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1. Unknow title ~ day 35, 2. Rosa de cumpleaños, 3. Llegan nuevos deseos, 4. 030/366 Hortensia rosa, 5. Viento a favor, 6. Untitled, 7. Untitled, 8. lonely feeling, 9. **, 10. crocheted roses, 11. Una valla más..., 12. 16/52::A wonderful fact to reflect is that each creature is constituted as a unique and profound secret and mystery::, 13. {cigüeñas en la Iglesia}, 14. {may all your wishes come true...}, 15. Pensamientos, 16. Self, 17. 174/365 sending butterflies for you, 18. Evening light, 19. 1/52 Pileteando en nuestro metro cuadrado., 20. simplicity, 21. Mi bici de pequeña, 22. Untitled, 23. Where the roses grow, 24. Chartreux., 25. Colores en mi mesa
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Mayo fue el mes de las texturas, ese fue el tema que tuvimos en nuestro grupo en este mosaico las fotografias que participaron, gracias a cada una de ustedes por participar :)
Sientete libre de etiquetarte si no lo estas :) gracias!
Ya tenemos publicado el tema de Junio te esperamos no dejes de participar._
Full story here
Nikon D40
35mm, f/2.8, 30 sec, ISO200
Hoya ND400 (9 stops)
See also: Christmas on the Charles
Fotambulantes na 4ª Mostra SP Samsung de Fotografia
Bairro: Vila Madalena
25 de janeiro de 2013
+ infomação.
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Copyright © 2013, Abner Merchan - Todos os direitos reservados.
Manuscript notes from my journal
Washington,Written & etched by Townend Glover, transferred to & printed from stone by J. C. Entwisle,1876.
This one is an out-take. I tied each glass together with a fishing line near the base. The idea was to pull over all three glasses at the same time (to the right), but when I pulled the line broke, and only the blue glass actually fell over. I kinda like it though. A happy accident.
Lighting Info: 580 EX II on full power camera right shot into an umbrella. SB 26 on full power camera left shot through an umbrella. I used a 3'x3' sheet of black acrylic for the table and some black velvet as the background. The "glasses" are actually plastic. Good thing too, because they ended up crashing to the ground multiple times.
Next time I'm planning to put up two sheets (or white shower curtains) on the sides to act as defusers (instead of using umbrellas). I don't like the reflections of the umbrellas in the sides of the glass.
Post Processing: I cleaned up a lot of small dust specks using the spot healing and clone stamp tools in Photoshop. I also selected the background and painted it black to remove any stray specks and the fishing line.
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有楽町の夜 - Yūrakuchō Nights
Tōkyō
Japan
2015/08/28
Losing myself in the atmospheric backstreets and alleys of Yūrakuchō with +Brian Kemper.
The classic Petzval lens really helps accentuate the nostalgic sights and smells of this little window into a bygone Japan.
Taken with the 85mm Zenit x Lomography Petzval Art Lens on my Sony A7R (via Metabones EF/E mount adapter)
#有楽町 #東京 #日本 #夜 #暈け #ボケ #YakitoriAlley #Yūrakuchō #Tōkyō #Tokyo #Japan #Night #Bokeh #Boke
#SonyA7R #A7R #MetaBones #Petzval #PetzvalArtLens #85mm #f/2.2
#ナイジャルレイモンド #NigalRaymond #www.nigal-raymond.com #Travel #2015/08/28
Folsom Dam Spillway, with it's 5 of it's main gates open.
Photo taken from the new Folsom lake crossing bypass road.
Before the 9/11 incident, Folsom Dam road was open to the public. The road went directly across the dam, but was permanently closed for security reasons following 9/11. This closure posed a pretty big inconvenience for residents who lived on the east side of the dam. An extra several miles needed to be driven through the congested down town area. The new Folsom Crossing bypass road resolved that problem, plus provides a nice platform for photographing the spillway.
Note: Historic Folsom Prison, along with the newer Sacramento State Prison, are directly on the other side of the road, from where I shot this photo. Both prisons are occupied working facilities.
And just for fun:
Preemptive memorial honors future victims of imminent Dam Disaster
Das Schloss Schoenbrunn liegt im 13. Wiener Gemeindebezirk Hietzing. Sein Name geht auf einen Kaiser Matthias zugeschriebenen Ausspruch zurueck, der hier im Jahr 1619 auf der Jagd einen entdeckt und ausgerufen haben soll: âWelchâ schoener Brunnâ.
Gebaut als Residenz für Kaiserin Eleonora Gonzaga zwischen 1638 und 1643, wurde die Anlage in der Zweiten Wiener Tuerkenbelagerung 1683 schwer beschaedigt. 1687 gab Leopold I. fuer seinen Thronfolger Joseph I. einen repraesentativen Neubau von Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach in Auftrag.
Erst ab 1743 wurde unter Kaiserin Maria Theresia durch Nikolaus von Pacassi und Johann Ferdinand Hetzendorf von Hohenberg das Schloss und der Park in seiner heutigen Form um- und ausgebaut. Der barocke Palast war von der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges die Sommerresidenz des oesterreichischen Kaiserhauses. Das Schloss war in dieser Zeit fast durchgehend von einem mehrere hundert Personen umfassenden Hofstaat bewohnt und wurde zu einem kulturellen und politischen Mittelpunkt des Habsburgerreiches. Waehrend der oesterreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie wurde es auch k. k. Lustschloss Schoenbrunn genannt.
Schoenbrunn ist das groesste Schloss und eines der bedeutendsten und meistbesuchten Kulturgueter Oesterreichs. Das Schloss und der etwa 160 ha groÃe Park sind seit 1996 Teil des UNESCO-Weltkulturerbes. Eine Hauptattraktion im Schlosspark ist der aelteste noch bestehende Zoo der Welt, der Tiergarten Schoenbrunn (16 ha)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
***This needs to be viewed large and on black for best effect***
As those of you who follow my stream will know I've been a little bit ill of late, but today I forced myself to go for a wander out in the woods and inspired by Tonys Brenizer method shot I thought I would have a go myself.
This was 124 individual shots, trimmed down to about 80 with cropping, stitched together. The end result was a 100Mb 28578 x 18590 image. My PC is an overclocked Intel i7 with 8Gb of RAM and it was just about ready to melt after stitching this!
ODC - Just three colours(there might be four, but three is close enough!).
newcastlephotos.blogspot.com/2006/06/all-saints-cemetery....
All Saints Cemetery
This Cemetery stands on Jesmond Road, opposite Jesmond Old Cemetery and was the first cemetery in Newcastle to be instigated by the Burial Board. Consecrated in 1855 and opened in 1856 this was very much a rural part of Newcastle. The residential housing surrounding the cemetery on 3 sides were built later.
Noted Newcastle architect Benjamin Green designed the cemetery, its buildings and the fine Gothic archway over the entrance from Jesmond Road. The cemetery is surrounded by cast iron railings with fleur-de-lys heads.
The cemetery was extended to Osborne Avenue, from just under 10 acres by another 1.3 hectares in 1881.
In 1924 Carliol Square Gaol was demolished and the bodies of its executed criminals were transferred into unmarked graves in the cemetery.
In total around 90,000 burials have taken place here.
Thomas Harrison Hair (1810-1875) the artist best known for his Views of the Collieries of Northumberland and Durham, is buried here in an unmarked grave.
Two Small Chapels:
2 chapels. 1856 by Green. Coursed squared sandstone with ashlar turrets and dressings; Welsh slate roofs. T-plan with additional porch on side away from centre of cemetery, and corner turret on innermost side at south end. Aligned north-south. Decorated style. Double doors, with elaborate hinges,on inner fronts have nook shafts and head-stopped dripmoulds; similar surround to plainer door in outward-facing porch; windows of 3 lights facing gateway, 2 lights on other fronts, have similar dripmoulds. Lancets to corner turrets with gabled belfry under octagonal spirelets. Buttresses. Steeply-pitched roofs with cross finials. LISTED GRADE 2.
1 of the Chapels is now the Russian Orthodox Church Of St. George.
Gate, walls, piers, gates and railings.
Cemetery gateway, walls, piers, gates and railings. Dated 1856; by Green. Coursed squared sandstone with ashlar dressings; wrought iron gates; cast iron railings. Gothic style. High gable over 2-centred arch with 12 shafts each side and many mouldings; gabled ends have fantastic beasts climbing down kneelers; head-stopped dripmoulds, buttresses and finials.
High, pointed coping to flanking walls containing pedestrian doors in arches; end piers have gables with fleur-de-lis moulding. Chamfered coping to dwarf quadrant walls and similar walls along cemetery front, with 4 square piers at each side having pyramidal coping. High gates are Gothic-patterned; railings have fleur-de-lis heads.
Burials:
Samuel Smith.
Celtic Cross monument. Samuel Smith OBE JP (1872-1949) was the founder of Rington's Tea. He was born in Leeds and became an errand boy for a tea merchants on leaving school at 11. In 1908 he moved to Newcastle and set up a small shop in Heaton with William Titterington. They called the company Ringtons. The tea was imported from India and Sri Lanka then tasted, blended and packaged. It was delivered by the company's black, gold and green horse-drawn coaches. In 1926 the business moved to purpose-built premises in Algernon Road. Eventually there were 26 branches of Ringtons in the North. The firm moved into coachbuilding during the World Wars, which led to the creation of Smith's Electric Vehicles at Team Valley Trading Estate.
Alexander Gardner.
Cross monument. Alexander Gardner (1877-1921) was a footballer for Newcastle United. Before the First World War, Newcastle United were in the First Division, won three league titles and won one FA Cup final of three. Alexander was the captain and played at right half (midfielder). He made 268 appearances and scored 20 goals. He was born in Leith in 1899. The 1904/5 team won 23 out of 34 league games. In 1909 Alexander broke his leg, which ended his football career. He became landlord of the Dun Cow Inn in Claremont Road.
Michael Joseph Quigley.
Gravestone of Michael Joseph Quigley (1837-1924), American Civil War veteran. Michael was born in Bradford and emigrated to America with his wife shortly before the outbreak of civil war. He served under General Robert E. Lee in Virginia but was wounded in his left arm. He was later employed in Government Service. He returned to Britain in 1876. He lived in St. Lawrence Square off Walker Road. His income was subsidised by a pension from the American Government.
James Skinner.
Obelisk monument to James Skinner (1836-1920), shipbuilder. James was born in London. He moved to Newcastle aged 14 to begin an apprenticeship at Coutts shipyard at Low Walker. He went on to manage Andrew Leslie's shipyard at Hebburn then opened a yard at Bill Quay with William Wood, shipyard cashier. The firm Wood Skinner & Co. built 330 vessels over 42 years up to 1925. They also built the 30-bed Tyne Floating Hospital for Infectious Diseases at Jarrow Slake, designed by Newcastle Civil Engineer, George Laws. The hospital ship was launched on 2 August 1885. It sank in 1888. She was refloated and remained moored there for over 40 years.
Francis Batey.
Urn monument to Francis Batey (1841-1915), steam tug boat owner. Francis joined his father's tug boat business at the age of 11 and eventually gained his master's certificate. When the Albert Edward Dock opened in 1884, he was assistant pilot on the Rio Amazonas, the first ship to enter the dock. He went on to be chairman of several tug related companies on the River Tyne. One of his sons, John Thomas Batey, became Managing Director of Hawthorn Leslie's Hebburn shipyard.
Antonio Marcantonio.
Impressive monument of a statue of a monk or friar holding an infant. Antonio Marcantonio (1886-1960), ice cream manufacturer, arrived in Newcastle in 1895 to join a small colony of Italians living in Byker. In the early 1900s he returned to Italy to marry Angela. He returned to Newcastle and began making ice cream in a room in his house using small pans of salt and ice to freeze it. Eventually he took over a small factory on Stepney Bank. 500 gallons of ice cream were made daily. He also owned five ice cream parlours, the first one was in the Grainger Arcade. The Mark Toney business still flourishes (factory at Benton Square).
George Henry Carr.
A 13 feet high monument to George Henry Carr (1867-1889), racing cyclist. There is a shield on each side depicting a bicycle, flowers, the badge of the Jubilee Rovers Bicycle Club and the badge of Clarence Bicycle Club. Carr was a prominent figure on the racing circuit. He died aged 22 of inflammation of the brain.
John James Lightfoot,
Monument of an angel to John James Lightfoot (1877-1897), apprentice joiner. John James was crushed to death aged 19 during restoration of the 200 year old Green Tree beerhouse in Robson's Entry, Sandgate.The building collapsed killing 4 people and injuring 12. The disaster was sketched by the Chronicle's artist and published on 6 March 1897 the day after the accident. The article describes the scene - 'in the house to the east there was a yawning space where the wall had tumbled in; behind the hole a staircase stood, but seemed, like the sword of Damocles, to have no more than a hair-strength to support it'.
Josephine Esther Salisse.
Family vault of M. and H.M. Salisse. A stone sarcophagus with a bronze female figure mourning over it. Josephine Esther Salisse (1905-1924) was from Thornton Heath in Surrey. She died suddenly at her aunt's home in Stratford Road, Heaton, aged 19.
John and Benjamin Green were a father and son who worked in partnership as architects in North East England during the early nineteenth century. John, the father was a civil engineer as well as an architect. Although they did carry out some commissions separately, they were given joint credit for many of their projects, and it is difficult to attribute much of their work to a single individual. In general, John Green worked on civil engineering projects, such as road and rail bridges, whereas Benjamin worked on projects that were more purely architectural. Their work was predominantly church and railway architecture, with a sprinkling of public buildings that includes their masterpiece, Newcastle's Theatre Royal.
Drawings by John and Benjamin Green are held by the Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle upon Tyne.
Biographies
John Green was born on 29 June 1787 at Newton Fell House, Nafferton, two miles north of Ovington, Northumberland. He was the son of Benjamin Green, a carpenter and maker of agricultural implements. After finishing school, he worked in his father's business. The firm moved to the market town of Corbridge and began general building work with young John concentrating on architectural work. About 1820, John set up business as an architect and civil engineer in nearby Newcastle upon Tyne.
John Green married Jane Stobart in 1805, and they had two sons, John (c.1807–68) and Benjamin (c1811-58), both of whom became architects. Little is known about the career of John, but Benjamin worked in partnership with his father on many projects.
In 1822 John Green designed a new building for the Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society. The building, which houses the society's substantial library, is still in use today. He also designed a number of farmhouses, being employed on the Beaufront estate near Hexham and also on the Duke of Northumberland’s estates.
John Green was principally a civil engineer, and built several road and rail bridges. In 1829–31 he built two wrought-iron suspension bridges crossing the Tyne (at Scotswood) and the Tees (at Whorlton). The bridge at Scotswood was demolished in 1967 but the one at Whorlton still survives. When the High Level Bridge at Newcastle was proposed ten years later, John Green submitted plans, but those of Robert Stephenson were accepted by the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway. Green also built a number of bridges using an innovative system of laminated timber arches on masonry piers, the Weibeking system, based on the work of Bavarian engineer C.F. Weibeking. The two he built for the Newcastle and North Shields Railway, at the Ouseburn and at Willington Quay remain in use, though the timbers were replaced with wrought iron in a similar lattice pattern in 1869. In 1840 he was elected to the Institution of Civil Engineers, and in 1841 he was awarded the institution's Telford Medal for his work on laminated arch design.
John Green died in Newcastle on 30 September 1852.
Benjamin Green
Benjamin Green was a pupil of Augustus Charles Pugin, father of the more famous Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin. In the mid-1830s he became a partner of his father and remained so until the latter's death in 1852. The two partners differed somewhat. John has been described as a 'plain, practical, shrewd man of business' with a 'plain, severe and economical' style, whereas Benjamin was 'an artistic, dashing sort of fellow', with a style that was 'ornamental, florid and costly'.
The Greens worked as railway architects and it is believed that all the main line stations between Newcastle and Berwick upon Tweed were designed by Benjamin. In 2020 Morpeth Station was restored to Green's original designs following a £2.3M investment. They also designed a number of Northumbrian churches, the best examples being at Earsdon and Cambo.
The Green's most important commissions in Newcastle were the Theatre Royal (1836–37) and the column for Grey's Monument (1837–38). Both of these structures were part of the re-development of Newcastle city centre in neo-classical style by Richard Grainger, and both exist today. Although both of the partners were credited with their design, it is believed that Benjamin was the person responsible.
Another well-known structure designed by the Greens is Penshaw Monument (1844). This is a folly standing on Penshaw Hill in County Durham. It was built as a half-sized replica of the renowned Temple of Hephaestus in Athens, and was dedicated to John George Lambton, first Earl of Durham and the first Governor of the Province of Canada. The monument, being built on a hill is visible for miles around and is a famous local landmark. It is now owned by the National Trust.
Benjamin Green survived his father by only six years, and died in a mental home at Dinsdale Park, County Durham on 14 November 1858.
Major works
Presbyterian Chapel, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1822 (demolished 2011)
Literary and Philosophical Society, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1822–1825
St Peter's Church, Falstone, 1824–1825
Westgate Hill Cemetery, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1825–1829 (lodge demolished 1970, railings and gates removed, piers and basic layout remains)
Ingram Farm, Ingram, 1826
Whorlton Suspension Bridge, Wycliffe, County Durham, 1829–1831
Hawks Cottages, Gateshead, 1830 (demolished 1960)
Scotswood Chain Bridge, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1831, (demolished 1967)
Church of St Mary and St Thomas Aquinas, Stella, 1831–1832[1]
Bellingham Bridge, Bellingham, 1834
Holy Trinity Church, Stockton-On-Tees, 1834–1835[2]
Holy Trinity Church, Dalton (near Stamfordham), 1836
Vicarage of St Alban, Earsdon, 1836
Church of St Alban, Earsdon, 1836–1837
St Mary's Roman Catholic Church, Alnwick, 1836
Church of the Holy Saviour, Newburn, 1836–1837
Poor Law Guardians Hall, North Shields, 1837
Master Mariners Homes, Tynemouth, 1837–1840[3]
Theatre Royal, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1837
Parish Hall of the Church of the Holy Saviour, Newburn, 1838
Column of Grey's Monument, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1838
Willington Viaduct, Wallsend, 1837–1839
Ouseburn Viaduct, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1837–1839
Church of the Holy Saviour, Tynemouth, 1839–1841
Ilderton Vicarage, Ilderton, 1841
The Red Cottage, Whitburn, 1842
Holy Trinity Church, Cambo, 1842
Holy Trinity Church, Horsley-on-Rede, 1844
The Earl of Durham's Monument, Sunderland, 1844
St Edwin's, Coniscliffe, Co. Durham, 1844 (restoration of mediaeval church)
40–44 Moseley Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1845
Witham Testimonial Hall, Barnard Castle, 1846
Old Railway Station, Tynemouth Rd, Tynemouth 1846–1847
Acklington Station, Acklington, 1847
Chathill Station, Chathill, 1847
Belford Station, Belford, Northumberland, 1847
Morpeth Station, Morpeth, Northumberland, 1847
Warkworth Station, Warkworth, Northumberland, 1847
Holy Trinity Church, Seghill, 1849
Newcastle Joint Stock Bank, St Nicholas Square, Newcastle, c.1850
Norham station, Norham, 1851
St Paul's Church, Elswick, 1854
All Saints Cemetery, Jesmond, 1854
Sailor's Home, 11 New Quay, North Shields, 1856
United Free Methodist Church, North Shields, 1857
Corn Exchange, Groat Market, Newcastle (demolished 1974)
Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle is a cathedral city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is located on the River Tyne's northern bank, opposite Gateshead to the south. It is the most populous settlement in the Tyneside conurbation and North East England.
Newcastle developed around a Roman settlement called Pons Aelius, the settlement became known as Monkchester before taking on the name of a castle built in 1080 by William the Conqueror's eldest son, Robert Curthose. It was one of the world's largest ship building and repair centres during the industrial revolution. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it separated and formed a county of itself. In 1974, Newcastle became part of Tyne and Wear. Since 2018, the city council has been part of the North of Tyne Combined Authority.
The history of Newcastle upon Tyne dates back almost 2,000 years, during which it has been controlled by the Romans, the Angles and the Norsemen amongst others. Newcastle upon Tyne was originally known by its Roman name Pons Aelius. The name "Newcastle" has been used since the Norman conquest of England. Due to its prime location on the River Tyne, the town developed greatly during the Middle Ages and it was to play a major role in the Industrial Revolution, being granted city status in 1882. Today, the city is a major retail, commercial and cultural centre.
Roman settlement
The history of Newcastle dates from AD 122, when the Romans built the first bridge to cross the River Tyne at that point. The bridge was called Pons Aelius or 'Bridge of Aelius', Aelius being the family name of Roman Emperor Hadrian, who was responsible for the Roman wall built across northern England along the Tyne–Solway gap. Hadrian's Wall ran through present-day Newcastle, with stretches of wall and turrets visible along the West Road, and at a temple in Benwell. Traces of a milecastle were found on Westgate Road, midway between Clayton Street and Grainger Street, and it is likely that the course of the wall corresponded to present-day Westgate Road. The course of the wall can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort at Wallsend, with the fort of Arbeia down-river at the mouth of the Tyne, on the south bank in what is now South Shields. The Tyne was then a wider, shallower river at this point and it is thought that the bridge was probably about 700 feet (210 m) long, made of wood and supported on stone piers. It is probable that it was sited near the current Swing Bridge, due to the fact that Roman artefacts were found there during the building of the latter bridge. Hadrian himself probably visited the site in 122. A shrine was set up on the completed bridge in 123 by the 6th Legion, with two altars to Neptune and Oceanus respectively. The two altars were subsequently found in the river and are on display in the Great North Museum in Newcastle.
The Romans built a stone-walled fort in 150 to protect the river crossing which was at the foot of the Tyne Gorge, and this took the name of the bridge so that the whole settlement was known as Pons Aelius. The fort was situated on a rocky outcrop overlooking the new bridge, on the site of the present Castle Keep. Pons Aelius is last mentioned in 400, in a Roman document listing all of the Roman military outposts. It is likely that nestling in the shadow of the fort would have been a small vicus, or village. Unfortunately, no buildings have been detected; only a few pieces of flagging. It is clear that there was a Roman cemetery near Clavering Place, behind the Central station, as a number of Roman coffins and sarcophagi have been unearthed there.
Despite the presence of the bridge, the settlement of Pons Aelius was not particularly important among the northern Roman settlements. The most important stations were those on the highway of Dere Street running from Eboracum (York) through Corstopitum (Corbridge) and to the lands north of the Wall. Corstopitum, being a major arsenal and supply centre, was much larger and more populous than Pons Aelius.
Anglo-Saxon development
The Angles arrived in the North-East of England in about 500 and may have landed on the Tyne. There is no evidence of an Anglo-Saxon settlement on or near the site of Pons Aelius during the Anglo-Saxon age. The bridge probably survived and there may well have been a small village at the northern end, but no evidence survives. At that time the region was dominated by two kingdoms, Bernicia, north of the Tees and ruled from Bamburgh, and Deira, south of the Tees and ruled from York. Bernicia and Deira combined to form the kingdom of Northanhymbra (Northumbria) early in the 7th century. There were three local kings who held the title of Bretwalda – 'Lord of Britain', Edwin of Deira (627–632), Oswald of Bernicia (633–641) and Oswy of Northumbria (641–658). The 7th century became known as the 'Golden Age of Northumbria', when the area was a beacon of culture and learning in Europe. The greatness of this period was based on its generally Christian culture and resulted in the Lindisfarne Gospels amongst other treasures. The Tyne valley was dotted with monasteries, with those at Monkwearmouth, Hexham and Jarrow being the most famous. Bede, who was based at Jarrow, wrote of a royal estate, known as Ad Murum, 'at the Wall', 12 miles (19 km) from the sea. It is thought that this estate may have been in what is now Newcastle. At some unknown time, the site of Newcastle came to be known as Monkchester. The reason for this title is unknown, as we are unaware of any specific monasteries at the site, and Bede made no reference to it. In 875 Halfdan Ragnarsson, the Danish Viking conqueror of York, led an army that attacked and pillaged various monasteries in the area, and it is thought that Monkchester was also pillaged at this time. Little more was heard of it until the coming of the Normans.
Norman period
After the arrival of William the Conqueror in England in 1066, the whole of England was quickly subjected to Norman rule. However, in Northumbria there was great resistance to the Normans, and in 1069 the newly appointed Norman Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Comines and 700 of his men were killed by the local population at Durham. The Northumbrians then marched on York, but William was able to suppress the uprising. That same year, a second uprising occurred when a Danish fleet landed in the Humber. The Northumbrians again attacked York and destroyed the garrison there. William was again able to suppress the uprising, but this time he took revenge. He laid waste to the whole of the Midlands and the land from York to the Tees. In 1080, William Walcher, the Norman bishop of Durham and his followers were brutally murdered at Gateshead. This time Odo, bishop of Bayeux, William's half brother, devastated the land between the Tees and the Tweed. This was known as the 'Harrying of the North'. This devastation is reflected in the Domesday Book. The destruction had such an effect that the North remained poor and backward at least until Tudor times and perhaps until the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle suffered in this respect with the rest of the North.
In 1080 William sent his eldest son, Robert Curthose, north to defend the kingdom against the Scots. After his campaign, he moved to Monkchester and began the building of a 'New Castle'. This was of the "motte-and-bailey" type of construction, a wooden tower on top of an earthen mound (motte), surrounded by a moat and wooden stockade (bailey). It was this castle that gave Newcastle its name. In 1095 the Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Mowbray, rose up against the king, William Rufus, and Rufus sent an army north to recapture the castle. From then on the castle became crown property and was an important base from which the king could control the northern barons. The Northumbrian earldom was abolished and a Sheriff of Northumberland was appointed to administer the region. In 1091 the parish church of St Nicholas was consecrated on the site of the present Anglican cathedral, close by the bailey of the new castle. The church is believed to have been a wooden building on stone footings.
Not a trace of the tower or mound of the motte and bailey castle remains now. Henry II replaced it with a rectangular stone keep, which was built between 1172 and 1177 at a cost of £1,444. A stone bailey, in the form of a triangle, replaced the previous wooden one. The great outer gateway to the castle, called 'the Black Gate', was built later, between 1247 and 1250, in the reign of Henry III. There were at that time no town walls and when attacked by the Scots, the townspeople had to crowd into the bailey for safety. It is probable that the new castle acted as a magnet for local merchants because of the safety it provided. This in turn would help to expand trade in the town. At this time wool, skins and lead were being exported, whilst alum, pepper and ginger were being imported from France and Flanders.
Middle Ages
Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress, the centre for assembled armies. The Border war against Scotland lasted intermittently for several centuries – possibly the longest border war ever waged. During the civil war between Stephen and Matilda, David 1st of Scotland and his son were granted Cumbria and Northumberland respectively, so that for a period from 1139 to 1157, Newcastle was effectively in Scottish hands. It is believed that during this period, King David may have built the church of St Andrew and the Benedictine nunnery in Newcastle. However, King Stephen's successor, Henry II was strong enough to take back the Earldom of Northumbria from Malcolm IV.
The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle, in 1174, after being captured at the Battle of Alnwick. Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town and Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.
Around 1200, stone-faced, clay-filled jetties were starting to project into the river, an indication that trade was increasing in Newcastle. As the Roman roads continued to deteriorate, sea travel was gaining in importance. By 1275 Newcastle was the sixth largest wool exporting port in England. The principal exports at this time were wool, timber, coal, millstones, dairy produce, fish, salt and hides. Much of the developing trade was with the Baltic countries and Germany. Most of the Newcastle merchants were situated near the river, below the Castle. The earliest known charter was dated 1175 in the reign of Henry II, giving the townspeople some control over their town. In 1216 King John granted Newcastle a mayor[8] and also allowed the formation of guilds (known as Mysteries). These were cartels formed within different trades, which restricted trade to guild members. There were initially twelve guilds. Coal was being exported from Newcastle by 1250, and by 1350 the burgesses received a royal licence to export coal. This licence to export coal was jealously guarded by the Newcastle burgesses, and they tried to prevent any one else on the Tyne from exporting coal except through Newcastle. The burgesses similarly tried to prevent fish from being sold anywhere else on the Tyne except Newcastle. This led to conflicts with Gateshead and South Shields.
In 1265, the town was granted permission to impose a 'Wall Tax' or Murage, to pay for the construction of a fortified wall to enclose the town and protect it from Scottish invaders. The town walls were not completed until early in the 14th century. They were two miles (3 km) long, 9 feet (2.7 m) thick and 25 feet (7.6 m) high. They had six main gates, as well as some smaller gates, and had 17 towers. The land within the walls was divided almost equally by the Lort Burn, which flowed southwards and joined the Tyne to the east of the Castle. The town began to expand north of the Castle and west of the Lort Burn with various markets being set up within the walls.
In 1400 Henry IV granted a new charter, creating a County corporate which separated the town, but not the Castle, from the county of Northumberland and recognised it as a "county of itself" with a right to have a sheriff of its own. The burgesses were now allowed to choose six aldermen who, with the mayor would be justices of the peace. The mayor and sheriff were allowed to hold borough courts in the Guildhall.
Religious houses
During the Middle Ages a number of religious houses were established within the walls: the first of these was the Benedictine nunnery of St Bartholomew founded in 1086 near the present-day Nun Street. Both David I of Scotland and Henry I of England were benefactors of the religious house. Nothing of the nunnery remains now.
The friary of Blackfriars, Newcastle (Dominican) was established in 1239. These were also known as the Preaching Friars or Shod Friars, because they wore sandals, as opposed to other orders. The friary was situated in the present-day Friars Street. In 1280 the order was granted royal permission to make a postern in the town walls to communicate with their gardens outside the walls. On 19 June 1334, Edward Balliol, claimant to be King of Scotland, did homage to King Edward III, on behalf of the kingdom of Scotland, in the church of the friary. Much of the original buildings of the friary still exist, mainly because, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries the friary of Blackfriars was rented out by the corporation to nine of the local trade guilds.
The friary of Whitefriars (Carmelite) was established in 1262. The order was originally housed on the Wall Knoll in Pandon, but in 1307 it took over the buildings of another order, which went out of existence, the Friars of the Sac. The land, which had originally been given by Robert the Bruce, was situated in the present-day Hanover Square, behind the Central station. Nothing of the friary remains now.
The friary of Austinfriars (Augustinian) was established in 1290. The friary was on the site where the Holy Jesus Hospital was built in 1682. The friary was traditionally the lodging place of English kings whenever they visited or passed through Newcastle. In 1503 Princess Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII of England, stayed two days at the friary on her way to join her new husband James IV of Scotland.
The friary of Greyfriars (Franciscans) was established in 1274. The friary was in the present-day area between Pilgrim Street, Grey Street, Market Street and High Chare. Nothing of the original buildings remains.
The friary of the Order of the Holy Trinity, also known as the Trinitarians, was established in 1360. The order devoted a third of its income to buying back captives of the Saracens, during the Crusades. Their house was on the Wall Knoll, in Pandon, to the east of the city, but within the walls. Wall Knoll had previously been occupied by the White Friars until they moved to new premises in 1307.
All of the above religious houses were closed in about 1540, when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries.
An important street running through Newcastle at the time was Pilgrim Street, running northwards inside the walls and leading to the Pilgrim Gate on the north wall. The street still exists today as arguably Newcastle's main shopping street.
Tudor period
The Scottish border wars continued for much of the 16th century, so that during that time, Newcastle was often threatened with invasion by the Scots, but also remained important as a border stronghold against them.
During the Reformation begun by Henry VIII in 1536, the five Newcastle friaries and the single nunnery were dissolved and the land was sold to the Corporation and to rich merchants. At this time there were fewer than 60 inmates of the religious houses in Newcastle. The convent of Blackfriars was leased to nine craft guilds to be used as their headquarters. This probably explains why it is the only one of the religious houses whose building survives to the present day. The priories at Tynemouth and Durham were also dissolved, thus ending the long-running rivalry between Newcastle and the church for control of trade on the Tyne. A little later, the property of the nunnery of St Bartholomew and of Grey Friars were bought by Robert Anderson, who had the buildings demolished to build his grand Newe House (also known as Anderson Place).
With the gradual decline of the Scottish border wars the town walls were allowed to decline as well as the castle. By 1547, about 10,000 people were living in Newcastle. At the beginning of the 16th century exports of wool from Newcastle were more than twice the value of exports of coal, but during the century coal exports continued to increase.
Under Edward VI, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, sponsored an act allowing Newcastle to annexe Gateshead as its suburb. The main reason for this was to allow the Newcastle Hostmen, who controlled the export of Tyne coal, to get their hands on the Gateshead coal mines, previously controlled by the Bishop of Durham. However, when Mary I came to power, Dudley met his downfall and the decision was reversed. The Reformation allowed private access to coal mines previously owned by Tynemouth and Durham priories and as a result coal exports increase dramatically, from 15,000 tons in 1500 to 35,000 tons in 1565, and to 400,000 tons in 1625.
The plague visited Newcastle four times during the 16th century, in 1579 when 2,000 people died, in 1589 when 1700 died, in 1595 and finally in 1597.
In 1600 Elizabeth I granted Newcastle a charter for an exclusive body of electors, the right to elect the mayor and burgesses. The charter also gave the Hostmen exclusive rights to load coal at any point on the Tyne. The Hostmen developed as an exclusive group within the Merchant Adventurers who had been incorporated by a charter in 1547.
Stuart period
In 1636 there was a serious outbreak of bubonic plague in Newcastle. There had been several previous outbreaks of the disease over the years, but this was the most serious. It is thought to have arrived from the Netherlands via ships that were trading between the Tyne and that country. It first appeared in the lower part of the town near the docks but gradually spread to all parts of the town. As the disease gained hold the authorities took measures to control it by boarding up any properties that contained infected persons, meaning that whole families were locked up together with the infected family members. Other infected persons were put in huts outside the town walls and left to die. Plague pits were dug next to the town's four churches and outside the town walls to receive the bodies in mass burials. Over the course of the outbreak 5,631 deaths were recorded out of an estimated population of 12,000, a death rate of 47%.
In 1637 Charles I tried to raise money by doubling the 'voluntary' tax on coal in return for allowing the Newcastle Hostmen to regulate production and fix prices. This caused outrage amongst the London importers and the East Anglian shippers. Both groups decided to boycott Tyne coal and as a result forced Charles to reverse his decision in 1638.
In 1640 during the Second Bishops' War, the Scots successfully invaded Newcastle. The occupying army demanded £850 per day from the Corporation to billet the Scottish troops. Trade from the Tyne ground to a halt during the occupation. The Scots left in 1641 after receiving a Parliamentary pardon and a £4,000,000 loan from the town.
In 1642 the English Civil War began. King Charles realised the value of the Tyne coal trade and therefore garrisoned Newcastle. A Royalist was appointed as governor. At that time, Newcastle and King's Lynn were the only important seaports to support the crown. In 1644 Parliament blockaded the Tyne to prevent the king from receiving revenue from the Tyne coal trade. Coal exports fell from 450,000 to 3,000 tons and London suffered a hard winter without fuel. Parliament encouraged the coal trade from the Wear to try to replace that lost from Newcastle but that was not enough to make up for the lost Tyneside tonnage.
In 1644 the Scots crossed the border. Newcastle strengthened its defences in preparation. The Scottish army, with 40,000 troops, besieged Newcastle for three months until the garrison of 1,500 surrendered. During the siege, the Scots bombarded the walls with their artillery, situated in Gateshead and Castle Leazes. The Scottish commander threatened to destroy the steeple of St Nicholas's Church by gunfire if the mayor, Sir John Marley, did not surrender the town. The mayor responded by placing Scottish prisoners that they had captured in the steeple, so saving it from destruction. The town walls were finally breached by a combination of artillery and sapping. In gratitude for this defence, Charles gave Newcastle the motto 'Fortiter Defendit Triumphans' to be added to its coat of arms. The Scottish army occupied Northumberland and Durham for two years. The coal taxes had to pay for the Scottish occupation. In 1645 Charles surrendered to the Scots and was imprisoned in Newcastle for nine months. After the Civil War the coal trade on the Tyne soon picked up and exceeded its pre-war levels.
A new Guildhall was completed on the Sandhill next to the river in 1655, replacing an earlier facility damaged by fire in 1639, and became the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council. In 1681 the Hospital of the Holy Jesus was built partly on the site of the Austin Friars. The Guildhall and Holy Jesus Hospital still exist.
Charles II tried to impose a charter on Newcastle to give the king the right to appoint the mayor, sheriff, recorder and town clerk. Charles died before the charter came into effect. In 1685, James II tried to replace Corporation members with named Catholics. However, James' mandate was suspended in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution welcoming William of Orange. In 1689, after the fall of James II, the people of Newcastle tore down his bronze equestrian statue in Sandhill and tossed it into the Tyne. The bronze was later used to make bells for All Saints Church.
In 1689 the Lort Burn was covered over. At this time it was an open sewer. The channel followed by the Lort Burn became the present day Dean Street. At that time, the centre of Newcastle was still the Sandhill area, with many merchants living along the Close or on the Side. The path of the main road through Newcastle ran from the single Tyne bridge, through Sandhill to the Side, a narrow street which climbed steeply on the north-east side of the castle hill until it reached the higher ground alongside St Nicholas' Church. As Newcastle developed, the Side became lined with buildings with projecting upper stories, so that the main street through Newcastle was a narrow, congested, steep thoroughfare.
In 1701 the Keelmen's Hospital was built in the Sandgate area of the city, using funds provided by the keelmen. The building still stands today.
Eighteenth century
In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge, and the Literary and Philosophical Society of 1793, with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages predated the London Library by half a century.
In 1715, during the Jacobite rising in favour of the Old Pretender, an army of Jacobite supporters marched on Newcastle. Many of the Northumbrian gentry joined the rebels. The citizens prepared for its arrival by arresting Jacobite supporters and accepting 700 extra recruits into the local militia. The gates of the city were closed against the rebels. This proved enough to delay an attack until reinforcements arrived forcing the rebel army to move across to the west coast. The rebels finally surrendered at Preston.
In 1745, during a second Jacobite rising in favour of the Young Pretender, a Scottish army crossed the border led by Bonnie Prince Charlie. Once again Newcastle prepared by arresting Jacobite supporters and inducting 800 volunteers into the local militia. The town walls were strengthened, most of the gates were blocked up and some 200 cannon were deployed. 20,000 regulars were billeted on the Town Moor. These preparations were enough to force the rebel army to travel south via the west coast. They were eventually defeated at Culloden in 1746.
Newcastle's actions during the 1715 rising in resisting the rebels and declaring for George I, in contrast to the rest of the region, is the most likely source of the nickname 'Geordie', applied to people from Tyneside, or more accurately Newcastle. Another theory, however, is that the name 'Geordie' came from the inventor of the Geordie lamp, George Stephenson. It was a type of safety lamp used in mining, but was not invented until 1815. Apparently the term 'German Geordie' was in common use during the 18th century.
The city's first hospital, Newcastle Infirmary opened in 1753; it was funded by public subscription. A lying-in hospital was established in Newcastle in 1760. The city's first public hospital for mentally ill patients, Wardens Close Lunatic Hospital was opened in October 1767.
In 1771 a flood swept away much of the bridge at Newcastle. The bridge had been built in 1250 and repaired after a flood in 1339. The bridge supported various houses and three towers and an old chapel. A blue stone was placed in the middle of the bridge to mark the boundary between Newcastle and the Palatinate of Durham. A temporary wooden bridge had to be built, and this remained in use until 1781, when a new stone bridge was completed. The new bridge consisted of nine arches. In 1801, because of the pressure of traffic, the bridge had to be widened.
A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Fenham Barracks in 1806. The facilities at the Castle for holding assizes, which had been condemned for their inconvenience and unhealthiness, were replaced when the Moot Hall opened in August 1812.
Victorian period
Present-day Newcastle owes much of its architecture to the work of the builder Richard Grainger, aided by architects John Dobson, Thomas Oliver, John and Benjamin Green and others. In 1834 Grainger won a competition to produce a new plan for central Newcastle. He put this plan into effect using the above architects as well as architects employed in his own office. Grainger and Oliver had already built Leazes Terrace, Leazes Crescent and Leazes Place between 1829 and 1834. Grainger and Dobson had also built the Royal Arcade at the foot of Pilgrim Street between 1830 and 1832. The most ambitious project covered 12 acres 12 acres (49,000 m2) in central Newcastle, on the site of Newe House (also called Anderson Place). Grainger built three new thoroughfares, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street with many connecting streets, as well as the Central Exchange and the Grainger Market. John Wardle and George Walker, working in Grainger's office, designed Clayton Street, Grainger Street and most of Grey Street. Dobson designed the Grainger Market and much of the east side of Grey Street. John and Benjamin Green designed the Theatre Royal at the top of Grey Street, where Grainger placed the column of Grey's Monument as a focus for the whole scheme. Grey Street is considered to be one of the finest streets in the country, with its elegant curve. Unfortunately most of old Eldon Square was demolished in the 1960s in the name of progress. The Royal Arcade met a similar fate.
In 1849 a new bridge was built across the river at Newcastle. This was the High Level Bridge, designed by Robert Stephenson, and slightly up river from the existing bridge. The bridge was designed to carry road and rail traffic across the Tyne Gorge on two decks with rail traffic on the upper deck and road traffic on the lower. The new bridge meant that traffic could pass through Newcastle without having to negotiate the steep, narrow Side, as had been necessary for centuries. The bridge was opened by Queen Victoria, who one year later opened the new Central Station, designed by John Dobson. Trains were now able to cross the river, directly into the centre of Newcastle and carry on up to Scotland. The Army Riding School was also completed in 1849.
In 1854 a large fire started on the Gateshead quayside and an explosion caused it to spread across the river to the Newcastle quayside. A huge conflagration amongst the narrow alleys, or 'chares', destroyed the homes of 800 families as well as many business premises. The narrow alleys that had been destroyed were replaced by streets containing blocks of modern offices.
In 1863 the Town Hall in St Nicholas Square replaced the Guildhall as the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council.
In 1876 the low level bridge was replaced by a new bridge known as the Swing Bridge, so called because the bridge was able to swing horizontally on a central axis and allow ships to pass on either side. This meant that for the first time sizeable ships could pass up-river beyond Newcastle. The bridge was built and paid for by William Armstrong, a local arms manufacturer, who needed to have warships access his Elswick arms factory to fit armaments to them. The Swing Bridge's rotating mechanism is adapted from the cannon mounts developed in Armstrong's arms works. In 1882 the Elswick works began to build ships as well as to arm them. The Barrack Road drill hall was completed in 1890.
Industrialisation
In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle's development as a major city owed most to its central role in the production and export of coal. The phrase "taking coals to Newcastle" was first recorded in 1538; it proverbially denotes bringing a particular commodity to a place that has more than enough of it already.
Innovation in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the following:
George Stephenson developed a miner's safety lamp at the same time that Humphry Davy developed a rival design. The lamp made possible the opening up of ever deeper mines to provide the coal that powered the industrial revolution.
George and his son Robert Stephenson were hugely influential figures in the development of the early railways. George developed Blücher, a locomotive working at Killingworth colliery in 1814, whilst Robert was instrumental in the design of Rocket, a revolutionary design that was the forerunner of modern locomotives. Both men were involved in planning and building railway lines, all over this country and abroad.
Joseph Swan demonstrated a working electric light bulb about a year before Thomas Edison did the same in the USA. This led to a dispute as to who had actually invented the light bulb. Eventually the two rivals agreed to form a mutual company between them, the Edison and Swan Electric Light Company, known as Ediswan.
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine, for marine use and for power generation. He used Turbinia, a small, turbine-powered ship, to demonstrate the speed that a steam turbine could generate. Turbinia literally ran rings around the British Fleet at a review at Spithead in 1897.
William Armstrong invented a hydraulic crane that was installed in dockyards up and down the country. He then began to design light, accurate field guns for the British army. These were a vast improvement on the existing guns that were then in use.
The following major industries developed in Newcastle or its surrounding area:
Glassmaking
A small glass industry existed in Newcastle from the mid-15th century. In 1615 restrictions were put on the use of wood for manufacturing glass. It was found that glass could be manufactured using the local coal, and so a glassmaking industry grew up on Tyneside. Huguenot glassmakers came over from France as refugees from persecution and set up glasshouses in the Skinnerburn area of Newcastle. Eventually, glass production moved to the Ouseburn area of Newcastle. In 1684 the Dagnia family, Sephardic Jewish emigrants from Altare, arrived in Newcastle from Stourbridge and established glasshouses along the Close, to manufacture high quality flint glass. The glass manufacturers used sand ballast from the boats arriving in the river as the main raw material. The glassware was then exported in collier brigs. The period from 1730 to 1785 was the highpoint of Newcastle glass manufacture, when the local glassmakers produced the 'Newcastle Light Baluster'. The glassmaking industry still exists in the west end of the city with local Artist and Glassmaker Jane Charles carrying on over four hundred years of hot glass blowing in Newcastle upon Tyne.
Locomotive manufacture
In 1823 George Stephenson and his son Robert established the world's first locomotive factory near Forth Street in Newcastle. Here they built locomotives for the Stockton and Darlington Railway and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, as well as many others. It was here that the famous locomotive Rocket was designed and manufactured in preparation for the Rainhill Trials. Apart from building locomotives for the British market, the Newcastle works also produced locomotives for Europe and America. The Forth Street works continued to build locomotives until 1960.
Shipbuilding
In 1296 a wooden, 135 ft (41 m) long galley was constructed at the mouth of the Lort Burn in Newcastle, as part of a twenty-ship order from the king. The ship cost £205, and is the earliest record of shipbuilding in Newcastle. However the rise of the Tyne as a shipbuilding area was due to the need for collier brigs for the coal export trade. These wooden sailing ships were usually built locally, establishing local expertise in building ships. As ships changed from wood to steel, and from sail to steam, the local shipbuilding industry changed to build the new ships. Although shipbuilding was carried out up and down both sides of the river, the two main areas for building ships in Newcastle were Elswick, to the west, and Walker, to the east. By 1800 Tyneside was the third largest producer of ships in Britain. Unfortunately, after the Second World War, lack of modernisation and competition from abroad gradually caused the local industry to decline and die.
Armaments
In 1847 William Armstrong established a huge factory in Elswick, west of Newcastle. This was initially used to produce hydraulic cranes but subsequently began also to produce guns for both the army and the navy. After the Swing Bridge was built in 1876 allowing ships to pass up river, warships could have their armaments fitted alongside the Elswick works. Armstrong's company took over its industrial rival, Joseph Whitworth of Manchester in 1897.
Steam turbines
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine and, in 1889, founded his own company C. A. Parsons and Company in Heaton, Newcastle to make steam turbines. Shortly after this, he realised that steam turbines could be used to propel ships and, in 1897, he founded a second company, Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company in Wallsend. It is there that he designed and manufactured Turbinia. Parsons turbines were initially used in warships but soon came to be used in merchant and passenger vessels, including the liner Mauretania which held the blue riband for the Atlantic crossing until 1929. Parsons' company in Heaton began to make turbo-generators for power stations and supplied power stations all over the world. The Heaton works, reduced in size, remains as part of the Siemens AG industrial giant.
Pottery
In 1762 the Maling pottery was founded in Sunderland by French Huguenots, but transferred to Newcastle in 1817. A factory was built in the Ouseburn area of the city. The factory was rebuilt twice, finally occupying a 14-acre (57,000 m2) site that was claimed to be the biggest pottery in the world and which had its own railway station. The pottery pioneered use of machines in making potteries as opposed to hand production. In the 1890s the company went up-market and employed in-house designers. The period up to the Second World War was the most profitable with a constant stream of new designs being introduced. However, after the war, production gradually declined and the company closed in 1963.
Expansion of the city
Newcastle was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835: the reformed municipal borough included the parishes of Byker, Elswick, Heaton, Jesmond, Newcastle All Saints, Newcastle St Andrew, Newcastle St John, Newcastle St Nicholas, and Westgate. The urban districts of Benwell and Fenham and Walker were added in 1904. In 1935, Newcastle gained Kenton and parts of the parishes of West Brunton, East Denton, Fawdon, Longbenton. The most recent expansion in Newcastle's boundaries took place under the Local Government Act 1972 on 1 April 1974, when Newcastle became a metropolitan borough, also including the urban districts of Gosforth and Newburn, and the parishes of Brunswick, Dinnington, Hazlerigg, North Gosforth and Woolsington from the Castle Ward Rural District, and the village of Westerhope.
Meanwhile Northumberland County Council was formed under the Local Government Act 1888 and benefited from a dedicated meeting place when County Hall was completed in the Castle Garth area of Newcastle in 1910. Following the Local Government Act 1972 County Hall relocated to Morpeth in April 1981.
Twentieth century
In 1925 work began on a new high-level road bridge to span the Tyne Gorge between Newcastle and Gateshead. The capacity of the existing High-Level Bridge and Swing Bridge were being strained to the limit, and an additional bridge had been discussed for a long time. The contract was awarded to the Dorman Long Company and the bridge was finally opened by King George V in 1928. The road deck was 84 feet (26 m) above the river and was supported by a 531 feet (162 m) steel arch. The new Tyne Bridge quickly became a symbol for Newcastle and Tyneside, and remains so today.
During the Second World War, Newcastle was largely spared the horrors inflicted upon other British cities bombed during the Blitz. Although the armaments factories and shipyards along the River Tyne were targeted by the Luftwaffe, they largely escaped unscathed. Manors goods yard and railway terminal, to the east of the city centre, and the suburbs of Jesmond and Heaton suffered bombing during 1941. There were 141 deaths and 587 injuries, a relatively small figure compared to the casualties in other industrial centres of Britain.
In 1963 the city gained its own university, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, by act of parliament. A School of Medicine and Surgery had been established in Newcastle in 1834. This eventually developed into a college of medicine attached to Durham University. A college of physical science was also founded and became Armstrong College in 1904. In 1934 the two colleges merged to become King's College, Durham. This remained as part of Durham University until the new university was created in 1963. In 1992 the city gained its second university when Newcastle Polytechnic was granted university status as Northumbria University.
Newcastle City Council moved to the new Newcastle Civic Centre in 1968.
As heavy industries declined in the second half of the 20th century, large sections of the city centre were demolished along with many areas of slum housing. The leading political figure in the city during the 1960s was T. Dan Smith who oversaw a massive building programme of highrise housing estates and authorised the demolition of a quarter of the Georgian Grainger Town to make way for Eldon Square Shopping Centre. Smith's control in Newcastle collapsed when it was exposed that he had used public contracts to advantage himself and his business associates and for a time Newcastle became a byword for civic corruption as depicted in the films Get Carter and Stormy Monday and in the television series Our Friends in the North. However, much of the historic Grainger Town area survived and was, for the most part, fully restored in the late 1990s. Northumberland Street, initially the A1, was gradually closed to traffic from the 1970s and completely pedestrianised by 1998.
In 1978 a new rapid transport system, the Metro, was built, linking the Tyneside area. The system opened in August 1980. A new bridge was built to carry the Metro across the river between Gateshead and Newcastle. This was the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge, commonly known as the Metro Bridge. Eventually the Metro system was extended to reach Newcastle Airport in 1991, and in 2002 the Metro system was extended to the nearby city of Sunderland.
As the 20th century progressed, trade on the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides gradually declined, until by the 1980s both sides of the river were looking rather derelict. Shipping company offices had closed along with offices of firms related to shipping. There were also derelict warehouses lining the riverbank. Local government produced a master plan to re-develop the Newcastle quayside and this was begun in the 1990s. New offices, restaurants, bars and residential accommodation were built and the area has changed in the space of a few years into a vibrant area, partially returning the focus of Newcastle to the riverside, where it was in medieval times.
The Gateshead Millennium Bridge, a foot and cycle bridge, 26 feet (7.9 m) wide and 413 feet (126 m) long, was completed in 2001. The road deck is in the form of a curve and is supported by a steel arch. To allow ships to pass, the whole structure, both arch and road-deck, rotates on huge bearings at either end so that the road deck is lifted. The bridge can be said to open and shut like a human eye. It is an important addition to the re-developed quayside area, providing a vital link between the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides.
Recent developments
Today the city is a vibrant centre for office and retail employment, but just a short distance away there are impoverished inner-city housing estates, in areas originally built to provide affordable housing for employees of the shipyards and other heavy industries that lined the River Tyne. In the 2010s Newcastle City Council began implementing plans to regenerate these depressed areas, such as those along the Ouseburn Valley.
This video is about a #SecondLifeChallenge!
www.youtube.com/watch?v=fRYqgOhz7CY&t=287s
How to relax in Second Life... and because I'm a very relaxed person and love to relax in general, I DID IT!!!
Bain News Service,, publisher.
Mesopotamian type
[between ca. 1915 and ca. 1920]
1 negative : glass ; 5 x 7 in. or smaller.
Notes:
Title from data provided by the Bain News Service on the negative.
Photograph shows half-length portrait of a man, possibly from the areas of Iraq or Syria, then part of the Ottoman Empire.
Forms part of: George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress).
Format: Glass negatives.
Rights Info: No known restrictions on publication.
Repository: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
General information about the Bain Collection is available at hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.ggbain
Higher resolution image is available (Persistent URL): hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ggbain.27553
Call Number: LC-B2- 4712-2
www.lockedcog.com/bikes/probaly-the-hottest-bike-ever/
I know. This is old. But i just came across it again for probably like the 50th time, and i just love it so it will live here FOREVER on lockedcog.com
Ellie Goulding
English singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Ellie Goulding headlined the first night of the 2015 Apple Music Festival at Camden's Roundhouse, the newly re-branded iTunes festival which has been running at the venue since 2009.
Following a well received festival-opening set from American soul, R&B, jazz and blues singer Andra Day, the now customary big-screen countdown clock into the headline act arriving had the North London crowd counting along ahead of Goulding making her appearance.
The 28-year-old burst on stage from the centre, dressed in a black and red military-workout combo outfit which was well-suited to her energetic performance.
Leading with Calvin Harris collaboration track Outside, Goulding barely stood still, bounding about and making good use of the extended Roundhouse stage.
Halcyon tracks Ritual and Goodness Gracious followed, the crowd lapping up hits from her last release.
"It's so good to be back in London", the Starry Eyed-hitmaker said of playing the Camden venue. "I only live up the road!"
Major Lazar collaboration track Powerful was accompanied by a stunning light show, coherent light sources in a multitude of colours lighting up the re-purposed train roundhouse.
Hits Figure 8, Anything Could Happen and Burn also made an appearance, the latter allowing Goulding a sole outing with her black Gibson Les Paul guitar for a suitable flailing-haired rock chick moment.
Following the announcement, this past week, of her third studio album Delirium hitting shelves in November, new music was promised at tonight's show. And she didn't disappoint, giving newest single On My Mind it's live debut to open the show's encore.
"Lets end with a love song" Goulding said, introducing show closer Love Me Like You Do.
It's clear to see how this once subdued singer-songwriter and guitarist is now headlining major music festivals and playing to thousands at her own arena shows with two studio records under her belt as she brought her brand of colourful pop, dramatic theatrics and sheer energy of those large-scale productions to the comparably tiny Camden Roundhouse.
The Apple Music Festival continues over the next 8 nights with headline sets from Take That, One Direction, Florence + the Machine and Mumford and Sons amongst others.
Catch Ellie on the UK leg of her Delirium arena tour in March 2016 with a stop at London's O2 Arena on March 24th.
ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA 2022. Dr. Claudio Parisi Presicce, the Via Dell’ Impero: Exhibit - “1932, the Prehistoric Elephant and the Lost Velia Hill.” The Markets of Trajan & the Museum of the Imperial Fora in Rome (8 April thru 20 May 2022). RARA 2022 (08/04/2022). wp.me/pbMWvy-2Az
Foto: The Markets of Trajan & the Museum of the Imperial Fora in Rome (8 April 2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/51991671340
1). ROMA - Mostra: Dott. Claudio Parisi Presicce, “1932, l’elefante e il colle perduto.” Mercati di Traiano Museo dei Fori Imperiali. (08/04 - 24/05/2022).
Foto: Maria Barosso (1879-1960), Veduta dell’abside della Basilica di Massenzio e del Colosseo durante gli sventramenti della Velia 1932; in: Dr. Raffaella Ciofani / Facebook (07/04/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/51991172388
Una selezione di circa 100 opere, tra reperti archelogici, progetti grafici, oggetti d’arte e video, alcuni esposti per la prima volta, racconta la storia della perduta Velia e del “suo” elefante.
A 90 anni dalla scoperta, sono stati restaurati i resti fossili di elefante (Elephas antiquus) trovati alla base della collina Velia. L’intervento ha costituito l’occasione per proporre un insieme di opere, che gettano luce su un settore dell’area archeologica centrale interessato negli anni Trenta del Novecento da distruzioni e trasformazioni urbanistiche profonde. Un centinaio di queste opere, tra cui reperti archeologici, progetti grafici e opere d’arte, interamente provenienti dalle collezioni capitoline, alcuni dei quali identificati in occasione di recenti ricerche ed esposti al pubblico per la prima volta, compongono questa mostra.
Foto: Roma, I Fori Imperiali & Via Dell’ Impero (1930-32); in: SIMARTWEB (04/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/51991671005
Fonte / source:
— Mercati di Traiano Museo dei Fori Imperiali (07/04/2022).
www.mercatiditraiano.it/node/1010561
S.v., Roma - Claudio Parisi Presicce: "1932, l’elefante e il colle perduto." Mercati di Traiano Museo dei Fori Imperiali; in: UTV artivisive / You-Tube (07 April 2022) [1:32].
Roma - Il sovrintendente Claudio Parisi Presicce spiega il ritrovamento nel 1932 dell'elefante (Elephas antiquus) sull'antica collina Velia a Roma, durante il suo sbancamento verso il Colosseo per la costruzione di via dei Fori Imperiali.
Fonte / source:
— UTV artivisive / You-Tube (07 April 2022) [1:32].
www.youtube.com/watch?v=mectu34sY-M
2). ROME - Dr. Claudio Parisi Presicce, The Via Dell’ Impero: Exhibit - “1932, the Prehistoric Elephant and the Lost Velia Hill.” The Markets of Trajan & the Museum of the Imperial Fora in Rome (8 April thru 20 May 2022).
Foto: cla_green, Su Via dei Fori Imperiali; in: Instagram (06/04/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/51991394239
New Exhibit of Architectural Remains, Archaeological Evidence - Antiquity to the Modern Era & Historical Documentation for the Clearing and Removal of the Velia Hill and the Systemization of the Via Dell’ Impero in the Early 1930s. The Markets of Trajan & the Museum of the Imperial Fora in Rome (8 April thru 20 May 2022).
Foto: Plan 1 - Rome, the Via Dell’ Impero & the Velia Hill (1931-32): General topographical plan of Ancient & Modern Rome; in: Dr. Raffaella Ciofani / Facebook (07/04/2022). With additional photos by M. G. Conde (08/04/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/51990114002
Rome, the construction of the Via Dell’ Impero / now Via dei Fori Imperiali - In just two years, between 1931 and 1932, a hill was excavated in the heart of Rome, the Velia, which extended between the slopes of the Oppian Hill and the Palatine Hill, separating the area of the Imperial Forums from the Colosseum.
Foto: Dr. Raffaella Ciofani / Facebook (07/04/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/51990114097
The price paid by the artistic and archaeological heritage, due to this excavation, was very high: the archaeological stratification was affected, which proved to be very rich in evidence from the Roman era. But the most surprising discovery was made on May 20, 1932, when numerous remains of fossil fauna came to light, including the elephant skull and tusk Elephas Palaeoloxodon antiquus, which is the most famous find. The exhibition was directed by Claudio Parisi Presicce, Nicoletta Bernacchio, Isabella Damiani, Stefania Fogagnolo & Massimiliano Munzi, The Markets of Trajan & the Museum of the Imperial Fora in Rome (8 April thru 20 May 2022).
Foto: Plan 2: Rome, the Via Dell’ Impero & the Velia Hill & the Palazzo Rivaldi (1931-32): General topographical plan of Ancient & Modern Rome; in: Dr. Raffaella Ciofani / Facebook (07/04/2022). With additional photos by M. G. Conde (08/04/2022). www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/51990114002
The new exhibit - "1932, l’elefante e il colle perduto” = “1932, the Prehistoric Elephant and the Lost Velia Hill,” at the Museum of the Imperial Fora in Rome (8 April thru 20 May 2022), with the aim of the exhibit to present a brief historical overview of the early 1930s Fascist era clearing and removal of the Velia Hill and the systemization of the Via Dell’ Impero & displaying a variety of the archaeological evidence dating from Antiquity to the Modern Era, then, hurriedly recovered during the course of the very rapid & limited excavations.
Foto: MOSTRE – STORIA – Al tempo non si nasconde. 1932 L’ELEFANTE E IL COLLE PERDUTO. A Roma dall’8 Aprile 2022 Mercati di Traiano (07/04/2022). www6367.wordpress.com
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/51990114012
The exhibition also has on display a collection of a variety of historical documentation (= general plans, illustrations, photographs & paintings) from the early 1930s, as Italian archaeologists - Antonio M. Colini, Guglielmo Gatti, Giuseppe Marchetti-Longhi & Antonio Munoz; along with Italian Architects - Italo Gismondi & S. De Angelis & Italian illustrators - Maria Barosso and Odoardo Ferretti, and others, all attempting to record and report as best as possible on what archaeological artifacts and architectural remains that were recovered during the face-paced demolishing & clearing process of the area of the Velia Hill.
Foto: Mimmo Frassineti, Exhibition L’Elefante e il Colle Perduto, Mercati di Traiano. Rome, Italy – 07 Apr 2022; in:
Shutterstock (07/04/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/51991394414
Fortunately, since early 2021 onwards, a great deal of much of the work of these Italian scholars etc, as mentioned above, their formerly unpublished historical documentation & works from the early 1930s, now on display the current exhibit - “1932, the Prehistoric Elephant and the Lost Velia Hill’ (2022), as well other related historical documentation & works on the 1930s Fascist era systemization of the Via Dell’ Impero,, has been recently converted into new publicly accessible online digital archives by the various Archives and Museums of the City of Rome (2021 onwards), for instant, see:
Foto: Dr. Raffaella Ciofani / Facebook (07/04/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/51991172373
— ROMA — Maria Barosso (1879-1960), Veduta dell'abside della Basilica di Massenzio e del Colosseo durante gli sventramenti della Velia 1932 sec. XX secondo quarto; in: SIMARTWEB: ROMA CULTURE / SOVRINTENDENZA CAPITOLINA / COMUNE DI ROMA (01/ 2020 [= 04/2022]).
www.simart.comune.roma.it/dettaglio-bene/-427503963
Foto: Maria Barosso (1879-1960), Veduta dell’abside della Basilica di Massenzio e del Colosseo durante gli sventramenti della Velia 1932 sec. XX secondo quarto; in: SIMARTWEB (04/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/51991110476
Notizie storico-critiche
Tra gli anni Venti e Trenta, Maria Barosso realizza una serie di acquerelli che illustrano i lavori per l'isolamento del Campidoglio, per l'apertura dei Fori Imperiali e della Via del Mare. L'artista si colloca, quindi, accanto alla schiera di disegnatori e fotografi, incaricati dal Governatorato di Roma di documentare l'opera di modernizzazione urbanistica della capitale. Nel disegno Maria viene celebrato il valore estetico dell'operazione di sventramento della Velia, considerata allora indispensabile per ottenere un panorama grandioso come sfondo del Colosseo.
Foto: Roma, I Fori Imperiali & Via Dell’ Impero (1930-32); in: SIMARTWEB (04/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/51991394189
Riferimenti bibliografici
Ecole romaine 1925-1945, Milano 1997, pp. 136-137 n.37.
The Villa of the mysteries in Pompeii: ancient ritual, modern muse, (a cura di Gazda, Elaine K.), Ann Arbor 2000, pp. 129-137.
Leone, Rossella, Fori Imperiali demolizioni e scavi: fotografie 1924-1940, (Roma sparita e Roma che sparisce: iconografia delle demolizioni nelle raccolte del Museo di Roma), (a cura di Leone, Rossella; Margiotta, Anita), Milano 2007, pp. 26-45.
Fonte / source:
ROMA — Maria Barosso (1879-1960) [04/2022]); in:
Foto: Roma, I Fori Imperiali & Via Dell’ Impero (1930-32); in: SIMARTWEB (04/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/51990113802
— SIMARTWEB: Presenta una selezione del sistematico lavoro di catalogazione scientifica condotto dalla Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali. ROMA CULTURE / SOVRINTENDENZA CAPITOLINA / COMUNE DI ROMA www.simart.comune.roma.it/ (early January 2021 onwards).
Foto: Dr. Raffaella Ciofani / Facebook (07/04/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/51991671290
Fonte / source, foto:
— MOSTRE – STORIA – Al tempo non si nasconde. 1932 L’ELEFANTE E IL COLLE PERDUTO. A Roma dall’8 Aprile 2022 Mercati di Traiano (07/04/2022).
www6367.wordpress.com/2022/04/07/mostre-storia-al-tempo-n...
— Raffaella Ciofani, Giornalista pubblicista e architetto a Rivista: "Eventi Culturali Magazine". Facebook (07/04/2022). www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100079088525767
— Mimmo Frassineti, Exhibition L'Elefante e il Colle Perduto, Mercati di Traiano. Rome, Italy - 07 Apr 2022; in: Shutterstock (07/04/2022).
www.shutterstock.com/editorial/image-editorial/exhibition...
— cla_green, Su Via dei Fori Imperiali; in: Instagram (06/04/2022).
www.instagram.com/p/CcD4i-BtuYM/
Foto: Dr. Raffaella Ciofani / Facebook (07/04/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/51991671250
Fonte / source, foto; in:
RARA 2010-2022 romaarcheologiaerestauroarchitettura.wordpress.com/ =
— Plan 1: Rome, the Via Dell' Impero & the Velia Hill (1931-32): General topographical plan of Ancient & Modern Rome; in: Dr. Raffaella Ciofani / Facebook (07/04/2022).
With additional inserted images:
--- ROMA - Armando Bruni, "Resti di elefante preistorico rinvenuti durante i lavori per la costruzione di Via Dell'impero (05/1932); RARA 2010-22 (03/2013).
--- ROMA - “Il Nuovo Volta Di Roma – Quale ampiezza per la Via del Monte? IL GIORNALE D’ITALIA (06/07/1932): 3.
--- ROMA – “I resti di elefante preistorico nello scavo accanto al Colosseo.” IL GIORNALE D’ITALIA (24/05/1932): 3.
--- ROMA - Arch. Italo Gismondi (1941) - I FORI IMPERIALI RICOSTRUZIONE DI I. GISMONDI / AMBIENTAZIONE VOLUMETRICA, FORI IMPERIALI E VELIA (ASSAR P. ALTEMPS, INV. 1955). [published in B/W in the exhibit catalogue]; cited from: F. Fedora (ed.), Ricostruire l' antico prima virtuale Italo Gismondi Un architetto per l' archeologia (1887-1974). Rome (2007), pg. 68 / fig. 3. With the Colored vision of I. Gismondi, "AMBIENTAZIONE VOLUMETRICA, FORI IMPERIALI E VELIA," courtesy of ELECTA UFFICIO NEWS Mostra - Italo Gismondi (04/2007).
--- ROMA - Antonio Munoz & Italo Gismondi, "Ipotesi di sistemazione del muro di contenimento di Villa Rivaldi su progetto di Antonio Muñoz (disegno di S. De Angelis). Museo di Roma, MR-42232" [c. 1930?], in: Pier Federico Caliari (2017), "De prospectiva muniendi" [Italiano | English], p. 88; in: Luca Basso Peressut & Pier Federico Caliari (eds.), Piranesi Prix de Rome Progetti per la nuova Via dei Fori Imperiali. Rome: AIÓN EDIZIONI (2017) [PDF 1-16]. RE.PUBLIC@POLIMI Research Publications at Politecnico di Milano (2017).
--- ROMA - Arch. Italo Gismondi & Domus Praefecti Urbi | Velia: Roma, I Fori Imperiali / Velia / Via dell' Impero (1932): La Domus di età Imperiale ritrovata (e distrutta) sulla Velia durante gli scavi per la realizzazione di Via dell' Impero nel 1932. (Da: Sartorio), in: Archeologia Viva, n. 6, 1986 [2011].
--- ROMA - "Lungo La Via Dell'Impero - La Ricostruzione di un'antica templetto." Il Messaggero (10/11/1932):5. S.v., Maria Barosso, "Avanzi di edicola rinvenuti durante gli scavi per la realizzazione di via dell'Impero." (1932a); in: Museo di Roma - Gabinetto delle Stampe / SMART (04/2021).
Dr. Raffaella Ciofani / Facebook (07/04/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/51991394474
Fonte / source, foto; in:
RARA 2010-2022 romaarcheologiaerestauroarchitettura.wordpress.com/ =
— Plan 2: Rome, the Via Dell' Impero, the Velia Hill & the Palazzo Rivaldi (1931-32): General topographical plan of Ancient & Modern Rome; in: Dr. Raffaella Ciofani / Facebook (07/04/2022).
With additional inserted images:
--- ROMA – Forse qui la Collezione Torlonia? Il Palazzo Silvestri Rivaldi costituisce un’opportunità irripetibile per l’auspicata realizzazione del nuovo museo. Il Giornale dell’Arte, No. 404 (01/2020).
--- ROMA - Aerial view of the Velia Hill and Palazo Rivaldi (c. 1911); in: Roma - “Confronto tra un’immagine aerea del 1910 circa della zona compresa tra il Colosseo e il Vittoriano; tra le differenze più evidenti si notano il Vittoriano ancora in costruzione, la presenza della Meta Sudans vicino all’Arco di Costantino, e soprattutto gli edifici ancora in piedi, demoliti successivamente per l’apertura di Via dell’Impero (oggi Via dei Fori Imperiali).”
ROMA IERI OGGI REPHOTOGRAPHY (11 June, 2014).
--- ROMA - Attraverso le Cartoline d’Epoca… (Le Cartoline Originali appartengono all’autore degli articoli). Via dell’Impero vista con le cartoline d’epoca, da Maurizio Giorgi & Mauro Pecchioli, TorrinoNews.com - TorrinoNews.it (09/08/2009).
---ROMA - John Henry Packer, The Archaeology of Rome: 2: The Forum Romanum and the via sacra. J. Packer & Company (1876).
--- ROMA - Via dell'Impero, nascita di una strada - Musei Capitolini / Musei in Comune Roma: FLICKR (22 July 2009). www.flickr.com/photos/museiincomuneroma/
--- ROMA - Camilla Capitani, "Santa Maria della Neve al Colosseo. Dal primo insediamento al prospetto settecentesco." Bollettino d'Arte No. 124 (aprile-giugno 2003): 67-90 [in PDF].
--- ROMA - Foto: Donatella al ninfeo di villa Silvestri-Rivaldi; in: LA SAPIENZA / CITERA & IUC-CINA (02/2021) = Progetto Ad Templum Pacis / Progetto integrato di gestione, fruizione e valorizzazione di villa Silvestri-Rivaldi in via del Colosseo a Roma. MIBACT/DGERIC, LA SAPIENZA/CITERA & IUC-CINA (02/2021).
Foto: Antonella Aquiloni, Museo Paleontologico Montevarchi (AR) & Fb (30/10/2021).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/51986240782
3). ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA 2022. VIA DELL’ IMPERO e “1932, L’ELEFANTE E IL COLLE PERDUTO”; in: Museo di Fori Imperiali (07/04/2022).” ROMATODAY (07/04/2022). S.v., Vedi anche: Roma e l’era pliocenica e i resti di elefante scoperti sul Campidoglio (fine del XIX secolo?), il Foro Romano ([ = una zanna di un ippopotamo] c. 1900-07?), la Velia (1932) e il Foro di Cesare (1941?). Anche: Antonella Aquiloni, Museo Paleontologico Montevarchi (AR) & Fb (30/10/2021) & Dott.ssa Rossella Rea, La Repubblica (10/10/2009): 1 & 27. wp.me/pbMWvy-2Am
Gospel Movie “Stinging Memories” Fan Guoyi was an elder of a house church in China. In his over twenty years of service, he always emulated Paul, sacrificing for the Lord zealously and working hard. He firmly believed that he was doing the will of the heavenly Father by pursuing that way and he would surely be raptured to the kingdom of heaven at the return of the Lord. However, when Almighty God’s end-time salvation came upon him, he clung to his notions, rejecting, resisting, and condemning it time and time again…. Later, after several debates with the preachers from the Church of Almighty God, Fan Guoyi finally woke up. He truly understood the meaning of doing the will of the heavenly Father and the way of pursuing to be saved and enter the kingdom of heaven….
At every thought of the past, the memories were stinging in his heart….
instagram.com/45surf join me there!
Italian Model Goddess! Sony A7R RAW Photos of Pretty Brunette Bikini Swimsuit Model Goddess! Carl Zeiss Sony FE 55mm F1.8 ZA Sonnar T* Lens! Lightroom 5.7 ! Pretty Hazel Eyes & Silky Brown Black Hair!
New blog celebrating my philosophy of photography with tips, insights, and tutorials!
Ask me any questions! :)
Sony A7R RAW Photos of Pretty Brunette Bikini Swimsuit Model Goddess! Carl Zeiss Sony FE 55mm F1.8 ZA Sonnar T* Lens! Lightroom 5.3 ! Pretty Hazel Eyes & Silky Brown / Black Hair!
And here're a couple of HD video movies I shot of the goddess with the 4K Sony:
Enjoy! Be sure to watch in the full 1080P HD!
The epic goddess was tall, thin, fit, tan, and in wonderful shape (as you can see).
Check out my greatest hits compilation, and let me know what you think:
www.elliotmcguckenphotography.com/45surf/45SURF-Heros-Ody...
Epic Goddess Straight Out of Hero's Odyssey Mythology! Pretty Model! :) Tall, thin, fit and beautiful!
Welcome to your epic hero's odyssey! The beautiful 45surf goddess sisters hath called ye to adventure, beckoning ye to read deeply Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, whence ye shall learn of yer own exalted artistic path guided by Hero's Odyssey Mythology. I wouldn't be saying it if it hadn't happened to me.
New 500px!
500px.com/herosodysseymythology
New instagram! instagram.com/45surf
Pretty Swimsuit Bikini Model Goddess! :)
Follow me on facebook! facebook.com/elliot.mcgucken
Nikon D300 Photos of Beautfiul Sexy Hot Brunette!
She was a beauty--a gold 45 goddess for sure! A Gold 45 Goddess exalts the archetypal form of Athena--the Greek Goddess of wisdom, warfare, strategy, heroic endeavour, handicrafts and reason. A Gold 45 Goddess guards the beauty of dx4/dt=ic and embodies 45SURF's motto "Virtus, Honoris, et Actio Pro Veritas, Amor, et Bellus, (Strength, Honor, and Action for Truth, Love, and Beauty," and she stands ready to inspire and guide you along your epic, heroic journey into art and mythology. It is Athena who descends to call Telemachus to Adventure in the first book of Homer's Odyssey--to man up, find news of his true father Odysseus, and rid his home of the false suitors, and too, it is Athena who descends in the first book of Homer's Iliad, to calm the Rage of Achilles who is about to draw his sword so as to slay his commander who just seized Achilles' prize, thusly robbing Achilles of his Honor--the higher prize Achilles fought for. And now Athena descends once again, assuming the form of a Gold 45 Goddess, to inspire you along your epic journey of heroic endeavour.
ALL THE BEST on your Epic Hero's Odyssey from Johnny Ranger McCoy!
Modeling the Gold 45 Revolver Gold'N'Virtue swimsuit. :)
A laid-back,classic, socal lifestyle shoot!
May the 45surf goddesses inspire you along am artistic journey of your own making!
All 45surf Hero's Odyssey Mythology Photography is shot in the honor of Truth, Beauty, and the Light of Physicist Dr. E's Moving Dimensions Theory's dx4/dt=ic . The fourth dimension is expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions at the rate of c. Ergo relativity, time, entropy, and entanglement.
All the best on your Epic Hero's Odyssey from Johnny Ranger McCoy!
New blog celebrating my philosophy of photography with tips, insights, and tutorials!
Ask me any questions! :)
Beti Utsav is a community celebration which takes place every three months in several areas in New Delhi. It is a festive gathering of community members who come together to celebrate the birth of girls in their neighbourhood.
In India boys are valued far higher than girls, so much so that many women face pressure to have an illegal sex determination test, and if they are having a girl, also face pressure to abort the foetus. The latest census showed that there were only 914 girls to every 1,000 boys across India.
On a Beti Utsav celebration, ActionAid’s partner Action India, goes into the community to sing songs, give out sweets and visit the homes of families of girls who are less than three months old. Ladoos (an Indian sweet) are usually distributed when a boy is born in the family, so these are given out on Beti Utsav celebrations too, and tin plates (thali) are drummed to make noise.
Find out more about Beti Utsav events and ActionAid’s work with women and girls.
Follow us at @ActionAidUK
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Photo: Poulomi Basu/ActionAid
View on black
This building is across from Roosevelt Park near the Michigan Central Station in Detroit, Michigan. It's a sad but all too common sight around the city.
Abandoned properties are everywhere in and around the city of Detroit. Roosevelt Park is no exception to this. Luckily, the Roosevelt Hotel and surrounding park area are the subject of a revival effort from Phillip Cooley (owner of Slow's BBQ, mmmmmm) and members of the Roosevelt Park Revival project.
Roosevelt Park is an important part of the original "Corktown" in Detroit, Michigan. Many Irish immigrant families used this area to spend time with their friends and familes or tailgate before Detroit Tiger Games. Who knows what the future will hold for this area? Some ideas include a skateboard park and improved housing for the area.
Hopefully the revival sparks some additional people to continue improving Corktown and the surrounding areas.
More information about Phillip and the other efforts can be found here:
www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/11/17/huffposts-greatest-pers...
Canon 7d and 15-85mm lens
Pteridium aquilinum subsp. decompositum (Kilau, bracken fern)
Habit view West Maui with Forest at Haleakala Summit, Maui, Hawaii.
August 17, 2012
#120817-0263 - Image Use Policy
Also known as Pteridium aquilinum var. decompositum
Bain News Service,, publisher.
Goldman
[between ca. 1920 and ca. 1925]
1 negative : glass ; 5 x 7 in. or smaller.
Notes:
Title from unverified data provided by the Bain News Service on the negatives or caption cards.
Forms part of: George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress).
Format: Glass negatives.
Rights Info: No known restrictions on publication. For more information, see George Grantham Bain Collection - Rights and Restrictions Information www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/274_bain.html
Repository: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Part Of: Bain News Service photograph collection (DLC) 2005682517
General information about the George Grantham Bain Collection is available at hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.ggbain
Higher resolution image is available (Persistent URL): hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ggbain.35990
Call Number: LC-B2- 6009-4
Tres heridos en un ataque con cuchillo en un tren austríaco (Fotos) t.co/XBXsnlgFT0 #acn (via Twitter twitter.com/AgenciaCN/status/765533422920069123)
The naturalist's miscellany, or Coloured figures of natural objects.
London :Printed for Nodder & Co.,1789-1813.
Let me start today by saying this idea is a blatant steal from Stephen Poff, specifically this shot. It's really cool, please, please check it out because it's superb.
So I've made it to day 100, the ideas have dried up and I'm resorting to pinching ideas from other people, hopefully I've put my own spin on it enough that it doesn't seem like too much of a rip-off.
This was an idea I started working on last night in Photoshop. I thought if I could get the background finished I could just take the shot of me today, chuck it on top of the background and be done. And I was wrong.
There's so many mistakes and bits that I just couldn't be arsed to spend enough time on, so as long as you don't look too closely you might not spot the raggedy bits.
Actually, you can't see it much bigger than this because in my wisdom I didn't consider the canvas size when I started creating it so this is it at about maximum size. I didn't realise this until I finished it and it's really pissed me off.
I'm not sure about the colours or textures, it seems far too busy to me. In fact, the only thing I do like is the 'painting' that's 'hanging' on the 'wall'. Even then the embossed edge along the top looks crap.
And that big dark, vaguely human-shaped blob on the left? Yeah, that's me. Hate it.
What this was meant to be was me looking back over my last 100 days to the beginning, and considering the steps I've made in between.
At the moment I'd say bugger all, I'm so annoyed with this damn picture . . . I spent ages on it, it looks shit . . . just looking at it's annoying me.
So there you have it. Day 100. Sucks. Me and Lydia took Ben out for a walk this afternoon so I might have a few decent shots from that to upload later.
I suppose that shows I've learnt one important lesson from the last 100 days - always take a camera with you wherever you go!
1. bench monday: the february blues, 2. Untitled, 3. mother's little helper, 4. Alice Through the Looking Glass..., 5. www.flickr.com/photos/emmadimarco/4423920186/, 6. Day 174 - "It's a question of attitude. If you really work at something, you can do it, up to a point. If you really work at being happy, you can do it, up to a point.", 7. bench monday :: little miss muffet & spider edition, 8. i want to run away, 9. HBM - Valentine Edition - Explore #1, 10. Untitled, 11. Not available, 12. Not available, 13. Not available, 14. butterfly dress, 15. like doll, 16. *chicago bound*
Created with fd's Flickr Toys
Inspired by the #XES 10-spoke Propeller wheels, the #CX75 in #SPECTRE drives with a certain sense of style. #Design #Chase #Movie #Hinx #CarsofInstagram #Wheels - photo from jaguar ift.tt/20AdEZQ ift.tt/1GOYNnZ ift.tt/1pZRVvM
"Do Rising Mortgage Rates Mean It's Time to Buy a Home? - t.co/OnQHw4A1lR"; t.co/f73QqV03Ks (via Twitter twitter.com/downpaymentaz/status/814084030316548096)
Airbus Industrie (Carbon Fiber Livery)
===== AIRCRAFT INFO =====
Registration: F-WLXV
Aircraft Type: Airbus A350-1041
Aircraft Builder: Airbus Industrie
Serial Number/MSN: 065
Active Since: 02JUL2017
======= FLIGHT INFO =======
Flight No.: AIB 363 (Demo Flight)
Origin: MNL/RPLL (Manila Ninoy Aquino International Airport
Destination: MNL/RPLL (Manila Ninoy Aquino International Airport
Date: 15FEB2018
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ULTIME NOTIZIE!!!
New York, 12-12-12
"La rielezione di Silvio Berlusconi potrebbe essere disastrosa, vista la precarietà dell'economia italiana e la scarsa fiducia che egli ispira all'estero. Ma dopo 14 mesi di sacrifici sotto il governo Monti, gli italiani potrebbero prendere in seria considerazione la possibilità di scommettere su Berlusconi ancora una volta". Lo scrive il Wall Street Journal in un editoriale dal titolo "Tentazione Berlusconi per l'Italia".
"Stanchi dell'austerity, gli italiani bramano crescita e buonumore"
(... e magari -perché no?- ancora un po' di barzellette e "bunga bunga")!?
I My DevianArt I Facebook I 500px
Nikon d90, Tokina 11 16
no glitter image .
Please(if you want :-P ) add COMMENTS and FAVES.
Constructive critique are welcome.
I hope to replicate !!!:-)
© All rights reserved - Please don't use this image without my permission.
Sunset & Dusk The Griffith Observatory & Los Angeles Skyline Nikon D810 HDR Landscape Photos! Dr. Elliot McGucken Fine Art Photography! 14-24mm Nikkor Wide Angle F/2.8 Lens!
New Instagram! instagram.com/45surf
Facebook: www.facebook.com/45surfAchillesOdysseyMythology
Dr. Elliot McGucken's Fine Art Landscape & Nature Photography for Los Angeles Gallery Show !
Will be busy printing and framing in nice large, matted formats and frames and museum glass! Five of these photos will be printed on 40" x 60" floating wall mounted metal sheets! I think I know which--will share photos of the photos hanging on the walls!
And I am mounting some on plexiglass/acryllic--front mounting them! Some I am printing on lossy fuji-crystal archival paper too, and then front mounting 40"x60" versions to plexiglass--will send photos!
The secret to HDR photography is that you want people to say, "Woe dude--that's unreal!" And not, "Dude--that's not real!" "Unreal" is the word they use when they're trying to figure out the photo--what makes it cool--is it a photo? Is it painted? How'd it come to be--how'd you bend the light that way? "That's not real," is what they say if you have the saturation/HDR/ etc. turned up too high. :)
Some (almost) final edits for my Los Angeles Gallery Show! Printing them on metallic paper at 13" x 19" and mounting and framing them on a 4mm 18x24 white mat and 2" dark wood frame. Also printing some 40" x 70" which is over three feet by five feet! Wish you all could come (and hang out with the goddesses)!
Let me know your favs.!
New Instagram!
Videos!
I booked a major photography show at a major LA gallery in December! Will also be giving some lectures on the story--the Hero's Odyssey Mythology--behind the photography!
Follow me on facebook!
www.facebook.com/elliot.mcgucken
Preparing for some gallery shows this fall to celebrate 300,000,000 views! Printing a few dozen photographs in ~ 30"x40" formats and mounting/framing. Here are some close-to-final edits. HDR photography 7 exposures shot at 1EV and combined in photomatix: 36 megapixel Nikon D8010 with the awesome Nikon 14-24mm f/2.8G ED AF-S Nikkor Wide Angle Zoom Lens. 45SURF Hero's Odyssey Mythology Photography!
Epic Scenic HDR Landscapes Shot with Nikon D810: Hero's Odyssey Mythology Photography!
Three-Seven exposures @ 1EV finished in photomatix.
Enjoy the Hero's Odyssey Mythology Photography, and all the best on a hero's odyssey of your own making!
High Dynamic Range (HDR) photos rock in capturing the full dynamic range of the scene!
All the best on your epic hero's odyssey from Johnny Ranger McCoy!
New blog celebrating my philosophy of photography with tips, insights, and tutorials!
Nikon D810 Sunset Photos of Malibu Sea Cave! Dr. Elliot McGucken Fine Art Landscape & Nature Photography for Los Angeles Gallery Show !
45SURF Hero's Odyssey Mythology Photography
Homer's Odyssey: Tell me, O muse, of that ingenious hero who travelled far and wide. . . Many cities did he visit, and many were the nations with whose manners and customs he was acquainted; moreover he suffered much by sea while trying to save his own life and bring his men safely home; --Homer's Odyssey translated by Samuel Butler
join my new facebook page! www.facebook.com
Feel free to ask any questions about composing, shooting, finishing, mounting, and presenting Fine Art Photography! :)
All the Best on your Epic Hero's Odyssey from Johnny Ranger McCoy! The reflections of the reeds are titled "The Rage of Achilles!" :) Enjoy!
Corrected facebook link for my new facebook page: www.facebook.com/45surfAchillesOdysseyMythology
Shot with the awesomely sharp Nikon AF-S Zoom Nikkor 14-24mm f/2.8G ED AF Lens!
Malibu Canyons Spring Colors! Before The Rain! Nikon D810 HDR Landscape Photos! Dr. Elliot McGucken Fine Art Photography! 14-24mm Nikkor Wide Angle F/2.8 Lens!
Malibu Canyons Spring Colors! Before The Rain! Nikon D810 HDR Landscape Photos! Dr. Elliot McGucken Fine Art Photography! 14-24mm Nikkor Wide Angle F/2.8 Lens!
Join my new instagram! instagram.com/45surf
Epic views of the Griffith Observatory and LA Skyline from Griffith Park at dusk/night! You can see the Hollywood sign from there too!