade grounds and polo fields were built. Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the Secunderabad Club, the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club, which is known for its horse racing especially the annual Deccan derby, still exist. In more recent times, motorsports has become popular with the Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club organising popular events such as the Deccan 1/4 Mile Drag, TSD Rallies and 4x4 off-road rallying.

International-level sportspeople from Hyderabad include: cricketers Ghulam Ahmed, M. L. Jaisimha, Mohammed Azharuddin, V. V. S. Laxman, Venkatapathy Raju, Shivlal Yadav, Arshad Ayub and Noel David; football players Syed Abdul Rahim, Syed Nayeemuddin and Shabbir Ali; tennis player Sania Mirza; badminton players S. M. Arif, Pullela Gopichand, Saina Nehwal, P. V. Sindhu, Jwala Gutta and Chetan Anand; hockey players Syed Mohammad Hadi and Mukesh Kumar; rifle shooters Gagan Narang and Asher Noria and bodybuilder Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan.

TRANSPORT

The most commonly used forms of medium distance transport in Hyderabad include government owned services such as light railways and buses, as well as privately operated taxis and auto rickshaws. Bus services operate from the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre and carry over 130 million passengers daily across the entire network. Hyderabad's light rail transportation system, the Multi-Modal Transport System (MMTS), is a three line suburban rail service used by over 160,000 passengers daily. Complementing these government services are minibus routes operated by Setwin (Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities). Intercity rail services also operate from Hyderabad; the main, and largest, station is Secunderabad Railway Station, which serves as Indian Railways' South Central Railway zone headquarters and a hub for both buses and MMTS light rail services connecting Secunderabad and Hyderabad. Other major railway stations in Hyderabad are Hyderabad Deccan Station, Kachiguda Railway Station, Begumpet Railway Station, Malkajgiri Railway Station and Lingampally Railway Station. The Hyderabad Metro, a new rapid transit system, is to be added to the existing public transport infrastructure and is scheduled to operate three lines by 2015. As of 2012, there are over 3.5 million vehicles operating in the city, of which 74% are two-wheelers, 15% cars and 3% three-wheelers. The remaining 8% include buses, goods vehicles and taxis. The large number of vehicles coupled with relatively low road coverage - roads occupy only 9.5% of the total city area - has led to widespread traffic congestion especially since 80% of passengers and 60% of freight are transported by road. The Inner Ring Road, the Outer Ring Road, the Hyderabad Elevated Expressway, the longest flyover in India, and various interchanges, overpasses and underpasses were built to ease the congestion. Maximum speed limits within the city are 50 km/h for two-wheelers and cars, 35 km/h for auto rickshaws and 40 km/h for light commercial vehicles and buses.

Hyderabad sits at the junction of three National Highways linking it to six other states: NH-7 runs 2,369 km from Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, in the north to Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, in the south; NH-9, runs 841 km east-west between Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, and Pune, Maharashtra; and the 280 km NH-163 links Hyderabad to Bhopalpatnam, Chhattisgarh. Five state highways, SH-1, SH-2, SH-4, SH-5 and SH-6, either start from, or pass through, Hyderabad.

Air traffic was previously handled via Begumpet Airport, but this was replaced by Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA) (IATA: HYD, ICAO: VOHS) in 2008, with the capacity of handling 12 million passengers and 100,000 tonnes of cargo per annum. In 2011, Airports Council International, an autonomous body representing the world's airports, judged RGIA the world's best airport in the 5–15 million passenger category and the world's fifth best airport for service quality.

WIKIPEDIA

A Wellington Christmas by Wayne Duncan

Sadly, all indications are that 2016 will be the last full year of trolleybus operation in Wellington.

Photoshopped image courtesy of Alan Wickens.

On 12 December 2015, nearly 200 countries, including New Zealand, signed an accord in Paris on climate change which focuses on nations using less fossil fuel and reducing their carbon emissions.

Yet in Wellington where they already have a perfectly good and relatively new efficient trolleybus system that is non-polluting and uses renewable energy, community leaders want to dump it in 2017 for more diesel buses.

The Greater Wellington Regional Council aspire to electric traction one day but for now see no future in what Wellington already has.

Couple that to the fact that weekends and generally evening services provided by Go Wellington, revert to motor bus operation, a half-hearted approach in Wellington “doing its bit” (little though it is) to show it is “clean and green”.

And so it is with great disappointment to announce that the GWRC met on 16 December 2015 where it was confirmed that trolleybuses will be phased out from the end of June, 2017.

The efforts of Generation Zero and their petition to Councillor Paul Swain, arguments from Councillors Sue Kedgely and Paul Bruce and many pleas from others for trolleybus retention cut no ice with the majority of the Council.

This announcement finally sounds the death sentence on Wellington trolleybuses.

"If New Zealand signed the recent Global Warming Accord to reduce greenhouse gases, why would Wellington do just the opposite in 2017 and increase greenhouse gases by replacing emission free electric trolleybuses with diesel buses?

Perhaps this question should be presented to the GWRC or better yet, the Prime Minister of New Zealand? Some one needs to knock some sense into the GWRC and their trolleybus abandonment plans", says one U.S. trolleybus enthusiast.

Indications of Decay by Lee

Cedar of Lebanon. And Some Interesting Facts. by pepandtim

The Postcard

A postally unused postcard bearing no publisher's name. The photography was by Henry Irving.

Across the undivided back of the card it simply states:

'London County Council

Reward Card'.

There are no indications as to the location of the tree or its dimensions.

Cedrus Libani

Cedrus Libani, the cedar of Lebanon (Arabic: أرز لبناني), is a species of tree in the genus cedrus, a part of the pine family, native to the mountains of the Eastern Mediterranean basin.

The name derives from the Lebanon mountain range where the species was first described by French botanist Achille Richard.

It is a large evergreen conifer that has great religious and historical significance in the cultures of the Middle East, and is referenced many times in the literature of ancient civilisations.

It is the national emblem of Lebanon, and is widely used as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens. Lebanon is sometimes referred to as the Land of the Cedars.

Appearance

Cedrus Libani can reach 40 m (130 ft) in height, with a massive trunk up to 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) in diameter. The trunks of old trees tend to fork into several large, erect branches.

The rough and scaly bark is dark grey to blackish brown, and is run through by deep, horizontal fissures that peel in small chips.

The first-order branches are ascending in young trees; they grow to a massive size, and take on a horizontal, wide-spreading disposition. Second-order branches are dense and grow in a horizontal plane.

The crown is conical when young, becoming broadly tabular with age with fairly level branches; trees growing in dense forests maintain more pyramidal shapes.

Cedrus Libani grows rapidly until the age of 45 to 50 years; however growth becomes extremely slow after the age of 70. The trees can live for a long time - well over a thousand years.

Cones

Cedrus Libani produces cones beginning at around the age of 40. Its cones are borne in autumn, the male cones appear in early September, and the female ones in late September.

Male cones occur at the ends of the short shoots; they are solitary and erect, about 4 to 5 cm (1.6 to 2.0 in) long and mature from a pale green to a pale brown color.

The female seed cones also grow at the terminal ends of short shoots. The young seed cones are resinous and pale green; they require 17 to 18 months after pollination to mature.

The mature, woody cones are 8 to 12 cm (3.1 to 4.7 in) long and 3 to 6 cm (1.2 to 2.4 in) wide; they are scaly, resinous, ovoid or barrel-shaped, and gray-brown in color. Mature cones open from top to bottom, they disintegrate and lose their seed scales, releasing the seeds until only the cone rachis remains attached to the branches.

Distribution and Habitat of Cedrus Libani

Cedrus Libani is endemic to elevated mountains around the Eastern Mediterranean in Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey. The tree grows in well-drained soil on rocky, north- and west-facing slopes and ridges, and thrives in rich loam or a sandy clay in full sun.

Its natural habitat is characterized by warm, dry summers and cool, moist winters with an annual precipitation of 1,000 to 1,500 mm (39 to 59 in); the trees are blanketed by a heavy snow cover at the higher altitudes.

In Lebanon and Turkey, the tree occurs most abundantly at altitudes of 1,300 to 3,000 m (4,300 to 9,800 ft), where it forms pure forests or mixed forests with Cilician Fir, European Black Pine, Turkish Pine, and several juniper species. In Turkey, Cedrus Libani can occur as low as 500 m (1,600 ft).

History and Symbolism of Cedrus Libani

In the Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the earliest great works of literature, the Sumerian hero Gilgamesh and his friend Enkidu travel to the legendary Cedar Forest to kill its guardian and cut down its trees.

While early versions of the story place the forest in Iran, later Babylonian accounts of the story place the Cedar Forest in the Lebanon.

The Lebanon cedar is mentioned several times in the Bible:

-- Hebrew priests were ordered by Moses to use the bark of the Lebanon cedar in the treatment of leprosy.

-- Solomon also procured cedar timber to build the Temple in Jerusalem.

-- The Hebrew prophet Isaiah used the Lebanon cedar (together with "oaks of Bashan", "all the high mountains" and "every high tower") as examples of loftiness as a metaphor for the pride of the world.

-- In Psalm 92:12 it says:

"The righteous shall flourish like

the palm tree: he shall grow like

a cedar in Lebanon".

The Lebanon cedar is the national emblem of Lebanon, and is displayed on the flag and coat of arms of Lebanon. It is also the logo of Middle East Airlines, which is Lebanon's national carrier.

Cedrus Libani is also the main symbol of Lebanon's "Cedar Revolution" of 2005, the 2019–20 Lebanese protests, along with many Lebanese political parties and movements, such as the Lebanese Forces.

Arkansas, among other states, has a Champion Tree program that records exceptional tree specimens. The Lebanon cedar recognized by the state is located inside Hot Springs National Park, and is estimated to be over 100 years old.

Cultivation

The Lebanon cedar is widely planted as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens.

It is not known when the first cedar of Lebanon was planted in Great Britain, but it dates at least to 1664, when it is mentioned in Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber. In Great Britain, cedars of Lebanon are known for their use in London's Highgate Cemetery.

Propagation of Cedrus Libani

In order to germinate Cedrus Libani seeds, potting soil is preferred, since it is less likely to contain fungal species which may kill the seedling in its early stages. Before sowing it is important to soak the seed at room temperature for a period of 24 hours, followed by cold stratification (3–5 °C) for two to four weeks.

Once the seeds have been sown, they should be kept at room temperature, and in the vicinity of sunlight. The soil should be kept slightly damp with low frequency watering. Over-watering could quickly kill the seedlings.

Initial growth will be around 3–5 cm the first year, and will accelerate subsequent years.

Uses of Cedar Wood

Cedar wood is prized for its fine grain, attractive yellow color, and fragrance. It is exceptionally durable, and immune to insect ravages.

Wood from Cedrus Libani has a density of 560 kg/m3; it is used for furniture, construction, and handicrafts. Cedar resin and cedar essential oil are prized extracts from the timber and cones of the cedar tree.

Ecology and Conservation

Over the centuries, extensive deforestation has occurred, with only small remnants of the original forests surviving. Deforestation has been particularly severe in Lebanon and on Cyprus; on Cyprus, only small trees up to 25 m (82 ft) tall survive, although Pliny the Elder recorded cedars 40 m (130 ft) tall there.

Attempts have been made throughout history to conserve Lebanon cedars. The first was made by the Roman emperor Hadrian, who created an imperial forest and ordered it marked by inscribed boundary stones, two of which are in the museum of the American University of Beirut.

Extensive reforestation of cedar is carried out in the Mediterranean region. In Turkey, over 50 million young cedars are planted annually, covering an area of around 300 square kilometres (74,000 acres).

Lebanese cedar populations are also expanding through an active program combining replanting and protection of natural regeneration from browsing goats, hunting, forest fires, and woodworms. The Lebanese approach emphasizes natural regeneration by creating proper growing conditions.

The Lebanese state has created several reserves, including the Chouf Cedar Reserve, the Jaj Cedar Reserve, the Tannourine Reserve, the Ammouaa and Karm Shbat Reserves, and the Forest of the Cedars of God near Bsharri.

During the seedling stage, differentiating Cedrus Libani from Cedrus Atlantica or Cedrus Deodara is difficult, and so the American University of Beirut has developed a DNA-based method of identification to ensure that reforestation efforts in Lebanon are of the cedars of Lebanon and not other types of cedar.

Diseases and Pests

Cedrus Libani trees are susceptible to a number of soil-borne, foliar, and stem pathogens. The seedlings are prone to fungal attacks.

Botrytis Cinerea, a fungus known to cause considerable damage to food crops, attacks the cedar needles, causing them to turn yellow and drop.

Armillaria Mellea (commonly known as honey fungus) is a basidiomycete that fruits in dense clusters at the base of trunks, and attacks the roots of cedars growing in wet soils.

The Lebanese cedar shoot moth (Parasyndemis Cedricola) is a species of moth. Its larvae feed on young cedar leaves and buds.

No Clear Indication by Craig Sanders

It has been many years since a train crew accepted a signal indication from this searchlight signal in Leavittsburg, Ohio. It stands next to the abandoned line of the former Erie Railroad.

Defined by Dennis S. Photography

Indication of who rakes leaves

3/5

! This photo contains spoilers ! by Marc Rauw

10 3

Another one from the archives: a photo of the Boeing 777-300ER system display, showing the primary engine indications (N1, EGT), compressed secondary engine indications (N2, fuel flow, oil pressure, oil temperature, oil quantity, and engine vibration), gear inciation, and alert and status messages.

Also visible: standby attitude indication, gear lever, ground proximity override switches, autobrake selector and part of the MDCU's. The lower center display shows the (simulated) tail camera.

This photo was taken in a KLM flight simulator at Schiphol East, using an Olympus PEN E-PL1 camera and Panasonic Lumix 20mm f/1.7 'pancake' lens.

See where this photo was taken.

INDICATIONS BUILD by Alessandro Galantucci

9 1

ROMANIA. Bucharest. 2014.

indication by Brandon Goldman

3 1

BMW M5 - Type-indication by Pascal Pollei

18 2

BMW type-indication from a M5 station wagon ... maybe one of the hottest station wagons on earth :D

Like all BMW 'M' cars, it balances superb handling with power, which is delivered by a naturally aspirated 5.0 L (40-valve) V10 producing 373 kW (507 PS (500 hp/373 kW)). The car has a 0-100 km/h time of 4.7 seconds, 0-200 km/h time of 15 seconds, and an electronically governed top speed of 250 km/h (155 mph). Though given the correct tire ratings and the removal of the governor the M5 is capable of 205mph (329km/h).

No Signal Indication Here for This Train by Craig Sanders

This eastbound auto rack train is on Track 1 so it is not getting a signal indication from the signal bridge on the west edge of Ashtabula on the CSX Erie West Subdivision. (Scanned from a slide)

London's Indications by Omar Corrales

5 10

The building is in sepia, the rest is all color!

View LARGE on Black

Explored, #175 on the list.

Outback Textures (Silverton, Far West New South Wales) by Buddy Patrick

9 1

Silverton:

The first indication of silver–lead mineralisation in the Barrier Rangers came in late 1875 with the discovery of galena by Julius Charles Nickel and Dan McLean while they were well sinking on Thackaringa Station, near the South Australian - New South Wales border.

In 1879 John Stokie established a store at Umberumberka, 19 km north of Thackaringa. He continued prospecting and discovered silver–lead veins nearby, which he pegged with Edward Pegler in November 1881. A 100 ton parcel of ore was shipped to England for a 40% profit. The following October the Umberumberka Silver Lead Mining Company Ltd was floated with nominal capital of £20 000. Umberumberka was the second area of silver–lead mineralisation discovered in the Barrier Ranges and the new company was the first to be publicly floated. The town of Silverton soon developed close to the mine and became the main settlement of the growing silver field.

Silverton was surveyed in 1883, by which time Australia had a population of 2, 250, 194. By September that year, the population of Silverton was 250, and by December 1883 it had doubled. That year the Day Dream Mine opened and attracted an additional population of 400 - 500 people. In 1884 1,222 mineral leases, 937 business permits and 114 miners' rights were issued. That same year 6,000 tonnes of ore were extracted and the town acquired its own newspaper, the Silver Age.

By 1885 - 1886 the town's population had reached 3,000. Silverton was proclaimed a township in 1885 and a municipality the following year. In 1885 a short-lived smelter was established at Day Dream Mine, operating for only a year. In 1892 the Umberumberka Mine closed, followed by the Day Dream Mine. The Pioneer Mine at Thackaringa closed in 1897. By 1901, after miners had moved to the richer fields at Broken Hill, the town went into decline and only 286 people remained. Today the town has a population of around 50 people, most of whom work in tourism.

The Silverton Tramway Company:

The Silverton Tramway Company, a rare private railway of 50klms in length, was incorporated in New South Wales October 14, 1886 and the line was completed and opened for traffic on January 12, 1888. One of only two privately owned railways in the state, the tramway was originally founded to transport ore from local mines in the Broken Hill and Silverton region into South Australia. The company soon branched out, not only carrying ore from the mines but freighted other goods and offered a passenger service which accounted for a third of their business.

The company serviced travellers on long trips heading interstate to Semaphore (Adelaide) to the Largs Bay Holiday Camp and excursions for local community groups often conveying passengers to Silverton and McCulloch Park (at Stephens Creek) for the day and returning to Broken Hill in the afternoon. When traveling to South Australia the train would travel from Broken Hill, through Silverton and then to Burns which is on the New South Wales side of the border of Cockburn (a town divided by the NSW/SA border).

In 1927 the New South Wales government completed the railway from Sydney to Broken Hill, thus joining the Silverton Tramway and completing the link from Sydney to Adelaide. It played a strategic role in the trans-Australia network until 1970, when it was surpassed by the New South Wales Government Railways (Indian-Pacific). From 1888-1970 it was critical to the economic functioning of Broken Hill, by providing the key transport of ore to the Port Pirie smelters. It played a significant role in the politics and recreation of Broken Hill, and a crucial role at times of water shortage in Broken Hill.

Today, Silverton resides in the Unincorporated Area of New South Wales (NSW) and so does not feature a City Council. It is run by the Silverton Village Committee, who to this day hold their quarterly meetings in the Silverton Municipal Chambers.

Source: Discover Broken Hill: Historic Buildings of Silverton, Silverton NSW (www.aussietowns.com.au/town/silverton-nsw), New South Wales Heritage Register & Discover Broken Hill (discoverbrokenhill.com.au/silverton-nsw/historic-building...), "The pathway to Broken Hill: Early discoveries in the Barrier Ranges, New South Wales, Australia" by Kenneth George McQueen, and 'Aplin, Graeme; S.G. Foster; Michael McKernan, eds. (1987). Australians: Events and Places. Broadway, New South Wales, Australia: Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates. p. 97'

Sandy Top of Ibyuk Pingo and Draining Lake Surrounding by MikoFox

Disclaimer:

The following Pingo images were taken in 2018.

Before my trip I was researching the Pingos and found no indication on the internet in regards to visitation rules. There also were no signs up anywhere locally or at the viewing platform once I visited.

I now see there are rules prohibiting the climbing of the Pingos from the base up, signed this March 2021 by the Parks Superintendent.

I have mixed feelings about that. On one hand I see excessive visitations by too many people [since it is marketed to mass tourism] may cause some wear or establish a trail. I was very conscience about not leaving any footprints or cause any damage and on one of the Pingos I found a large piece of plastic, the wind had likely carried up here, which I took back out.

Since it became a Canadian Landmark under Parks management, a viewing platform has been built in a location that gives a very panoramic view of the larger Pingos with no human structures visible. I’m not a friend of board walks and platforms in natural landscapes. They are in many ways eyesores to me as a photographer and aesthetically a small trail has much less impact. But in this location I found both rather well designed. To get to the boardwalk, one needs to organize a boat ride or have a watercraft to get to the Parks dock, which at that time was damaged and difficult to land on.

On the other hand I think it was [could be] an incredible experience to use these Pingos as lookout, just like generations of Inuk have done. The thing missing in these coastal regions are high points. So I can see why these Pingos had an importance for hunters to scan the ocean for game, ships, ice-conditions etc.

The lack of any high-points in Tuktoyaktuk itself, along the coast or the highway leaves something to be desired. Short of flight-seeing the coast from Inuvik, one does not get a picture of the beautiful Arctic coast.

The top of the Pingos are mostly sand with peat at some places and the sides covered by dense tundra shrubs, berry bushes, Labrador tea and some grasses on the top. I noticed some faint footprints in the sand on top, which obviously disappear with the wind/rain and annual thawing/freezing cycles these hills are constantly exposed to. The science behind these ice-cored hills is described in detail in a study paper by J. Ross Mackay:

Pingos of the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Area

t.ly/Xs9U

and this video by Stephen Wolfe:

Pingo Distribution, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Region, Western Canadian Arctic

geosympos.ca/?p=618

So these photos are very special to me, as I or others may not be able to document/experience these magnificent ‘ice-hills’ again without breaking the law. Drone flying is also banned within the Landmark.

2018 Road Trip to Tuktoyaktuk, NWT via Dempster Highway and the Inuvik-Tuktoyaktuk Highway or ITH (Tuk Highway).

slight indication by soshiro

8 8

Koenji Tokyo

Emblem of Puerto Rico on a Car in Paterson, New Jersey, an Indication of the Growing Pride of Minorities in America of Their Heritage...06/1974 by U.S. National Archives

Original Caption: Emblem of Puerto Rico on a Car in Paterson, New Jersey, an Indication of the Growing Pride of Minorities in America of Their Heritage. The Inner City Today Is an Absolute Contradiction to the Main Stream America of Gas Stations, Expressways, Shopping Centers and Tract Houses. It Is Populated by Blacks, Latins and the White Poor 06/1974

U.S. National Archives’ Local Identifier: 412-DA-13441

Photographer: Lyon, Danny, 1942-

Subjects:

Paterson (Passaic county, New Jersey, United States) inhabited place

Environmental Protection Agency

Project DOCUMERICA

Persistent URL: catalog.archives.gov/id/555893

Repository: Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001.

For information about ordering reproductions of photographs held by the Still Picture Unit, visit: www.archives.gov/research/order/still-pictures.html

Reproductions may be ordered via an independent vendor. NARA maintains a list of vendors at www.archives.gov/research/order/vendors-photos-maps-dc.html

Access Restrictions: Unrestricted

Use Restrictions: Unrestricted

This is what happens when you read the wrong indication on the 120 film roll ! by Vincent Montibus

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Zero Image 6x9 Deluxe Pinhole Camera - 40mm f/235 30s - Ilford PanF+ 50 - Ilford LC 29 - Epson V700 - Lomo Digitaliza

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Toutes vos critiques, commentaires et fav sont les bienvenus !All criticisms, comments, and fav are welcome !Si vous souhaitez utiliser une de mes photos merci de me contacter.If you plan to use one of my picture, thanks to contact me before.Merci / Thanks

Location of the wreck of the 'Christina Gollan' (1884 - 1920) by glmrsnsw

This map provides an indication of the location of wrecks between Long Reef and Avalon, Sydney, NSW. The arrow to "Unidentified Wrecks" provides the estimated location of the wreck of the Christina Gollan that foundered in 1920.

Information modified January 2022

Details :

Name: Christina Gollan

Official number: ON 89335

Registered: Sydney 28th February 1885 (15/1885)

Type: Cutter/Steamer/Tug/Lighter

Length: 68 ft

Beam: 15.6 ft

Depth in Hold: 6.8 ft

Engine: Steam 30hp 2 cylinder 10”x18”-15” from Scotland.

Builder: Hector Gollan

Launched: Floated off the stocks in July 1884 (during a flood.)

Tonnage (1 shipping ton = 100 cu. ft or 2.83 cu. m.)

- Gross: 54.26 tons

- Net or Register: 36.9 tons (104.42 cu. m.)

She was built as a single screw steamer

Ownership

1885 - 1890 Hector Gollan - (Tinonee, Manning River, NSW)

1890 - 1901 William Villiers Brown - (Townsville)

1901 - 1903 Captain James McGeorge (mortgaged to William V. Brown).

1903 - 1905 William Villiers Brown (mortgagee in possession)

1905 - 1910 Illawarra and South Coast Steam Navigation Co. Ltd.

1911 - 1919 Gilbert Baker (Sydney)

1920 - William Leslie Dorey (Sydney)

Construction

- Keel, kelson, stem post, and rudder stock of Ironbark.

- Framing, crooks, deck beams of hardwood.

- Decking, 5”x 2 ½” Kauri pine fastened with galvanised spikes.

- Carvel planked 1 ¾” hardwood with Kauri Top Sides, galvanised dump fastened.

The Christina Gollan was built by Hector Gollan at his Tinonee ship building yard between the years of 1883 - 1884. The yard was on the part of land between the Smith & Basham sawmill and Mill creek in Tinonee NSW.

“The shipwrights had to work day and night to have the hull coppered before the rising water reached her.” (Tinonee Memories)

Launch :

The launch of the Christina Gollan was a "launch by default" as reported in The Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser, Tuesday 15 July 1884. ”At Tinonee Mr. Gollan's vessel, the Christina Gollan, which was to have been launched this week, and which was built close to the Mill Creek, took the task off her owner's hands, and gracefully floated in her native element without human assistance, and now lies at the mouth of the creek, ready to take in her engines at the wharf on Mr Fotheringham's property”..

History

1885 :

In January 1885 there was a massive flood on the Manning but there was no report of problems for the Christina Gollan.

Accompanied by the Maggie Gollan, the Christina Gollan left the Manning for Sydney where she was registered on 28th February. 1885.

On the 25th March 1885 she departed Sydney for the Manning River where she took up her duties as a tug assisting the Harrington Pilot Station.

1886 :

On the 4th January the Sydney Evening News reported “The steamer Christina Gollan , which was chartered for a pleasure trip from the Manning to Port Macquarie for the New Year’s holiday, left on Thursday afternoon, and arrived at Port Macquarie on the following morning. It returned to-day. About fifty passengers were on board. This is the first trip of the kind ever made between these two districts, and it is considered quite a success. The steamers Rosedale and Manning ran pleasure trips to the Pilot Station, Harrington, on New Year’s Day, in aid of the Manning River Hospital. It is estimated that there were nine hundred excursionists.

1889 :

Whilst the Christina Gollan was towing the S.S. Rosedale across the Manning bar at Harrington on the 19th April, the S.S. Rosedale bumped on the south spit and was soon carried over to the south where she struck the wreck of the Murray.

The Christina Gollan transhipped salvage gear and passengers to and from the wrecked Rosedale. (TheS.S. Rosedale was successfully recovered.)

1890 :

Although ownership details are vague it is believed that around this time the Christina Gollan was sold and ownership was transferred to William Villiers Brown of Townsville Queensland.

17th July she arrived at Brisbane to pick up one of the hopper barges purchased from the Queensland Government.

On the 18th October carried a cargo from Cairns to Townsville comprising, 1 bundle of buckets, 23 bags of nuts, 1 propeller, 1 shaft, 300 bags of maize, and 348 bunches of bananas.

In December of that year, the Christina Gollan also transported 40 tons of corn from Aplin Brown & Co’s wharf at Stratford for Townsville.

1891 :

January 1891 the Christina Gollan towed the salvaged Barque Moltke from the Great Barrier Reef east of Cape Bowling Green to Cleveland Bay.

8th September departed Townsville for the Seymour River.

1893 :

Rescued crew of the wrecked schooner Foam (ex Archimedes ) off Myrmidon Reef, Qld.

1894 :

14th September arrived at Townsville with the crew of the wrecked schooner Sea Nympth.

27th September expected to arrive at Townsville towing schooner Sea Nymph after schooner successfully re-floated.

1898 :

18th May departed Port Darwin for Queensland.

7th July reported due at Cairns with Southern mails.

1899 :

7th October arrived at Cairns with the hulk Diamantina in tow.

1900 :

7th November arrived at Charters Towers from Mackay with suction dredge in tow.

1901 :

William Villers Brown of Townsville, Queensland had ownership up to February 1901, when he sold the Christina Gollan ship to Captain James McGeorge. On 6th March 1901 she arrived at Sydney from Brisbane, with Captain W. Morgan and 6 crew. Brown, however, had secured a mortgage over the ship and, when Captain McGeorge defaulted on the mortgage conditions and Brown took possession; she was advertised for sale widely in 1903.

Sydney paper:

FOR SALE.— Steam Lighter ' CHRISTINA GOLLAN,' Carries 50/60 tons on seven feet draught. C.S.C. engines 30 h.p. Light coal consumption. Recently underwent thorough overhaul. Steam Winch and all necessary Gear for Towing or Lightering. Apply by letter, B. S. BLUNDELL, Exchange- corner, 63 Pitt street, City. Daily Commercial News and Shipping List (Sydney, NSW) - Saturday 20 June 1903

Maryborough

FOR SALE, S.S. 'CHRISTINA GOLLAN,' 30 HORSE-POWER, 54 TONS REGISTER Length, 68.0; Breadth; 15.6; Depth, 6.8. FOR further. particulars and terms apply to Messrs APLIN, BROWN & CRAWSHAY, Ltd Brisbane or Townsville, and Messrs. BLUNDELL & CO., Exchange Corner, Pitt Street, Sydney.

Maryborough Chronicle - 23 July 1903

It appears that she was sold by Brown to the Illawarra and South Coast Steam Navigation Company Ltd. (ISCSNC) around 1905.

1905 :

She was slipped and docked in September 1905, presumably by the ISCSNC. "The following is a list of vessels docked and slipped at Mort's Dock from the 11th to the 16th inst. inclusive - lighter Christina Gollan". Daily Commercial News and Shipping List (Sydney) 21 September 1905.

On October 5th she was towed from Sydney to Merimbula by the S.S. Eden to be used for the coming wool season; wool was being grown on the Monaro and shipped to Sydney through Merimbula and Tathra.

1911 :

Sold in 1911 to Gilbert Baker.

1917 - 1920

The Christina Gollan was registered as a cargo lighter in Sydney over the period; she was often simply referred to as the Gollan.

ARRIVALS - May 26.

Christina Gollan, lighter, from Broken Bay.

Daily Commercial News and Shipping List (Sydney) - Monday 28 May 1917

1919 :

14th April underwent an overhaul.

1920 :

In July 1920 was sold to William Leslie Dorey for use as a winch lighter.

Advertised for sale in July.

Wm. L. DOREY & CO. Shipbrokers Sydney. cable, 'Diligence,':. Tel,: City 4984

FOR SALE. STEAM LIGHTER, 65 tons carrying capacity, | engines and boiler very good; strong mast, derrick and which to lift 3 tons — £2.000 nett. Daily Commercial News and Shipping List (Sydney) - Wednesday 28 July 1920

Foundered :

On the evening of 5th (or 6th) October 1920, while on a voyage between Broken Bay to Sydney the Christina Gollan reportedly struck an unknown object and foundered. Some of the reports of the event conflict with each; the following account appears to be the most accurate:

LIGHTER WRECKED SYDNEY. Thursday.

When off Narrabeen yesterday [6th October] - a large motor lighter, Gollan, manned by Messrs. Dorey and Pryor, struck a submerged object and foundered. The occupants got ashore in a skiff. The wreckage afterwards, came ashore.

The Newcastle Sun - Thursday 7 October 1920

Wreckage was reportedly found in the vicinity of Long Reef near Narrabeen, and identified as part of the deck house belonging to the steam lighter Christina Gollan. The Age (Melbourne) - 9 October 1920

It would seem most likely the wreckage was found a bit further north off Turimetta Head . (An approximate location of 151.35 E - 33.69 S.)

Register closed on the 25th February 1953

Image source: Shipwreck Atlas of New South Wales - Department of Urban Affairs and Planning

2nd Addition Chart 15 page 33.

Acknowledgements :

The assistance of the Tinonee Museum and the Gollan Family is greatly appreciated

The assistance of Mori Flapan (Mori Flapan boatregister) by providing access to his extensive database is also greatly appreciated.

All Images in this photostream are Copyright - Great Lakes Manning River Shipping and/or their individual owners as may be stated above and may not be downloaded, reproduced, or used in any way without prior written approval.

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