Tasmanian wombats (Vombatus ursinus tasmaniensis) are short-legged, muscular marsupials with short, stubby tails and a characteristic waddle. They are fairly large, solidly built animals with a squat, round, bearlike body, small ears and eyes, and a large naked nose. Fully grown these native animals can measure up to an average 40 cm in height, 90 to 115 cm in length and can weigh anything between 22 and 40 kg.

 

Though genetic studies of Vombatidae have been undertaken, evolution of the family is not well understood. It is estimated that wombats diverged from other Australian marsupials relatively as early as 25 to 40 million years ago. One distinctive adaptation of female wombats is their backwards pouch that opens backward to prevent dirt and debris entering while burrowing.

 

The Tasmanian wombat, - until recently generally referred to as Common wombat, is also known as Coarse haired wombat, Naked nosed wombat, Forest wombat, Island wombat, and Bare-nosed wombat. Its nickname is the "Bulldozer of the bush".

 

The wombat's fur is coarse and thick, bristle-like, with little or no underfur. To the touch, it feels like horse hair. Colouration ranges from yellowish or sandy, to brown or black, to grey. The fur can sometimes be streaked or flecked, and the belly and throat areas are usually lighter in colour. Often their true colour is obscured by the colour of the dirt or clay in which they have been digging.

 

Wombats dig extensive burrow systems with their rodent-like front teeth and powerful claws. Burrows can be up to 20 meter long and more than 2 meter below the ground, and have numerous connecting tunnels and entrances.

-The large forepaws are used for digging and after pushing the dirt to one side the wombat will back out, moving the loose dirt with both the front and back paws.

-The wombat differs from all other marsupials by having a single pair of upper and lower incisors. These front teeth are never ground away as they are both rootless and never stop growing; which is just as well as the wombat often uses them for cutting through obstructions, much like a beaver.

 

Although mainly crepuscular and nocturnal (active primarily during twilight and night), wombats also venture out to feed on cool or overcast days. They graze for between 3 and 8 hours a night, during which time they may travel many kilometres and visit up to four burrows within their home range to rest or tidy up the burrow. They are not commonly seen, but leave ample evidence of their passage, treating fences as minor inconveniences to be gone through or under, and leaving distinctive cubic faeces.

 

The diet of the wombat is composed entirely of plant material. Its main food is native grasses but shrubs, roots, sedges, bark and herbs are also eaten, while moss seems to be a particular delicacy. At times of food shortages they may dig up sections of dead grass to get at the roots. When feeding, the front feet of wombats are surprisingly dexterous - they can pick up vegetation with one foot and 'hand' it to the mouth!

 

 

Before leaving Turkey I wanted to add some more "The Caucasian squirrel" photos to my album.

On a sunny autumn morning with a temperature of about 20 C. I walked a lot in the olive grove, and waited patiently.

 

Today maybe nature was testing my patience and for the first time I had a hard time.

 

After about 4 hours of chase, a female individual posed for me in eye contact and I caught the moments I was waiting for.

 

At my slightest movement, she escaped and hid in its hollows. She listened to me first, and after about 15 minutes, his eyes and then his head appeared.

 

After 15 minutes, he took out his body and came back! Here are my series 7 photos.

There was sun, but the squirrel was under the shade of olive tree branches, that's it. I hope you like it. I wish you all a happy weekend.

  

The Caucasian squirrel - Sciurus anomalus ; The Caucasian squirrel or Persian squirrel, is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus found in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in south-western Asia.

The species is usually said to have first been described in 1778 by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in the 13th edition of Systema Naturae,and named Sciurus anomalus. However, some authors argue that this work was actually published in 1788, and that the true first description was made by Johann Anton Güldenstädt in 1785.

Description -

Caucasian squirrels are small tree squirrels, with a total length of 32 to 36 cm (13 to 14 in), including the 13 to 18 cm (5.1 to 7.1 in) tail, and weighing 250 to 410 g (8.8 to 14.5 oz). The color of the upper body fur ranges from greyish brown to pale grey, depending on the subspecies, while that of the underparts is rusty brown to yellowish, and that of the tail, yellow brown to deep red. The claws are relatively short, compared with those of other tree squirrels, and females have either eight or ten teats.

Samuel Griswold Goodrich described the Caucasian squirrel in 1885 as "Its color is grayish-brown above, and yellowish-brown below".

 

Physical Description -

Caucasian squirrels have a dental formula of incisors 1/1, canines 0/0, premolars 1/1, and molars 3/3, totaling 20. They have four fingered fore feet and five fingered hind feet. Sex differences in body length or mass are not evident.

Distribution and habitat -

 

Caucasian squirrels are native to south-western Asia, where they are found from Turkey, and the islands of Gökçeada and Lesbos in the west, Iran in the southeast, and as far as Israel and Jordan in the south.It is one of only two species of the genus Sciurus to be found on Mediterranean islands,and, although Eurasian red squirrels have been recently introduced to some areas, is the only species of Sciurus native to the wider region.

The species mainly lives in forested areas dominated by oak, pine, and pistachio, up to altitudes of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft).

 

Biology and behavior -

The squirrels are diurnal, and solitary, although temporary groups may forage where food is plentiful. Their diet includes nuts, seeds, tree shoots, and buds,with the seeds of oak and pine being particularly favored. Like many other squirrels, they cache their food within tree cavities or loose soil, with some larders containing up to 6 kg (13 lb) of seeds. They live in trees, where they make their dens, but frequently forage on the ground, and are considered less arboreal than Eurasian red squirrels. They commonly nest in tree hollows lined with moss and leaves, and located 5 to 14 m (16 to 46 ft) above the ground, but nests are also sometimes found under rocks or tree roots. Their alarm call is high-pitched, and said to resemble the call of the European green woodpecker, and they mark their territories with urine and dung.

Breeding occurs throughout the year, but is more common in spring or autumn. Litters range from two to seven, with three or four being typical, and the young are fully mature by five or six months of age.

 

Conservation -

A survey in 2008 found that the species remained abundant within Turkey, however declines are noted in population within the Levant region. The guides for a survey in 1993 in Israel stated that they considered the species to be nearly extinct within the area studied. Whilst the Caucasian squirrel is threatened by poaching and deforestation, the declines recorded are not sufficient to qualify them as anything other than "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[1] Hunting of the species is banned by the Central Hunting Commission, and the Caucasian squirrel is protected by the Bern Convention and the EU Habitats Directive.

 

This information is sourced from "Wikipedia".

  

Thank you so much for visiting my stream, whether you comments , favorites or just have a look.

I appreciate it very much, wishing the best of luck and good light.

  

© All rights reserved R.Ertug Please do not use this image without my explicit written permission. Contact me by Flickr mail if you want to buy or use Your comments and critiques are very well appreciated.

 

Lens - With Nikon TC 14E II hand held - Monopod and SPORT VR on. Aperture is f8 and full length. All my images have been converted from RAW to JPEG.

 

I started using Monopod on long walks. Here is my Carbon Monopod details : Really Right Stuff MH-01 Monopod Head with Standard Lever - Release Clamp - Nikkor AF-S 200-500mm f/5.6 ED VR fitted MPR-113 Multi-Purpose Rail lens foot and Gitzo GM2542 Series 2 4S Carbon Monopod.

 

Thanks for stopping and looking :)

Highest Explore Position #346 ~ On Saturday October 10th 2009.

 

Six Band Armadillo - Amazon World, Isle of Wight, England - Friday September 18th 2009.

 

I only put this image up so I could use the title...lol

I hope everybody has a wonderful Weekend

  

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ~ Armadillos are small placental mammals, known for having a leathery armor shell. The Dasypodidae are the only surviving family in the order Cingulata, part of the superorder Xenarthra along with the anteaters and sloths. The word armadillo is Spanish for "little armored one".

There are approximately 10 extant genera and around 20 extant species of armadillo, some of which are distinguished by the number of bands on their armor. Their average length is about 75 centimeters (30 in), including tail; the Giant Armadillo grows up to 1.5 m (5 ft) and weighs 59 kg (130 lbs), while the Pink Fairy Armadillos are diminutive species with an overall length of 12–15 cm (4–5 in). All species are native to the Americas, where they inhabit a variety of environments.

In the United States, the sole resident armadillo is the Nine-banded Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), which is most common in the central southernmost states, particularly Texas. Their range is as far east as South Carolina and Florida and as far north as Nebraska; they have been consistently expanding their range over the last century due to a lack of natural predators and have been found as far north as Illinois and Indiana.

 

Habitat and anatomy ~ Armadillos are prolific diggers. Many species use their sharp claws to dig for food, such as grubs, and to dig dens. The Nine-banded Armadillo prefers to build burrows in moist soil near the creeks, streams, and arroyos around which it lives and feeds. The diet of different armadillo species varies, but consists mainly of insects, grubs, and other invertebrates. Some species, however, are almost entirely formicivorous (feeding mainly on ants).

Armadillos have poor vision. The armor is formed by plates of dermal bone covered in relatively small, overlapping epidermal scales called "scutes", composed of bone with a covering of horn. In most species, there are rigid shields over the shoulders and hips, with a number of bands separated by flexible skin covering the back and flanks. Additional armor covers the top of the head, the upper parts of the limbs, and the tail. The underside of the animal is never armored, and is simply covered with soft skin and fur.

This armor-like skin appears to be the main defense of many armadillos, although most escape predators by fleeing (often into thorny patches, from which their armor protects them) or digging to safety. Only the South American three-banded armadillos (Tolypeutes) rely heavily on their armor for protection. When threatened by a predator, Tolypeutes species frequently roll up into a ball. Other armadillo species cannot roll up because they have too many plates. The North American Nine-banded Armadillo tends to jump straight in the air when surprised, and consequently often collides with the undercarriage or fenders of passing vehicles.

Armadillos have short legs but can move quite quickly, and have the ability to remain underwater for as long as six minutes. Because of the density of its armor, an armadillo will sink in water unless it inflates its stomach and intestines with air, which often doubles its size and allows it to swim across narrow bodies of water.

Armadillos use their claws for digging and finding food, as well as for making their homes in burrows. They dig their burrows with their claws, only making a single corridor where they fit themselves. They have five clawed toes on the hindfeet, and three to five toes with heavy digging claws on the forefeet. Armadillos have a large number of cheek teeth, which are not divided into premolars and molars, but usually have incisors or canines.

Gestation lasts anywhere from 60 to 120 days, depending on species, although the nine-banded armadillo also exhibits delayed implantation, so that the young are not typically born for eight months after mating. Most members of the genus Dasypus give birth to four monozygotic young (that is, identical quadruplets), but other species may have typical litter sizes that range from one to eight. The young are born with soft leathery skin, which hardens within a few weeks, and reach sexual maturity in 3–12 months, depending on the species. Armadillos are solitary animals, that do not share their burrows with other adults.

Guess what? I have been tagged again. This time by Raul. After playing this game so many times, I don't think I got anything left to tell you now. I am an open book. But there are few things people don't talk about in public. I will try some of those =)

 

1. My upper row of teeth is uneven. When permanent teeth were coming out I refused to let my parents take the temporary ones out, so one of the upper incisors grew behind the row :(

2. I got curly hair. Lots of people think I am from Africa (no wonder it is my favorite destination).

3.My nipples are a bit pointed and stiff, they stick out when I am wearing T-shirts =P

4. In med school I was almost caught by a female teacher while drawing male genitalia on a piece of paper (pretending to be taking notes) and passing it to other friends (they were laughing). She was embarrassed =P

5. I smoke (you shouldn't).

6. When little I cried a lot when my pigeon died.

7. Once I was chased by a mad gunman at night ( a classmate in med school), I ran and jumped over a 10 ft high wall =P

8. I think women are the most beautiful thing in nature (in addition to being the kindest and the sweetest). I am attracted to eyes, breasts, face and lips (in that order).

9. I talk too much when I am in mood. Sometimes, that creates problems for me.

10. I know you guys are dying to know about my love life =P

I am not romantically attached to anyone at the moment. The person I love is above romance. She is precious (I promised not to talk about it in public, so I stop here =)

 

How was it?

 

Now, my turn to tag 10 people.

Please, feel free to delete the tag after you have seen it =)

Fierce looking tiger in a cage in Dublin Zoo. Showing how photography captures one moment in time, we also have a photo of him(?) taken a couple of minutes before or after, where he just looks like a big pussy cat...

 

Date: March 1936

 

NLI Ref.: IND_H_2880

Poem.

 

Childish excitement travelling from east to west in late winter.

You know soon, very soon, the West Coast “Munros” will gleam like incisor teeth above the forested landscape.

Forcan, left, and The Saddle, right, are such peaks that advertise the thousand metre micro-climate of semi-Alpine splendour.

Spin-drift sweeps off the upper slopes to accumulate in layers like royal icing.

The snowy back-cloth forms a pleasing contrast to the pastel tans and greens of the bracken and forest of the lower slopes of this historic Glen.

The West Coast beckons.

Such a grand mountain corridor befits the momentous land and seascapes that lie in prospect.

 

Bush elephant

 

Afrikanischer Elefant

 

Kruger National Park is one of the largest game reserves in Africa. It covers an area of 19,485 km2 (7,523 sq mi) in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga in northeastern South Africa, and extends 360 km (220 mi) from north to south and 65 km (40 mi) from east to west. The administrative headquarters are in Skukuza. Areas of the park were first protected by the government of the South African Republic in 1898, and it became South Africa's first national park in 1926.

 

To the west and south of the Kruger National Park are the two South African provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga. In the north is Zimbabwe, and to the east is Mozambique. It is now part of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park, a peace park that links Kruger National Park with the Gonarezhou National Park in Zimbabwe, and with the Limpopo National Park in Mozambique.

 

The park is part of the Kruger to Canyons Biosphere an area designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as an International Man and Biosphere Reserve (the "Biosphere").

 

The park has nine main gates allowing entrance to the different camps.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Name

 

African Elephant or African Bush Elephant [Loxodonta africana]

 

Introduction

 

The Elephant is the world's largest land mammal, and weighs up to 7 tonnes and reaches heights of 3.3 m at the shoulder. Elephants can live to a potential age of 70 years. The massive tusks of older bulls can weigh up to 50 or 60 kilograms, but tusks weighing up to 90 kilograms have been recorded.

 

Appearance

 

What is the trunk and what is it used for?

The Elephant's trunk is a modified nose which is very sensitive and can even detect water under ground. There are as many as 50 000 muscles in an Elephant trunk. The sensitive finger-like appendages at the tip of the trunk enables them to pick the smallest twig or flower, pull the toughest reed of grass or even pick out a thorn from their feet.

 

Do elephants have knees or elbows?

 

The joints that are perceived as 'knees', are in fact wrists. This is a common misunderstanding due to the belief that a leg joint that bends between the foot and the body must be a knee. The main difference between us and the elephants is that our foot bones and hand bones are separate, whereas those of the elephant are one in the same, and have evolved to suit this four-legged mammal.

 

Why do elephants have tusks?

 

The tusks are used for obtaining food, fighting (amongst males) and for self defence. They are actually their upper incisors, and grow continuously until they die at around 60 years old. Although their skin is up to 3cm (1 inch) thick, it is quite sensitive.

 

Diet

 

Elephants are voracious feeders which in a day consume up to 272 kg (600 pounds) of grass, tender shoots and bark from trees. An adult Elephant can drink up to 200 litres of water in a single session. A single Elephant deposits up to 150kg (330 pounds) of dung every day - about one dollop every 15 minutes!

 

Breeding

 

African Elephant are not seasonal breeders. Generally they produce one calf every 3 to 4 years. The gestation period is about 22 months. At birth calves weigh about 100 kg (220 pounds) and are fully weaned between 18-24 months. An orphaned calf will usually be adopted by one of the family's lactating females or suckled by various females. Elephants are very attentive mothers, and because most Elephant behavior has to be learned, they keep their offspring with them for many years. Tusks erupt at 16 months but do not show externally until 30 months. Once weaned, usually at age 4 or 5, the calf still remains in the maternal group. Females mature at about 11 years and stay in the group, while the males, which mature between 12 and 15, are usually expelled from the maternal herd. Even though these young males are sexually mature, they do not breed until they are in their mid, or late 20s or even older and have moved up in the social hierarchy.

 

Behaviour

 

Mature males form bachelor groups and become solitary bulls. Elephant form strong family units of cows, calves and young offspring. Such herds are always led by an old female. Apart from drinking large quantities of water they also love wading or swimming in it. Elephants clearly relish mud baths.

It was once thought that family groups were led by old bull elephants, but these males are most often solitary. The female family groups are often visited by mature males checking for females in oestrus. Several interrelated family groups may inhabit an area and know each other well.

 

How do you tell an elephant's mock charge from a serious one?

 

It is imperative to keep in mind that Elephant are extremely intelligent, and each individual has a distinct character. Although there will be exceptions to the rules, the common signs of a mock charge are bush-bashing, dust-throwing, trumpeting and other vocalizations, open ears and an intimidating presence, can be considered a mock-display. Aggressive or startled elephants usually make sudden headshakes and flap their large ears against their head. Serious charges usually occur after all attempts to intimidate have failed, and the Elephant feels threatened. The ears are pinned back and head and trunk are lowered. Ultimately, the key lies in the intelligence of the animal and how they will react to the 'target' and unfamiliar actions, and a conscious decision is made.

 

Why do elephants rhythmically flap their ears?

 

Contrary to common belief, it is not an expression of anger. Being an animal of such a large size, with no sweat glands and a dark body colour, elephants flap their ears to cool the body and rid themselves of irritating insects.

 

Where are they found?

 

Once ranging across most of Africa the Elephant population has declined dramatically across the continent. In South Africa the Addo Elephant and Kruger National Park protect large herds. Due to rigorous conservation measures the Elephant population in South Africa has grown from a estimated 120 in 1920 in 4 locations, to 10 000 at 40 locations to date.

 

Notes

 

The African Elephant has recently been classified into two separate species, the more common African Bush Elephant [Loxodonta Africana] and the smaller African Forest Elephant [Loxodonta cyclotis] of the rainforest of Central Africa.

 

(krugerpark.co.za)

 

Der Kruger-Nationalpark (deutsch häufig falsch Krüger-Nationalpark) ist das größte Wildschutzgebiet Südafrikas. Er liegt im Nordosten des Landes in der Landschaft des Lowveld auf dem Gebiet der Provinz Limpopo sowie des östlichen Abschnitts von Mpumalanga. Seine Fläche erstreckt sich vom Crocodile-River im Süden bis zum Limpopo, dem Grenzfluss zu Simbabwe, im Norden. Die Nord-Süd-Ausdehnung beträgt etwa 350 km, in Ost-West-Richtung ist der Park durchschnittlich 54 km breit und umfasst eine Fläche von rund 20.000 Quadratkilometern. Damit gehört er zu den größten Nationalparks in Afrika.

 

Das Schutzgebiet wurde am 26. März 1898 unter dem Präsidenten Paul Kruger als Sabie Game Reserve zum Schutz der Wildnis gegründet. 1926 erhielt das Gebiet den Status Nationalpark und wurde in seinen heutigen Namen umbenannt. Im Park leben 147 Säugetierarten inklusive der „Big Five“, außerdem etwa 507 Vogelarten und 114 Reptilienarten, 49 Fischarten und 34 Amphibienarten.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Der Afrikanische Elefant (Loxodonta africana), auch Afrikanischer Steppenelefant oder Afrikanischer Buschelefant, ist eine Art aus der Familie der Elefanten. Er ist das größte gegenwärtig lebende Landsäugetier und gleichzeitig das größte rezente landbewohnende Tier der Erde. Herausragende Kennzeichen sind neben den Stoßzähnen und dem markanten Rüssel die großen Ohren und die säulenförmigen Beine. In zahlreichen morphologischen und anatomischen Merkmalen unterscheidet sich der Afrikanische Elefant von seinen etwas kleineren Verwandten, dem Waldelefanten und dem Asiatischen Elefanten. Das Verbreitungsgebiet umfasst heute große Teile von Afrika südlich der Sahara. Die Tiere haben sich dort an zahlreiche unterschiedliche Lebensräume angepasst, die von geschlossenen Wäldern über offene Savannenlandschaften bis hin zu Sumpfgebieten und wüstenartigen Regionen reichen. Insgesamt ist das Vorkommen aber stark fragmentiert.

 

Die Lebensweise des Afrikanischen Elefanten ist durch intensive Studien gut erforscht. Sie wird durch einen stark sozialen Charakter geprägt. Weibliche Tiere und ihr Nachwuchs leben in Familienverbänden (Herden). Diese formieren sich wiederum zu einem enger verwandten Clan. Die einzelnen Herden treffen sich zu bestimmten Gelegenheiten und trennen sich danach wieder. Die männlichen Tiere bilden Junggesellengruppen. Die verschiedenen Verbände nutzen Aktionsräume, in denen sie teils im Jahreszyklus herumwandern. Für die Kommunikation untereinander nutzen die Tiere verschiedene Töne im niedrigen Frequenzbereich. Anhand der Lautgebung, aber auch durch bestimmte chemische Signale können sich die einzelnen Individuen untereinander erkennen. Darüber hinaus besteht ein umfangreiches Repertoire an Gesten. Hervorzuheben sind auch die kognitiven Fähigkeiten des Afrikanischen Elefanten.

 

Die Nahrung besteht sowohl aus weicher wie auch harter Pflanzenkost. Die genaue Zusammensetzung variiert dabei regional und jahreszeitlich. Generell verbringt der Afrikanische Elefant einen großen Teil seiner Tagesaktivitäten mit der Nahrungsaufnahme. Die Fortpflanzung erfolgt ganzjährig, regional gibt es Tendenzen zu einer stärkeren Saisonalisierung. Bullen kommen einmal jährlich in die Musth, während deren sie auf Wanderung zur Suche nach fortpflanzungswilligen Kühen gehen. Während der Musth ist die Aggressivität gesteigert, es finden dann auch Rivalenkämpfe statt. Der Sexualzyklus der Kühe dauert vergleichsweise lange und weist einen für Säugetiere untypischen Verlauf auf. Nach erfolgter Geburt setzt er in der Regel mehrere Jahre aus. Zumeist wird nach fast zweijähriger Tragzeit ein Jungtier geboren, das in der mütterlichen Herde aufwächst. Junge weibliche Tiere verbleiben später in der Herde, die jungen männlichen verlassen diese.

 

Die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung des Afrikanischen Elefanten erfolgte im Jahr 1797 mit einer formalen artlichen Trennung des Afrikanischen vom Asiatischen Elefanten. Der heute gebräuchliche Gattungsname Loxodonta wurde offiziell erst dreißig Jahre später eingeführt. Die Bezeichnung bezieht sich auf markante Zahnunterschiede zwischen den asiatischen und den afrikanischen Elefanten. Im Verlauf des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden mehrere Unterarten unterschieden, darunter auch der Waldelefant des zentralen Afrikas. Letzterer gilt heute genetischen Untersuchungen zufolge als eigenständige Art, die weiteren Unterarten sind nicht anerkannt. Stammesgeschichtlich lässt sich der Afrikanische Elefant erstmals im beginnenden Mittleren Pleistozän belegen. Der Gesamtbestand gilt als gefährdet. Ursachen hierfür sind hauptsächlich die Jagd nach Elfenbein und Lebensraumverlust durch die zunehmend wachsende menschliche Bevölkerung. Der Afrikanische Elefant zählt zu den sogenannten „Big Five“ von Großwildjagd und Safari.

 

(Wikipedia)

  

Nature is camouflaging within itself - The Caucasian squirrel's body reaches a maximum of 25 cm, their total weight is no more than 430 grams, they are small and the colors match the centuries - old olive bark. It is impossible to notice on an olive tree from a distance of 15 meters.

  

Caucasian squirrel is a tree squirrel, they sleep in their nests are usually found in the tree hollows in the centuries-old olive trees. When the temperature drops, they go out to feed again and when the sun goes down they go back to their nests. When I talked to the local people, I learned that Caucasian squirrel kittens are showing up a lot this year. Caucasian squirrel are now an endangered species. I hope tomorrow or after tomorrow I will come across this year's Caucasian squirrel kittens and share their photos with you.

 

The Caucasian squirrel - Sciurus anomalus ; The Caucasian squirrel or Persian squirrel, is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus found in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in south-western Asia.

The species is usually said to have first been described in 1778 by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in the 13th edition of Systema Naturae,and named Sciurus anomalus. However, some authors argue that this work was actually published in 1788, and that the true first description was made by Johann Anton Güldenstädt in 1785.

Description - Caucasian squirrels are small tree squirrels, with a total length of 32 to 36 cm (13 to 14 in), including the 13 to 18 cm (5.1 to 7.1 in) tail, and weighing 250 to 410 g (8.8 to 14.5 oz). The color of the upper body fur ranges from greyish brown to pale grey, depending on the subspecies, while that of the underparts is rusty brown to yellowish, and that of the tail, yellow brown to deep red. The claws are relatively short, compared with those of other tree squirrels, and females have either eight or ten teats.

Samuel Griswold Goodrich described the Caucasian squirrel in 1885 as "Its color is grayish-brown above, and yellowish-brown below".

 

Physical Description - Caucasian squirrels have a dental formula of incisors 1/1, canines 0/0, premolars 1/1, and molars 3/3, totaling 20. They have four fingered fore feet and five fingered hind feet. Sex differences in body length or mass are not evident.

Distribution and habitat -

 

Caucasian squirrels are native to south-western Asia, where they are found from Turkey, and the islands of Gökçeada and Lesbos in the west, Iran in the southeast, and as far as Israel and Jordan in the south.It is one of only two species of the genus Sciurus to be found on Mediterranean islands,and, although Eurasian red squirrels have been recently introduced to some areas, is the only species of Sciurus native to the wider region.

The species mainly lives in forested areas dominated by oak, pine, and pistachio, up to altitudes of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft).

 

Biology and behavior -

The squirrels are diurnal, and solitary, although temporary groups may forage where food is plentiful. Their diet includes nuts, seeds, tree shoots, and buds,with the seeds of oak and pine being particularly favored. Like many other squirrels, they cache their food within tree cavities or loose soil, with some larders containing up to 6 kg (13 lb) of seeds. They live in trees, where they make their dens, but frequently forage on the ground, and are considered less arboreal than Eurasian red squirrels. They commonly nest in tree hollows lined with moss and leaves, and located 5 to 14 m (16 to 46 ft) above the ground, but nests are also sometimes found under rocks or tree roots. Their alarm call is high-pitched, and said to resemble the call of the European green woodpecker, and they mark their territories with urine and dung.

Breeding occurs throughout the year, but is more common in spring or autumn. Litters range from two to seven, with three or four being typical, and the young are fully mature by five or six months of age.

 

Conservation -

A survey in 2008 found that the species remained abundant within Turkey, however declines are noted in population within the Levant region. The guides for a survey in 1993 in Israel stated that they considered the species to be nearly extinct within the area studied. Whilst the Caucasian squirrel is threatened by poaching and deforestation, the declines recorded are not sufficient to qualify them as anything other than "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[1] Hunting of the species is banned by the Central Hunting Commission, and the Caucasian squirrel is protected by the Bern Convention and the EU Habitats Directive.

 

This information is sourced from "Wikipedia".

  

Thank you so much for visiting my stream, whether you comments , favorites or just have a look.

I appreciate it very much, wishing the best of luck and good light.

  

© All rights reserved R.Ertug Please do not use this image without my explicit written permission. Contact me by Flickr mail if you want to buy or use. Your comments and critiques are very well appreciated.

 

Lens - hand held or Monopod and definitely SPORT VR on. Aperture is f5.6 and full length. All my images have been converted from RAW to JPEG.

 

I started using Nikon Cross-Body Strap or Monopod on long walks. Here is my Carbon Monopod details : Gitzo GM2542 Series 2 4S Carbon Monopod - Really Right Stuff MH-01 Monopod Head with Standard Lever - Really Right Stuff LCF-11 Replacement Foot for Nikon AF-S 500mm /5.6E PF Lense -

 

Thanks for stopping and looking :)

This young Hyena cub was waiting in the den for its mother to arrive. It was very inquisitive and kept on popping its head out to see what was going on.

 

Cubs are born with soft, brownish black hair, and weigh 1.5 kg on average. Unique among carnivorous mammals, spotted hyenas are also born with their eyes open and with 6–7 mm long canine teeth and 4 mm long incisors. Also, cubs will attack each other shortly after birth. This is particularly apparent in same sexed litters, and can result in the death of the weaker cub. This neonatal siblicide kills an estimated 25% of all hyenas in their first month. Male cubs which survive grow faster and are likelier to achieve reproductive dominance, while female survivors eliminate rivals for dominance in their natal clan.

Burchell's Zebra and Waterbuck

 

Steppenzebras und Ellipsen-Wasserbock

 

iSimangaliso Wetland Park (previously known as the Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park) is situated on the east coast of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, about 275 kilometres north of Durban. It is South Africa's third-largest protected area, spanning 280 km of coastline, from the Mozambican border in the north to Mapelane south of the Lake St. Lucia estuary, and made up of around 3,280 km2 of natural ecosystems, managed by the iSimangaliso Authority. The park includes:

 

Lake St. Lucia

St. Lucia Game Reserve

False Bay Park

Kosi Bay

Lake Etrza Nature Reserve

Lake Sibhayi

St. Lucia Marine Reserve

St. Lucia Marine Sanctuary

Sodwana Bay National Park

Mapelane Nature Reserve

Maputaland Marine Reserve

Cape Vidal

Ozabeni

Mfabeni

Tewate Wilderness Area

Mkuze Game Reserve

 

The park was previously known as the Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park, but was renamed effective 1 November 2007. The word isimangaliso means "a miracle" or "something wondrous" in Zulu. The name came as a result of Shaka's subject having been sent to the land of the Tsonga. When he came back he described the beauty that he saw as a miracle.

 

The park is dueto be integrated into a transfrontier park, the Ponta do Ouro-Kosi Bay Transfrontier Conservation Area, straddling South Africa, Mozambique, and Eswatini. This is in turn planned to become a part of the greater Greater Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area.

 

Until 1895, the bay had been a home of the Tsonga people and their Tsonga fish kraal. This is the original and the natural home of the Tsonga people and they have lived here for more than 1000 years. Records from early Portuguese sailors rightfully point out this area to be occupied by the Tsonga people and further down south. The area was also known as Tembeland or Thongaland but the name fell into disuse around the early 1900s. The area was ruled by a Tsonga branch of the Vahlanganu (Tembe). The Swiss Missionary, Reverend Henri Alexandra Junod (Known as HA Junod), conducted a scientific and ethnographic study of the Tsonga people during the early 1890s and produced a detailed map, showing the occupation of the bay by the Tsonga Tembe people. The Swiss Missionary, Rev Junod, illustrated in his detailed map that the area was known as Tembeland and that the Tembe capital city was located in the St Lucia bay. Rev Junod's map showed that by 1906, the Tsonga people occupied the land from St Lucia up until Valdezia in the Spelenkon district of the Transvaal province, known today as Limpopo Province. St Lucia bay and Maputo bay are one land and they belong to the Tsonga people, Tsonga villages were built from St Lucia bay until Maputo and they were not separated by any natural division. Around St Lucia, the ruling chief was the Tembe Royal Family, while around Maputo, the ruling class was the Maputo royal family, who are all of the Vahlanganu branch of the Tsonga people. In and around Maputo and St Lucia bay (Tembeland), the language spoken is Ronga, which according to the Swiss Missionary, Rev HA Junod, is not an independent language but a dialect of Xitsonga. According to Rev Junod, Ronga language is so similar to Xitsonga that it cannot be regarded an independent language but is a dialect of a major language known today as Xitsonga.

 

The Tsonga people were forcefully removed from the park when Britain colonised the area in 1895 and turned the place into a wildlife reserve and established the holiday town of St Lucia. Because of colonisation, the southern part of the park was handed over to the Zulu nation, while the northern part was given to the Tsonga people. Before colonisation, the Tsonga controlled the entire St Lucia bay. Despite colonisation and annexation of land, the Tsonga people still live in the northern part of the park, at Kosi Bay. The Tembe Elephant Park, run by Chief Israel Tembe, is a living history that testify to the rich Tsonga history of this wetland park. Chief Israel Tembe is the custodian of this ancient Tsonga land that was taken away during colonisation. The Tembe kingdom, one of the most powerful kingdoms in Southern Africa before colonisation, was a ruling class for more than eight centuries.

 

St. Lucia was first named in 1554 Rio dos Medos do Ouro (alternatively Rio dos Médãos do Ouro — River of the Gold Dunes) by the survivors of the Portuguese ship Saint Benedict. At this stage, only the Tugela River mouth was known as St. Lucia. Later, in 1575, the Tugela River was named Tugela. On 13 December 1575, the day of the feast of Saint Lucy, Manuel Peresterello renamed the mouth area to Santa Lucia.

 

In 1822, St. Lucia was proclaimed by the British as a township.

In 1895, St. Lucia Game Reserve, 30 km north of the town was proclaimed.

In 1971, St. Lucia Lake and the turtle beaches and coral reefs of Maputaland have been listed by the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention).

In December 1999, the park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site at an unveiling ceremony, where Nelson Mandela was the guest of honour.

 

The park was proclaimed a world heritage site because of the rich biodiversity, unique ecosystems and natural beauty occurring in a relatively small area. The reason for the huge diversity in fauna and flora is the great variety of different ecosystems on the park, ranging from coral reefs and sandy beaches to subtropical dune forests, savannas, and wetlands. Animals occurring on the park include elephant, African leopard, black and southern white rhino, buffalo, and in the ocean, whales, dolphins, and marine turtles including the leatherback and loggerhead turtle.

 

The park is also home to 1,200 Nile crocodiles and 800 hippopotami.

 

In December 2013, after 44 years of absence, African lions were reintroduced to iSimangaliso.

 

There are large outcroppings of underwater reefs which are home to brightly coloured fish and corals. Some of the most spectacular coral diversity in the world is located in Sodwana Bay. The reefs are inhabited by colour-changing octopuses and squid ready to ambush unsuspecting prey. Occasionally gigantic whale sharks can be seen gliding through the water, mouth agape to scoop up tiny plankton.

 

Twenty-four species of bivalve molluscs are recorded in St. Lucia Lake, which constitutes a considerable portion of the park.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Burchell's Zebra [Equus burchelli]

 

Appearance

 

Body stripes are less numerous and broader than that of the Cape Mountain Zebra, whereas body stripes extend around the belly. Leg striping is less prominent. Measures 1.3 to 1.4 metres at the shoulder and weighs 300-320 Kg. They have rounded ears approximately 160-170 mm long. Front portion of mane forms a black tuft between the ears. Diet: Predominantly a grazer, feeding in areas with short grass. Zebra have a strong sensitive upper lip with which it gathers herbage by collecting the grass between the lip and the lower incisors before plucking the harvest.

 

Breeding

 

Non seasonal breeder, foals may be born in any month. However, under optimal conditions more foals are born during summer. After a gestation period of 360-390 days, a single foal is born, which weighs 30-35 Kg. Foals are weaned at the age of 11 months.

 

Behaviour

 

The Burchell's Zebra lives in small family units, which typically consist of one stallion and one mare with their foals. Non-breeding stallions occur in bachelor groups. Herd stallions are between four to 12 years old. Water holes in conjunction with favoured grazing areas attract family groups which collectively congregate in large numbers. They are often seen in close association with Wildebeest, other plains Antelope and Baboons.

 

Habitat

 

Short grassland areas within savanna woodland and grassland plains constitute the preferred habitat. Their dependence on water restricts the Burchell's Zebra to wander further than ten to 12 km from water. Densely vegetated areas are avoided.

 

Where they are found

 

Unmistakably a member of the horse family. This species is the largest of the two distinct species inhabiting South Africa's wild life domain. The ranges of the Burchell's Zebra and the Cape Mountain Zebra are mutually exclusive. The Cape mountain Zebra is confined to the Cape mountainous regions, whereas that of the Burchell's Zebra coincides with woodland and grassy plains.

 

Field Notes

 

The Burchell's Zebra is the closest relative to the extinct Quagga which roamed the southern plains of South Africa until the 19th century, so close in fact that scientists are using DNA from chosen individual to attempt to bring the Quagga back.

Each individual Zebra has unique markings and act in similar fashion as fingerprints in humans. It is said that newborn Zebra stay close to the mother to imprint her patterns. The southern Burchell's Zebra has a distinctive shadow brown stripe in the white stripe, a characteristic which diminishes the further north they occur.

 

(krugerpark.co.za)

  

The waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) is a large antelope found widely in sub-Saharan Africa. It is placed in the genus Kobus of the family Bovidae. It was first described by Irish naturalist William Ogilby in 1833. The thirteen subspecies are grouped under two varieties: the common or Ellisprymnus waterbuck and the Defassa waterbuck. The head-and-body length is typically between 177–235 cm (70–93 in) and the average height is between 120 and 136 cm (47 and 54 in). A sexually dimorphic antelope, males are taller as well as heavier than females. Males reach approximately 127 cm (50 in) at the shoulder, while females reach 119 cm (47 in). Males typically weigh 198–262 kg (437–578 lb) and females 161–214 kg (355–472 lb). The coat colour varies from brown to grey. The long, spiral horns, present only on males, curve backward, then forward and are 55–99 cm (22–39 in) long.

 

Waterbuck are rather sedentary in nature. A gregarious animal, the waterbuck may form herds consisting of six to 30 individuals. These groups are either nursery herds with females and their offspring or bachelor herds. Males start showing territorial behaviour from the age of five years, but are most dominant from the age of six to nine. The waterbuck cannot tolerate dehydration in hot weather, and thus inhabits areas close to sources of water. Predominantly a grazer, the waterbuck is mostly found on grassland. In equatorial regions, breeding takes place throughout the year, but births are at their peak in the rainy season. The gestational period lasts for seven to eight months, followed by the birth of a single calf.

 

Waterbuck inhabit scrub and savanna areas along rivers, lakes and valleys. Due to their requirement for grasslands as well as water, the waterbuck have a sparse ecotone distribution. The IUCN lists the waterbuck as being of Least Concern. More specifically, the common waterbuck is listed as of Least Concern while the defassa waterbuck is Near Threatened. The population trend for both the common and defassa waterbuck is downwards, especially that of the latter, with large populations being eliminated from certain habitats because of poaching and human disturbance.

 

The scientific name of the waterbuck is Kobus ellipsiprymnus. The waterbuck is one of the six species of the genus Kobus and belongs to the family Bovidae. It was first described by Irish naturalist William Ogilby in 1833. The generic name Kobus is a New Latin word, originating from an African name, koba. The specific name ellipsiprymnus refers to the white elliptical ring on the rump, from the Greek ellipes (ellipse) and prymnos (prumnos, hind part). The animal acquired the vernacular name "waterbuck" due to its heavy dependence on water as compared to other antelopes and its ability to enter into water for defence.

 

The type specimen of the waterbuck was collected by South African hunter-explorer Andrew Steedman in 1832. This specimen was named Antilope ellipsiprymnus by Ogilby in 1833. This species was transferred to the genus Kobus in 1840, becoming K. ellipsiprymnus. It is usually known as the common waterbuck. In 1835, German naturalist Eduard Rüppell collected another specimen, which differed from Steedman's specimen in having a prominent white ring on its rump. Considering it a separate species, Rüppell gave it the Amharic name "defassa" waterbuck and scientific name Antilope defassa. Modern taxonomists, however, consider the common waterbuck and the defassa waterbuck a single species, K. ellipsiprymnus, given the large number of instances of hybridisation between the two. Interbreeding between the two takes place in the Nairobi National Park owing to extensive overlapping of habitats.

 

Not many fossils of the waterbuck have been found. Fossils were scarce in the Cradle of Humankind, occurring only in a few pockets of the Swartkrans. On the basis of Valerius Geist's theories about the relation of social evolution and dispersal in ungulates during the Pleistocene the ancestral home of the waterbuck is considered to be the eastern coast of Africa - with the Horn of Africa to the north and the East African Rift Valley to the west.

 

The waterbuck is the largest amongst the six species of Kobus. It is a sexually dimorphic antelope, with the males nearly 7 percent taller than females and around 8 percent longer. The head-and-body length is typically between 177–235 cm (70–93 in) and the average height is between 120 and 136 cm (47 and 54 in).[10] Males reach approximately 127 cm (50 in) at the shoulder, while females reach 119 cm (47 in). The waterbuck is one of the heaviest antelopes. a newborn typically weighs 13.6 kg (30 lb), and growth in weight is faster in males than in females. Males typically weigh 198–262 kg (437–578 lb) and females 161–214 kg (355–472 lb). The tail is 22–45 cm (8.7–17.7 in) long.

 

The waterbuck is of a robust build. The shaggy coat is reddish brown to grey, and becomes progressively darker with age. Males are darker than females. Though apparently thick, the hair is sparse on the coat. The hair on the neck is, however, long and shaggy. When sexually excited, the skin of the waterbuck secretes a greasy substance with the odour of musk, giving it the name "greasy kob". The odor of this is so unpleasant that it repels predators. This secretion also assists in water-proofing the body when the animal dives into water. The facial features include a white muzzle and light eyebrows and lighter insides of the ears. There is a cream-coloured patch (called "bib") on the throat. Waterbuck are characterised by a long neck and short, strong and black legs. Females have two nipples. Preorbital glands, foot glands and inguinal glands are absent.

 

The common waterbuck and the defassa waterbuck are remarkably different in their physical appearances. Measurements indicate greater tail length in the latter, whereas the common waterbuck stand taller than the defassa waterbuck. However, the principal differentiation between the two types is the white ring of hair surrounding the tail on the rump, which is a hollow circle in the common waterbuck but covered with white hair in the defassa waterbuck.

 

The long, spiral horns curve backward, then forward. Found only on males, the horns range from 55 to 99 cm (22 to 39 in) in length. To some extent, the length of the horns is related to the bull's age. A rudimentary horn in the form of a bone lump may be found on the skulls of females.

 

Waterbuck are rather sedentary in nature, though some migration may occur with the onset of monsoon. A gregarious animal, the waterbuck may form herds consisting of six to 30 individuals. The various groups are the nursery herds, bachelor herds and territorial males. Herd size increases in summer, whereas groups fragment in the winter months, probably under the influence of food availability. As soon as young males start developing horns (at around seven to nine months of age), they are chased out of the herd by territorial bulls. These males then form bachelor herds and may roam in female home ranges. Females have home ranges stretching over 200–600 hectares (0.77–2.32 sq mi; 490–1,480 acres). A few females may form spinster herds. Though females are seldom aggressive, minor tension may arise in herds.

 

Males start showing territorial behaviour from the age of five years, but are most dominant from the age of six to nine. Territorial males hold territories 4–146 hectares (0.015–0.564 sq mi; 9.9–360.8 acres) in size. Males are inclined to remain settled in their territories, though over time they may leave inferior territories for more spacious ones. Marking of territories includes no elaborate rituals - dung and urine are occasionally dropped. After the age of ten years, males lose their territorial nature and replaced by a younger bull, following which they recede to a small and unprotected area. There is another social group, that of the satellite males, which are mature bulls as yet without their own territories, who exploit resources, particularly mating opportunities, even in the presence of the dominant bull. The territorial male may allow a few satellite males into his territory, and they may contribute to its defence. However, gradually they may deprive the actual owner of his territory and seize the area for themselves. In a study in the Lake Nakuru National Park, only 7 percent of the adult males held territories, and only half of the territorial males tolerated one or more satellite males.

 

Territorial males may use several kinds of display. In one type of display, the white patch on the throat and between the eyes is clearly revealed, and other displays can demonstrate the thickness of the neck. These activities frighten trespassers. Lowering of the head and the body depict submission before the territorial male, who stands erect. Fights, which may last up to thirty minutes, involve threat displays typical of bovids accompanied by snorting. Fights may even become so violent that one of the opponents meets its death due to severe abdominal or thoracic wounds. A silent animal, the waterbuck makes use of flehmen response for visual communication and alarm snorts for vocal communication. Waterbuck often enter water to escape from predators which include lions, leopards, cheetahs, African wild dogs and Nile crocodiles (leopards and spotted hyenas prey on juveniles). However, it has been observed that the waterbuck does not particularly like being in water. Waterbuck may run into cover when alarmed, and males often attack predators.

 

Waterbuck are susceptible to ulcers, lungworm infection and kidney stones. Other diseases from which these animals suffer are foot-and-mouth disease, sindbis fever, yellow fever, bluetongue, bovine virus diarrhoea, brucellosis and anthrax. The waterbuck is more resistant to rinderpest than are other antelopes. They are unaffected by tsetse flies but ticks may introduce parasitic protozoa such as Theileria parva, Anaplasma marginale and Baberia bigemina. 27 species of ixodid tick have been found on waterbuck - a healthy waterbuck may carry a total of over 4000 ticks in their larval or nymphal stages, the most common among them being Amblyomma cohaerens and Rhipicephalus tricuspis. Internal parasites found in waterbuck include tapeworms, liverflukes, stomachflukes and several helminths.

 

The waterbuck exhibits great dependence on water. It can not tolerate dehydration in hot weather, and thus inhabits areas close to sources of water. However, it has been observed that unlike the other members of its genus (such as the kob and puku), the waterbuck ranges farther into the woodlands while maintaining its proximity to water. With grasses constituting a substantial 70 to 95 percent of the diet, the waterbuck is predominantly a grazer frequenting grasslands. Reeds and rushes like Typha and Phragmites may also be preferred.A study found regular consumption of three grass species round the year: Panicum anabaptistum, Echinochloa stagnina and Andropogon gayanus. Hyparrhenia involucrata, Acroceras amplectens and Oryza barthii along with annual species were the main preference in the early rainy season, while long life grasses and forage from trees constituted three-fourths of the diet in the dry season.

 

Though the defassa waterbuck were found to have a much greater requirement for protein than the African buffalo and the Beisa oryx, the waterbuck was found to spend much less time on browsing (eating leaves, small shoots and fruits) in comparison to the other grazers. In the dry season about 32 percent of the 24-hour day was spent in browsing, whereas no time was spent on it during the wet season. The choice of grasses varies with location rather than availability; for instance, in western Uganda, while Sporobolus pyramidalis was favoured in some places, Themeda triandra was the main choice elsewhere. The common waterbuck and the defassa waterbuck in the same area may differ in their choices; it has been observed that while the former preferred Heteropogon contortus and Cynodon dactylon, the latter showed less preference for these grasses.

 

Waterbuck are slower than other antelopes in terms of the rate of maturity. While males become sexually mature at the age of six years, females reach maturity within two to three years. Females may conceive by the age of two-and-a-half years, and remain reproductive for another ten years. In equatorial regions, breeding takes place throughout the year, and births are at their peak in the rainy season. However, breeding is seasonal in the Sudan (south of Sahara), with the mating season lasting four months. The season extends for even longer periods in some areas of southern Africa. Oestrus lasts for a day or less.

 

Mating begins after the male confirms that the female is in oestrus, which he does by sniffing her vulva and urine. A resistive female would try to bite or even fight off an advancing male. The male exhibits flehmen, and often licks the neck of the female and rubs his face and the base of his horns against her back. There are several attempts at mounting before the actual copulation. The female shifts her tail to one side, while the male clasps her sides with his forelegs and rests on her back during copulation, which may occur as many as ten times.

 

The gestational period lasts for seven to eight months, followed by the birth of a single calf. Twins are rare. Pregnant females isolate themselves in thickets as parturition approaches. Newborn calves can stand on their feet within a half-hour of birth. The mother eats the afterbirth. She communicates with the calf by bleating or snorting. Calves are kept hidden from two to three weeks up to two months. At about three to four weeks, the calf begins following its mother, who signals it to do so by raising her tail. Though bereft of horns, mothers will fiercely defend their offspring from predators. Calves are weaned at eight months, following which time they join groups of calves of their own age. Young females remain with their mothers in nursery herds, or may also join bachelor herds. The waterbuck lives to 18 years in the wild and 30 years in captivity.

 

The waterbuck is native to southern and eastern Africa (including countries such as Angola, Botswana, The Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda) besides a few countries of western and northern Africa such as Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal. Though formerly widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, its numbers have now decreased in most areas.

 

The common waterbuck is found east of the Eastern African Rift. Its southern range extends to the Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve (KwaZulu Natal) and to central Namibia. By contrast, the defassa waterbuck inhabits western and central Africa. The defassa waterbuck occurs west of the Albertine Rift and ranges from Eritrea to Guinea Bissau in the southern Sahel, its most northerly point of distribution being in southern Mali. Its range also stretches east of the Congo basin through Zambia into Angola, while another branch extends to the Zaire River west of the Congo basin. While the common waterbuck is now extinct in Ethiopia, the defassa waterbuck has become extinct in Gambia.

 

Waterbuck inhabit scrub and savanna areas alongside rivers, lakes and valleys. Due to their requirement for grasslands as well as water, the waterbuck have a sparse distribution across ecotones (areas of interface between two different ecosystems). A study in the Ruwenzori Range showed that the mean density of waterbuck was 5.5 per square mile, and estimates in the Maasai Mara were as low as 1.3 per square mile. It has been observed that territorial size depends on the quality of the habitat, the age and health of the animal and the population density. The greater the age of the animal or the denser the populations, the smaller are the territories. In Queen Elizabeth National Park, females had home ranges 21–61 hectares (0.081–0.236 sq mi; 52–151 acres) in area whereas home ranges for bachelor males averaged between 24–38 hectares (0.093–0.147 sq mi; 59–94 acres). The oldest female (around 18 years old) had the smallest home range.

 

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) lists the waterbuck as of least concern (LC). More specifically, the common waterbuck is listed as of Least Concern while the defassa waterbuck is near threatened (NT). The population trend for both the common and defassa waterbuck is decreasing, especially that of the latter, with large populations being eliminated from their habitats due to poaching and human settlement. Their own sedentary nature too is responsible for this to some extent. Numbers have fallen in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Murchison Falls National Park, Akagera National Park, Lake Nakuru National Park, and Comoé National Park. Population decrease in the Lake Nakuru National Park has been attributed to heavy metal poisoning. While cadmium and lead levels were dangerously high in the kidney and the liver, deficiencies of copper, calcium and phosphorus were noted.

 

Over 60 percent of the defassa waterbuck populations thrive in protected areas, most notably in Niokolo-Koba, Comoe, Mole, Bui, Pendjari, Manovo-Gounda St. Floris, Moukalaba-Doudou, Garamba, Virunga, Omo, Mago, Murchison Falls, Serengeti, and Katavi, Kafue and Queen Elizabeth National Parks, the national parks and hunting zones of North Province (Cameroon), Ugalla River Forest Reserve, Nazinga Game Ranch, Rukwa Valley, Awash Valley, Murule and Arly-Singou. The common waterbuck occurs in Tsavo, Tarangire, Mikumi, Kruger and Lake Nakuru National Parks, Laikipia, Kajiado, Luangwa Valley, Selous and Hluhluwe-Umfolozi game reserves and private lands in South Africa.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Der iSimangaliso Wetland Park (bis Oktober 2007 Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park, danach iSimangaliso Wetland Park) ist ein Nationalpark an der Ostküste der südafrikanischen Provinz KwaZulu-Natal. Der Eingang zum Park befindet sich nahe der Kleinstadt St. Lucia.

 

Der Nationalpark umfasst die Feucht- und Küstengebiete von Mapelane im Süden bis hinauf zur Sodwana-Bucht im Norden und besteht aus vielen kleinen Schutzgebieten mit subtropischer bis tropischer Vegetation. Im Norden liegen die Mkuze-Sümpfe, während sich im Westen trockene Dornensavannen befinden.

 

Im Zentrum des Parks befindet sich der St.-Lucia-See, nach dem der Park benannt wurde. Mit einer Länge von 40 Kilometern und einer Breite von bis zu 21 Kilometern beträgt seine Fläche rund 300 km²; damit ist er der größte See Südafrikas. In dem 200 Kilometer langen Küstenstreifen finden sich die zweithöchsten bewaldeten Sanddünen der Welt.

 

In den Feuchtgebieten leben die größten Krokodil- und Flusspferdbestände Südafrikas. In den Savannen im Westen leben Meerkatzen, Nashörner, Büffel und Leoparden. Zwischen den Seen und Sümpfen brüten Reiher, Pelikane und Störche. Der Park verfügt über die höchste Dichte an Amphibien, darunter viele geschützte Arten. Außerdem kann man auf der Meeresseite Buckelwale sehen.

 

In der Nähe des Nationalparks befindet sich der Ort St. Lucia, in dem es Übernachtungs-, Freizeit- und Einkaufsmöglichkeiten gibt. St. Lucia ist zudem Ausgangspunkt für Walbeobachtungen und Fahrten auf dem St.-Lucia-See zu den Flusspferden.

 

Der iSimangaliso Wetland Park wurde 1999 in die Liste des Weltnaturerbes der UNESCO aufgenommen.

 

2004 wurde die Mündung des Feuchtgebietes durch eine Sanddüne gesperrt, um eine Ölpest nach der Havarie des Frachters Jolly Rubino abzuwehren. Seitdem ist der Wasserspiegel erheblich unter Meeresniveau gesunken, so dass die Maßnahme noch nicht rückgängig gemacht werden konnte.

 

Bis 2007 hieß der Nationalpark Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park. Seit November 2007 wird er iSimangaliso Wetland Park genannt. isimangaliso bedeutet „Wunder“ und verweist auf ein Zulu-Sprichwort über Ujeqe, einem Hofbeamten des Zulu-König Shaka: Ubone isimanga esabonwa uJeqe kwelama Thonga. – „Wenn Du Wunder gesehen hast, dann hast Du dasselbe gesehen wie Ujeqe in Thonga.“ Thonga oder Tongaland ist ein historischer Name für die Region Maputaland, zu der der Park gehört.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Das Steppenzebra (Equus quagga) oder Pferdezebra ist ein Zebra aus der Familie der Pferde (Equidae) und gehört zur Ordnung der Unpaarhufer (Perissodactyla). Es stellt heute die häufigste Zebra-Art in Afrika dar und ist vom Nordosten bis in den Süden des Kontinents verbreitet. Es lebt gesellig in kleinen Herdenverbänden und ernährt sich hauptsächlich von Gräsern. Im Gegensatz zu den anderen heutigen Pferdearten kommt es auch in teilweise geschlossenen Landschaften vor. Der Bestand, dessen größte Population heute in der Serengeti lebt, gilt als nicht gefährdet. Es werden sechs rezente Unterarten unterschieden, die sich meistens deutlich in der Streifenzeichnung voneinander abheben.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Als Wasserbock werden zwei Arten afrikanischer Antilopen aus der Gattung der Wasserböcke (Kobus) bezeichnet. Man unterscheidet den Ellipsen-Wasserbock (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) und den Defassa-Wasserbock (Kobus defassa). Beide wurden ursprünglich in einer Art zusammengefasst und zur Unterscheidung von den anderen Arten der Gattung Kobus auch unter dem Namen Gemeiner Wasserbock geführt, heute gelten sie als eigenständig.

 

Der Ellipsen-Wasserbock (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) ist eine große, kräftige, bis zu 270 kg schwere Antilope mit zotteligem, graubraunem Fell und einem weißen Ring um den Schwanzansatz (die namengebende Ellipse). Auch das Gesicht ist teilweise weiß, und ein weißer Streifen zieht sich von der Kehle bis zum Ohrenansatz. Nur die männlichen Tiere tragen lange, stark geringelte, weit geschwungene und nach vorne gerichtete Hörner. Die Schulterhöhe beträgt 1,30 m.

 

Das Verbreitungsgebiet reicht von Südafrika und Nordost-Namibia über Botswana und Mosambik und die Savannen Ostafrikas bis nach Äthiopien und Somalia.

 

Diese Antilopenart ist an Dauergewässer gebunden, in deren Nähe sich Wälder oder offenes Grasgelände mit Dickicht und Schilf bewachsene Gebiete befinden. Junge Männchen bilden eigene Herden, Weibchen und Jungtiere leben in Gruppen von 5 bis 10 Tieren zusammen.

 

Die beiden Wasserbock-Arten sind weniger stark ans Wasser gebunden als andere Vertreter ihrer Gattung. Sie können sich durchaus vom Wasser entfernen und sind dann in der offenen Savanne oder in Wäldern zu finden. Die weiblichen Wasserböcke leben in Herden von etwa fünf, in seltenen Fällen bis zu siebzig Tieren. Ebenfalls Herden bilden junge Männchen. Dagegen werden ältere Männchen zu Einzelgängern, die ein Revier gegen Artgenossen verteidigen und jedes durchziehende Weibchen für sich beanspruchen.

 

Wasserböcke gehören zu den häufigsten Großsäugetieren Afrikas. Schätzungsweise gibt es etwa 95.000 Defassa-Wasserböcke und 105.000 Ellipsen-Wasserböcke, von denen mehr als die Hälfte in Schutzgebieten lebt. Beide Arten werden seitens der IUCN als gering gefährdet (near threatened) klassifiziert. Die Bestände außerhalb von Schutzgebieten sind durch Jagd und Habitatzerstörung rückläufig.

 

(Wikipedia)

Sunda Colugo (Galeopterus variegatus). The Sunda or Malayan Colugo is the most widespread of the genus Galeopterus; it occurs in parts of southern Myanmar and southern Thailand, localised areas of Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam, and has an extensive range in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Sumatra where suitable forest still exists.

 

A divergent lineage of Galeopterus occurs in Java (Janečka et al, 2008), which some consider as a separate species, and the island of Borneo supports the widely-recognised Bornean Colugo Galeopterus borneanus. Mason (2016) concluded that there may actually be 6 species of Galeopterus.

 

Colugos have large eyes with excellent night vision, small ears and a pointed snout. Some of its teeth are unusual, for example the lower incisors point outwards and are comb-like in structure.

 

Their diet includes leaves and young shoots. During the day colugos rest mainly on tree trunks, generally high up, but sometimes just three metres or so from the ground; they may also make use of tree holes. At dusk they become active, gliding from tree to tree to feed.

 

Females carry a single young (rarely twins) which clings underneath; when roosting, the young often poke their head out from beneath the female. In flight, the young are carried clinging to the flight membrane. Males are smaller than females.

 

The Sunda Colugo is generally mottled grey or greenish-grey but many individuals are reddish to yellowish-orange; males are predominantly reddish.

 

Colugos are rarely heard vocalising; Lim (2007) describes calls from sparring Sunda Colugo males as "a cracking or ripping sound, like the ripping of a thick piece of cardboard".

 

In Singapore this species has proven itself to be adaptable to fragmented forests in semi-urban settings; it makes use of tree plantings next to major roads and other linear plantings to navigate between fragments of habitat. It has been observed gliding across 6-lane highways, if the median divider supports mature trees.

 

Photo by Nick Dobbs, Berjaya Resort, Langkawi 18-04-2025

African buffalo

 

Kaffernbüffel

 

Hluhluwe–Imfolozi Park, formerly Hluhluwe–Umfolozi Game Reserve, is the oldest proclaimed nature reserve in Africa. It consists of 960 km² (96,000 ha) of hilly topography 280 kilometres (170 mi) north of Durban in central KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa and is known for its rich wildlife and conservation efforts. The park is the only state-run park in KwaZulu-Natal where each of the big five game animals can be found.

 

Due to conservation efforts, the park in 2008 had the largest population of white rhino in the world.

 

Throughout the park there are many signs of Stone Age settlements. The area was originally a royal hunting ground for the Zulu kingdom, but was established as a park in 1895. The Umfolozi and Hluhluwe reserves were established primarily to protect the white rhinoceros, then on the endangered species list. The area has always been a haven for animals as tsetse flies carrying the nagana disease are common, which protected the area from hunters in the colonial era. However, as the Zululand areas was settled by European farmers the game was blamed for the prevalence of the tsetse fly and the reserves became experimental areas in the efforts to eradicate the fly. Farmers called for the slaughter of game and about 100,000 animals were killed in the reserve before the introduction of DDT spraying in 1945 solved the problem. However, white rhinoceros were not targeted and today a population of about 1000 is maintained. On April 30, 1995, the then President Nelson Mandela visited the then Hluhluwe Game Reserve to celebrate the park's centenary. Hluhluwe–Imfolozi was originally three separate reserves that joined under its current title in 1989.

 

The park is located in the province of KwaZulu-Natal on the east coast of South Africa. The park is closest to the town of Mtubatuba , Hluhluwe village and Hlabisa village. The geography of the area differs from the north, or Hluhluwe area, to the south, or Umfolozi area. Hluhluwe–Imfolozi Park is partly in a low-risk malaria area.

 

This Imfolozi area is situated between the two Umfolozi Rivers where they divide into the Mfolozi emnyama ('Black Umfolozi') to the north and the Mfolozi emhlophe ('White Umfolozi') to the south. This area is to the south of the park and is generally hot in summer, and mild to cool in winter, although cold spells do occur. The topography in the Umfolozi section ranges from the lowlands of the Umfolozi River beds to steep hilly country, which includes some wide and deep valleys. Habitats in this area are primarily grasslands, which extend into acacia savannah and woodlands.

 

The Hluhluwe region has hilly topography where altitudes range from 80 to 540 metres (260 to 1,770 ft) above sea level. The high ridges support coastal scarp forests in a well-watered region with valley bushveld at lower levels. The north of the park is more rugged and mountainous with forests and grasslands and is known as the Hluhluwe area, while the Umfolozi area is found to the south near the Black and White Umfolozi rivers where there is open savannah.

 

The park is home to Africa's big five game: elephant, rhinoceros (black/hook-lipped and white/square-lipped), Cape buffalo, lion and leopard. It is home to 86 special species including: Nile crocodile, hippo, cheetah, spotted hyena, blue wildebeest, jackal, giraffe, zebra, waterbuck, nyala, eland, kudu, impala, duiker, suni, reedbuck, common warthog, bushpig, mongoose, baboons, monkeys, a variety of tortoises, terrapins, snakes and lizards. It is one of the world's top spots for viewing nyala. The park is a prime birding destination and is home to 340 bird species. The Hluhluwe River Flood Plain is one of the only areas in the whole of South Africa where yellow-throated, pink-throated and orange-throated longclaw species can be seen together. Bird life include night heron, Wahlberg's eagle, Shelley's francolin, black-bellied korhaan, Temminck's courser, Klaas's cuckoo, little bee-eater and crested barbet.

 

The park has a diverse floral community.

 

In 1981, the Natal Parks board (now Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife) attempted to reintroduce African wild dogs into the park. Twenty-three dogs were released in the reserve, most of which had been bred in zoos. However this met with limited success and by 2015, the population had fluctuated between 3 and 30 individuals.

 

The park is the birthplace of rhino preservation, breeding the species back from extinction. As the home of Operation Rhino in the 1950s and 60s (driven largely by the park's warden, Ian Player), the park became world-renowned for its white rhino conservation. The Rhino Capture Unit of the park helped save the endangered White Rhino from the brink of extinction. As of 2008 there are more than 1,600 white rhino in the reserve and hundreds of the animals have been moved from here to game reserves around the world. The success of this programme has recently been compromised by the increase in rhino poaching within the park. This recent threat has not only become a great concern for the park, but for rhino conservationists countrywide.

 

The reserve has a 300-kilometre (190 mi) road network.

 

Some controversy arose in 2014 over plans to build an open-cast coal mine right on the park's border, a plan that a growing coalition of organisations is fighting to stop.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

The African buffalo or Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is a large Sub-Saharan African bovine. Syncerus caffer caffer, the Cape buffalo, is the typical subspecies, and the largest one, found in Southern and East Africa. S. c. nanus (African forest buffalo) is the smallest subspecies, common in forest areas of Central and West Africa, while S. c. brachyceros is in West Africa and S. c. aequinoctialis is in the savannas of East Africa. The adult buffalo's horns are its characteristic feature: they have fused bases, forming a continuous bone shield across the top of the head referred to as a "boss". They are widely regarded as among the most dangerous animals on the African continent, and according to some estimates they gore, trample, and kill over 200 people every year.

 

The African buffalo is not an ancestor of domestic cattle and is only distantly related to other larger bovines. Its unpredictable temperament means that the African buffalo has never been domesticated, unlike its Asian counterpart, the water buffalo. African Cape buffaloes have few predators aside from lions and large crocodiles. As a member of the big five game, the Cape buffalo is a sought-after trophy in hunting.

 

The African buffalo is a very robust species. Its shoulder height can range from 1.0 to 1.7 m (3.3 to 5.6 ft) and its head-and-body length can range from 1.7 to 3.4 m (5.6 to 11.2 ft). Compared with other large bovids, it has a long but stocky body (the body length can exceed the wild water buffalo, which is heavier and taller) and short but thickset legs, resulting in a relatively short standing height. The tail can range from 70 to 110 cm (28 to 43 in) long. Savannah-type buffaloes weigh 500 to 1,000 kg (1,100 to 2,200 lb), with males normally larger than females, reaching the upper weight range. In comparison, forest-type buffaloes, at 250 to 450 kg (600 to 1,000 lb), are only half that size. Its head is carried low; its top is located below the backline. The front hooves of the buffalo are wider than the rear, which is associated with the need to support the weight of the front part of the body, which is heavier and more powerful than the back.

 

Savannah-type buffaloes have black or dark brown coats with age. Old bulls often have whitish circles around their eyes and on their face. Females tend to have more-reddish coats. Forest-type buffaloes are 30-40% smaller, reddish brown in colour, with much more hair growth around the ears and with horns that curve back and slightly up. Calves of both types have red coats.

 

A characteristic feature of the horns of adult male African buffalo (Southern and Eastern populations) is that the bases come very close together, forming a shield referred to as a "boss". From the base, the horns diverge downwards, then smoothly curve upwards and outwards and in some cases inwards and or backwards. In large bulls, the distance between the ends of the horns can reach upwards of one metre (the record being 64.5 inches 164 cm). The horns form fully when the animal reaches the age of five or six years but the bosses do not become "hard" till 8 to 9 years old. In cows, the horns are, on average, 10–20% smaller, and they do not have a boss. Forest buffalo horns are smaller than those of the savanna buffalo from Southern and Eastern Africa, usually measuring less than 40 centimetres (16 in), and are almost never fused.

 

The African buffalo is one of the most successful grazers in Africa. It lives in swamps and floodplains, as well as mopane grasslands, and the forests of the major mountains of Africa. This buffalo prefers a habitat with dense cover, such as reeds and thickets, but can also be found in open woodland. While not particularly demanding in regard to habitat, they require water daily, and so they depend on perennial sources of water. Like the plains zebra, the buffalo can live on tall, coarse grasses. Herds of buffalo mow down grasses and make way for more selective grazers. When feeding, the buffalo makes use of its tongue and wide incisor row to eat grass more quickly than most other African herbivores. Buffaloes do not stay on trampled or depleted areas for long.

 

Other than humans, African buffaloes have few predators and are capable of defending themselves against (and killing) lions. Lions do kill and eat buffalo regularly, and in some regions, the buffaloes are the lions' primary prey. It typically takes quite a few lions to bring down a single adult buffalo. Usually, the entire pride joins the hunt; however, several incidents have been reported in which lone adult male lions have been able to successfully bring down adult animals. The average-sized crocodile typically attacks only old solitary animals and young calves, though they can kill healthy adults, and exceptionally large, old male Nile crocodiles may become semi-habitual predators of buffalo. Also, this crocodilian is the only animal that typically takes down an adult buffalo alone, whereas a pride attack is the preferred method of lions when taking down such large prey. The cheetah, leopard, and spotted hyena are normally a threat only to newborn calves, though very large clans of spotted hyenas have been recorded killing cows (mainly pregnant ones) and, on very rare occasions, full-grown bulls.

 

The African buffalo is susceptible to many diseases, including bovine tuberculosis, corridor disease, and foot and mouth disease. As with many diseases, these problems remain dormant within a population as long as the health of the animals is good. These diseases do, however, restrict the legal movements of the animals and fencing infected areas from unaffected areas is enforced. Some wardens and game managers have managed to protect and breed "disease-free" herds which become very valuable because they can be transported. Most well-known are Lindsay Hunt's efforts to source uninfected animals from the Kruger National Park in South Africa. Some disease-free buffaloes in South Africa have been sold to breeders for close to US$130,000.

 

Herd size is highly variable. The core of the herds is made up of related females, and their offspring, in an almost linear dominance hierarchy. The basic herds are surrounded by subherds of subordinate males, high-ranking males and females, and old or invalid animals. The young males keep their distance from the dominant bull, which is recognizable by the thickness of his horns. During the dry season, males split from the herd and form bachelor groups. Two types of bachelor herds occur: ones made of males aged four to seven years and those of males 12 years or older. During the wet season, the younger bulls rejoin a herd to mate with the females. They stay with them throughout the season to protect the calves. Some older bulls cease to rejoin the herd, as they can no longer compete with the younger, more aggressive males. Males have a linear dominance hierarchy based on age and size. Since a buffalo is safer when a herd is larger, dominant bulls may rely on subordinate bulls and sometimes tolerate their copulation.

 

Adult bulls spar in play, dominance interactions, or actual fights. A bull approaches another, lowing, with his horns down, and waits for the other bull to do the same thing. When sparring, the bulls twist their horns from side to side.[27] If the sparring is for play, the bull may rub his opponent's face and body during the sparring session. Actual fights are violent but rare and brief. Calves may also spar in play, but adult females rarely spar at all.

 

African buffaloes are notable for their apparent altruism. Females appear to exhibit some sort of "voting behavior". During resting time, the females stand up, shuffle around, and sit back down again. They sit in the direction they think they should move. After an hour of more shuffling, the females travel in the direction they decide. This decision is communal and not based on hierarchy or dominance. When chased by predators, a herd sticks close together and makes it hard for the predators to pick off one member. Calves are gathered in the middle. A buffalo herd responds to the distress call of a captured member and tries to rescue it. A calf's distress call gets the attention of not only the mother, but also the herd. Buffaloes engage in mobbing behavior when fighting off predators. They have been recorded killing a lion and chasing lions up trees and keeping them there for two hours, after the lions have killed a member of their group. Lion cubs can get trampled and killed. In one videotaped instance, known as the Battle at Kruger, a calf survived an attack by both lions and a crocodile after intervention of the herd.

 

African buffaloes make various vocalizations. Many calls are lower-pitched versions of those emitted by domestic cattle. They emit low-pitched, two- to four-second calls intermittently at three- to six-second intervals to signal the herd to move. To signal to the herd to change direction, leaders emit "gritty", "creaking gate" sounds. When moving to drinking places, some individuals make long "maaa" calls up to 20 times a minute. When being aggressive, they make explosive grunts that may last long or turn into a rumbling growl. Cows produce croaking calls when looking for their calves. Calves make a similar call of a higher pitch when in distress. When threatened by predators, they make drawn-out "waaaa" calls. Dominant individuals make calls to announce their presence and location. A version of the same call, but more intense, is emitted as a warning to an encroaching inferior. When grazing, they make various sounds, such as brief bellows, grunts, honks, and croaks.

 

African buffaloes mate and give birth only during the rainy seasons. Birth peak takes place early in the season, while mating peaks later. A bull closely guards a cow that comes into heat, while keeping other bulls at bay. This is difficult, as cows are quite evasive and attract many males to the scene. By the time a cow is in full estrus, only the most dominant bull in the herd/subherd is there.

 

Cows first calve at five years of age, after a gestation period of 11.5 months. Newborn calves remain hidden in vegetation for the first few weeks while being nursed occasionally by the mother before joining the main herd. Older calves are held in the centre of the herd for safety.

 

The maternal bond between mother and calf lasts longer than in most bovids. However, when a new calf is born, the bonding ends and the mother keeps her previous offspring at bay with horn jabs. Nevertheless, the yearling follows its mother for another year or so. Males leave their mothers when they are two years old and join the bachelor groups. Young calves, unusually for bovids, suckle from behind their mothers, pushing their heads between the mothers' legs.

 

The current status of the African buffalo is dependent on the animal's value to both trophy hunters and tourists, paving the way for conservation efforts through anti-poaching patrols, village crop damage payouts, and CAMPFIRE payback programs to local areas.

 

The African buffalo was listed as least concern by the IUCN "as the species had a global population estimated at nearly 900,000 animals, of which more than three-quarters are in protected areas. However, in 2019 the African buffalo was listed as a near threatened species, with only 400,000 individuals left. While some populations (subspecies) are decreasing, others will remain unchanged in the long term if large, healthy populations continue to persist in a substantial number of national parks, equivalent reserves and hunting zones in southern and eastern Africa."

 

In the most recent and available census data at continental scale, the total estimated numbers of the three African buffalo savanna subspecies (S. c. caffer, S. c. brachyceros, S. c. aequinoctialis) are at 513,000 individuals.

 

In the past, numbers of African buffaloes suffered their most severe collapse during the great rinderpest epidemic of the 1890s, which, coupled with pleuro-pneumonia, caused mortalities as high as 95% among livestock and wild ungulates.

 

Being a member of the big five game group, a term originally used to describe the five most dangerous animals to hunt, the Cape buffalo is a sought-after trophy, with some hunters paying over $10,000 for the opportunity to hunt one. The larger bulls are targeted for their trophy value, although in some areas, buffaloes are still hunted for meat.

 

One of the "big five" African game, it is known as "the Black Death" or "the widowmaker", and is widely regarded as a very dangerous animal. According to some estimates, it gores and kills over 200 people every year. African buffaloes are sometimes reported to kill more people in Africa than any other animal, although the same claim is also made of hippopotamuses and crocodiles. These numbers may be somewhat overestimated; for example, in the country of Mozambique, attacks, especially fatal ones, were much less frequent on humans than those by hippos and, especially, Nile crocodiles. In Uganda, on the other hand, large herbivores were found to attack more people on average than lions or leopards and have a higher rate of inflicting fatalities during attacks than the predators (the African buffalo, in particular, killing humans in 49.5% of attacks on them), but hippos and even elephants may still kill more people per annum here than buffaloes. African buffaloes are notorious among big-game hunters as very dangerous animals, with wounded animals reported to ambush and attack pursuers.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Der Hluhluwe-iMfolozi-Park (früher Hluhluwe-Umfolozi-Park), 280 km nördlich von Durban gelegen, ist eines der ältesten Wildschutzgebiete Afrikas. Er umfasst 960 km² meist hügeliges Gelände und liegt im zentralen Zululand in der Provinz KwaZulu-Natal in Südafrika.

 

Die vielfältige Vegetation bietet Lebensraum für viele Säugetiere, Vögel, Reptilien und Amphibien. Die „Big Five“, Elefant, Nashorn, Büffel, Löwe und Leopard sind ebenso im Park vertreten wie Geparde, Wildhunde und Giraffen und Nyalas. Hluhluwe und Imfolozi wurden 1895 als getrennte Wildreservate gegründet, als die Population dieser Tiere durch übermäßige Jagd gefährdet war.

 

Anfang der 1960er Jahre war das Breitmaulnashorn (Ceratotherium simium) vom Aussterben bedroht, in Imfolozi existierte das weltweit letzte bekannte Vorkommen in freier Wildbahn. In der Operation Rhino, die vom KwaZulu Nature Conservation Service durchgeführt wurde, fing man Exemplare ein und schickte sie an Reservate und Zoos in der ganzen Welt, so dass sich inzwischen die weltweiten Bestände erholt haben. Heute finden ähnliche Bemühungen mit dem Spitzmaulnashorn (Diceros bicornis) statt. 1999 wurde ein Projekt zur Erhaltung der Löwenbestände gestartet, die an Inzucht litten, so dass die Bestände durch neue Tiere ergänzt wurden.

 

Im Laufe der Zeit wurden den Parks weitere Gebiete zugeordnet, 1964 Schutzzäune errichtet und 1989 die beiden Hauptgebiete mit dem trennenden Korridor zum heutigen Park vereint. Heute verwaltet die Naturschutzbehörde der Provinz KwaZulu-Natal, Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, das Schutzgebiet, das trotz seiner Größe und bedeutenden Wildbeständen nicht den Status eines Nationalparks Südafrikas besitzt.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Der Kaffernbüffel (Syncerus caffer), auch Schwarzbüffel, Afrikanischer Büffel oder Steppenbüffel genannt, ist ein sehr großer Vertreter aus der Familie der Hornträger, welcher in weiten Teilen des östlichen und südlichen Afrikas vorkommt. Dort bewohnt er offene Savannenlandschaften und bewaldete Flussgebiete des Tief- und Hochlands. Charakteristisch ist der robuste Körperbau und die großen, abwärts geschwungenen Hörner, die auf großen Hornbasen auf der Stirn aufsitzen. Das Sozialsystem des Kaffernbüffels ist komplex und umfasst Herden aus verwandten Kühen mit Jungtieren und gelegentlich Bullen, Junggesellengruppen aus männlichen Tieren und einzelne männliche Individuen. Vor allem die jeweiligen Herden zeigen ein dynamisches Verhalten durch permanentes Aufspalten und Wiedervereinen. Sie ziehen in räumlich begrenzten Aktionsgebieten in einem jährlich von Witterung und Nahrungsangebot vorgegebenen Rhythmus umher. Die sie begleitenden oder flankierenden Bullen sind regelmäßig in Dominanzkämpfe um das Paarungsvorrecht eingebunden, die mit Kopf- oder Körperrammen durchgeführt werden. Kühe bringen in der Regel ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt, welches rund ein bis anderthalb Jahre gesäugt wird. Der weibliche Nachwuchs verbleibt zumeist in der Herde, der männliche verlässt sie später. Die Nahrung umfasst überwiegend harte Gräser, in Trockenzeiten kann aber auch der Anteil an weicheren Pflanzen deutlich ansteigen. Dadurch haben die Tiere saisonal und regional bedingt unterschiedliche Ernährungsstrategien. Die Bestände sind im Übergang vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert in weiten Teilen des Verbreitungsgebietes in Folge einer Rinderpest-Epidemie zusammengebrochen. Heute ist der Kaffernbüffel weitgehend auf Schutzgebiete beschränkt, gilt aber als häufig und nicht bedroht. Die Art wurde 1779 beschrieben.

 

Der Kaffernbüffel stellt den größten Vertreter der afrikanischen Rinder (Bovini) dar und erreicht die Ausmaße seiner asiatischen, wildlebenden Verwandten. Er besitzt eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 240 bis 340 cm (zuzüglich eines 50 bis 110 cm langen Schwanzes), eine Schulterhöhe von 148 bis 175 cm und ein Gewicht von 350 bis 900 kg. Ein Sexualdimorphismus ist deutlich ausgeprägt, die Bullen sind größer und können bis zu doppelt so schwer wie die Weibchen werden. Untersuchungen von Tieren aus Tansania ergaben ein Gewicht für männliche Tiere von 661 bis 849 kg, für weibliche von 426 bis 468 kg. Entsprechende Angaben für Tiere aus Sambia liegen bei 472 bis 723 kg beziehungsweise 386 bis 536 kg. Insgesamt ist der Kaffernbüffel sehr kräftig gebaut und besitzt verhältnismäßig kurze Gliedmaßen und einen Buckel oberhalb der Schultern. Das Fell hat in beiden Geschlechtern eine rabenschwarze Färbung, bei alten Bullen kann es ausdünnen, so dass Flecken von dunkler Haut am Kopf sichtbar werden. Der Schwanz endet in einer auffälligen, ebenfalls dunklen Quaste. Der massige Kopf ist mit einem breiten Maul ausgestattet, die Nase ist feucht und nackt. Die großen, hängenden Ohren sind gefranst. Besonders auffällig zeigen sich die großen, am Ende spitzen Hörner, die quer über den vorderen Kopf verlaufend ansetzen und seitlich nach unten biegen. Sie spannen 73 bis 134 cm weit auseinander, die Länge der einzelnen Hörner über die Krümmung gemessen ist mit 66 bis 116 cm nahezu identisch zur Spannweite. Das längste jemals gemessene Horn erreichte 163 cm und stammt von einem Bullen aus dem Lake-Manyara-Nationalpark in Tansania. Die Hörner sind nicht geriffelt und vor allem bei Männchen besonders massiv, ihre Basen dehnen sich deutlich über den Vorderkopf und treffen sich auf der Mittellinie des Schädels. Es gibt aber keine Übereinstimmung mit dem Alter der Tiere und der Größe der Hornbasis. Im Gegensatz zu weiblichen Tieren mit ihren grazileren Hörnern wachsen bei den männlichen zwischen den Hornansätzen keine Haare. Die Hufe haben eine große, gerundete Form, zudem treten Afterklauen auf. Die Hinterfußlänge beträgt 56 bis 61 cm. Bestimmte Drüsen zum Absetzen von Sekreten sind nicht ausgebildet. Kühe haben einen kleinen, gerundeten Euter mit zwei Zitzenpaaren.

 

Der Schädel wird 44,8 bis 57,5 cm lang und am Warzenfortsatz des Schläfenbeins 24,1 bis 31,6 cm breit. Allgemein ist er kurz und breit und im Profil deutlich gerundet. Eine Voraugengrube (Fossa praeorbitalis) und eine Siebgrube (Fossa ethmoidalis) sind nicht ausgebildet. Im oberen Gebiss ist typisch für die Wiederkäuer anstatt der Schneidezähne eine Hornplatte ausgebildet. Die Backenzähne sind stark hochkronig (hypsodont) mit einer Kronenhöhe von 5 cm bei jungadulten Tieren, auf der Kaufläche sind scharfe Zahnschmelzleisten ausgebildet. Das Durchbruchsmuster der Zähne kann zur Altersbestimmung verwendet werden, der Eckzahn des Unterkiefers ist der letzte durchbrechende Zahn des Dauergebisses. Er erscheint mit viereinhalb bis fünfeinhalb Jahren.

 

Der Kaffernbüffel kommt in weiten Teilen des östlichen und südlichen Afrikas vor. Das Verbreitungsgebiet reicht vom südlichen Äthiopien und Somalia im Nordosten südwärts über Kenia, Tansania, Uganda und dem äußersten Osten und Südosten der Demokratischen Republik Kongo in Ostafrika sowie über Sambia, Simbabwe, Mosambik bis nach Südafrika, dem Nordosten von Namibia und Süden von Botswana. Die Art bewohnt eine Vielzahl von verschiedenen Landschaftstypen, die gut durchfeuchtete Savannen, Sümpfe und Überflutungsebenen umfassen. Daneben tritt sie aber auch in trockeneren Savannen und Auwäldern trockener Habitate auf, sofern Wasser zur Verfügung steht. Die Tiere sind auch in montanen Waldgebieten bis auf 3000 m Höhe anzutreffen, extrem hohe Nachweise liegen bei 4700 m am Mount Kenya. In besonders zuträglichen Gebieten, etwa im Lake-Manyara-Nationalpark in Tansania, kann der Kaffernbüffel mit rund 20 Individuen je Quadratkilometer in sehr hoher Anzahl auftreten, im Ngorongoro-Krater liegt die Populationsdichte entsprechend bei etwa 11, in der Serengeti bei 8 Individuen auf einer vergleichbar großen Fläche. In Trockenlandschaften wie etwa dem Lowveld in Südafrika geht sie auf bis zu 2 Individuen je Quadratkilometer zurück.

 

Der Kaffernbüffel besitzt ein komplexes Sozialsystem. Typisch ist der Verband aus miteinander verwandten Weibchen und ihren Jungtieren, der als Herde bezeichnet wird und in dem sich auch Bullen unterschiedlichen Alters aufhalten können. Die Größe der Herde variiert von einigen Dutzend bis mehreren Tausend Individuen. Die extrem großen Gruppen stellen aber vermutlich Herdenverbände dar, die nur temporär bestehen und keine innere Hierarchie besitzen. Ihre Bildungen sind abhängig von der Jahreszeit und dem Angebot an Nahrung und Wasser. Es gibt jedoch eine Variation der Herdengröße über das Jahr, die zu größeren Gruppen in der feuchten und kleineren in der trockenen Jahreszeit führen, wobei die Gruppen sich regelmäßig teilen und wieder vereinen.[5] Solche Trennungen und Neuformierungen sind aber nicht nur an äußere Bedingungen geknüpft, sondern teilweise auch an die Größe der Herde und ihre soziale Struktur, wie Untersuchungen am Lake Manyara ergaben. Die hierarchische Struktur einer Herde besteht aus dominanten Weibchen, die die Herde anführen, gefolgt von Kühen mit sehr jungen Kälbern und Jungtieren im mittleren Teil. Den Abschluss der Herde bilden Tiere mit untergeordnetem Status; die Position eines Tiers in der Herde gibt somit Aufschluss über dessen soziale Stellung. Sie bestimmt darüber hinaus auch die Qualität der Nahrung und die allgemeine körperliche Kondition der Kuh. Häufig führt die Geburt eines Kalbes zu einer höheren sozialen Stellung innerhalb der Herde. Es wird meist angenommen, dass die einzelnen Herden (ohne temporäre Aufsplittung) stabile Verbände darstellen und erwachsene Kühe nur selten ihre angestammte Gruppe verlassen, einige Herden wurden über einen Zeitraum von bis zu fünf Dekaden dokumentiert. Beobachtungen aus dem Chobe-Nationalpark in Botswana zeigen aber, dass gelegentlich weibliche Tiere ihre Herde verlassen. Eine Kuh legte während eines solchen Herdenwechsels bis zu 133 km zurück. Ein Wiederaufsuchen der alten Herde wurde dabei nicht festgestellt, möglicherweise handelt es sich bei wechselnden Tieren um solche mit einem eher geringen Status. Bullen leben einzeln oder schließen sich zu Junggesellengruppen mit einer Größe von 5 bis 10 Individuen zusammen, die zeitlich begrenzt bestehen. Innerhalb dieser Junggesellengruppen kommt es permanent zu Dominanzkämpfen um das Paarungsvorrecht. Kurzfristig können Bullen auch von Junggesellengruppen zu Herden und umgekehrt wechseln, innerhalb der Herde sind sie aber nicht in das dortige Sozialgefüge eingebunden. Bemerkenswert ist, dass Bullen, wenn sie sich über längere Zeit in Herden aufhalten, regelmäßig an Gewicht verlieren, da sie durchschnittlich weniger fressen. Vermutlich sind die hohen energetischen Kosten, die für die Fortpflanzung aufgebracht werden müssen, ursächlich dafür verantwortlich, weswegen Bullen die Herden nach kürzerer Zeit wieder verlassen.

 

Die Herden des Kaffernbüffels sind nicht migratorisch und legen somit keine großen Entfernungen zurück. Sie halten sich in mehr oder weniger begrenzten Aktionsräumen von 100 bis über 1000 km² auf. Innerhalb dieser Aktionsräume folgen sie einem regelmäßigen Wanderungsmuster über das Jahr hinweg, das durch den Zyklus von Niederschlägen und Pflanzenwachstum bestimmt wird. Diese einem bestimmten Rhythmus folgenden Wanderungen auf festgelegten Pfaden und Wegen führen dazu, dass der Boden aufgearbeitet und dadurch neues Pflanzenwachstum angeregt wird, was das wiederholte Weiden in der gleichen Region ermöglicht. Typische Wanderungsbewegungen führen zu Wasser- und Weidestellen, sie sind täglich umfangreicher, je weiter zugängliches Wasser verstreut liegt. Im Krüger-Nationalpark in Südafrika werden so Distanzen von durchschnittlich 3,35 km täglich überwunden, in der ostafrikanischen Serengeti sind es dazu im Vergleich bis zu 30 km. Einzelne Bullen und Junggesellengruppen haben wesentlich kleinere Territorien von 3 bis 4 km² Größe. Sie flankieren den Wanderungsverlauf der Herde. Der Tagesablauf folgt ähnlichen Mustern wie bei zahlreichen anderen Wiederkäuern und ist geprägt von der Nahrungsaufnahme und der daraus folgenden Ruhe und dem Wiederkäuen. Insgesamt ist die Dauer der jeweiligen Aktivität abhängig von der Qualität und Quantität des lokalen und saisonalen Nahrungsangebots. Die hauptsächlichen Aktivitäten erfolgen tagsüber, in Gebieten mit großem Jagddruck aber auch nachts. Am Lake Manyara fressen die Tiere zwischen 10:00 Uhr und 14:00 Uhr, wobei die Dauer je nach Intensität zwischen 1,5 und 4,5 Stunden betragen kann, was etwa 22 bis 56 % der Tagesaktivität entspricht (durchschnittlich 37 %). Die Nahrungsaufnahme trennt hier zwei Ruheperioden, die meist mit Wiederkäuen verbracht werden, häufig mit dem Körper im Wasser liegend, und wiederum mehrere Stunden andauern können. Sie nehmen zwischen 11 und 49 % des täglich verfügbaren Zeitbudgets in Anspruch (durchschnittlich 31 %). Somit verbringt der Kaffernbüffel am Lake Manyara jährlich etwa zwei Drittel seiner Tageszeit mit Fressen und dem zugehörigen Verdauen. Dabei ist die Dauer der Verdauung gegenläufig zur Dauer der Nahrungsaufnahme, da ein Tier in der Regenzeit durch das üppigere Angebot qualitativ hochwertiger Nahrung in kürzerer Zeit mehr fressen kann, aber längere Zeit zum Wiederkäuen benötigt. In der Trockenzeit mit einem qualitativ minderwertigerem Nahrungsangebot frisst er länger, verdaut aber kürzer. Im Chebera-Churchura-Nationalpark in Äthiopien weiden die Tiere in den frühen Morgen- und Abendstunden und verbrauchen dafür bis zur Hälfte ihres täglichen Zeitbudgets, ein weiteres gutes Drittel nimmt die Ruhe in Anspruch. Ähnlich lang verbringt der Kaffernbüffel im Krüger-Nationalpark mit dem Fressen, dies erfolgt hier aber teilweise auch nachts.

 

Zum Komfortverhalten gehören unter anderem Schlammbäder, um eventuell Insektenbisse zu vermeiden und Ruhephasen an erhöhten Landmarken. Letzteres dient wahrscheinlich dazu, kühle Brisen zu erhaschen, da der Kaffernbüffel allgemein schlecht an Hitze angepasst ist. Generell ist der Kaffernbüffel eher still. Bekannte Lautäußerungen sind ein Grunzen und Schnaufen, letzteres wird ausgestoßen, wenn ein Tier alarmiert ist oder zu Laufen anfängt. Ein Bellen äußert der Kaffernbüffel bei starken Verletzungen, beispielsweise durch einen Beutegreifer, das andere Artgenossen häufig animiert, zur Unterstützung zu kommen. Schwer verletzte Tiere suchen zum Schutz andere Kaffernbüffel auf. Ein Warnruf bei Gefahr besteht nicht, aber vor allem in der Nacht kann eine Herde sehr still werden, so dass ein Aufspüren sehr schwierig ist. Zwischen dominanten und unterwürfigen Tieren besteht ein ritualisiertes Verhaltensmuster. Erstere halten den Kopf und die Schultern nach oben, während die Nase nach unten gerichtet ist, so dass die Hörner optimal präsentiert werden. Bei letzteren liegt der Kopf tief und parallel zum Boden, teilweise führt das unterlegene Tier auch den Kopf zwischen die Hinterbeine des dominanten und stößt ein Bellen aus. Der Sehsinn ist recht gut entwickelt, ebenso wie das Gehör. Aufgrund der fehlenden Drüsen spielen Sekrete für die innerartliche Kommunikation nur eine untergeordnete Rolle.

 

Als weitgehende Offenlandart besteht die Hauptnahrung des Kaffernbüffels aus Gräsern. Hierbei bevorzugt er langhalmige Gräser vor breitblättrigen und toleriert auch solche mit einem hohen Faseranteil. Er meidet aber solche mit niedrigem Nährstoffgehalt oder Pflanzen, die ätherische Öle enthalten. Zu den am häufigsten verzehrten Pflanzen gehören Hundszahngräser, Fingerhirsen und Rispenhirsen sowie Vertreter der Gattungen Sporobolus und Heteropogon. Bei hoher Verfügbarkeit an Gräsern – etwa zur Regenzeit – frisst ein Tier große Mengen und ist wenig wählerisch, bei geringerer Verfügbarkeit oder schlechterer Qualität geht es eher selektiv vor. In der Serengeti bevorzugt der Kaffernbüffel in der Regenzeit weitgehend Grashalme, in der Trockenzeit, wenn die Gräser verschwinden, zieht er sich in Flussniederungen zurück, wo das Nahrungsangebot umfangreicher ist. In trockenen Landschaften wie der Sukkulent-Karoo des südlichen Afrikas, wo Gräser weitaus seltener sind, stellt weicheres Pflanzenmaterial einen größeren Teil der vertilgten Menge. Hier ergaben Untersuchungen, dass während der trockenen Jahresabschnitte der Anteil an weichen Pflanzen bis zu 33 % erreichen kann, während er in der feuchteren auf etwa 28 % absinkt. Die Tiere fressen dann unter anderem auch Akaziengewächse, Sternbüsche, Rautengewächse oder den Kap-Bleiwurz. In der grasreicheren Nama-Karoo konnten dagegen derartige Unterschiede nicht festgestellt werden, da Gräser hier 95 % der aufgenommenen Nahrung ausmachen. Allerdings konnte hier ein Wechsel an bevorzugten Pflanzen innerhalb der verschiedenen Jahreszeiten ausgemacht werden. So dominierten Sporobolus-Gräser in den feuchten Jahresabschnitten, Themada-Gräser dagegen in den trockenen. Täglich muss ein Tier rund 2,2 % seiner Körpermasse vertilgen, was in etwa 14 bis 15 kg entspricht. Da der Kaffernbüffel von Wasser abhängig ist, entfernt er sich selten weiter als 8 bis 20 km von offenen Wasserstellen. Bedeutend sind darüber hinaus Salzlecken, unter anderem auch von schwitzenden Artgenossen, oder das Fressen eisenhaltiger Substrate vor allem in großen Höhenlagen wie am Mount Kenya.

 

Die Paarung kann beim Kaffernbüffel prinzipiell das ganze Jahr über erfolgen. In Regionen mit ausgeprägten Jahreszeiten und somit einem qualitativ und quantitativ schwankenden Nahrungsangebot ist sie jedoch saisonal beschränkt. In der Serengeti werden Paarungen von November und zunehmend bis Juli beobachtet, in der südafrikanischen Provinz Limpopo sind sie von Regenfällen und dem jeweiligen Nahrungsangebot abhängig. Letzteres lässt darauf schließen, dass die körperliche Kondition der weiblichen Tiere ausschlaggebend für die Paarung und Geburt ist. Kühe gebären ihr erstes Kalb mit 4 bis 5 Jahren, Bullen sind mit 8 bis 9 Jahren voll geschlechtsreif. Die männlichen Tiere sind in ein hierarchisches System eingebunden, welches die Fortpflanzung regelt. Dazu führen die männlichen Tiere regelmäßig Paarungs- und Dominanzwettkämpfe durch, die unter anderem aus Kopf- und Körperrammen bestehen; ersteres findet häufig zwischen dominanten und unterlegenen, letzteres zwischen gleichrangigen Tieren statt. Sie beginnen damit, dass ein Tier mit erhobenem Kopf und nach unten weisender Nase stillsteht, vergleichbar dem Dominanzverhalten. Oftmals wird der Kopf dabei auch ab- und aufwärts geführt. Die ganze Prozedur kann schon in 30 m Entfernung voneinander starten und ist teilweise mit einem tiefen Grummeln verbunden. Danach kommt es zum Angriff, wobei das Tier den Kopf so weit absenkt, dass beim Aufeinandertreffen die Energie auf die verstärkte Basis der Hörner gelenkt wird. Der Gewinner wird durch die Kraft und Geschwindigkeit bestimmt, der Verlierer sucht im Abschluss zumeist das Weite, wird manchmal aber vom Sieger bis zu 100 m verfolgt.

 

Bullen testen die Empfangsbereitschaft der Kühe beständig durch Beschnuppern der Geschlechtsorgane oder des Urins und zeigen dabei ein Flehmen. Der Sexualzyklus der Kühe dauert etwa 18 bis 22 Tage, der Östrus selbst einen Tag. Paarungswillige Bullen legen ihr Kinn auf den Rumpf der Kuh und signalisieren so Bereitschaft. Die Kuh wiederum erwidert ihre Bereitschaft durch Stillstehen und Schwanzbewegung. Die Kopulation währt eher kurz und wird innerhalb von 30 Minuten mehrfach wiederholt. Die Tragezeit der Kühe dauert bis zu 11,5 Monate (durchschnittlich 340 Tage), das Geburtsintervall beträgt 15 bis 24 Monate. Meist kommt nur ein Kalb zur Welt, das 39 bis 41 kg schwer ist; Zwillingsgeburten sind sehr selten. Das Geburtsgewicht schwankt leicht mit der Jahreszeit. Das Fell der Jungtiere ist schwarz oder dunkelgrau und ändert teilweise während des Wachstums die Farbe. Das Kalb benötigt mehrere Stunden nach der Geburt, um sicher zu stehen und bewegt sich in den folgenden Wochen eher langsam und behäbig fort. Mutter und Jungtier sind nach der Geburt etwas getrennt von der Herde, in dieser Zeit achtet das Muttertier sorgfältig auf das Junge. Insgesamt ist die Herde sehr aufmerksam auf Jungtiere, so dass eine Erbeutung durch Beutegreifer selten erfolgt. Das Junge saugt unregelmäßig, anfänglich bis zu 10 Minuten lang. Nach rund vier Wochen wird es etwa 5 Minuten lang gestillt. Während der Wachstumsphase spielen oder tummeln Jungtiere kaum, jungadulte Bullen führen aber Sparringskämpfe durch. Die Stillzeit endet unterschiedlich, abhängig von der Dichte der Population. Am Lake Manyara mit einer hohen Individuenzahl werden Jungtiere nach anderthalb Jahren entwöhnt, in der weniger dicht besiedelten Serengeti schon nach zehn Monaten, wenn das Muttertier im siebten Monat trächtig mit neuem Nachwuchs ist. Männliche Tiere verlassen die mütterliche Herde, weibliche verbleiben dort. Durchschnittlich liegt die Lebenserwartung bei 18 bis 20 Jahren in freier Wildbahn, einzelne Tiere in menschlicher Gefangenschaft wurden über 30 Jahre alt.

 

Den bedeutendsten Fressfeind stellt der Löwe dar. Aufgrund des guten Augenlichts kann der Kaffernbüffel Löwen schon aus bis zu 1,5 km Entfernung wahrnehmen. Einzelne Tiere verteidigen sich gegen Löwenangriffe, indem sie sich mit dem Rücken zu einem Hindernis positionieren oder im Gebüsch verstecken, so dass die Beutegreifer nicht die verletzlichen Hinterbeine erreichen können. Auch Flucht ist möglich, da individuelle Tiere Geschwindigkeiten von bis zu 55 km/h über kurze Distanzen erreichen. Gruppen stellen sich häufig im Kreis auf und präsentieren eine Phalanx von Hörnern. Unter Umständen greift der Kaffernbüffel auch Löwen direkt an, vertreibt sie, wirbelt sie mit den Hörnern durch die Luft oder trampelt sie mitunter zu Tode. Die Raubkatzen können einen ausgewachsenen Büffel nur durch einen Kehlbiss töten, da sie nicht die Kraft aufbringen, das Genick zu brechen. Außerdem wirkt die Haut des Kaffernbüffels mit 2 bis 3 cm Dicke schützend. Der Einfluss des Löwen auf die lokalen Bestände des Kaffernbüffels ist unterschiedlich. In der Serengeti verursacht er nur 25 % der Todesfälle beim Kaffernbüffel, am Lake Manyara sind es bis zu 85 %. In der Regel fallen dem Beutegreifer ältere, einzeln wandernde Bullen zum Opfer, selten in Junggesellengruppen lebende Bullen oder Kühe und Jungtiere in Herden. Bemerkenswert in diesem Zusammenhang ist, dass in Gebieten mit größerer Löwenpopulation auch größere Herden des Kaffernbüffels zu beobachten sind. Jungtiere werden gelegentlich auch durch die Tüpfelhyäne und den Leoparden gerissen.

 

Zu den wichtigsten Krankheiten, die den Kaffernbüffel befallen, gehören die Rinderpest, die Lungenseuche und die Tuberkulose, die überwiegend von Hausrindern auf die Wildtiere übertragen werden. Untergeordnet spielen auch der Milzbrand und die Maul- und Klauenseuche eine Rolle. Zudem sind die Tiere als Reservoir des Küstenfiebers bekannt. Gegen einige originär tropische oder afrikanische Erkrankungen wie die Schlafkrankheit, die durch die Tsetse-Fliege übertragen wird, ist der Kaffernbüffel immun. An äußeren Parasiten sind zahlreiche Zecken belegt, etwa die Gattungen Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma und Boophilus. Einige dieser Ectoparasiten gelten auch als Überträger der bereits erwähnten Krankheiten. In der Regel leiden ältere Bullen stärker unter dem Befall als jüngere Tiere. Zur Linderung werden Vögel wie der Madenhacker geduldet, der die äußeren Parasiten entfernt.

 

Der Bestand des Kaffernbüffels (und anderer Huftiere) war in der Wende vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert stark reduziert worden. Eine Hauptursache stellte eine Rinderpest-Epidemie um 1890 dar, die Krankheit hatte sich ab dem Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts im Zuge der zunehmenden Besiedlung des südlichen Afrikas durch europäische Einwanderer mit ihrem Hausvieh über den Kontinent ausgebreitet. In Verbindung mit der Lungenseuche führte dies zu einer Mortalitätsrate innerhalb der einzelnen Populationen von etwa 95 %. Auch im Verlauf des 20. Jahrhunderts waren die Rinderpest und zusätzlich der Milzbrand für den Rückgang lokaler Bestände verantwortlich. Hinzu kommt ein hoher Jagddruck, da der Kaffernbüffel in zahlreichen Ländern als Nahrungsressource gilt. Die Fleischnutzung erfolgt aber nicht nur zur Eigenversorgung in der ländlichen Bevölkerung, sondern wird auch im industriellen Maßstab getätigt. Darüber hinaus gilt der Kaffernbüffel als Bestandteil der Big Five und hat den Ruf als eines der gefährlichsten Tiere der afrikanischen Savannen, womit die Trophäenjagd eine hohe Bedeutung erlangt. Nicht zuletzt hat die Zerstörung des Lebensraums einen großen Einfluss auf die einzelnen Bestände, vor allem im Randbereich von Schutzgebieten, wo es zur Konkurrenz mit Nutzvieh kommt. Heute sind die Populationen und Herden des Kaffernbüffels zum Großteil auf Schutzgebiete beschränkt. Da die Art gegenwärtig weit verbreitet ist, wird sie von der IUCN als „ungefährdet“ (Least Concern) eingestuft. Ihr Gesamtbestand wird auf etwa 670.000 Individuen geschätzt. Zu den bedeutendsten Schutzgebieten, in denen der Kaffernbüffel auftritt, gehören die Serengeti und der Lake-Manyara-Nationalpark in Tansania, der Chobe-Nationalpark in Botswana und der Hluhluwe-iMfolozi-Nationalpark sowie der Krüger-Nationalpark in Südafrika.

 

(Wikipedia)

The Pokot (or Pokhot) live in the Baringo district and in the Western Pokot district in Kenya. They are also inhabitants of Uganda.There are two main sub-groups depending of their location and way of life. The first group consist of the Hill Pokot who live in the rainy highlands in the west and in the central south, and are mainly farmers and pastoralists. The second group is made up of the Plains Pokot who live in dry and infertile plains, with their cattle. A homestead is composed of one or more buildings for a man, his wife and children; the prospective co-wives live in separate houses. Teaching children ethical rules is extremely important. Most of the Pokot are nomadic and thus have interacted with different peoples, incorporating their social customs.The Pokot are very proud of their culture. The songs, storytelling, and decorative arts, in particular body decoration, are very appreciated among the Pokot. They adorn the body with beads and hairstyling, and proceed to scarifications and the removal of the lower central incisors. Pokot girls wear a beaded necklace made of the stems of an asparagus tree. Most Pokot have some knowledge of herbal medicine, so they often use these treatments along with those of the hospitals. They belong to the Kenya's Nilotic-speaking peoples.For the Pokot, the universe has two realms: the above is the realm of the most powerful deities—Tororot, Asis (sun), and llat (rain); and the below is the one where live humans, animals, and plants. Humans are responsible for the realm that they inhabit, but they rely upon divinities to achieve and maintain peace and prosperity. They worship many deities like the sun, moon and believe in the spirit of death.The Pokot communicate with their deities through prayer and sacrifice. They perform it during ethnic festivals and dances. Oracles are responsible for maintaining the spiritual balance within the community. They are superstitious and believe in sorcery, so sometimes they call on shielding lucky sorcery. They have prophets, either male or female, who foresee and advise, usually by the means of animal sacrifices. Their abilities are considered as a divine gift. Clan histories recount the changes of location, through poetry and song, emphasizing the vulnerability of human beings and the importance of supernatural powers that help them overcome hunger, thirst, and even death. Ceremonies mark the transitions in the people's social lives. Among these are: the cleansing of a couple expecting their first child; the cleansing of newborn infants and their mothers; the cleansing of twins and other children who are born under unusual circumstances; male and female initiation; marriage; sapana, a coming-of-age ceremony for men; and summer-solstice, harvest, and healing ceremonies. The most important rite of passage for most Pokot is circumcision for boys and clitoridectomy for girls. These rites consist of a series of neighborhood-based ceremonies, emphasizing the importance of having a good behavior. When boys are circumcised, they acquire membership in one of eight age sets. Women do not belong to any age-set. After excision, for several months, girls have a white painting on their face and wear a hood made of blackened leather with charcoal and oil. This means they are untouchable until the lepan ceremony, that marks the passage to womanhood. Unlike other tribes, the Pokot keep the affiliation to their clan throughout their lives, there is no disruption with marriage. Surprisingly, the agreement before marriage is made by gift giving, from the groom and his family to the bride and her family (and not the contrary), often over a period of years. It often implies the gift of a combination of livestock, goods, and cash to the bride's family, and the allotment of milk cows and rights to land to the bride. The bond between a husband and wife lasts for 3 generations, after what marriages can take place again between the two groups. Polygamy exists but is not prevalent among men before 40. The spirits of the elder anticipate reincarnation in their living descendants: when a child is said to resemble the elder, the same name is given. Disputes are resolved in neighborhood councils and in government courts. Some of the sanctions include shaming, cursing, and bewitching.

   

Les Pokot vivent dans le district de Baringo et à l’ouest du district de Pokot au Kenya. Ce sont aussi des habitants de l’Ouganda.Il existe deux principaux sous-groupes selon leur localisation et mode de vie. Le premier groupe est constitué des Pokot des collines qui vivent dans les hautes terres humides dans l’ouest et dans le centre sud, et sont surtout des agriculteurs et pasteurs. Le second groupe est composé des Pokot des plaines qui vivent dans les plaines sèches et infertiles, avec leur bétail. Chaque propriété familiale est composée d’une ou plusieurs bâtiments pour un homme, sa femme et ses femmes, les éventuelles autres épouses vivent dans des maisons séparées. Enseigner aux enfants les règles éthiques est extrêmement important. La plupart des Pokot sont nomades et ont donc interagi avec différents peuples, incorporant leurs coutumes sociales. Les Pokot sont très fiers de leur culture. Les chants, contines, et arts décoratifs, en particulier la décoration du corps, sont particulièrement appréciés chez les Pokot. Ils parent leur corps de perles et coiffures originales, et procèdent à des scarifications et au retrait des incisives centrales inférieures. Les filles Pokot portent un collier de perles fait de tiges d’asparagus. La plupart des Pokot a des connaissances des médicaments à base de plantes, et ils utilisent donc souvent ces traitements avec ceux des hôpitaux. Ils appartiennent aux peuples parlant les langues nilotiques du Kenya.Pour les Pokot, l’univers a deux royaumes : celui d’en haut est le royaume des déités les plus puissantes –Torotot, Asis (soleil), et Ilat (pluie) ; celui d’en bas est celui où vivent les humains, animaux, et plantes. Les humains sont responsables du royaume qu’ils habitent, mais ils reposent sur les divinités pour atteindre et maintenir la paix et la prospérité. Ils vouent un culte à de nombreuses déités tels que le soleil et la lune et croient dans l’esprit de la mort. Les Pokot communiquent avec leurs déités par la prière et le sacrifice. Ils les accomplissent lors de festivals ethniques et de danses. Les oracles sont responsables du maintien de l’équilibre spirituel à l’intérieur de la communauté. Ils sont superstitieux et croient aux sortilèges, c’est pourquoi parfois ils invoquent des sortilèges de chance protecteurs. Ils ont des prophètes, hommes ou femmes, qui voient dans le futur et conseillent, habituellement au moyen de sacrifices d’animaux. Leurs capacités sont considérées comme un don divin. Les histoires claniques racontent les changements de leurs lieux de vie, à travers des poèmes et chansons, mettant en avant la vulnérabilité des êtres humains et l’importance de pouvoirs supernaturels qui les aident à surpasser la faim, la soif, et même la mort. Les cérémonies marquent les transitions dans la vie sociale des individus. Parmi celles-ci on compte : la purification d’un couple attendant leur premier enfant ; celle d’enfants nouveaux-nés et de leurs mères ; la purification de jumeaux et d’autres enfantgs qui sont nés dans des circonstances inhabituelles ; l’initiation pour hommes et femmes ; le mariage ; le sapana, une cérémonie pour la majorité chez les hommes ; le solstice d’été ; la moisson ; et les cérémonies de soins. Le rite de passage le plus important pour la plupart des Pokot est la circoncision pour les garçons et la clitorectomie pour les filles. Ces rites consistent en une série de cérémonies basées sur le voisinage, soulignant l’importance d’avoir une bonne conduite. Lorsque les garçons sont circoncis, ils deviennent membres de l’une des huit classes d’âge. Les femmes n’appartiennent à aucune classe d’âge. Après l’excision, pour plusieurs mois, les filles portent une painture blanche sur le visage et une capuche fait de cuir noirci au charbon de bois et à l’huile. Cela signifie qu’elle sont intouchables jusqu’à la cérémonie lepan, qui marque le passage à l’état de femme. Contrairement à d’autres tribus, les Pokot gardent l’affiliation à leur clan toute leur vie, il n’y a aucune rupture lors du mariage. De façon surprenante, l’accord avant le mariage est réalisé grâce à des cadeaux de la part du futur époux et de sa famille, à la fiancée et sa famille (et non le contraire), souvent pour une période donnée d’année. Cela implique souvent le don d’une association de bétail, biens, et argent à la famille de la mariée, et l’attribution de vaches à lait et des droits fonciers à la mariée. Le lien entre le mari et la femme dure pendant 3 générations, après quoi les mariages peuvent de nouveau avoir lieu entre les deux groupes. La polygamie existes mais ne prévaut pas chez les hommes de moins de 40 ans. Les esprits des plus vieux anticipent la réincarnation chez leurs descendants vivants : quand on dit d’un enfant qu’il ressemble à son aîné, le même nom lui est donné. Les disputes sont résolues dans des conseils de voisinage et dans les tribunaux du gouvernement. Certaines des sanctions incluent le déshonneur, la malédiction et l’ensorcellement.

 

© Eric Lafforgue

www.ericlafforgue.com

        

Fotografados na Imprensa Nacional - IN, em Brasília-DF, Brasil, usando a câmera de um Iphone 6.

Sagui-de-tufos-pretos

Um sagui[1][2] (do tupi sauín), soim ou mico são as designações comuns dadas a várias espécies de pequenos macacos pertencentes à família Callitrichidae. A palavra sagui tem origem no tupi e sua pronúncia é feita observando-se o som da vogal "u".

Estes primatas são representados por várias espécies em território brasileiro. Todos os quais possuem o dedo polegar da mão muito curto e não oponível, as unhas em forma de garras, e dentes molares de fórmula 2/2. São espécies de pequeno porte e de cauda longa.

São os menores símios do mundo, estão dispersos por toda a América do Sul e vivem geralmente em bandos que se hospedam em árvores, como os esquilos. Travessos e ágeis, movem-se em saltos bruscos, emitindo guinchos e assobios que são ouvidos de longe.

 

Espécies

 

Família Callitrichidae

Callithrix jacchus - Sagui-de-tufos-brancos

Callithrix penicillata - Sagui-de-tufos-pretos

Callithrix kuhlii - Sagui-de-wied

Callithrix geoffroyi - Sagui-de-cara-branca

Callithrix flaviceps - Sagui-da-serra

Callithrix aurita - Sagui-da-serra-escuro

Callithrix argentata - Sagui-branco

Callithrix nigriceps - Sagui-de-cabeça-preta

Callithrix humeralifera - Sagui-de-santarém

Saguinus fuscicollis - Sagui-de-cara-suja

Saguinus imperator - Sagui-imperador

Saguinus labiatus - Sagui-de-bigode

Saguinus mystax - Sagui-de-boca-branca

Saguinus oedipus - Sagui-de-cabeça-branca

Saguinus bicolor - Sagui-de-coleira

Família Callimiconidae

Callimico goeldi - Sagui-goeldi

Referências

 

↑ michaelis.uol.com.br/moderno/portugues/index.php?lingua=p...

↑ Desde 1 de janeiro de 2009, em virtude da vigência do Acordo Ortográfico de 1990, a palavra não é mais grafada com trema (sagüi).

  

O sagüi (português brasileiro) ou sagui (português europeu) (AO 1990: sagui), soim, mico, marmoset (em inglês) ou tamarim (em inglês) são as designações comuns dadas a várias espécies de pequenos macacos pertencentes à família Callitrichidae.

Estes primatas são representados por várias espécies em território brasileiro. Todos os quais possuem o dedo polegar da mão muito curto e não oponível, as unhas em forma de garras, e dentes molares de fórmula 2/2. São espécies de pequeno porte e de cauda longa.

São os menores símios do mundo, estão dispersos por toda a América do Sul e vivem geralmente em bandos que se hospedam, como os esquilos em árvores. Travessos e ágeis, movem-se a saltos bruscos, emitindo guinchos e assobios que são ouvidos de longe.

 

Following, a text, in english, from Wikipedia the free encyclopédia:

 

Black-tufted marmoset, Photographed at Imprensa Nacional - IN, Brasília, DF, Brazil, using an Iphone 6 camera.

The black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata), also known as Mico-estrela in Portuguese, is a species of New World monkey that lives primarily in the Neo-tropical gallery forests of the Brazilian Central Plateau. It ranges from Bahia to Paraná,[3] and as far inland as Goiás, between 14 and 25 degrees south of the equator. This marmoset typically resides in rainforests, living an arboreal life high in the trees, but below the canopy. They are only rarely spotted near the ground.

Physical description:

The black-tufted marmoset is characterized by black tufts of hair around their ears. It typically has some sparse white hairs on its face. It usually has a brown or black head and its limbs and upper body are gray, as well as its abdomen, while its rump and underside are usually black. Its tail is ringed with black and white and is not prehensile, but is used for balance. It does not have an opposable thumb and its nails tend to have a claw-like appearance. The black-tufted marmoset reaches a size of 19 to 22 cm and weighs up to 350 g.

Behavior:

Diurnal and arboreal, the black-tufted marmoset has a lifestyle very similar to other marmosets. It typically lives in family groups of 2 to 14. The groups usually consist of a reproductive couple and their offspring. Twins are very common among this species and the males, as well as juvenile offspring, often assist the female in the raising of the young.

Though the black-tufted marmoset lives in small family groups, it is believed that they share their food source, sap trees, with other marmoset groups. Scent marking does occur within these groups, but it is believed that the marking is to deter other species rather than other black-tufted marmoset groups, because other groups typically ignore these markings. They also appear to be migratory, often moving in relation to the wet or dry seasons, however, the extent of their migration is unknown.

Though communication between black-tufted marmosets has not been studied thoroughly, it is believed that it communicates through vocalizations. It has known predator-specific cries and appears to vocalize frequently outside of predator cries.

Food and predation:

The Black-tufted Marmoset diet consists primarily of tree sap which it gets by nibbling the bark with its long lower incisors. In periods of drought, it will also include fruit and insects in its diet. In periods of serious drought it has also been known to eat small arthropods, molluscs, bird eggs, baby birds and small vertebrates.

Large birds of prey are the greatest threat to the black-tufted marmoset, however, snakes and wild cats also pose a danger to them. Predator-specific vocalizations and visual scanning are its only anti-predation techniques.

Reproduction:

The black-tufted marmoset is monogamous and lives in family groups. It reproduces twice a year, producing 1 to 4 offspring, though most often just twins. Its gestation period is 150 days and offspring are weaned after 8 weeks. There is considerable parental investment by this species, with both parents, as well as older juveniles, helping to raise the young. The offspring are extremely dependent on their parents and though they are sexually mature at 18 months, they typically do not mate until much later, staying with their family group until they do.

Ecosystem roles and conservation status:

The black-tufted marmoset is a mutualist with many species of fruit trees because it distributes the seeds from the fruit it consumes throughout the forests. However, it is a parasite on other species of trees because it creates sores in trees in order to extract sap, while offering no apparent benefit to the trees. Though this marmoset is not a main food source to any specific species, it is a food source to a number of different species, specifically large birds of prey, wild cats, and snakes.

While there are no known negative effects of marmosets towards humans, it carries specific positive effects by being a highly valuable exotic pet. It is also used in zoo exhibits and scientific research.

The black-tufted marmoset is listed as having no special status on the IUCN Red List or the United States Endangered Species Act List. It is listed in Appendix II of CITES and is not currently considered an endangered or threatened species.

   

A happy couple - Grooming time - Like most red squirrels, spotting a Caucasian Squirrel is definitely becoming a rare sight.

 

Climate change affects nature differently in every corner of the world. The last time I came across the local squirrels was at the beginning of July. Due to the extreme heat in the region, Caucasian Squirrels are certain to spend very hot hours in their nests. Because I haven't been seen them around very often for more than 2 months.

Today, it was cloudy weather in the North Aegean Region of Turkey, the strong North wind was shaking the olive branches. I was walking in an olive grove and I was patiently waiting to see the Caucasian Squirrel. After waiting for about an hour, the reward came, a group of squirrels were playing around the pomegranate trees 100 meters in front of me. I was waiting under the olive tree with a wide trunk. I didn't move, waiting for them to climb the centuries-old olive trees and retreat to their den inside the follow in the middle of the tree. I saw the Mr & Mrs Caucasian Squirrel couple enter their century-old olive tree hollow.I started to wait next olive tree trunk, which is about 7 meters away.I had already begun to wait silently for 30 minutes when the male Caucasian Squirrel noticed my presence immediately. Curious male took out his head first, then his half body, checked and after making sure then Female followed him.The moment I had been waiting for a long time happened 7 meters in front of me. Even though I was wearing a camouflage cover, they were aware of my presence.

I had to use 1.4 TC for close-up when the light was enough. Today they made me very happy. I hope you wouldn't mind 14 series of Caucasian Squirrel photos and you'll like it just as much as I do.

  

The Caucasian squirrel - Sciurus anomalus ; The Caucasian squirrel or Persian squirrel, is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus found in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in south-western Asia.

The species is usually said to have first been described in 1778 by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in the 13th edition of Systema Naturae,and named Sciurus anomalus. However, some authors argue that this work was actually published in 1788, and that the true first description was made by Johann Anton Güldenstädt in 1785.

Description -

Caucasian squirrels are small tree squirrels, with a total length of 32 to 36 cm (13 to 14 in), including the 13 to 18 cm (5.1 to 7.1 in) tail, and weighing 250 to 410 g (8.8 to 14.5 oz). The color of the upper body fur ranges from greyish brown to pale grey, depending on the subspecies, while that of the underparts is rusty brown to yellowish, and that of the tail, yellow brown to deep red. The claws are relatively short, compared with those of other tree squirrels, and females have either eight or ten teats.

Samuel Griswold Goodrich described the Caucasian squirrel in 1885 as "Its color is grayish-brown above, and yellowish-brown below".

 

Physical Description -

Caucasian squirrels have a dental formula of incisors 1/1, canines 0/0, premolars 1/1, and molars 3/3, totaling 20. They have four fingered fore feet and five fingered hind feet. Sex differences in body length or mass are not evident.

Distribution and habitat -

 

Caucasian squirrels are native to south-western Asia, where they are found from Turkey, and the islands of Gökçeada and Lesbos in the west, Iran in the southeast, and as far as Israel and Jordan in the south.It is one of only two species of the genus Sciurus to be found on Mediterranean islands,and, although Eurasian red squirrels have been recently introduced to some areas, is the only species of Sciurus native to the wider region.

The species mainly lives in forested areas dominated by oak, pine, and pistachio, up to altitudes of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft).

 

Biology and behavior -

The squirrels are diurnal, and solitary, although temporary groups may forage where food is plentiful. Their diet includes nuts, seeds, tree shoots, and buds,with the seeds of oak and pine being particularly favored. Like many other squirrels, they cache their food within tree cavities or loose soil, with some larders containing up to 6 kg (13 lb) of seeds. They live in trees, where they make their dens, but frequently forage on the ground, and are considered less arboreal than Eurasian red squirrels. They commonly nest in tree hollows lined with moss and leaves, and located 5 to 14 m (16 to 46 ft) above the ground, but nests are also sometimes found under rocks or tree roots. Their alarm call is high-pitched, and said to resemble the call of the European green woodpecker, and they mark their territories with urine and dung.

Breeding occurs throughout the year, but is more common in spring or autumn. Litters range from two to seven, with three or four being typical, and the young are fully mature by five or six months of age.

 

Conservation -

A survey in 2008 found that the species remained abundant within Turkey, however declines are noted in population within the Levant region. The guides for a survey in 1993 in Israel stated that they considered the species to be nearly extinct within the area studied. Whilst the Caucasian squirrel is threatened by poaching and deforestation, the declines recorded are not sufficient to qualify them as anything other than "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[1] Hunting of the species is banned by the Central Hunting Commission, and the Caucasian squirrel is protected by the Bern Convention and the EU Habitats Directive.

 

This information is sourced from "Wikipedia".

  

Thank you so much for visiting my stream, whether you comments , favorites or just have a look.

I appreciate it very much, wishing the best of luck and good light.

  

© All rights reserved R.Ertug Please do not use this image without my explicit written permission. Contact me by Flickr mail if you want to buy or use Your comments and critiques are very well appreciated.

 

Lens - With Nikon TC 14E II - hand held or Monopod and definitely SPORT VR on. Aperture is f8 and full length. All my images have been converted from RAW to JPEG.

 

I started using Nikon Cross-Body Strap or Monopod on long walks. Here is my Carbon Monopod details : Gitzo GM2542 Series 2 4S Carbon Monopod - Really Right Stuff MH-01 Monopod Head with Standard Lever - Really Right Stuff LCF-11 Replacement Foot for Nikon AF-S 500mm /5.6E PF Lense -

 

Thanks for stopping and looking :)

 

The Pokhot live in the Baringo and Western Pokot districts of Kenya and in Uganda.

There are two main sub-groups depending of their location and way of life. The first group consist of the Hill Pokot who live in the rainy highlands in the west and in the central south, and are mainly farmers and pastoralists. The second group is made up of the Plains Pokot who live in dry and infertile plains, with their cattles. A homestead is composed of one or more buildings for a man, his wife and children; eventual co-wives live in separate houses. The role of the community in teaching children ethical rules. Most of the Pokot are nomadic and thus have interacted with different peoples, incorporating their social customs.The Pokot are very proud of their culture. The Songs, storytelling, and decorative arts, especially bodily decoration, are very appreciated. They adorn the body with beads, hairstyling, scarification, and the removal of the lower central incisors. Pokot girls wear a beaded necklace made of the stems of an asparagus tree. Most Pokot have some knowledge of herbal medicine, so they often use these treatments along with those of the hospitals. They belong to the Kenya's Nilotic-speaking peoples. .

For the Pokot, the universe has two realms: the above is the realm of the most powerful deities—Tororot, Asis (sun), and llat (rain); and the below is the one where live humans, animals, and plants. Humans are responsible for the realm that they inhabit, but they rely upon divinities to achieve and maintain peace and prosperity. They worship many deities like the sun, moon and believe in the spirit of death.The Pokot communicate with their deities through prayer and sacrifice. They perform it during ethnic festivals and dances. Oracles are responsible for maintaining the spiritual balance within the community. They are superstitious and believe in sorcery, so sometimes they call on shielding lucky sorcery. They have prophets, either male or female, who foresee advise, usually by the means of animal sacrifices. His or her ability is considered as a divine gift. Clan histories recount the changes of location, through poetry and song, emphasizing the vulnerability of humans and the importance of supernatural powers to help them overcome hunger, thirst, and even death. Ceremonies mark the transitions in the people's social lives. Among these are: the cleansing of a couple expecting their first child; the cleansing of newborn infants and their mothers; the cleansing of twins and other children who are born under unusual circumstances; male and female initiation; marriage; sapana, a coming-of-age ceremony for men; and summer-solstice, harvest, and healing ceremonies. The most important rite of passage for most Pokot is circumcision for boys and clitoridectomy for girls. These rites consist of a series of neighborhood-based ceremonies, emphasizing the importance of having a good behavior. When boys are circumcised, they acquire membership in one of eight age sets. Women do not have age-sets. After excisions, for several months, girls have a white painting on their face and wear a hood made of blackened leather with charcoal and oil. This means they are untouchable until the lepan ceremony, that marks the passage to womanhood. Unlike other tribes, the Pokot keep the affiliation to their clan throughout their lives, there is no disruption with marriage. Surprisingly, the agreement before marriage is made by gift giving, from the groom and his family to the bride and her family, often over a period of years (and not the contrary). It often implies the gift of a combination of livestock, goods, and cash to the bride's family, and the allotment of milk cows and rights to land to the bride. The bond between a husband and wife lasts for 3 generations, after what marriages can take place again between the two groups. Polygamy exists but is not prevalent among men before 40. The spirits of the elder anticipate reincarnation in their living descendants: when a child is said to resemble the elder, the same name is given. Disputes are resolved in neighborhood councils and in government courts. Some of the sanctions include shaming, cursing, and bewitching.

 

© Eric Lafforgue

www.ericlafforgue.com

  

Bernardus Siegfried Albinus Case in anatomy hall. All preparations by Albinus, Circa 1730.

 

Captions read: (starting at top left):

Temporal bone with exposed middle ear; ear, injected with red wax; child's upper right jaw, with changing dentures; section of the frontal skill, with two incisors high in the upper jaw; human embryo in membranes, injected with red wax; child arm, holding the eye's vascular tissue; spinal column of human fetus.

 

Museum Boerhaave in Leiden, the Netherlands.

 

Of, or relating to, the Morbid Anatomy blog.

Fotografados na Imprensa Nacional - IN, em Brasília-DF, Brasil, usando a câmera de um Iphone 6.

 

Um sagui[1][2] (do tupi sauín), soim ou mico são as designações comuns dadas a várias espécies de pequenos macacos pertencentes à família Callitrichidae. A palavra sagui tem origem no tupi e sua pronúncia é feita observando-se o som da vogal "u".

Estes primatas são representados por várias espécies em território brasileiro. Todos os quais possuem o dedo polegar da mão muito curto e não oponível, as unhas em forma de garras, e dentes molares de fórmula 2/2. São espécies de pequeno porte e de cauda longa.

São os menores símios do mundo, estão dispersos por toda a América do Sul e vivem geralmente em bandos que se hospedam em árvores, como os esquilos. Travessos e ágeis, movem-se em saltos bruscos, emitindo guinchos e assobios que são ouvidos de longe.

 

Sagui-de-tufos-brancos

Espécies

 

Família Callitrichidae

Callithrix jacchus - Sagui-de-tufos-brancos

Callithrix penicillata - Sagui-de-tufos-pretos

Callithrix kuhlii - Sagui-de-wied

Callithrix geoffroyi - Sagui-de-cara-branca

Callithrix flaviceps - Sagui-da-serra

Callithrix aurita - Sagui-da-serra-escuro

Callithrix argentata - Sagui-branco

Callithrix nigriceps - Sagui-de-cabeça-preta

Callithrix humeralifera - Sagui-de-santarém

Saguinus fuscicollis - Sagui-de-cara-suja

Saguinus imperator - Sagui-imperador

Saguinus labiatus - Sagui-de-bigode

Saguinus mystax - Sagui-de-boca-branca

Saguinus oedipus - Sagui-de-cabeça-branca

Saguinus bicolor - Sagui-de-coleira

Família Callimiconidae

Callimico goeldi - Sagui-goeldi

Referências

 

↑ michaelis.uol.com.br/moderno/portugues/index.php?lingua=p...

↑ Desde 1 de janeiro de 2009, em virtude da vigência do Acordo Ortográfico de 1990, a palavra não é mais grafada com trema (sagüi).

  

O sagüi (português brasileiro) ou sagui (português europeu) (AO 1990: sagui), soim, mico, marmoset (em inglês) ou tamarim (em inglês) são as designações comuns dadas a várias espécies de pequenos macacos pertencentes à família Callitrichidae.

Estes primatas são representados por várias espécies em território brasileiro. Todos os quais possuem o dedo polegar da mão muito curto e não oponível, as unhas em forma de garras, e dentes molares de fórmula 2/2. São espécies de pequeno porte e de cauda longa.

São os menores símios do mundo, estão dispersos por toda a América do Sul e vivem geralmente em bandos que se hospedam, como os esquilos em árvores. Travessos e ágeis, movem-se a saltos bruscos, emitindo guinchos e assobios que são ouvidos de longe.

  

Projetos do Parque Burle Marx - Brasília

 

Um novo espaço de conservação ambiental, diversão e lazer estará, em breve, à disposição da população de Brasília. É o Parque Burle Marx, com cerca de 3 milhões de metros quadrados, entre o local onde será construído o Setor Habitacional Noroeste e a Asa Norte, no Plano Piloto de Brasília. No momento, são desenvolvidos pela Topocart os projetos executivos de urbanismo, paisagismo e infraestrutura do novo espaço, concebido para compensar o impacto ambiental que será causado pela implantação do novo empreendimento imobiliário.

 

No início deste ano, o Instituto Brasília Ambiental (Ibram) aprovou o Plano de Manejo elaborado pela Topocart para a Unidade de Conservação e alterou a classificação de Parque Ecológico para Parque de Uso Múltiplo. Essa mudança, segundo a coordenadora do Departamento de Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Meio Ambiente da Topocart, Janaina Vieira, possibilita maior flexibilidade na ocupação do espaço sem comprometer a preservação do meio ambiente e ainda contribui para acelerar a elaboração dos projetos que serão desenvolvidos no local.

 

De acordo com a arquiteta urbanista da Topocart, Carolina Favilla, o parque é uma das condicionantes para obtenção do licenciamento ambiental para a implantação do Setor Habitacional Noroeste. “Graças ao Parque, com suas quatro lagoas de retenção e detenção, foi possível resolver a questão da drenagem pluvial da região”, explica.

 

Praças e oásis

 

O estudo preliminar de urbanismo do Parque Burle Marx foi elaborado pelo escritório Jaime Lerner e é composto por um eixo central que interliga os diversos espaços de lazer. Entre as atrações do Parque se destacam a Praça das Sombras, junto a uma das entradas, os espaços Brennand e Krajberg - com exposição permanente de obras ao ar livre desses artistas plásticos, o Jardim Burle Marx, um museu interativo chamado de Planetário Indígena e o Museu Vivo do Cerrado. Intercalando cada uma dessas estruturas, ao longo do eixo central, serão erguidos espaços menores, batizados de oásis, com opções de recreação, gastronomia, exposições e descanso assistido.

 

Umas principais atrações do Parque será a Praça “Viva o Povo Brasileiro”, que ocupará um espaço de 90 mil metros quadrados destinados a atividades diversificadas que serão desenvolvidas ao redor de uma reprodução do mapa do Brasil em escala reduzida, refletindo fielmente o relevo e cercado por um espelho d’água representando o oceano Atlântico. De acordo com a arquiteta Giannina Picado Maykall, que coordena o desenvolvimento do projeto de implantação do Parque na Topocart, muitas dessas idéias foram incorporadas e desenvolvidas a partir do estudo preliminar elaborado pelo escritório Jaime Lerner. “Além de contemplar aspectos de lazer e meio ambiente, a criação do Parque Burle Marx proporciona soluções viárias para o tráfego da região”, ressalta.

 

Sustentabilidade

 

O Parque terá ainda quatro lagoas e uma zona de preservação, onde, possivelmente, será erguida a Escola de Preservação Ambiental de Brasília. Já a faixa que compreende todo o perímetro do empreendimento foi definida como de uso múltiplo e deve abrigar variadas estruturas voltadas para atividades cotidianas dos usuários residentes nas imediações do novo espaço.

 

Tanto a Escola Ambiental de Brasília, quanto o prédio que abrigará a Administração do Parque Burle Marx apresentam, como diferencial, os projetos concebidos de acordo com um conceito contemporâneo de sustentabilidade. Eles foram desenvolvidos pelo arquiteto da Topocart, Jandson Queiroz, a partir de uma abordagem que incorpora tecnologias de reaproveitamento da água e economia energética por meio de dispositivos como tetos verdes, orientação solar e a utilização de materiais reciclados.

 

Following, a text, in english, from Wikipedia the free encyclopédia:

 

Black-tufted marmoset, Photographed at Imprensa Nacional - IN, Brasília, DF, Brazil, using an Iphone 6 camera.

The black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata), also known as Mico-estrela in Portuguese, is a species of New World monkey that lives primarily in the Neo-tropical gallery forests of the Brazilian Central Plateau. It ranges from Bahia to Paraná,[3] and as far inland as Goiás, between 14 and 25 degrees south of the equator. This marmoset typically resides in rainforests, living an arboreal life high in the trees, but below the canopy. They are only rarely spotted near the ground.

Physical description:

The black-tufted marmoset is characterized by black tufts of hair around their ears. It typically has some sparse white hairs on its face. It usually has a brown or black head and its limbs and upper body are gray, as well as its abdomen, while its rump and underside are usually black. Its tail is ringed with black and white and is not prehensile, but is used for balance. It does not have an opposable thumb and its nails tend to have a claw-like appearance. The black-tufted marmoset reaches a size of 19 to 22 cm and weighs up to 350 g.

Behavior:

Diurnal and arboreal, the black-tufted marmoset has a lifestyle very similar to other marmosets. It typically lives in family groups of 2 to 14. The groups usually consist of a reproductive couple and their offspring. Twins are very common among this species and the males, as well as juvenile offspring, often assist the female in the raising of the young.

Though the black-tufted marmoset lives in small family groups, it is believed that they share their food source, sap trees, with other marmoset groups. Scent marking does occur within these groups, but it is believed that the marking is to deter other species rather than other black-tufted marmoset groups, because other groups typically ignore these markings. They also appear to be migratory, often moving in relation to the wet or dry seasons, however, the extent of their migration is unknown.

Though communication between black-tufted marmosets has not been studied thoroughly, it is believed that it communicates through vocalizations. It has known predator-specific cries and appears to vocalize frequently outside of predator cries.

Food and predation:

The Black-tufted Marmoset diet consists primarily of tree sap which it gets by nibbling the bark with its long lower incisors. In periods of drought, it will also include fruit and insects in its diet. In periods of serious drought it has also been known to eat small arthropods, molluscs, bird eggs, baby birds and small vertebrates.

Large birds of prey are the greatest threat to the black-tufted marmoset, however, snakes and wild cats also pose a danger to them. Predator-specific vocalizations and visual scanning are its only anti-predation techniques.

Reproduction:

The black-tufted marmoset is monogamous and lives in family groups. It reproduces twice a year, producing 1 to 4 offspring, though most often just twins. Its gestation period is 150 days and offspring are weaned after 8 weeks. There is considerable parental investment by this species, with both parents, as well as older juveniles, helping to raise the young. The offspring are extremely dependent on their parents and though they are sexually mature at 18 months, they typically do not mate until much later, staying with their family group until they do.

Ecosystem roles and conservation status:

The black-tufted marmoset is a mutualist with many species of fruit trees because it distributes the seeds from the fruit it consumes throughout the forests. However, it is a parasite on other species of trees because it creates sores in trees in order to extract sap, while offering no apparent benefit to the trees. Though this marmoset is not a main food source to any specific species, it is a food source to a number of different species, specifically large birds of prey, wild cats, and snakes.

While there are no known negative effects of marmosets towards humans, it carries specific positive effects by being a highly valuable exotic pet. It is also used in zoo exhibits and scientific research.

The black-tufted marmoset is listed as having no special status on the IUCN Red List or the United States Endangered Species Act List. It is listed in Appendix II of CITES and is not currently considered an endangered or threatened species.

A curious & cautious Pine Marten in Jasper National Park, Alberta.

The Pine Marten is part of the Weasel/Badger/Skunk family. Although very cute, they can be very vicious when attacking rabbits and squirrels. They have large incisor teeth that break the neck of the small mammals that they hunt. The thick fur coat makes it a favoured trapping animal for those who sell the furs as Sable.

 

Jasper 2019-04-492

He is the local Justin Beiber. Most of the necklaces are given by girls, a way to say "voulez vous coucher avec moi?" in Suri tribe.

 

Surma or Suri are sedentary pastoral people living in south west of Ethiopia, on the western bank of the Omo River, in the Kibish and Tulgit area.

These breeders tribal groups have a cattle centred culture. They grow cabbage, beans, yams, tobacco and coffee and breed their cattle, mostly cows, on their traditional lands, located in the Omo Valley. Cows are tremendously important for the Suris. They do not see cattle simply as a material asset but as a life sustaining and meaningful companion. Suri even sing songs for them and make fires to warm them. These cows are not bred for their meat and are usually not killed unless they are needed for ceremonial purposes. They use their milk and their blood, which they both drink. Cows also have a social and symbolic meaning in Suri’s society. Suri men are judged on how much cattle they own. In desperate times, Suri men can risk their lives to steal cattle from other tribes. The average male in the Suri tribe owns 40 cows. Every young male is named after their cattle, which they have to look after since the age of 8. Cows are given to the bride’s family after the wedding ceremony. Usually 20 cows and they offer also a Kalashnikov as wedding gift.

 

This central role of the cow in their way of life accounts for the fierce independence they want to preserve and explains their warlike culture. Indeed, it’s quite common to see men and even women carrying Kalashnikovs, which are part of the daily life. Their remote homeland has always been a place of traditional rivalries with the neighbouring tribes such as the Bume (Nyangatom) or the Toposa from Sudan who regularly team up to raid the Suri’s cattle. These fights, and even sometimes battles, have become quite bloody since automatic firearms have become available from the parties in the Sudanese Civil War. This conflict has pushed neighbouring tribes into Suri’s land and is a constant competition to keep and protect their territory and owns.

 

Like their neighbours, the Surma also paint their bodies. They create a variety of designs on their necked bodies using their fingertips, which helps them to expose their dark skins. The painting could have both a beautifying and opponent frightening purpose. As one studies these body paintings whirls, stripes, flower and star designs are noticeable. Surma men who are generally believed to be expert artists also paint the girls.

 

A ritual chief in the villages known as the Komoru, dressed in colourful robes and wearing a crown of baboon fur leads the Suri. Village life is largely communal, sharing the produce of the cattle (milk and blood). The men in an assembly take decisions of the village.

Although their traditional remoteness and autarky is threatened, only few Surma are familiar with Amharic, the official language of Ethiopia, and their literacy level is very low. Lip plate and Donga stick fight are the two typical distinctive features of these people, which they share with the neighbouring Mursi people.

 

Suri women wear giant lip plate, a sign of beauty, like in Mursi tribe, and also a prime attraction for tourists which help to sustain a view of them, in guidebooks and travel articles, as an untouched people, living in one of the last wildernesses of Africa. When they are ready to marry, teenagers start to make a hole in the lower lip with a wood stick. It will be kept for one night, and is removed to put a bigger one. This is very painful at this time. Few months after, the lip plate has its full size, and the men see the girl as beautiful. The lip plate is made of wood or terracotta. They have to remove the lower incisors to let some space for the disc. Sometimes the pressure of the plate breaks the lip. This is a big problem for the girl because men will consider her as ugly, she won't be able to marry anyone in the tribe apart the old men or the sick people.

 

The Sagenai, called also donga ritual is a combat that brings both wounds and honor to both the winner and loser. The men bodies are decorated with ritual drawings and their heads are protected by a sort of helmet. For the boys participating to the donga, this challenge is a true moment of glory. The combat is taking place in a middle of a circle made by the crowd. The rules are simple and can be summed up as follows: the person who manages to stay on his feet is the winner, and one must absolutely not kill his opponent. The winner will be honored by the entire tribe and can choose girls to date.

The lands of the Suri are stolen by the Ethiopian government to be rented to foreign companies. A Malaysian company, Lim Slow Jin, runs the Koka plantation near Kibish on the east side of the Omo. The lands are confiscated and rented out for 1 euro per hectare for a year.

 

© Eric Lafforgue

www.ericlafforgue.com

Giovan Battista Gaulli detto il Baciccio o il Baciccia 8/05/1639 – 2/04/1709

Raccolta Foto de Alvariis;

The Pokhot live in the Baringo and Western Pokot districts of Kenya and in Uganda.

There are two main sub-groups depending of their location and way of life. The first group consist of the Hill Pokot who live in the rainy highlands in the west and in the central south, and are mainly farmers and pastoralists. The second group is made up of the Plains Pokot who live in dry and infertile plains, with their cattles. A homestead is composed of one or more buildings for a man, his wife and children; eventual co-wives live in separate houses. The role of the community in teaching children ethical rules. Most of the Pokot are nomadic and thus have interacted with different peoples, incorporating their social customs.The Pokot are very proud of their culture. The Songs, storytelling, and decorative arts, especially bodily decoration, are very appreciated. They adorn the body with beads, hairstyling, scarification, and the removal of the lower central incisors. Pokot girls wear a beaded necklace made of the stems of an asparagus tree. Most Pokot have some knowledge of herbal medicine, so they often use these treatments along with those of the hospitals. They belong to the Kenya's Nilotic-speaking peoples. .

For the Pokot, the universe has two realms: the above is the realm of the most powerful deities—Tororot, Asis (sun), and llat (rain); and the below is the one where live humans, animals, and plants. Humans are responsible for the realm that they inhabit, but they rely upon divinities to achieve and maintain peace and prosperity. They worship many deities like the sun, moon and believe in the spirit of death.The Pokot communicate with their deities through prayer and sacrifice. They perform it during ethnic festivals and dances. Oracles are responsible for maintaining the spiritual balance within the community. They are superstitious and believe in sorcery, so sometimes they call on shielding lucky sorcery. They have prophets, either male or female, who foresee advise, usually by the means of animal sacrifices. His or her ability is considered as a divine gift. Clan histories recount the changes of location, through poetry and song, emphasizing the vulnerability of humans and the importance of supernatural powers to help them overcome hunger, thirst, and even death. Ceremonies mark the transitions in the people's social lives. Among these are: the cleansing of a couple expecting their first child; the cleansing of newborn infants and their mothers; the cleansing of twins and other children who are born under unusual circumstances; male and female initiation; marriage; sapana, a coming-of-age ceremony for men; and summer-solstice, harvest, and healing ceremonies. The most important rite of passage for most Pokot is circumcision for boys and clitoridectomy for girls. These rites consist of a series of neighborhood-based ceremonies, emphasizing the importance of having a good behavior. When boys are circumcised, they acquire membership in one of eight age sets. Women do not have age-sets. After excisions, for several months, girls have a white painting on their face and wear a hood made of blackened leather with charcoal and oil. This means they are untouchable until the lepan ceremony, that marks the passage to womanhood. Unlike other tribes, the Pokot keep the affiliation to their clan throughout their lives, there is no disruption with marriage. Surprisingly, the agreement before marriage is made by gift giving, from the groom and his family to the bride and her family, often over a period of years (and not the contrary). It often implies the gift of a combination of livestock, goods, and cash to the bride's family, and the allotment of milk cows and rights to land to the bride. The bond between a husband and wife lasts for 3 generations, after what marriages can take place again between the two groups. Polygamy exists but is not prevalent among men before 40. The spirits of the elder anticipate reincarnation in their living descendants: when a child is said to resemble the elder, the same name is given. Disputes are resolved in neighborhood councils and in government courts. Some of the sanctions include shaming, cursing, and bewitching.

 

© Eric Lafforgue

www.ericlafforgue.com

     

Poem.

 

Childish excitement travelling from east to west in late winter.

You know soon, very soon, the West Coast “Munros” will gleam like incisor teeth above the forested landscape.

Forcan, left, and The Saddle, right, are such peaks that advertise the thousand metre micro-climate of semi-Alpine splendour.

Spin-drift sweeps off the upper slopes to accumulate in layers like royal icing.

The snowy back-cloth forms a pleasing contrast to the pastel tans and greens of the bracken and forest of the lower slopes of this historic Glen.

The West Coast beckons.

Such a grand mountain corridor befits the momentous land and seascapes that lie in prospect.

 

Everytime I look at this photo I just have to yawn!! Here Adriano is showing his powerful incisors, jaguars have an exceptionally powerful bite, even relative to the other big cats. This allows them to pierce the shells of armoured reptiles and to employ an unusual killing method: by biting directly through the skull of prey between the ears to deliver a fatal bite to the brain. Its main prey are Caiman and Capybara.

For Friday the 13th! :)

African bush elephant

 

Afrikanischer Elefant

 

Kruger National Park is one of the largest game reserves in Africa. It covers an area of 19,485 km2 (7,523 sq mi) in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga in northeastern South Africa, and extends 360 km (220 mi) from north to south and 65 km (40 mi) from east to west. The administrative headquarters are in Skukuza. Areas of the park were first protected by the government of the South African Republic in 1898, and it became South Africa's first national park in 1926.

 

To the west and south of the Kruger National Park are the two South African provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga. In the north is Zimbabwe, and to the east is Mozambique. It is now part of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park, a peace park that links Kruger National Park with the Gonarezhou National Park in Zimbabwe, and with the Limpopo National Park in Mozambique.

 

The park is part of the Kruger to Canyons Biosphere an area designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as an International Man and Biosphere Reserve (the "Biosphere").

 

The park has nine main gates allowing entrance to the different camps.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Name

 

African Elephant or African Bush Elephant [Loxodonta africana]

 

Introduction

 

The Elephant is the world's largest land mammal, and weighs up to 7 tonnes and reaches heights of 3.3 m at the shoulder. Elephants can live to a potential age of 70 years. The massive tusks of older bulls can weigh up to 50 or 60 kilograms, but tusks weighing up to 90 kilograms have been recorded.

 

Appearance

 

What is the trunk and what is it used for?

The Elephant's trunk is a modified nose which is very sensitive and can even detect water under ground. There are as many as 50 000 muscles in an Elephant trunk. The sensitive finger-like appendages at the tip of the trunk enables them to pick the smallest twig or flower, pull the toughest reed of grass or even pick out a thorn from their feet.

 

Do elephants have knees or elbows?

 

The joints that are perceived as 'knees', are in fact wrists. This is a common misunderstanding due to the belief that a leg joint that bends between the foot and the body must be a knee. The main difference between us and the elephants is that our foot bones and hand bones are separate, whereas those of the elephant are one in the same, and have evolved to suit this four-legged mammal.

 

Why do elephants have tusks?

 

The tusks are used for obtaining food, fighting (amongst males) and for self defence. They are actually their upper incisors, and grow continuously until they die at around 60 years old. Although their skin is up to 3cm (1 inch) thick, it is quite sensitive.

 

Diet

 

Elephants are voracious feeders which in a day consume up to 272 kg (600 pounds) of grass, tender shoots and bark from trees. An adult Elephant can drink up to 200 litres of water in a single session. A single Elephant deposits up to 150kg (330 pounds) of dung every day - about one dollop every 15 minutes!

 

Breeding

 

African Elephant are not seasonal breeders. Generally they produce one calf every 3 to 4 years. The gestation period is about 22 months. At birth calves weigh about 100 kg (220 pounds) and are fully weaned between 18-24 months. An orphaned calf will usually be adopted by one of the family's lactating females or suckled by various females. Elephants are very attentive mothers, and because most Elephant behavior has to be learned, they keep their offspring with them for many years. Tusks erupt at 16 months but do not show externally until 30 months. Once weaned, usually at age 4 or 5, the calf still remains in the maternal group. Females mature at about 11 years and stay in the group, while the males, which mature between 12 and 15, are usually expelled from the maternal herd. Even though these young males are sexually mature, they do not breed until they are in their mid, or late 20s or even older and have moved up in the social hierarchy.

 

Behaviour

 

Mature males form bachelor groups and become solitary bulls. Elephant form strong family units of cows, calves and young offspring. Such herds are always led by an old female. Apart from drinking large quantities of water they also love wading or swimming in it. Elephants clearly relish mud baths.

It was once thought that family groups were led by old bull elephants, but these males are most often solitary. The female family groups are often visited by mature males checking for females in oestrus. Several interrelated family groups may inhabit an area and know each other well.

 

How do you tell an elephant's mock charge from a serious one?

 

It is imperative to keep in mind that Elephant are extremely intelligent, and each individual has a distinct character. Although there will be exceptions to the rules, the common signs of a mock charge are bush-bashing, dust-throwing, trumpeting and other vocalizations, open ears and an intimidating presence, can be considered a mock-display. Aggressive or startled elephants usually make sudden headshakes and flap their large ears against their head. Serious charges usually occur after all attempts to intimidate have failed, and the Elephant feels threatened. The ears are pinned back and head and trunk are lowered. Ultimately, the key lies in the intelligence of the animal and how they will react to the 'target' and unfamiliar actions, and a conscious decision is made.

 

Why do elephants rhythmically flap their ears?

 

Contrary to common belief, it is not an expression of anger. Being an animal of such a large size, with no sweat glands and a dark body colour, elephants flap their ears to cool the body and rid themselves of irritating insects.

 

Where are they found?

 

Once ranging across most of Africa the Elephant population has declined dramatically across the continent. In South Africa the Addo Elephant and Kruger National Park protect large herds. Due to rigorous conservation measures the Elephant population in South Africa has grown from a estimated 120 in 1920 in 4 locations, to 10 000 at 40 locations to date.

 

Notes

 

The African Elephant has recently been classified into two separate species, the more common African Bush Elephant [Loxodonta Africana] and the smaller African Forest Elephant [Loxodonta cyclotis] of the rainforest of Central Africa.

 

(krugerpark.co.za)

 

Der Kruger-Nationalpark (deutsch häufig falsch Krüger-Nationalpark) ist das größte Wildschutzgebiet Südafrikas. Er liegt im Nordosten des Landes in der Landschaft des Lowveld auf dem Gebiet der Provinz Limpopo sowie des östlichen Abschnitts von Mpumalanga. Seine Fläche erstreckt sich vom Crocodile-River im Süden bis zum Limpopo, dem Grenzfluss zu Simbabwe, im Norden. Die Nord-Süd-Ausdehnung beträgt etwa 350 km, in Ost-West-Richtung ist der Park durchschnittlich 54 km breit und umfasst eine Fläche von rund 20.000 Quadratkilometern. Damit gehört er zu den größten Nationalparks in Afrika.

 

Das Schutzgebiet wurde am 26. März 1898 unter dem Präsidenten Paul Kruger als Sabie Game Reserve zum Schutz der Wildnis gegründet. 1926 erhielt das Gebiet den Status Nationalpark und wurde in seinen heutigen Namen umbenannt. Im Park leben 147 Säugetierarten inklusive der „Big Five“, außerdem etwa 507 Vogelarten und 114 Reptilienarten, 49 Fischarten und 34 Amphibienarten.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Der Afrikanische Elefant (Loxodonta africana), auch Afrikanischer Steppenelefant oder Afrikanischer Buschelefant, ist eine Art aus der Familie der Elefanten. Er ist das größte gegenwärtig lebende Landsäugetier und gleichzeitig das größte rezente landbewohnende Tier der Erde. Herausragende Kennzeichen sind neben den Stoßzähnen und dem markanten Rüssel die großen Ohren und die säulenförmigen Beine. In zahlreichen morphologischen und anatomischen Merkmalen unterscheidet sich der Afrikanische Elefant von seinen etwas kleineren Verwandten, dem Waldelefanten und dem Asiatischen Elefanten. Das Verbreitungsgebiet umfasst heute große Teile von Afrika südlich der Sahara. Die Tiere haben sich dort an zahlreiche unterschiedliche Lebensräume angepasst, die von geschlossenen Wäldern über offene Savannenlandschaften bis hin zu Sumpfgebieten und wüstenartigen Regionen reichen. Insgesamt ist das Vorkommen aber stark fragmentiert.

 

Die Lebensweise des Afrikanischen Elefanten ist durch intensive Studien gut erforscht. Sie wird durch einen stark sozialen Charakter geprägt. Weibliche Tiere und ihr Nachwuchs leben in Familienverbänden (Herden). Diese formieren sich wiederum zu einem enger verwandten Clan. Die einzelnen Herden treffen sich zu bestimmten Gelegenheiten und trennen sich danach wieder. Die männlichen Tiere bilden Junggesellengruppen. Die verschiedenen Verbände nutzen Aktionsräume, in denen sie teils im Jahreszyklus herumwandern. Für die Kommunikation untereinander nutzen die Tiere verschiedene Töne im niedrigen Frequenzbereich. Anhand der Lautgebung, aber auch durch bestimmte chemische Signale können sich die einzelnen Individuen untereinander erkennen. Darüber hinaus besteht ein umfangreiches Repertoire an Gesten. Hervorzuheben sind auch die kognitiven Fähigkeiten des Afrikanischen Elefanten.

 

Die Nahrung besteht sowohl aus weicher wie auch harter Pflanzenkost. Die genaue Zusammensetzung variiert dabei regional und jahreszeitlich. Generell verbringt der Afrikanische Elefant einen großen Teil seiner Tagesaktivitäten mit der Nahrungsaufnahme. Die Fortpflanzung erfolgt ganzjährig, regional gibt es Tendenzen zu einer stärkeren Saisonalisierung. Bullen kommen einmal jährlich in die Musth, während deren sie auf Wanderung zur Suche nach fortpflanzungswilligen Kühen gehen. Während der Musth ist die Aggressivität gesteigert, es finden dann auch Rivalenkämpfe statt. Der Sexualzyklus der Kühe dauert vergleichsweise lange und weist einen für Säugetiere untypischen Verlauf auf. Nach erfolgter Geburt setzt er in der Regel mehrere Jahre aus. Zumeist wird nach fast zweijähriger Tragzeit ein Jungtier geboren, das in der mütterlichen Herde aufwächst. Junge weibliche Tiere verbleiben später in der Herde, die jungen männlichen verlassen diese.

 

Die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung des Afrikanischen Elefanten erfolgte im Jahr 1797 mit einer formalen artlichen Trennung des Afrikanischen vom Asiatischen Elefanten. Der heute gebräuchliche Gattungsname Loxodonta wurde offiziell erst dreißig Jahre später eingeführt. Die Bezeichnung bezieht sich auf markante Zahnunterschiede zwischen den asiatischen und den afrikanischen Elefanten. Im Verlauf des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden mehrere Unterarten unterschieden, darunter auch der Waldelefant des zentralen Afrikas. Letzterer gilt heute genetischen Untersuchungen zufolge als eigenständige Art, die weiteren Unterarten sind nicht anerkannt. Stammesgeschichtlich lässt sich der Afrikanische Elefant erstmals im beginnenden Mittleren Pleistozän belegen. Der Gesamtbestand gilt als gefährdet. Ursachen hierfür sind hauptsächlich die Jagd nach Elfenbein und Lebensraumverlust durch die zunehmend wachsende menschliche Bevölkerung. Der Afrikanische Elefant zählt zu den sogenannten „Big Five“ von Großwildjagd und Safari.

 

(Wikipedia)

Those Pokot (or Pokhot) girls wear necklaces of beads cut from the stem of an asparagus tree.

The Pokhot live in the Baringo and Western Pokot districts of Kenya and in Uganda.

There are two main sub-groups depending of their location and way of life. The first group consist of the Hill Pokot who live in the rainy highlands in the west and in the central south, and are mainly farmers and pastoralists. The second group is made up of the Plains Pokot who live in dry and infertile plains, with their cattles. A homestead is composed of one or more buildings for a man, his wife and children; eventual co-wives live in separate houses. The role of the community in teaching children ethical rules. Most of the Pokot are nomadic and thus have interacted with different peoples, incorporating their social customs.The Pokot are very proud of their culture. The Songs, storytelling, and decorative arts, especially bodily decoration, are very appreciated. They adorn the body with beads, hairstyling, scarification, and the removal of the lower central incisors. Pokot girls wear a beaded necklace made of the stems of an asparagus tree. Most Pokot have some knowledge of herbal medicine, so they often use these treatments along with those of the hospitals. They belong to the Kenya's Nilotic-speaking peoples. .

For the Pokot, the universe has two realms: the above is the realm of the most powerful deities—Tororot, Asis (sun), and llat (rain); and the below is the one where live humans, animals, and plants. Humans are responsible for the realm that they inhabit, but they rely upon divinities to achieve and maintain peace and prosperity. They worship many deities like the sun, moon and believe in the spirit of death.The Pokot communicate with their deities through prayer and sacrifice. They perform it during ethnic festivals and dances. Oracles are responsible for maintaining the spiritual balance within the community. They are superstitious and believe in sorcery, so sometimes they call on shielding lucky sorcery. They have prophets, either male or female, who foresee advise, usually by the means of animal sacrifices. His or her ability is considered as a divine gift. Clan histories recount the changes of location, through poetry and song, emphasizing the vulnerability of humans and the importance of supernatural powers to help them overcome hunger, thirst, and even death. Ceremonies mark the transitions in the people's social lives. Among these are: the cleansing of a couple expecting their first child; the cleansing of newborn infants and their mothers; the cleansing of twins and other children who are born under unusual circumstances; male and female initiation; marriage; sapana, a coming-of-age ceremony for men; and summer-solstice, harvest, and healing ceremonies. The most important rite of passage for most Pokot is circumcision for boys and clitoridectomy for girls. These rites consist of a series of neighborhood-based ceremonies, emphasizing the importance of having a good behavior. When boys are circumcised, they acquire membership in one of eight age sets. Women do not have age-sets. After excisions, for several months, girls have a white painting on their face and wear a hood made of blackened leather with charcoal and oil. This means they are untouchable until the lepan ceremony, that marks the passage to womanhood. Unlike other tribes, the Pokot keep the affiliation to their clan throughout their lives, there is no disruption with marriage. Surprisingly, the agreement before marriage is made by gift giving, from the groom and his family to the bride and her family, often over a period of years (and not the contrary). It often implies the gift of a combination of livestock, goods, and cash to the bride's family, and the allotment of milk cows and rights to land to the bride. The bond between a husband and wife lasts for 3 generations, after what marriages can take place again between the two groups. Polygamy exists but is not prevalent among men before 40. The spirits of the elder anticipate reincarnation in their living descendants: when a child is said to resemble the elder, the same name is given. Disputes are resolved in neighborhood councils and in government courts. Some of the sanctions include shaming, cursing, and bewitching.

 

© Eric Lafforgue

www.ericlafforgue.com

 

Young African bush elephant

 

Junger Afrikanischer Elefant

 

Kruger National Park is one of the largest game reserves in Africa. It covers an area of 19,485 km2 (7,523 sq mi) in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga in northeastern South Africa, and extends 360 km (220 mi) from north to south and 65 km (40 mi) from east to west. The administrative headquarters are in Skukuza. Areas of the park were first protected by the government of the South African Republic in 1898, and it became South Africa's first national park in 1926.

 

To the west and south of the Kruger National Park are the two South African provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga. In the north is Zimbabwe, and to the east is Mozambique. It is now part of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park, a peace park that links Kruger National Park with the Gonarezhou National Park in Zimbabwe, and with the Limpopo National Park in Mozambique.

 

The park is part of the Kruger to Canyons Biosphere an area designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as an International Man and Biosphere Reserve (the "Biosphere").

 

The park has nine main gates allowing entrance to the different camps.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Name

 

African Elephant or African Bush Elephant [Loxodonta africana]

 

Introduction

 

The Elephant is the world's largest land mammal, and weighs up to 7 tonnes and reaches heights of 3.3 m at the shoulder. Elephants can live to a potential age of 70 years. The massive tusks of older bulls can weigh up to 50 or 60 kilograms, but tusks weighing up to 90 kilograms have been recorded.

 

Appearance

 

What is the trunk and what is it used for?

The Elephant's trunk is a modified nose which is very sensitive and can even detect water under ground. There are as many as 50 000 muscles in an Elephant trunk. The sensitive finger-like appendages at the tip of the trunk enables them to pick the smallest twig or flower, pull the toughest reed of grass or even pick out a thorn from their feet.

 

Do elephants have knees or elbows?

 

The joints that are perceived as 'knees', are in fact wrists. This is a common misunderstanding due to the belief that a leg joint that bends between the foot and the body must be a knee. The main difference between us and the elephants is that our foot bones and hand bones are separate, whereas those of the elephant are one in the same, and have evolved to suit this four-legged mammal.

 

Why do elephants have tusks?

 

The tusks are used for obtaining food, fighting (amongst males) and for self defence. They are actually their upper incisors, and grow continuously until they die at around 60 years old. Although their skin is up to 3cm (1 inch) thick, it is quite sensitive.

 

Diet

 

Elephants are voracious feeders which in a day consume up to 272 kg (600 pounds) of grass, tender shoots and bark from trees. An adult Elephant can drink up to 200 litres of water in a single session. A single Elephant deposits up to 150kg (330 pounds) of dung every day - about one dollop every 15 minutes!

 

Breeding

 

African Elephant are not seasonal breeders. Generally they produce one calf every 3 to 4 years. The gestation period is about 22 months. At birth calves weigh about 100 kg (220 pounds) and are fully weaned between 18-24 months. An orphaned calf will usually be adopted by one of the family's lactating females or suckled by various females. Elephants are very attentive mothers, and because most Elephant behavior has to be learned, they keep their offspring with them for many years. Tusks erupt at 16 months but do not show externally until 30 months. Once weaned, usually at age 4 or 5, the calf still remains in the maternal group. Females mature at about 11 years and stay in the group, while the males, which mature between 12 and 15, are usually expelled from the maternal herd. Even though these young males are sexually mature, they do not breed until they are in their mid, or late 20s or even older and have moved up in the social hierarchy.

 

Behaviour

 

Mature males form bachelor groups and become solitary bulls. Elephant form strong family units of cows, calves and young offspring. Such herds are always led by an old female. Apart from drinking large quantities of water they also love wading or swimming in it. Elephants clearly relish mud baths.

It was once thought that family groups were led by old bull elephants, but these males are most often solitary. The female family groups are often visited by mature males checking for females in oestrus. Several interrelated family groups may inhabit an area and know each other well.

 

How do you tell an elephant's mock charge from a serious one?

 

It is imperative to keep in mind that Elephant are extremely intelligent, and each individual has a distinct character. Although there will be exceptions to the rules, the common signs of a mock charge are bush-bashing, dust-throwing, trumpeting and other vocalizations, open ears and an intimidating presence, can be considered a mock-display. Aggressive or startled elephants usually make sudden headshakes and flap their large ears against their head. Serious charges usually occur after all attempts to intimidate have failed, and the Elephant feels threatened. The ears are pinned back and head and trunk are lowered. Ultimately, the key lies in the intelligence of the animal and how they will react to the 'target' and unfamiliar actions, and a conscious decision is made.

 

Why do elephants rhythmically flap their ears?

 

Contrary to common belief, it is not an expression of anger. Being an animal of such a large size, with no sweat glands and a dark body colour, elephants flap their ears to cool the body and rid themselves of irritating insects.

 

Where are they found?

 

Once ranging across most of Africa the Elephant population has declined dramatically across the continent. In South Africa the Addo Elephant and Kruger National Park protect large herds. Due to rigorous conservation measures the Elephant population in South Africa has grown from a estimated 120 in 1920 in 4 locations, to 10 000 at 40 locations to date.

 

Notes

 

The African Elephant has recently been classified into two separate species, the more common African Bush Elephant [Loxodonta Africana] and the smaller African Forest Elephant [Loxodonta cyclotis] of the rainforest of Central Africa.

 

(krugerpark.co.za)

 

Der Kruger-Nationalpark (deutsch häufig falsch Krüger-Nationalpark) ist das größte Wildschutzgebiet Südafrikas. Er liegt im Nordosten des Landes in der Landschaft des Lowveld auf dem Gebiet der Provinz Limpopo sowie des östlichen Abschnitts von Mpumalanga. Seine Fläche erstreckt sich vom Crocodile-River im Süden bis zum Limpopo, dem Grenzfluss zu Simbabwe, im Norden. Die Nord-Süd-Ausdehnung beträgt etwa 350 km, in Ost-West-Richtung ist der Park durchschnittlich 54 km breit und umfasst eine Fläche von rund 20.000 Quadratkilometern. Damit gehört er zu den größten Nationalparks in Afrika.

 

Das Schutzgebiet wurde am 26. März 1898 unter dem Präsidenten Paul Kruger als Sabie Game Reserve zum Schutz der Wildnis gegründet. 1926 erhielt das Gebiet den Status Nationalpark und wurde in seinen heutigen Namen umbenannt. Im Park leben 147 Säugetierarten inklusive der „Big Five“, außerdem etwa 507 Vogelarten und 114 Reptilienarten, 49 Fischarten und 34 Amphibienarten.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Der Afrikanische Elefant (Loxodonta africana), auch Afrikanischer Steppenelefant oder Afrikanischer Buschelefant, ist eine Art aus der Familie der Elefanten. Er ist das größte gegenwärtig lebende Landsäugetier und gleichzeitig das größte rezente landbewohnende Tier der Erde. Herausragende Kennzeichen sind neben den Stoßzähnen und dem markanten Rüssel die großen Ohren und die säulenförmigen Beine. In zahlreichen morphologischen und anatomischen Merkmalen unterscheidet sich der Afrikanische Elefant von seinen etwas kleineren Verwandten, dem Waldelefanten und dem Asiatischen Elefanten. Das Verbreitungsgebiet umfasst heute große Teile von Afrika südlich der Sahara. Die Tiere haben sich dort an zahlreiche unterschiedliche Lebensräume angepasst, die von geschlossenen Wäldern über offene Savannenlandschaften bis hin zu Sumpfgebieten und wüstenartigen Regionen reichen. Insgesamt ist das Vorkommen aber stark fragmentiert.

 

Die Lebensweise des Afrikanischen Elefanten ist durch intensive Studien gut erforscht. Sie wird durch einen stark sozialen Charakter geprägt. Weibliche Tiere und ihr Nachwuchs leben in Familienverbänden (Herden). Diese formieren sich wiederum zu einem enger verwandten Clan. Die einzelnen Herden treffen sich zu bestimmten Gelegenheiten und trennen sich danach wieder. Die männlichen Tiere bilden Junggesellengruppen. Die verschiedenen Verbände nutzen Aktionsräume, in denen sie teils im Jahreszyklus herumwandern. Für die Kommunikation untereinander nutzen die Tiere verschiedene Töne im niedrigen Frequenzbereich. Anhand der Lautgebung, aber auch durch bestimmte chemische Signale können sich die einzelnen Individuen untereinander erkennen. Darüber hinaus besteht ein umfangreiches Repertoire an Gesten. Hervorzuheben sind auch die kognitiven Fähigkeiten des Afrikanischen Elefanten.

 

Die Nahrung besteht sowohl aus weicher wie auch harter Pflanzenkost. Die genaue Zusammensetzung variiert dabei regional und jahreszeitlich. Generell verbringt der Afrikanische Elefant einen großen Teil seiner Tagesaktivitäten mit der Nahrungsaufnahme. Die Fortpflanzung erfolgt ganzjährig, regional gibt es Tendenzen zu einer stärkeren Saisonalisierung. Bullen kommen einmal jährlich in die Musth, während deren sie auf Wanderung zur Suche nach fortpflanzungswilligen Kühen gehen. Während der Musth ist die Aggressivität gesteigert, es finden dann auch Rivalenkämpfe statt. Der Sexualzyklus der Kühe dauert vergleichsweise lange und weist einen für Säugetiere untypischen Verlauf auf. Nach erfolgter Geburt setzt er in der Regel mehrere Jahre aus. Zumeist wird nach fast zweijähriger Tragzeit ein Jungtier geboren, das in der mütterlichen Herde aufwächst. Junge weibliche Tiere verbleiben später in der Herde, die jungen männlichen verlassen diese.

 

Die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung des Afrikanischen Elefanten erfolgte im Jahr 1797 mit einer formalen artlichen Trennung des Afrikanischen vom Asiatischen Elefanten. Der heute gebräuchliche Gattungsname Loxodonta wurde offiziell erst dreißig Jahre später eingeführt. Die Bezeichnung bezieht sich auf markante Zahnunterschiede zwischen den asiatischen und den afrikanischen Elefanten. Im Verlauf des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden mehrere Unterarten unterschieden, darunter auch der Waldelefant des zentralen Afrikas. Letzterer gilt heute genetischen Untersuchungen zufolge als eigenständige Art, die weiteren Unterarten sind nicht anerkannt. Stammesgeschichtlich lässt sich der Afrikanische Elefant erstmals im beginnenden Mittleren Pleistozän belegen. Der Gesamtbestand gilt als gefährdet. Ursachen hierfür sind hauptsächlich die Jagd nach Elfenbein und Lebensraumverlust durch die zunehmend wachsende menschliche Bevölkerung. Der Afrikanische Elefant zählt zu den sogenannten „Big Five“ von Großwildjagd und Safari.

 

(Wikipedia)

My appreciation and thanks to all of you for your comments awards and faves.

 

Let us stand in unison to protect these godly creatures from those that choose to kill them in the name of sport.

 

Elephants are the largest land animal in the world. There are two main species – Asian and African.

 

Asian elephants are smaller than their African cousins, and Intelligent and sociable, they live together in family groups and are usually led by the oldest female. Their most distinctive feature is of course their long trunks which can be very powerful, but also very delicate when needed to forage for food.

 

They need to eat a lot and can spend two thirds of a day feeding. They eat grasses, tree bark, roots, leaves and the like.

 

Their ivory tusks help with digging, stripping bark from trees and fighting. Not all male Asian elephants have tusks! But both males and females can have tushes, which are incisor teeth that grow to just below the bottom lip.

 

An elephant’s ears are used to keep the animal cool as they radiate heat, and Asian elephants have smaller ears than African ones. Despite the fact that their trunks are sophisticated long noses, Asian elephants have a finger at the end enabling the elephant to handle small items. African elephants have two fingers at the end of their trunks.

 

Elephants spend almost 22 months pregnant with a calf. That’s the longest amount of time for any mammal! Female elephants (cows), give birth to one calf every two to four years.

Poem.

 

Childish excitement travelling from east to west in late winter.

You know soon, very soon, the West Coast “Munros” will gleam like incisor teeth above the forested landscape.

Faochag, left, and The Saddle, right, are such peaks that advertise the thousand metre micro-climate of semi-Alpine splendour.

Spin-drift sweeps off the upper slopes to accumulate in layers like royal icing.

The snowy back-cloth forms a pleasing contrast to the pastel tans and greens of the bracken and forest of the lower slopes of this historic Glen.

The West Coast beckons.

Such a grand mountain corridor befits the momentous land and seascapes that lie in prospect.

 

The female's sitting caught my attention - just like a pet

 

Like most red squirrels, spotting a Caucasian Squirrel is definitely becoming a rare sight. Climate change affects nature differently in every corner of the world.

The last time I came across the local squirrels was at the beginning of July. Due to the extreme heat in the region, Caucasian Squirrels are certain to spend very hot hours in their nests. Because I haven't been seen them around very often for more than 2 months.

Today, it was cloudy weather in the North Aegean Region of Turkey, the strong North wind was shaking the olive branches. I was walking in an olive grove and I was patiently waiting to see the Caucasian Squirrel. After waiting for about an hour, the reward came, a group of squirrels were playing around the pomegranate trees 100 meters in front of me. I was waiting under the olive tree with a wide trunk. I didn't move, waiting for them to climb the centuries-old olive trees and retreat to their den inside the follow in the middle of the tree. I saw the Mr & Mrs Caucasian Squirrel couple enter their century-old olive tree hollow.I started to wait next olive tree trunk, which is about 7 meters away.I had already begun to wait silently for 30 minutes when the male Caucasian Squirrel noticed my presence immediately. Curious male took out his head first, then his half body, checked and after making sure then Female followed him.The moment I had been waiting for a long time happened 7 meters in front of me. Even though I was wearing a camouflage cover, they were aware of my presence.

I had to use 1.4 TC for close-up when the light was enough. Today they made me very happy. I hope you wouldn't mind 14 series of Caucasian Squirrel photos and you'll like it just as much as I do.

  

The Caucasian squirrel - Sciurus anomalus ; The Caucasian squirrel or Persian squirrel, is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus found in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in south-western Asia.

The species is usually said to have first been described in 1778 by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in the 13th edition of Systema Naturae,and named Sciurus anomalus. However, some authors argue that this work was actually published in 1788, and that the true first description was made by Johann Anton Güldenstädt in 1785.

Description -

Caucasian squirrels are small tree squirrels, with a total length of 32 to 36 cm (13 to 14 in), including the 13 to 18 cm (5.1 to 7.1 in) tail, and weighing 250 to 410 g (8.8 to 14.5 oz). The color of the upper body fur ranges from greyish brown to pale grey, depending on the subspecies, while that of the underparts is rusty brown to yellowish, and that of the tail, yellow brown to deep red. The claws are relatively short, compared with those of other tree squirrels, and females have either eight or ten teats.

Samuel Griswold Goodrich described the Caucasian squirrel in 1885 as "Its color is grayish-brown above, and yellowish-brown below".

 

Physical Description -

Caucasian squirrels have a dental formula of incisors 1/1, canines 0/0, premolars 1/1, and molars 3/3, totaling 20. They have four fingered fore feet and five fingered hind feet. Sex differences in body length or mass are not evident.

Distribution and habitat -

 

Caucasian squirrels are native to south-western Asia, where they are found from Turkey, and the islands of Gökçeada and Lesbos in the west, Iran in the southeast, and as far as Israel and Jordan in the south.It is one of only two species of the genus Sciurus to be found on Mediterranean islands,and, although Eurasian red squirrels have been recently introduced to some areas, is the only species of Sciurus native to the wider region.

The species mainly lives in forested areas dominated by oak, pine, and pistachio, up to altitudes of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft).

 

Biology and behavior -

The squirrels are diurnal, and solitary, although temporary groups may forage where food is plentiful. Their diet includes nuts, seeds, tree shoots, and buds,with the seeds of oak and pine being particularly favored. Like many other squirrels, they cache their food within tree cavities or loose soil, with some larders containing up to 6 kg (13 lb) of seeds. They live in trees, where they make their dens, but frequently forage on the ground, and are considered less arboreal than Eurasian red squirrels. They commonly nest in tree hollows lined with moss and leaves, and located 5 to 14 m (16 to 46 ft) above the ground, but nests are also sometimes found under rocks or tree roots. Their alarm call is high-pitched, and said to resemble the call of the European green woodpecker, and they mark their territories with urine and dung.

Breeding occurs throughout the year, but is more common in spring or autumn. Litters range from two to seven, with three or four being typical, and the young are fully mature by five or six months of age.

 

Conservation -

A survey in 2008 found that the species remained abundant within Turkey, however declines are noted in population within the Levant region. The guides for a survey in 1993 in Israel stated that they considered the species to be nearly extinct within the area studied. Whilst the Caucasian squirrel is threatened by poaching and deforestation, the declines recorded are not sufficient to qualify them as anything other than "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[1] Hunting of the species is banned by the Central Hunting Commission, and the Caucasian squirrel is protected by the Bern Convention and the EU Habitats Directive.

 

This information is sourced from "Wikipedia".

  

Thank you so much for visiting my stream, whether you comments , favorites or just have a look.

I appreciate it very much, wishing the best of luck and good light.

  

© All rights reserved R.Ertug Please do not use this image without my explicit written permission. Contact me by Flickr mail if you want to buy or use Your comments and critiques are very well appreciated.

 

Lens - With Nikon TC 14E II - hand held or Monopod and definitely SPORT VR on. Aperture is f8 and full length. All my images have been converted from RAW to JPEG.

 

I started using Nikon Cross-Body Strap or Monopod on long walks. Here is my Carbon Monopod details : Gitzo GM2542 Series 2 4S Carbon Monopod - Really Right Stuff MH-01 Monopod Head with Standard Lever - Really Right Stuff LCF-11 Replacement Foot for Nikon AF-S 500mm /5.6E PF Lense -

 

Thanks for stopping and looking :)

 

I had met Mursis 2 years ago, and the meeting was let's say, very chaotic with all the tribe hanging me to get a picture..to receive money! They then ask for 30 euros for the..parking! In the middle of the bush!

But this is the game. You know it before, and they are on their land!

This time, the people were quiet, cool, and many had a lot of imagination to attract my attention!

 

The Mursi (also called Murzu) is the most popular tribe in the southwestern Ethiopia lower Omo Valley, 100 km north of Kenyan. They are estimated to 10 000 people and live in the Mago National Park, established in 1979. Due to the climate, they move twice a year between the winter and summer months. They herd cattle and grow crops along the banks of the Omo River. The Mursi are sedentary rather than nomadic. Their language belongs to the Nilo-Saharan linguistic family.Very few Mursi people speak Amharic, the official Ethiopian language. Although a small percentage of the Mursi tribe are Christians, most still practice animism. Mursi women wear giant lip plate, a sign of beauty, like in Suri tribe, and also a prime attraction for tourists which help to sustain a view of them, in guidebooks and travel articles, as an untouched people, living in one of the last wildernesses of Africa. When they are ready to marry, teenagers start to make a hole in the lower lip with a wood stick.

It will be kept for one night, and is removed to put a bigger one. This is very painful at this time. Few months after, the lip plate has its full size, and the girl is seen as beautiful by the men. The lip plate is made of wood or terracotta. They have to remove the lower incisors to let some space for the disc. Sometimes the lip is broken by the pressure of the plate. This is a big problem for the girl because men will consider her as ugly, she won't be able to marry anyone in the tribe apart the old men or the sick people. Women and men are shaved because they hate hairiness. Both like to make scarifications on their bodies. Women as a beauty sign, men after killing animals or ennemies as competition for grazing land has led to tribal conflicts.

The Mursi men have a reputation for being aggressive and are famous for their stick fighting ceremony called donga. The winner of the donga will be able to select the girl of his choice to have relations with if she agrees. Similar to the Surma tribe, the Mursi tribe commonly drink a mixture of blood and milk. Over the past few decades they and their neighbours have faced growing threats to their livelihoods cause the Ethiopian government officials have been actively evicting Mursi people from the Omo National Park, without any compensation to rent their land to foreign investors. Drought has made it difficult for many families to feed themselves by means of their traditional mix of subsistence activities. The establishment of hunting concessions has added to the pressure on scarce ressources.

 

© Eric Lafforgue

www.ericlafforgue.com

 

Nature is camouflaging within itself - The Caucasian squirrel's body reaches a maximum of 25 cm, their total weight is no more than 430 grams, they are small and the colors match the centuries - old olive bark. It is impossible to notice on an olive tree from a distance of 15 meters.

  

Caucasian squirrel is a tree squirrel, they sleep in their nests are usually found in the tree hollows in the centuries-old olive trees. When the temperature drops, they go out to feed again and when the sun goes down they go back to their nests. When I talked to the local people, I learned that Caucasian squirrel kittens are showing up a lot this year. Caucasian squirrel are now an endangered species. I hope tomorrow or after tomorrow I will come across this year's Caucasian squirrel kittens and share their photos with you.

 

The Caucasian squirrel - Sciurus anomalus ; The Caucasian squirrel or Persian squirrel, is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus found in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in south-western Asia.

The species is usually said to have first been described in 1778 by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in the 13th edition of Systema Naturae,and named Sciurus anomalus. However, some authors argue that this work was actually published in 1788, and that the true first description was made by Johann Anton Güldenstädt in 1785.

Description - Caucasian squirrels are small tree squirrels, with a total length of 32 to 36 cm (13 to 14 in), including the 13 to 18 cm (5.1 to 7.1 in) tail, and weighing 250 to 410 g (8.8 to 14.5 oz). The color of the upper body fur ranges from greyish brown to pale grey, depending on the subspecies, while that of the underparts is rusty brown to yellowish, and that of the tail, yellow brown to deep red. The claws are relatively short, compared with those of other tree squirrels, and females have either eight or ten teats.

Samuel Griswold Goodrich described the Caucasian squirrel in 1885 as "Its color is grayish-brown above, and yellowish-brown below".

 

Physical Description - Caucasian squirrels have a dental formula of incisors 1/1, canines 0/0, premolars 1/1, and molars 3/3, totaling 20. They have four fingered fore feet and five fingered hind feet. Sex differences in body length or mass are not evident.

Distribution and habitat -

 

Caucasian squirrels are native to south-western Asia, where they are found from Turkey, and the islands of Gökçeada and Lesbos in the west, Iran in the southeast, and as far as Israel and Jordan in the south.It is one of only two species of the genus Sciurus to be found on Mediterranean islands,and, although Eurasian red squirrels have been recently introduced to some areas, is the only species of Sciurus native to the wider region.

The species mainly lives in forested areas dominated by oak, pine, and pistachio, up to altitudes of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft).

 

Biology and behavior -

The squirrels are diurnal, and solitary, although temporary groups may forage where food is plentiful. Their diet includes nuts, seeds, tree shoots, and buds,with the seeds of oak and pine being particularly favored. Like many other squirrels, they cache their food within tree cavities or loose soil, with some larders containing up to 6 kg (13 lb) of seeds. They live in trees, where they make their dens, but frequently forage on the ground, and are considered less arboreal than Eurasian red squirrels. They commonly nest in tree hollows lined with moss and leaves, and located 5 to 14 m (16 to 46 ft) above the ground, but nests are also sometimes found under rocks or tree roots. Their alarm call is high-pitched, and said to resemble the call of the European green woodpecker, and they mark their territories with urine and dung.

Breeding occurs throughout the year, but is more common in spring or autumn. Litters range from two to seven, with three or four being typical, and the young are fully mature by five or six months of age.

 

Conservation -

A survey in 2008 found that the species remained abundant within Turkey, however declines are noted in population within the Levant region. The guides for a survey in 1993 in Israel stated that they considered the species to be nearly extinct within the area studied. Whilst the Caucasian squirrel is threatened by poaching and deforestation, the declines recorded are not sufficient to qualify them as anything other than "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[1] Hunting of the species is banned by the Central Hunting Commission, and the Caucasian squirrel is protected by the Bern Convention and the EU Habitats Directive.

 

This information is sourced from "Wikipedia".

  

Thank you so much for visiting my stream, whether you comments , favorites or just have a look.

I appreciate it very much, wishing the best of luck and good light.

  

© All rights reserved R.Ertug Please do not use this image without my explicit written permission. Contact me by Flickr mail if you want to buy or use. Your comments and critiques are very well appreciated.

 

Lens - hand held or Monopod and definitely SPORT VR on. Aperture is f5.6 and full length. All my images have been converted from RAW to JPEG.

 

I started using Nikon Cross-Body Strap or Monopod on long walks. Here is my Carbon Monopod details : Gitzo GM2542 Series 2 4S Carbon Monopod - Really Right Stuff MH-01 Monopod Head with Standard Lever - Really Right Stuff LCF-11 Replacement Foot for Nikon AF-S 500mm /5.6E PF Lense -

 

Thanks for stopping and looking :)

African Elephant Loxodonta africana

 

Male African elephants are the largest extant terrestrial animals and can reach a height of 4 m (13 ft) and weigh 7,000 kg (15,000 lb). All elephants have several distinctive features, the most notable of which is a long trunk or proboscis, used for many purposes, particularly breathing, lifting water and grasping objects. Their incisors grow into tusks, which can serve as weapons and as tools for moving objects and digging. Elephants' large ear flaps help to control their body temperature. Their pillar-like legs can carry their great weight.

 

This image was captured on the Crocodile River near Crocodile Bridge, Kruger National Park, South Africa.

 

©2016 Duncan Blackburn

www.duncannaturephotography.com

 

Before leaving Turkey I wanted to add some more "The Caucasian squirrel" photos to my album.

On a sunny autumn morning with a temperature of about 20 C. I walked a lot in the olive grove, and waited patiently.

 

Today maybe nature was testing my patience and for the first time I had a hard time.

 

After about 4 hours of chase, a female individual posed for me in eye contact and I caught the moments I was waiting for.

 

At my slightest movement, she escaped and hid in its hollows. She listened to me first, and after about 15 minutes, his eyes and then his head appeared.

 

After 15 minutes, he took out his body and came back! Here are my series 7 photos.

There was sun, but the squirrel was under the shade of olive tree branches, that's it. I hope you like it. I wish you all a happy weekend.

  

The Caucasian squirrel - Sciurus anomalus ; The Caucasian squirrel or Persian squirrel, is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus found in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in south-western Asia.

The species is usually said to have first been described in 1778 by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in the 13th edition of Systema Naturae,and named Sciurus anomalus. However, some authors argue that this work was actually published in 1788, and that the true first description was made by Johann Anton Güldenstädt in 1785.

Description -

Caucasian squirrels are small tree squirrels, with a total length of 32 to 36 cm (13 to 14 in), including the 13 to 18 cm (5.1 to 7.1 in) tail, and weighing 250 to 410 g (8.8 to 14.5 oz). The color of the upper body fur ranges from greyish brown to pale grey, depending on the subspecies, while that of the underparts is rusty brown to yellowish, and that of the tail, yellow brown to deep red. The claws are relatively short, compared with those of other tree squirrels, and females have either eight or ten teats.

Samuel Griswold Goodrich described the Caucasian squirrel in 1885 as "Its color is grayish-brown above, and yellowish-brown below".

 

Physical Description -

Caucasian squirrels have a dental formula of incisors 1/1, canines 0/0, premolars 1/1, and molars 3/3, totaling 20. They have four fingered fore feet and five fingered hind feet. Sex differences in body length or mass are not evident.

Distribution and habitat -

 

Caucasian squirrels are native to south-western Asia, where they are found from Turkey, and the islands of Gökçeada and Lesbos in the west, Iran in the southeast, and as far as Israel and Jordan in the south.It is one of only two species of the genus Sciurus to be found on Mediterranean islands,and, although Eurasian red squirrels have been recently introduced to some areas, is the only species of Sciurus native to the wider region.

The species mainly lives in forested areas dominated by oak, pine, and pistachio, up to altitudes of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft).

 

Biology and behavior -

The squirrels are diurnal, and solitary, although temporary groups may forage where food is plentiful. Their diet includes nuts, seeds, tree shoots, and buds,with the seeds of oak and pine being particularly favored. Like many other squirrels, they cache their food within tree cavities or loose soil, with some larders containing up to 6 kg (13 lb) of seeds. They live in trees, where they make their dens, but frequently forage on the ground, and are considered less arboreal than Eurasian red squirrels. They commonly nest in tree hollows lined with moss and leaves, and located 5 to 14 m (16 to 46 ft) above the ground, but nests are also sometimes found under rocks or tree roots. Their alarm call is high-pitched, and said to resemble the call of the European green woodpecker, and they mark their territories with urine and dung.

Breeding occurs throughout the year, but is more common in spring or autumn. Litters range from two to seven, with three or four being typical, and the young are fully mature by five or six months of age.

 

Conservation -

A survey in 2008 found that the species remained abundant within Turkey, however declines are noted in population within the Levant region. The guides for a survey in 1993 in Israel stated that they considered the species to be nearly extinct within the area studied. Whilst the Caucasian squirrel is threatened by poaching and deforestation, the declines recorded are not sufficient to qualify them as anything other than "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[1] Hunting of the species is banned by the Central Hunting Commission, and the Caucasian squirrel is protected by the Bern Convention and the EU Habitats Directive.

 

This information is sourced from "Wikipedia".

  

Thank you so much for visiting my stream, whether you comments , favorites or just have a look.

I appreciate it very much, wishing the best of luck and good light.

  

© All rights reserved R.Ertug Please do not use this image without my explicit written permission. Contact me by Flickr mail if you want to buy or use Your comments and critiques are very well appreciated.

 

Lens - With Nikon TC 14E II hand held - Monopod and SPORT VR on. Aperture is f8 and full length. All my images have been converted from RAW to JPEG.

 

I started using Monopod on long walks. Here is my Carbon Monopod details : Really Right Stuff MH-01 Monopod Head with Standard Lever - Release Clamp - Nikkor AF-S 200-500mm f/5.6 ED VR fitted MPR-113 Multi-Purpose Rail lens foot and Gitzo GM2542 Series 2 4S Carbon Monopod.

 

Thanks for stopping and looking :)

This animal is one of a group of cherry-crowned mangabey's that live at Colchester Zoo in Essex.

 

The cherry-crowned mangabey has grey fur covering its body, but its common names refer to the colours on its head and neck. Its prominent red cap gives it the name cherry-crowned, and its white collar gives it the alternate names collared and white-collared. Its ears are black and it has striking white eyelids. It has a dark grey tail that exceeds the length of the body and is often held with the white tip over its head. It has long molars and very large incisors. The average body weight for captive animals ranges from 19.85 to 22 lb. (9 to 10 kg) for males and 16.5 to 19 lb. (7.5 to 8.6 kg) for females.[5] Head and body length is 18.5 to 26.4 in. (47 to 67 cm) in males and 17.7 to 23.6 in. (45 to 60 cm) in females.

These mangabey are found in coastal swamp, mangrove, and valley forests, from western Nigeria, east and south into Cameroon, and throughout Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon, and on the Gabon-Congo border by the Atlantic shore.

Cherry-crowned mangabey lives in large groups of 10 to 35 individuals including several males. Vocal communication in the form of cackles and barks are used to keep the group in contact and signal their position to other groups. It has a diet of fruits and seeds, but also eats nuts, grasses, leaves, foliage, flowers, insects, mushrooms, and gum.

The cherry-crowned mangabey has no defined breeding season. After a gestation period of 5 to 6 months, a female gives birth to a single infant.

In 2006, it was estimated that annually about 3,000 cherry-crowned mangabeys are hunted for the bushmeat trade. They also face habitat destruction of their native range. The species has been classified as 'Endangered' by the IUCN in the last couple of years due to the wild population decreasing.

 

Because of their very long necks, giraffes are able to feed on the foliage of trees that is not accessible to other herbivores. The long prehensile tongue is used to pull pods and leaves into the mouth which are then stripped from the stems with the spatulate incisor teeth. Adult males generally reach a height of about 5 meters and females about 4,5 meters. Big males can weigh a massive 1 200 kilograms while females usually weigh some 800 to 900 kilograms. Their skin color is tan with light brown patches on females and dark brown patches on males. Both males and females have short horns covered in skin.

This critter is commonly seen along water ways and are plentiful at the Ridgefield NWR where this was taken.

Those orange front incisors are a colorful contrast to it's dark brown body color. They eat A LOT of plants and spend most of their time in the water.

Description

 

The muskrat Ondatra zibethicus is a fairly large rodent commonly found in the wetlands and waterways of North America. It has a rotund, paunchy appearance. The entire body, with the exception of the tail and feet, is covered with a rich, waterproof layer of fur. The short underfur is dense and silky, while the longer guard hairs are coarser and glossy. The colour ranges from dark brown on the head and back to a light greyish-brown on the belly. A full-grown animal weighs on the average about 1 kg but this varies considerably in various parts of North America. The length of the body from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail is usually about 50 cm. The tail is slender, flattened vertically and up to about 25 cm long. It is covered with a scaly skin that protects it from physical damage.

 

Only a minimal amount of hair grows on the feet. The hand-like front feet are used in building lodges, holding food, and digging burrows and channels. Although the larger hind feet are used in swimming, they are not webbed like those of the beaver and otter. Instead, the four long toes of each foot have a fringe of specialized hairs along each side, giving the foot a paddle-like effect. The rather small ears are usually completely hidden by the long fur. The four chisel-like front teeth (two upper and two lower incisors), each up to 2 cm long, are used in cutting stems and roots of plants.

 

The muskrat’s name is derived from the fact that the animal has two special musk glands—also called anal glands—situated beneath the skin in the region of the anus. These glands enlarge during the breeding season and produce a yellowish, musky-smelling substance that is deposited at stations along travel routes used by muskrats. Common sites of deposition are "toilets," bases of lodges, and conspicuous points of land. The biology of musk glands has not been studied extensively, but the odour produced is believed to be a means of communication among muskrats, particularly during the breeding season.

 

Signs and sounds

 

In the spring, during the mating season, sharp whining noises and occasional sounds of fighting may be heard.

 

Habitat and Habits

Muskrats typically live in freshwater marshes, marshy areas of lakes, and slow-moving streams. The water must be deep enough so that it will not freeze to the bottom during the winter, but shallow enough to permit growth of aquatic vegetation—ideally between 1 and 2 m. Areas with good growths of bulrushes, cattails, pondweeds, or sedges are preferred.

 

Compact mounds of partially dried and decayed plant material can frequently be seen scattered among the cattails and bulrushes. These dead-looking heaps are homes of the muskrat. Bulrushes and cattails are most important, particularly in lakes. As well as being eaten, they are used as building material in the construction of lodges and feeding stations, and as shelter from winds and wave action. In northern regions, horsetails can be important in muskrat habitat.

 

If bulrushes or cattails are not available, muskrats dig burrows in firm banks of mossy soil or clay. Because muskrats require easy access to deep water, water depths must increase fairly rapidly from the shore where burrows are situated. This provides muskrats with an opportunity to escape from predators, and with a food supply under the ice during the winter.

 

Some people refer to muskrats as "house rats" and "bank rats" because the animals build lodges in certain areas and bank burrows in others. Often, these names are used in a way that suggests that these two "types" of muskrats possess inherited biological differences. This is not the case. The type of habitation used is simply a response to local conditions.

 

With the shortening of days and the coming of colder weather in September, preparations for winter begin. The fall is spent building and reinforcing lodges for winter occupancy, and, in some regions, storing food for winter use. Lodge building behaviour is an extremely important aspect of the ecology of muskrats. The lodge permits them to live in areas surrounded by water, far away from dry land. It protects them from enemies and gives them shelter from the weather.

 

A muskrat builds a lodge by first heaping plant material and mud to form a mound. A burrow is then dug into the mound from below the water level, and a chamber is fashioned at the core of the mound. Later, the walls of the lodge are reinforced from the outside with more plants and mud. A simple lodge of this type is about 0.5 to 1 m high and 0.5 to 1 m in diameter. It contains only one chamber and has one or two plunge holes, or exit burrows. More complex lodges, containing several separate chambers and plunge holes, may be up to 1.5 m high and 1.8 m in diameter.

Wintering Techniques of the Muskrat

Shortly after freeze-up, muskrats chew holes through the ice in bays and channels up to 90 m away from the lodge to create "push-ups." After an opening has been created, plant material and mud are used to make a roof over it, resulting in a miniature lodge. Typically there is just enough room for one muskrat in the push-up. It is used as a resting place during underwater forays, and as a feeding station.

 

The winter is a period of relative inactivity. The muskrat is safe from the cold and from most predators. It spends most of its time sleeping and feeding until breeding activities begin after spring break-up.

 

The muskrat is well adapted to a semi-aquatic life style. Although fully functional on land, it has evolved characteristics that make it at home in the water. At three weeks of age it is a capable swimmer and diver. As an adult, it swims effortlessly and can do so for long periods of time. This ability is greatly facilitated by the buoyant qualities of the thick waterproof fur. When swimming on the surface, the muskrat tucks its front feet slightly forward against the upper chest while using the back feet in alternate strokes to propel the body. The tail is used at most as a rudder. When the muskrat is swimming under water, however, the sculling action of the tail probably provides as much propulsive force as do the hind feet.

 

In the late evening during ice-free periods of the year, muskrats can be seen swimming, sitting at feeding stations such as logs or points of land, and busily improving lodges.

 

Although the muskrat builds lodges near the water and is an accomplished swimmer, it is not a close relative of the beaver, as is sometimes thought. Nor is it a true rat. Instead, it is basically a large field mouse that has adapted to life in and around water.

 

Unique characteristics

 

The muskrat, together with the beaver and several other mammals, is capable of remaining submerged up to 15 minutes if in a relaxed state. Non-aquatic mammals cannot do this because they need a constant supply of oxygen and must continually expel carbon dioxide. The muskrat is able to partially overcome this problem by reducing its heart rate and relaxing its muscles when submerged; this reduces the rate at which oxygen is used. Also, it stores a supply of oxygen in its muscles for use during a dive and is less sensitive to high carbon dioxide levels in the blood than are non-diving mammals. This ability for extended dives is important in escaping enemies, digging channels and burrows, cutting submerged stems and roots, and travelling long distances under the ice.

 

The muskrat’s front teeth are especially modified for underwater chewing. Non-aquatic mammals such as dogs or humans would have great difficulty in trying to chew on a large object under water, because water would enter the mouth, throat, and nasal passages. This problem has been overcome in the muskrat through the evolution of incisors, or cutting teeth, that protrude ahead of the cheeks and of lips that can close behind the teeth. This adaptation permits the muskrat (and the beaver) to chew on stems and roots under water "with its mouth closed."

 

Range

Distribution of the MuskratThe muskrat is more widely distributed in North America than almost any other mammal and in this respect is a very successful species. It is found from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Gulf of Mexico in the south and from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Atlantic Ocean in the east. This broad distribution is closely related to the muskrat’s use of aquatic environments, which are common in North America. Human activities in North America during the last two centuries have not significantly affected the distribution of muskrats. In some cases, however, the draining of marshes or swamps for agricultural or other purposes has completely exterminated local populations. In others, the building of irrigation ditches and canals has increased populations.

 

Until the early part of this century, muskrats occurred only in North America. In about 1905, they were introduced to Europe, where they quickly established themselves as permanent residents. They spread northward and eastward, and today are common in Europe and northern Asia.

 

Feeding

Of all plants available in marshes, cattails are most preferred as a food item. However, muskrats appear to thrive equally well on a diet of bulrushes, horsetails, or pondweeds, the last two constituting the basis of the diet in northern latitudes. They also eat a variety of other plants, including sedges, wild rice, and willows.

 

During the winter a thick layer of ice restricts the muskrat to the interior of the lodge or burrow and the watery environment beneath the ice. The animal’s highly developed diving abilities and its use of push-ups become critical in procuring food under those conditions. It covers considerable distances under the ice searching for food. When the muskrat reaches a feeding area it chews off portions of plants and carries them to the nearest push-up, where it eats. This foraging activity under perhaps a metre of ice and snow, in ice-cold water and almost total darkness, is truly a remarkable feat.

 

When their normal food items are scarce or unavailable, and food of animal origin is abundant, muskrats are known to be highly carnivorous, or meat-eating. Under these circumstances muskrats most commonly consume animals such as fish, frogs, and clams. However, muskrats rarely do well on this type of diet and consuming such foods is generally taken to be evidence of hard times.

 

Breeding

Mating activity occurs immediately following spring break-up in March, April, or May. Mating pairs do not form lasting family ties; instead, the muskrat appears to be promiscuous, or have many mates. Males compete fiercely for females. The birth of the litter, containing five to 10 young, occurs less than a month after the female has been mated. The same female normally has another litter a month after the first, and sometimes yet another a month after the second.

 

The young at birth are blind, hairless, and almost completely helpless, but they develop rapidly. They are covered with thin fur at the end of the first week, their eyes open at the end of the second week, and they normally begin leaving the lodge on short trips at about two to three weeks of age. Weaning, or making the transition from the mother’s milk to other foods, occurs at about three weeks, and juveniles are essentially independent of their parents at six weeks.

 

Breeding continues throughout the summer, with the last litters born about August. Food is plentiful during the summer and the young grow rapidly.

 

Few rodents live to old age; they are usually killed by other animals while still quite young, or they die accidentally. The limited information available suggests that muskrats become old at three or four years of age. When they reach this age, they lose much of their natural alertness and fall easy prey to mink, foxes, and other predators.

 

Conservation

The muskrat is a vicious fighter when provoked. It stands its ground courageously if an escape route to deep water is not available and can inflict considerable damage on an attacker with its long incisors, or cutting teeth. In spite of this, it is often preyed upon by other species. The mink occupies much of the same habitat as muskrats and can be the cause of heavy mortality among juveniles under certain conditions. Mink use the same burrow systems, dig into muskrat lodges, and may enter lodges through plunge holes. The snapping turtle and the northern pike also inhabit marshes and prey on the muskrat. When muskrats wander on dry land in search of new habitat, they are subject to predation by members of the dog family—wolves, coyotes, foxes, and domestic dogs—as well as by typical predators such as badgers, wolverines, fishers, racoons, and lynx.

 

The muskrat has long been hunted by humans, probably the major enemy or predator of this species. Prior to the colonization of North America by Europeans, it was hunted occasionally for food. With the coming of the early settlers and the introduction of guns and traps, the muskrat was hunted intensively for its fur. This activity has persisted to the present day—muskrat fur is still in demand. Also, the muskrat is still used as food by people in some parts of North America.

 

Muskrats, like many other wildlife species, show large fluctuations in numbers that follow what appears to be a regular pattern. In the case of the muskrat, numbers decrease drastically about every seven to 10 years. At such times, few or no muskrats can be found where two or three years earlier there had been thousands. These catastrophes are often blamed on predators or on over-trapping. However, scientists do not believe that these are the real causes. Instead, for some as-yet-unknown reason, the health of individuals deteriorates, causing widespread death and reproductive failure. Reproductive and death rates return to normal one or two years following such a population decline, leading to an increase in muskrat numbers once more.

 

The muskrat contributes more to the total combined income of North American trappers than any other mammal. Because of its important role in the trapping industry, it has been studied extensively. The first major studies were conducted by the Canadian Wildlife Service on the Mackenzie River Delta in the far north and the Athabasca–Peace Delta in northern Alberta during the late 1940s. A thorough understanding of habitat requirements, food habits, reproduction, longevity, causes of mortality, long-term changes in numbers, and the effect of weather on all these factors is essential to put management procedures on a sound scientific basis. The single most important contribution to our understanding of the biology and ecology of the muskrat was Paul Errington’s Muskrat Populations (1963), which combined the results of years of study by the author with information on the muskrat throughout North America. More recent studies in eastern Canada and central and eastern United States have augmented what is now a comprehensive body of knowledge on the dynamics and management of muskrat populations.

 

There are two major methods of managing muskrat populations: the first is to improve habitat, and the second is to regulate the commercial harvest by trappers. The most common method of improving habitat is to regulate water levels between about 1 and 2 m of depth over large areas by building dams at strategic points in lake outlets and streams. Sometimes this occurs as a natural side effect of beaver dams.

 

Regulation of commercial harvest is based on current population sizes and future population trends. Usually the harvest is maintained at the highest possible level that will not adversely affect population sizes and harvests in future years.

 

The future of the muskrat in Canada is bright. In spite of heavy trapping pressure, the draining of marshes for agricultural purposes, and unprecedented industrial activity, the species has never been endangered in Canada. Indeed, population numbers today are probably almost as high as they were a thousand years ago.

  

The Aye-aye, the largest nocturnal lemur of Madgascar, is certainly one of the most amazing creatures on earth. Compared to other lemurs, it is unusual in having rodent-like continuously growing incisors, bony prolonged middle fingers and disproportionally large ears.

 

An arboreal lemur, it travels through the forest canopy by making successive vertical leaps, much like a squirrel. When foraging, it taps on trunks and large branches, listening to the echo produced to find hollow chambers inside. Once a chamber is found it chews a hole into the wood and get grubs out of that hole with its narrow and bony middle fingers.

 

Articles featuring this picture:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aye-aye

www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/5803/20130326/endange...

www.itechpost.com/articles/7083/20130325/demon-primate-ge...

Masai Mara National Reserve

Kenya

East Africa

 

Two hyena mothers were nursing their cubs right out in the open as we were traveling along one of the roads. There were about six pups altogether between the two mothers who were lying down right next to each other. The pups started to intermingle, and soon they were playing and chasing each other around. I was able to photograph the activity without any apparent concern from the mothers. This was the first time for me seeing these rascals in the wild.

 

The spotted hyena is the most social of the Carnivora in that it has the largest group sizes and most complex social behaviours. Its social organisation is unlike that of any other carnivore, bearing closer resemblance to that of cercopithecine primates (baboons and macaques) with respect to group-size, hierarchical structure, and frequency of social interaction among both kin and unrelated group-mates.

 

Cubs are born with soft, brownish black hair, and weigh 1.5 kg on average. Unique among carnivorous mammals, spotted hyenas are also born with their eyes open and with 6–7 mm long canine teeth and 4 mm long incisors. Also, cubs will attack each other shortly after birth. This is particularly apparent in same sexed litters, and can result in the death of the weaker cub. - Wikipedia

  

The Southeast African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) is the nominate cheetah subspecies native to East and Southern Africa. The Southern African cheetah lives mainly in the lowland areas and deserts of the Kalahari, the savannahs of Okavango Delta, and the grasslands of the Transvaal region in South Africa. In Namibia, cheetahs are mostly found in farmlands.

 

The cheetah is a medium-sized cat. An adult male cheetah's total size can measure from 168 to 200 cm (66 to 79 in) and 162 to 213 cm (64 to 84 in) for females. Adult cheetahs are 70 to 90 cm (28 to 35 in) tall at the shoulder. Males are slightly taller than females and have slightly bigger heads with wider incisors and longer mandibles.

 

The cheetah has a bright yellow or sometimes a golden coat, and its fur is slightly thicker than that of other subspecies. The white underside is very distinct, especially on the neck and breast, and it has less spotting on its belly. The spots on the face are more pronounced, and as a whole its spots seem more dense than those of most other subspecies. The tear marks are notably thicker at the corners of the mouth, and almost all of them have distinct brown mustache markings. Like the Asiatic cheetah, it is known to have fur behind its tail and have both white and black tips at the end of its tail. However, the cheetah may also have only a black tip at the end of its tail.

Chobe National Park, Botswana

These youngsters were only about 10 days old, so I was really surprised to see that they had teeth, when they started preening each other..

Two biologists in South Africa discovered that the tips of the front incisor and canine teeth can move forward about 2 mms before returning to their original positions. This enables the impalas to remove parasites more efficiently...

 

Thank you so much for your kind comments and faves and never lose your imagination!

  

I couldn't get a decent one of jones. i guess this is how he feels.

 

we drove jones north to the vet's at 7 am yesterday morning. he stayed all day, and the vet pulled 6 teeth, molars and incisors. they gave him tramadol, 50 mg, for pain. that's what I take. hmmm....he weighs 32#. I weigh 115#. either I should take 4 or he should take 1/4. no wonder he's snookered.

i poked him all night to make sure he was still breathing. he didn't move.

 

leon tried to warn the new neighbors in the old house next to our field about the marauding bear being back, stealing our apples and climbing the trees, and jumping the fences. they have dogs.

so leon saw someone at the house, yelled, and noticed that there were 4 men in big heavy padded jackets with digital movie cameras hauling sacks of something out of the house. uh ohhh....

he told one of the nice gentlemen to tell the renters about the bear.

 

the news hit the paper the next day.

and then the day after that, when leon saw the wife, who had been released on $75,000 bail, to ask how she was and to tell her about the bear [the nice gentlman hadn't told them], she said that they had to get out of the house, and that they were buying a new one and she guess that would fall through.

uh ohhhhhh....

 

when I talked with my daughter, tami, last night and asked about their old house, which had just entered escrow, she said the buyer had been busted for pot.

uh oh, again.

the house the next door renters were buying, it turns out, was my daughter's and SIL's. it's been up for short sale for a year. tami was finally relieved that it was selling.

I had to tell her what the lady said.

and wonder over such a small world and the bad luck my daughter and her husband have.

 

this was really a bummer for tami to hear because she went in for surgery at 5 am this morning and had her third toe, right foot, chomped off. she was hoping to get out fast, but they had to do the biopsy while she was on the table to make sure that they got all the melanoma that was in her toe. I guess they did. leon talked with john and he said it went all right.

my daughter dreaded the surgery, not necessarily the toe chomping, or the melanoma [the word scares me], but because she vomits a lot after a general.

leon will make her chicken soup tonight.

 

our life.

in Nor NorCal on the coast, next to the Eel River.

how in the world does anyone get [expletive-ing] bored?

 

i'm tired.

t.f.i.f.

Omomursi village, on Omo river, South Ethiopia.

Guns are not for folklore int his part of Africa... They are used against wild animals when the men go to take care of the cattle in the bush, and are used against ennemy tribes when they is fights. Last year, more than 100 people were dead in local fights. Mursi are great warriors, specialy when they have such weapon!

This man has a needle on the arm, it's just decoration!

The Mursi (also called Murzu) is the most popular tribe in the southwestern Ethiopia lower Omo Valley, 100 km north of Kenyan. They are estimated to 10 000 people and live in the Mago National Park, established in 1979. Due to the climate, they move twice a year between the winter and summer months. They herd cattle and grow crops along the banks of the Omo River. The Mursi are sedentary rather than nomadic. Their language belongs to the Nilo-Saharan linguistic family.Very few Mursi people speak Amharic, the official Ethiopian language. Although a small percentage of the Mursi tribe are Christians, most still practice animism. Mursi women wear giant lip plate, a sign of beauty, like in Suri tribe, and also a prime attraction for tourists which help to sustain a view of them, in guidebooks and travel articles, as an untouched people, living in one of the last wildernesses of Africa. When they are ready to marry, teenagers start to make a hole in the lower lip with a wood stick.

It will be kept for one night, and is removed to put a bigger one. This is very painful at this time. Few months after, the lip plate has its full size, and the girl is seen as beautiful by the men. The lip plate is made of wood or terracotta. They have to remove the lower incisors to let some space for the disc. Sometimes the lip is broken by the pressure of the plate. This is a big problem for the girl because men will consider her as ugly, she won't be able to marry anyone in the tribe apart the old men or the sick people. Women and men are shaved because they hate hairiness. Both like to make scarifications on their bodies. Women as a beauty sign, men after killing animals or ennemies as competition for grazing land has led to tribal conflicts.

The Mursi men have a reputation for being aggressive and are famous for their stick fighting ceremony called donga. The winner of the donga will be able to select the girl of his choice to have relations with if she agrees. Similar to the Surma tribe, the Mursi tribe commonly drink a mixture of blood and milk. Over the past few decades they and their neighbours have faced growing threats to their livelihoods cause the Ethiopian government officials have been actively evicting Mursi people from the Omo National Park, without any compensation to rent their land to foreign investors. Drought has made it difficult for many families to feed themselves by means of their traditional mix of subsistence activities. The establishment of hunting concessions has added to the pressure on scarce ressources.

 

© Eric Lafforgue

www.ericlafforgue.com

 

Poem.

 

Childish excitement travelling from east to west in late winter.

You know soon, very soon, the West Coast “Munros” will gleam like incisor teeth above the forested landscape.

Forcan, left, and The Saddle, right, are such peaks that advertise the thousand metre micro-climate of semi-Alpine splendour.

Spin-drift sweeps off the upper slopes to accumulate in layers like royal icing.

The snowy back-cloth forms a pleasing contrast to the pastel tans and greens of the bracken and forest of the lower slopes of this historic Glen.

The West Coast beckons.

Such a grand mountain corridor befits the momentous land and seascapes that lie in prospect.