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Visita de profissionais de saúde às residências de moradores das comunidades ribeirinhas de Mazagão, Ilha de Santana e Macapá, no estado do Amapá, região norte do Brasil, para vacinação contra o sarampo.
Visita de profesionales de la salud a los hogares de los habitantes de las comunidades ribereñas de Mazagão, Ilha de Santana y Macapá, en el estado de Amapá, región norte de Brasil, para la vacunación contra el sarampión.
Foto: Karina Zambrana - OPAS/OMS
www.msn.com/en-us/health/medical/immunity-to-the-coronavi...
Immunity to the Coronavirus May Persist for Years, Scientists Find
Immunity to the coronavirus lasts at least a year, possibly a lifetime, improving over time especially after vaccination, according to two new studies. The findings may help put to rest lingering fears that protection against the virus will be short-lived.
Together, the studies suggest that most people who have recovered from Covid-19 and who were later immunized will not need boosters. Vaccinated people who were never infected most likely will need the shots, however, as will a minority who were infected but did not produce a robust immune response.
Both reports looked at people who had been exposed to the coronavirus about a year earlier. Cells that retain a memory of the virus persist in the bone marrow and may churn out antibodies whenever needed, according to one of the studies, published on Monday in the journal Nature.
The other study, which is also under review for publication in Nature, found that these so-called memory B cells continue to mature and strengthen for at least 12 months after the initial infection.
“The papers are consistent with the growing body of literature that suggests that immunity elicited by infection and vaccination for SARS-CoV-2 appears to be long-lived,” said Scott Hensley, an immunologist at the University of Pennsylvania who was not involved in the research.
The studies may soothe fears that immunity to the virus is transient, as is the case with coronaviruses that cause common colds. But those viruses change significantly every few years, Dr. Hensley said. “The reason we get infected with common coronaviruses repetitively throughout life might have much more to do with variation of these viruses rather than immunity,” he said.
In fact, memory B cells produced in response to infection with SARS-CoV-2 and enhanced with vaccination are so potent that they thwart even variants of the virus, negating the need for boosters, according to Michel Nussenzweig, an immunologist at Rockefeller University in New York who led the study on memory maturation.
“People who were infected and get vaccinated really have a terrific response, a terrific set of antibodies, because they continue to evolve their antibodies,” Dr. Nussenzweig said. “I expect that they will last for a long time.”
The result may not apply to protection derived from vaccines alone, because immune memory is likely to be organized differently after immunization, compared with that following natural infection.
That means people who have not had Covid-19 and have been immunized may eventually need a booster shot, Dr. Nussenzweig said. “That’s the kind of thing that we will know very, very soon,” he said.
Upon first encountering a virus, B cells rapidly proliferate and produce antibodies in large amounts. Once the acute infection is resolved, a small number of the cells take up residence in the bone marrow, steadily pumping out modest levels of antibodies.
To look at memory B cells specific to the new coronavirus, researchers led by Ali Ellebedy of Washington University in St. Louis analyzed blood from 77 people at three-month intervals, starting about a month after their infection with the coronavirus. Only six of the 77 had been hospitalized for Covid-19; the rest had mild symptoms.
Antibody levels in these individuals dropped rapidly four months after infection and continued to decline slowly for months afterward — results that are in line with those from other studies.
Some scientists have interpreted this decrease as a sign of waning immunity, but it is exactly what’s expected, other experts said. If blood contained high quantities of antibodies to every pathogen the body had ever encountered, it would quickly transform into a thick sludge.
Instead, blood levels of antibodies fall sharply following acute infection, while memory B cells remain quiescent in the bone marrow, ready to take action when needed.
Dr. Ellebedy’s team obtained bone marrow samples from 19 people roughly seven months after they had been infected. Fifteen had detectable memory B cells, but four did not, suggesting that some people might carry very few of the cells or none at all.
“It tells me that even if you got infected, it doesn’t mean that you have a super immune response,” Dr. Ellebedy said. The findings reinforce the idea that people who have recovered from Covid-19 should be vaccinated, he said.
Five of the participants in Dr. Ellebedy’s study donated bone marrow samples seven or eight months after they were initially infected and again four months later. He and his colleagues found that the number of memory B cells remained stable over that time.
The results are particularly noteworthy because it is difficult to get bone marrow samples, said Jennifer Gommerman, an immunologist at the University of Toronto who was not involved in the work.
A landmark study in 2007 showed that antibodies in theory could survive decades, perhaps even well beyond the average life span, hinting at the long-term presence of memory B cells. But the new study offered a rare proof of their existence, Dr. Gommerman said.
Dr. Nussenzweig’s team looked at how memory B cells mature over time. The researchers analyzed blood from 63 people who had recovered from Covid-19 about a year earlier. The vast majority of the participants had mild symptoms, and 26 had also received at least one dose of either the Moderna or the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine.
So-called neutralizing antibodies, needed to prevent reinfection with the virus, remained unchanged between six and 12 months, while related but less important antibodies slowly disappeared, the team found.
As memory B cells continued to evolve, the antibodies they produced developed the ability to neutralize an even broader group of variants. This ongoing maturation may result from a small piece of the virus that is sequestered by the immune system — for target practice, so to speak.
A year after infection, neutralizing activity in the participants who had not been vaccinated was lower against all forms of the virus, with the greatest loss seen against the variant first identified in South Africa.
Vaccination significantly amplified antibody levels, confirming results from other studies; the shots also ramped up the body’s neutralizing ability by about 50-fold.
Senator Rand Paul, Republican of Kentucky, said on Sunday that he would not get a coronavirus vaccine because he had been infected in March of last year and was therefore immune.
But there is no guarantee that such immunity will be powerful enough to protect him for years, particularly given the emergence of variants of the coronavirus that can partially sidestep the body’s defenses.
The results of Dr. Nussenzweig’s study suggest that people who have recovered from Covid-19 and who have later been vaccinated will continue to have extremely high levels of protection against emerging variants, even without receiving a vaccine booster down the line.
“It kind of looks exactly like what we would hope a good memory B cell response would look like,” said Marion Pepper, an immunologist at the University of Washington in Seattle who was not involved in the new research.
The experts all agreed that immunity is likely to play out very differently in people who have never had Covid-19. Fighting a live virus is different from responding to a single viral protein introduced by a vaccine. And in those who had Covid-19, the initial immune response had time to mature over six to 12 months before being challenged by the vaccine.
“Those kinetics are different than someone who got immunized and then gets immunized again three weeks later,” Dr. Pepper said. “That’s not to say that they might not have as broad a response, but it could be very different.”
Nurse Tulilumwa Lutango administers the oral polio vaccine to an infant in Mtibwa health facility in Morogoro region, Tanzania.
Morogoro Region in Tanzania has improved its routine immunization performance following a number of initiatives undertaken by regional authorities and development partners, including USAID’s MOMENTUM Country and Global Leadership. MOMENTUM supported the region to use an approach called ‘Periodic Intensification of Routine Immunization’ — which uses time-limited and intermittent vaccine campaigns to administer routine vaccinations to under-vaccinated populations – to identify children who missed routine vaccines and those who didn't complete the full vaccine schedule.
Photo credit: Frank Kimaro/Jhpiego
Visita de profissionais de saúde às residências de moradores das comunidades ribeirinhas de Mazagão, Ilha de Santana e Macapá, no estado do Amapá, região norte do Brasil, para vacinação contra o sarampo.
Visita de profesionales de la salud a los hogares de los habitantes de las comunidades ribereñas de Mazagão, Ilha de Santana y Macapá, en el estado de Amapá, región norte de Brasil, para la vacunación contra el sarampión.
Foto: Karina Zambrana - OPAS/OMS
Photos child immunization chart 2014 | child gps locator 2014
Best website baby & children Care 2014 children Cute Baby Pictures Funny Net
Nurse Fathima Yousuf Ahmed (black hijab) is one of the nurses giving the vaccinations today. She is providing baby Shuib Mohamed, 3 months old, with polio vaccine drops and will also get a measles injection in his arm. Shuib is being held by mother Fatuma Mohamed (red scarf and white polka dots on head scarf). Fatuma walked an hour to the health center, from Shabele IDP camp, to get her baby vaccinated.
Mariam Mahamud, Head of the Badbaado Health center, Gambool, Garowe town (dark brown scarf and white jacket - not in this picture). She opened the center in 2010. Today at the Badbaado Health Center there is vaccination campaign for Penta 3 (for prevention of 5 diseases in children) and OBV (polio vaccine). With donations from KFW, UNICEF is supporting the OTP screening and treatment of malnutrition with RUTF, vaccinations (funded by GAVI) and supplies for the center.
They vaccinate around 7-10 babies a day, 6 days a week.
©UNICEF Somalia/2022/Lisa Hill
Our champions even received medals and congratulations from Dr. Dee Hoyano, medical health officer for Island Health
Visita de profissionais de saúde às residências de moradores das comunidades ribeirinhas de Mazagão, Ilha de Santana e Macapá, no estado do Amapá, região norte do Brasil, para vacinação contra o sarampo.
Visita de profesionales de la salud a los hogares de los habitantes de las comunidades ribereñas de Mazagão, Ilha de Santana y Macapá, en el estado de Amapá, región norte de Brasil, para la vacunación contra el sarampión.
Foto: Karina Zambrana - OPAS/OMS
Visita de profissionais de saúde às residências de moradores das comunidades ribeirinhas de Mazagão, Ilha de Santana e Macapá, no estado do Amapá, região norte do Brasil, para vacinação contra o sarampo.
Visita de profesionales de la salud a los hogares de los habitantes de las comunidades ribereñas de Mazagão, Ilha de Santana y Macapá, en el estado de Amapá, región norte de Brasil, para la vacunación contra el sarampión.
Foto: Karina Zambrana - OPAS/OMS
The 13th Vaccination Week in the Americas (VWA) will be celebrated from April 25th to May 2nd, 2015. The regional slogan for VWA 2015 is “Boost your power! Get vaccinated!” Vaccines are weakened or killed pathogens that help your immune system fight diseases. Vaccines do not make you sick, but prepare your body to fight off disease when exposed to full strength pathogens in the future. Vaccines boost the power of your immune system and fight off more than 20 different vaccine-preventable diseases. To read more on how vaccines boost your power, check out: www.paho.org/vwa/
The 13th Vaccination Week in the Americas (VWA) will be celebrated from April 25th to May 2nd, 2015. The regional slogan for VWA 2015 is “Boost your power! Get vaccinated!” Vaccines are weakened or killed pathogens that help your immune system fight diseases. Vaccines do not make you sick, but prepare your body to fight off disease when exposed to full strength pathogens in the future. Vaccines boost the power of your immune system and fight off more than 20 different vaccine-preventable diseases. To read more on how vaccines boost your power, check out: www.paho.org/vwa/
An Afghan gets an immunization during an in processing event for the new Non Commissioned Officer course at Bamyan Regional Training Center, Dec. 13. The new students received six different immunizations as part of an overall health assessment. (U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Sarah Martinez)
Visita de profissionais de saúde às residências de moradores das comunidades ribeirinhas de Mazagão, Ilha de Santana e Macapá, no estado do Amapá, região norte do Brasil, para vacinação contra o sarampo.
Visita de profesionales de la salud a los hogares de los habitantes de las comunidades ribereñas de Mazagão, Ilha de Santana y Macapá, en el estado de Amapá, región norte de Brasil, para la vacunación contra el sarampión.
Foto: Karina Zambrana - OPAS/OMS
The campaign was held amid rapid change in Mongolia, with economic and climate factors challenging traditional nomadic ways of life. Ulaanbaatar, the capital is now home to almost half the population. © UNICEF/NYHQ2012-1732/BRIAN SOKOL
In Port-de-Paix, Haiti, Pierre-Louis, a health-worker, and community mobilizers from Save The Children served 33 mothers from the Baguette village where they carried out a Rally Post.
Photo Credit: Karen Kasmauski/MCSP and Jhpiego
In Jan 2011 the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations (GAVI) and its partners are rolling out a new vaccine to prevent pneumonia in Kenya. In the developing world, pneumonia kills in the neighborhood of 1.4 million kids every year. Pneumococcal, the deadliest strain of that illness (and a major cause of what we might call “regular” pneumonia), kills 800,000.
Kenya's pneumococcal vaccine's official launch date is Feb 14, but we were able to photograph a clinic near the Kibera slum in Nairobi that already started providing the vaccine this week.
This health center is the Langata (sometimes called Kibera) District’s regional distribution center for the 36 clinics within the district. They collect all of the vaccines from the Regional Disbursement Center and, since they must maintain the cold chain to ensure the efficacy and safety of the vaccine, haul them back to Langata in well-used, white Styrofoam coolers. There, they are stored in an upright, avocado green refrigerator. But, it works and that’s what counts. They are then divided up and dispersed to the 27 clinics in the District that have trained personnel to give the vaccines.
We visited this boy during a Pulse Polio round in North Dinajpur (West Bengal, India). He had fever and a rash. His parents had refused vaccination. They agreed to give it a few days later when he got better. We discovered that they had not given him Measles immunization. The boy's father Niranjan Mistri is an expert traditional craftsman. He later prepared a wooden statue of a mother and child which is on display at the local health sub centre.
Measles immunization was uncommon in the 1960s and was only introduced in India after 1985. Todat it is helping to save the lives of hundreds of children in India.
A health worker prepares an immunization shot for a child, in Kahda district of Mogadishu, Somalia, on 1 September 2020.
The Somali federal Ministry of Health, supported by the World Health Organisation (WHO), UNICEF, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), and Gavi, recently concluded a mass measles and polio immunization campaign. Nearly half a million children in Mogadishu and Benadir region can now hope for healthier and productive lives, thanks to the UN-supported immunization exercise. UN Photo/Ismail Taxta
Photos child immunization chart 2014 | child gps locator 2014
Best website baby & children Care 2014 children Cute Baby Pictures Funny Net
A Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Brasília, a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) e a Secretaria de Saúde do Distrito Federal lançaram o projeto Imuniza Estrutural, que busca aumentar a cobertura de vacinação contra COVID-19 e outras doenças imunopreveníveis, com o envolvimento da comunidade, em área de alta vulnerabilidade socioeconômica.
O projeto possui três pilares: comunicação e mobilização social; monitoramento e sustentabilidade das ações; e vacinação das populações mais vulneráveis.
Foto: Karina Zambrana - OPAS/OMS
Mahamud Shire Mohamed, WHO Somalia Zonal Polio Eradication Officer for Benadir region, speaks during an interview at the Maternal and Child Health Centre in Hamar-Jajab district of Mogadishu, Somalia, on 19 September 2020. The Somali federal Ministry of Health, supported by the World Health Organisation (WHO), UNICEF, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), and Gavi, recently concluded a mass measles and polio immunization campaign. Nearly half a million children in Mogadishu and Benadir region can now hope for healthier and productive lives, thanks to the UN-supported immunization exercise. UN Photo/Mukhtar Nuur
Child health, EPI, Expanded Program on Immunization, Rainbow Nari O Shishu Kallyan Foundation, Mohammad Khairul Alam
Visita de profissionais de saúde às residências de moradores das comunidades ribeirinhas de Mazagão, Ilha de Santana e Macapá, no estado do Amapá, região norte do Brasil, para vacinação contra o sarampo.
Visita de profesionales de la salud a los hogares de los habitantes de las comunidades ribereñas de Mazagão, Ilha de Santana y Macapá, en el estado de Amapá, región norte de Brasil, para la vacunación contra el sarampión.
Foto: Karina Zambrana - OPAS/OMS
Halima Abdi (blue/purple scarf) brought in her baby, Munira Mohamed (7 months old, she is holding her) for a measles vaccine. Also with her is her 1-year-old girl (wearing brown printed dress) who is already up to date on vaccines. She heard about the event through the outreach health workers mobilizers. She has 4 children and cares for them mostly alone while her husband moves around the town selling clothes to support the family. Halima used to clean homes in town for an income, but since the drought many people have stopped having a cleaner come as they are also suffering with less income. They lived in Baidoa but once the drought increased, they moved to Garowe where there are less people.
Nurses are working at the Jawle Health Center mobile vaccine clinic in Garowe, is set up in the Jawle IDP camp Mother and Baby center. The clinic moves to different places around the IDP camps 3 days a week so that they can reach many people. UNICEF works through EPI donors like GAVI to supports partner organizations like World Vision, Save the Children, CRC and the Puntland Ministry of Health. Many pastoralists are coming to the IDP camp here because the drought is killing off their livestock. There has been outbreaks of diseases and so this year there will be 2 rounds of an integrated vaccination campaigns (one was in March the next is in November) to immunize for measles and polio along with vitamin A supplementation and deworming.
In July there was a measles outbreak and more children for suffering but there was an outreach campaign in response to the outbreak and the situation soon stabilized. After the outreach about immunization around 530 children under 5 years old were brought into the clinic for their dose.
The Jawle Health Center in Garowe are seeing an increase in the number of malnourished children as the drought continues. In July there was a measles outbreak and more children for suffering but there was an outreach campaign in response to the outbreak and the situation soon stabilized. After the outreach about immunization around 530 children under 5 years old were brought into the clinic for their dose. ©UNICEF Somalia/2022/Lisa Hill
Health workers take part in an immunization campaign in Kahda district of Mogadishu, Somalia, on 1 September 2020. The Somali Federal Ministry of Health, supported by the World Health Organisation (WHO), UNICEF, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), and Gavi, recently concluded a mass measles and polio immunization campaign. Nearly half a million children in Mogadishu and Benadir region can now hope for healthier and productive lives, thanks to the UN-supported immunization exercise. UN Photo/Ismail Taxta
At a maternal and child clinic at La Fossette, one of the largest in Cap-Haitian, patients arrive for regular check-ups as well as vaccinations. Four health workers work at the site, either vaccinating or weighing children. The clinic is held in a building in the process of being built.
Photo Credit: Karen Kasmauski/MCSP and Jhpiego
Our champions even received medals and congratulations from Dr. Dee Hoyano, medical health officer for Island Health
Immunization experts from WHO/Europe answering questions about immunization during a live Twitter chat on Thursday 26 April 2012.
A nurse injects a dose of COVID19 vaccine into a client in a district of Lubumbashi.
MOMENTUM Routine Immunization Transformation and Equity in the DRC supported the Ministry of Health's Expanded Programme on Immunization through its provincial coordination in Lubumbashi, to design and implement corrective measures to increase COVID-19 vaccination coverage by at least 20% of the expected target in the capital and province of Kinshasa, the most affected in the DRC.
Photo credit: Charly Nandisa & Sylvain Kabangu/MOMENTUM Routine Immunization Transformation and Equity
WHO Somali staff in a meeting with health authorities at the Maternal and Child Health Centre in Hamar-Jajab district of Mogadishu, Somalia, on 19 September 2020. The Somali federal Ministry of Health, supported by the World Health Organisation (WHO), UNICEF, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), and Gavi, recently concluded a mass measles and polio immunization campaign. Nearly half a million children in Mogadishu and Benadir region can now hope for healthier and productive lives, thanks to the UN-supported immunization exercise. UN Photo/Mukhtar Nuur
Year 2005 Star of Hope ambulance started its services in Santos, Brazil.
The main objective is to offer basic health care among children at nursery schools in the slum areas in Santos. All the children in the program receives immunization and will meet health care proffessionals on regular basis.
Star of Hope would like to increase the services to other cities. If you would like to sponsor our health care program in Brazil please contact www.starofhope.org
(C) Dennis Thern
Visita de profissionais de saúde às residências de moradores das comunidades ribeirinhas de Mazagão, Ilha de Santana e Macapá, no estado do Amapá, região norte do Brasil, para vacinação contra o sarampo.
Visita de profesionales de la salud a los hogares de los habitantes de las comunidades ribereñas de Mazagão, Ilha de Santana y Macapá, en el estado de Amapá, región norte de Brasil, para la vacunación contra el sarampión.
Foto: Karina Zambrana - OPAS/OMS
Josiane Pierre, a health worker, helps Rosemeline with her newborn, along with her mother, husband and two other children.
Photo Credit: Karen Kasmauski/MCSP and Jhpiego
The 13th Vaccination Week in the Americas (VWA) will be celebrated from April 25th to May 2nd, 2015. The regional slogan for VWA 2015 is “Boost your power! Get vaccinated!” Vaccines are weakened or killed pathogens that help your immune system fight diseases. Vaccines do not make you sick, but prepare your body to fight off disease when exposed to full strength pathogens in the future. Vaccines boost the power of your immune system and fight off more than 20 different vaccine-preventable diseases. To read more on how vaccines boost your power, check out: www.paho.org/vwa/
Visita de profissionais de saúde às residências de moradores das comunidades ribeirinhas de Mazagão, Ilha de Santana e Macapá, no estado do Amapá, região norte do Brasil, para vacinação contra o sarampo.
Visita de profesionales de la salud a los hogares de los habitantes de las comunidades ribereñas de Mazagão, Ilha de Santana y Macapá, en el estado de Amapá, región norte de Brasil, para la vacunación contra el sarampión.
Foto: Karina Zambrana - OPAS/OMS
KEY WEST, Fla. (Sept. 15, 2021) - Hospitalman Apprentice Jazzmin Cabrera, at Naval Branch Health Clinic Key West’s Immunizations Clinic, administers a COVID-19 vaccine to a sailor. Cabrera, a native of Port Richey, Florida, says, "It’s very important that service members get the protection that the vaccine provides, so they can stay safe." (U.S. Navy photo by Deidre Smith, Naval Hospital Jacksonville/Released). #FacesofNHJax
Year 2005 Star of Hope ambulance started its services in Santos, Brazil.
The main objective is to offer basic health care among children at nursery schools in the slum areas in Santos. All the children in the program receives immunization and will meet health care proffessionals on regular basis.
Star of Hope would like to increase the services to other cities. If you would like to sponsor our health care program in Brazil please contact www.starofhope.org
(C) Dennis Thern