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finally gut the courage up to stick the pink moustache on the car and go do my first lyft. Was super nervous but in the end I loved it. And the highlights of 3 hours of lyfting:

1) First passenger asked me if I was gay.

2) Second passenger asked me if I was gay. There seems to be trend here.

3) Fourth passenger couldn't actually fit in the car without some seat rearranging..

4) Saw a lady on a bicycle get hit and run over by a bus. She was as OK as could be after getting run over by a bus.

5) Everyone knew how to get where they wanted so only used navigation once - which is good because I have no idea where I am going.

6) Time flew by. Could have kept going but figured 3 hours was a enough for the first day.

Good news is, I'll be back!

Just some last pics at the LynchLand sim before the sim closes ( and we will go do popup events)

 

Taxi to the Eraserhead Venue in LynchLand:

maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Pearl%20Coast/188/214/4052

 

Arrow Inglewood as Henry

Myrdin Sommer as Lady in the Radiator

David Lynch as David Lynch ;)

Yesterday I went out for a while to get some air and sun. Two of my cats have been sick since I mixed them with the new one. They are getting better now

 

Yesterday I went out for a while to get some air and sun. Two of my cats have been sick since I mixed them with the new one. They are getting better now and I went out for one hour with my new doll.

[While I upload photos from 2020, I am also trying to keep up with some of my more current works by uploading a couple of photographs every day, in the afternoon or evening.]

 

In September and October 2021, we spent three weeks touring the Italian regions of Abruzzo, Umbria, Marches and Emilia-Romagna, which we hadn’t visited yet.

 

Personally, I had my sights firmly set on a series of early Romanesque churches of high architectural and artistic interest, so you will see quite a few of those, in spite of the typical Italian administration-related problems I encountered, and which were both stupid and quite unpleasant.

 

There will also be other sorts of old stones, landscapes, etc., and I hope you will enjoy looking at them and have a good time doing so. If it makes you want to go, do, by all means, Italy is a wonderful country.

 

Today, I begin a new series on the church of Santa Pudenziana, near the town of Narni in the province of Umbria.

 

This is a very old church, a pre-Romanesque one from, I think, the 900 at least. Roman columns have been reused in the nave and pronaos, the way the arches are supported is typical of the archaic period, even though some elements are from the 11th and 12th centuries.

 

It also features a very nice bell tower, the base of which is dated from the 600s or 700s.

 

It is said that the church was originally part of a Benedictine priory.

 

It is absolutely lovely, restored and managed by a group of devoted volunteers worlds away from the persnickety and obnoxious bureaucrats that make up most of the Italian administration of beni culturali (Historic Landmarks).

 

This column is of much rougher stone. Could be from the Italian equivalent of our Carolingian, possibly Merovingian times. Very old, at any rate, and of an overall length prohibiting the use of a capital.

A danish guy visiting china contacted Storm earlier this week to go do a peice and so we all hooked up last night. Blazed a bit till 11 at Nine's house then the three of us where out. Didn't really have a spot till Nine told us that he recently passed by the river and noticed that our peices got buffed ... great occasion to come back.

 

So the mission started at 11 as I said earlier. Storm and I, pretty high, tried to direct the taxi driver to the apporpiate location but ended up geting lost and having to walk a mile the wrong way in order to get where we wanted. Along the way we found this great spot, a empty lot that's been totaly whitewashed, clean ass walls and all with a small worker hut in the far end. Checked it out for a bit then pounced over the wall to reach the spot we noticed could be best visible from the subway ... unfortunently right as we where sorting out the spaces these two dogs start barking and running up. In the night with the distance, we hadn't noticed them and they where loose ... this got our asses moving out of that lot asap. Why the F@ck couldn't they be tied up ... anyhow great spot will definently have to find a way to hit it, with or withought the mongrels. (any suggestions on geting rid of dogs?) Anyhow arrived at the river spot at 12:30pm, hiked the wall and started painting. Storm kinged it this time ... the size of his letters and highlights makes his readeable even at night and from a distance. Guess I shouldn't have gone mid-tone next to him (he was light blue/black and I bleu/brown) ... gotta see it in the daytime but I love this night flick with the reflections in the water.

Woohoo! 1 month completed, 11 more to go!

 

Does it show I loooooove reading? I'm a bookworm!! I even worked in a library for almost 10 years! Last week, I updated my list of books I read, and since 2000 I have read 315 books, not bad... That would be my dream job... getting paid to read all day...The books I'm sitting on are books I received for Christmas, for my birthday and that I bought lately...I don't have any space left in my bookcases...

Celebrating Duke Nukem Forever's final release! Assault troopers are basicly the cannon fodder of the alien invasion forces.

 

Price range seems to be around $3.00. The jet pack has studs on it so you can put parts on it. The rest of the armor will hopefully be made soon.

 

If you haven't played Duke Nukem Forever yet, go do it. I don't care what reviewers say, it's fun. Especially when you play it in a room full of friends.

 

dukenukem.wikia.com/wiki/Assault_Trooper_(DNF)

August 15

 

Yesterday we went for a snooze at six, and failed to wake up until nearly 11, meaning too late to do anything really, so we went back to bed.

 

All would have been well if the car hadin’t got bored and made the alarm go off twice. No idea what was wrong, so in the end we had to leave the car unlocked.

 

All was well this morning when we got up at six. Got up, but had been laying awake for at least two hours. But all was well, just now we could get up and go do stuff again. And as before, do the really popular stuff when the park is either empty or asleep, which is why we were heading for the Canyon and two sets of falls before seven, and just as the sun was rising.

 

As was the mist.

 

Mere photographs could not do the scenes justice, the morning light on the mist as it rolled down from the mountain tops, all tinged in pink. We do stop a couple of times for shots, but mostly just enjoy being some of the few people up and around at the early hour, lucky enough to see it.

 

We arrive at Canyon Village, and fill up the car, as it was reminding us it had only 45 miles of fuel left, and Yellowstone wasn’t the best of places to run out of fuel. However, I can say I am one of the few people to have locked the keys to his hire car, in the hire car, on the top of a mountain. You really could not make this up.

 

So with the car refuelled, we drive to the lower falls, and first of all go to the overlook, and with the mist wrapped round the fir trees on the edge of the gorge missing in with the spray from the waterfall, and again with the golden light, it was magical.

 

There was a train: three eights of a mile long, but dropping 660 feet. I knew the shots would be worth it, so we start to totter down. And down, and down. Zig zagging down the side of the gorge, with the roar of the falls getting ever louder.

 

With every step down, we would have to climb back up, and at over 7,000 feet, it was going to be interesting.

 

Once down at the bottom, there was a viewing platform right over the falls, allowing you to look down from the edge of the cataract. It was magical, and with just three young guys from Boston with us, we had it all to ourselves.

 

Of course, then came the walk back up, stopping every turn or two, but recovery seemed to get quicker and easier, and in ten minutes or so, we were at the top.

 

We have breakfast of salad and nectarines, I kid you not, before the short drive to the upper falls, where there was a less steep and much shorter set of steps to the viewing platform, made all the more magical by the mist that had risen. I snap it, and the mist wreathed trees on the far bank, then walk up where there was a small conference on what to do next.

 

In our preparations, we had left two days without accommodation booked, to allow us some flexibility, however, those two days were on Friday and Saturday, and all rooms in and around Yellowstone might be booked.

 

We drive round to Cooke City, Montana, where we had both thought the main street looked fun and nice to stay at. Once there was asked at the tourist information if they could help in finding a room, but we were told we would have to visit each and every motel and bar, casino to ask if they had rooms.

 

Only one did, but it didn’t really meet our standards these days, so we went back to the tourist information to use their free wifi, and after consulting a map, chose a town in southern Montana, did a search for rooms and came up with a condo with suits, and free wifi which should mean being online a little. It was all booked, so worries over, and being midday, we go over to a place opposite for lunch, our first meal in 22 hours, and have burgers. It was either that or steak.

 

Not the best burgers of fries in the world, but good enough to these hungry bunnies, we ate outside, the only ones to do so, but soaking up the rays, now that the sun had broken through.

 

On our way back to the park we see a cabin selling ice cream, so call in, and were given a waffle cone each with five scoops of creamy goodness, and these were just the singles at 3 bucks fifty each! Jools could not finish hers, but I wasn’t going to let huckleberry ice cream go to waste. I eat all mine, all except for the drips down my t shirt.

 

On the way back to the cabin, we stop many times to take in the views, or to look for wildlife. A friendly chap showed me where some mountain goats could be seen about a mile away, but also gave me the heads up on an Osprey’s nest near to the road further on.

 

At an overlook of a shallow river, Jools and I spend a fine half hou chasing butterflies, American Painted Ladies and some kind of Fritillary. All wonderful, and some photographed.

A few miles on, we see the Osprey’s nest and stop, next to the guy who told me about it. We watch to juveniles stretching and flapping their wings, and I rattle off probably 50 shots.

 

We move on and finally come to a place where a herd of Bison where near to the road, so we stop and I snap many of the animals, some rolling around in a dust bath. Just fabulous.

 

Back in Mammoth, we visit the upper terraces of the falls near to the cabin, but it is a joyless experience because of the numbers of people, but then still got some shots. But we can return in the evening or early tomorrow,

 

We had burgers for lunch, again, so in the evebing, in the hope of improving our diet, we go to the resoty restauratn, in the hope of vegetables, in for not other reason. We hadin’t booked a table, so had to wait 40 minutes, so retired to the bar, and where I was recommonded a pint of Moose Drihhle, a dark beer I was told. Turned out to have great depth of falvour, and it was a shame when that came to an end, but no worry as our table was ready, so we celebrated by odering a bottle of wine. We ordered bluse, but red came, but what the heck.

 

I had fillet of bison, showing they just don’t look good, the taste it too, it was accompanied by some mashed taters, and boccolini. Or, broccoli that had been on a diet. All good, as was the wine, and we may return to sample the huckleberry margarita.

 

We walked back under a clear sky with the crescent waning moon high overhead. We were pooped, and it was cold, just above freezing, so we took to our beds.

I was so pleased when I saw this group of youth dancing for the Lord on stage at the 2011 Jesus in the City parade in Toronto. I was particularly glad because the dancers were dressed so modestly, and so they looked so beautiful—more beautiful than any lady I have seen in a long while. Sadly, modesty was not the norm at this event: there was a worship group from Ottawa composed of two ladies who were dressed so immodesty that I didn’t photograph them (I didn’t even watch them), because I would’ve been nearly impossible for me as a photographer to edit their photos to make them acceptable with Christianity’s teaching about modesty. There was also another two ladies in the crowd who I avoided standing behind them because they wore such tight pants (both, to avoid temptation and to avoid photographing them), and so you can imagine my surprise when they later walked to the stage and started signing a worship song—they were a worship team! When I photographed them I composed my photos above the waist. I remember one young lady in particular at the Jesus in the City parade because she was dressed in a summer dress like she was going to the beach, and so I thought, “WOW! This parade has attracted even the non-Christians. This is wonderful!” A short time later I was shocked when I saw her singing worship songs on one of the floats—she was a worship leader!

 

When I was in my early teens (that was in Iraq) I was sitting on the school bus after Sunday school (technically, it was more of Friday school because that was the weekend day in Iraq; this Sunday school was organized by the Roman Catholic church). It was summer so it was a hot afternoon and as I looked out the window my Sunday school teacher, a young lady in her 20s, looked at me, gave me a sweet smile, and waved good bye as she walked home. I don’t remember how she looked like except that she looked like a typical Chaldean: fair skin, brown eyes, and dark wavy hair. But what I do remember is how modest her clothes were which stood as a contrast to how the other girls dressed at Sunday school. Her clothes were simple and modest, unlike the flashy, expensive, and immodest dressing of the girls who attended the Sunday school. Actually, immodesty was one of the reason I disliked attending church, because it makes no sense for a man to be more tempted with sin in the church than on the street! Until today I find modest girls very attractive, but this writing is not about my personal experiences or beliefs, and it is not about my feelings. This writing is about God’s Word and what He teaches about modest dressing. I am writing about this topic from a man’s point of view, and so I hope I do it justice.

 

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Immodesty, in my opinion, is an epidemic in the church—whether in the eastern churches or the western churches. It is a sin so advanced and accepted by the churches that I really don’t see how Christians will be able to turn this tide of sensuality around. I remember when I was new in Canada, that was in the early 2000s, I was watching TV and there was news about the National Day of Prayer in the U.S., and behind the reporter this “Christian” lady wearing a short-skirt came and knelt with her head down to the ground in prayer! Now, I am not going to describe to you how absurd the scene was, but I remember thinking, “What’s wrong with this Christian woman?” Another time, I went with my uncle to this Canadian church in Toronto and the pastor invited this 16 years old girl to come on stage to read some youth news and she was wearing such tight pants they looked like they were painted on her. The same thing was with their worship leader, and all the ladies who were in the rows in front of me. The whole time at that church I kept my head down. My uncle’s wife told me, “Fadi, church is a place to rejoice with the Lord, why are you sad?” I didn’t answer her. But we cannot rejoice in sinfulness—joy with the Lord must be coupled with holiness.

 

And that is what I have against the Jesus in the City parade: the pastors spoke and worshipped, and encouraged, but the whole event did not even start with the people confessing their sins! Lady, if your husband said a very mean and hurtful thing to you in the morning, and when he came from work he was all smiling and nice to you as if nothing had happened. Would you be smiling back or be joyful? No, you would want him to first apologize, explaining why he said those hurtful comments, and how he would not hurt you again (repentance), right? Then why do we expect God to accept us joyfully when we come to Him with our unrepented hearts?

 

Another time I went to a Middle Eastern church with my sister’s family because they had a play called “Heaven or Hell”, and the same scenario repeated itself: all the actors were dressed immodestly, including the worship singers! Another time, last year in April I think, I went with my sister’s church to this conference held by Arabic churches in Toronto. One lady who was standing at the door giving away brochures and she was dressed in such an immodest dress that it immediately reminded me of the sensual dresses Hollywood actresses wear! I then thought, “Who organized this?” Because not a single pastor, or a church elder, or a senior Christian man or woman thought or spoke up--as if this is how Christians are supposed to dress. Speaking about worship here is what the Bible says in Romans 12:1-2:

 

Therefore, I urge you, brothers and sisters, in view of God’s mercy, to offer your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and pleasing to God—this is your true and proper worship. Do not conform to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind. Then you will be able to test and approve what God’s will is—his good, pleasing and perfect will.

 

Let me ask you a question. Before coming to Christ we spoke foul words and laughed at dirty joke, but after we came Christ we put those sinful ways away, correct? Before coming to Christ we lied and cheated and even stole, but after we came to Christ we put those sinful ways away, correct? Before coming to Christ we doubted, we rebelled against God, we blasphemed, but after we came to Christ we put those sinful ways away, correct? Before coming to Christ we lusted, fornicated, and committed adultery and all kind of sexual immorality, but after we came to Christ we put those sinful ways away, correct? Then why do women dress immodestly after coming to Christ just as they did before coming to Christ? Actually, after becoming born-again we are supposed to evaluate even our good deeds such as honouring our parents and self-control. Before, we honoured our parents because we were taught that is the right thing to do, but after becoming born-again we understand all things should be done for the glory of God (1 Corinthians 10:31). Before, we practiced self-control as a mean to “succeed” in life, but after becoming born-again we understand that self-control is a fruit of the Holy Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23). How can a Christian woman then not evaluate the way she dresses—the way she represents Christ?

 

I remember going with my sister’s church to a trip and there were many people at that location, and when the church ladies mixed with the non-Christian ladies you could not tell who is Christian and who is not from the way they dressed. And it is sad when a Christian woman dresses so sensually that she does not stand apart; remember what the above verse says: Do not conform to the pattern of this world. How is a Christian woman going to be a living testimony to a Muslim woman when she can not even dresses blamelessly? In Iraq, my Muslim friends used to ask me out of curiosity, “How can the priests let the girls dress like that in church?” I did not answer them, because I agreed with them.

 

Do you know what is blameless? Our Lord was blameless: the Bible says that when they tried to bring charge against Him none could stand because He was sinless and blameless, and they finally crucified Him because of His identity--the Son of God. Some say we represent Christ through our words and actions. That is not entirely true: we represent Christ through our minds—remember what the above verse says, “be transformed by the renewing of your mind”—and our minds are expressed through what we say, how we dress, and what we do. Some people say, “But you can’t judge me because you don’t know what’s in my heart!” You are right that I cannot judge you, but I know what is in your heart: all I have to do is take a look at your life. People love to hide behind “But you can’t judge me because you don’t know what’s in my heart”, but you know what? That is not even a Biblical teaching. The Bible says in Matthew 7:16-20:

 

By their fruit you will recognize them. Do people pick grapes from thornbushes, or figs from thistles? Likewise every good tree bears good fruit, but a bad tree bears bad fruit. A good tree cannot bear bad fruit, and a bad tree cannot bear good fruit. Every tree that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire. Thus, by their fruit you will recognize them.

 

And it says in Matthew 15:19:

 

For out of the heart come evil thoughts—murder, adultery, sexual immorality, theft, false testimony, slander.

 

And I say to you, Christian lady: Can I recognize your holiness by your immodesty? A sinful woman cannon dress modestly, and a righteous woman cannon dress immodestly. Thus, by the way you dress you will be recognized.

 

The problem with immodesty might not be a discipline problem, it might be a much bigger problem: it might be a question of, “Am I even born again?”, and not a question of, “Do I need to take another Alpha course?” You see, if a Christian lady says, “I know I dress immodestly, I know it’s a sin, I know it’s wrong and grieves God but I can’t help it because my emotional security is tied to the way I dress—I can’t break free from the hold it has on me.” Then I would say, “Yes, there is a big chance that she is born-again but she is struggling with a sin that is gripping her and won’t let go.” Just like smoking: people do not necessarily become free from the addiction of smoking as soon as they come to Christ. But if a Christian lady who has been going to church for 10 years says, “What’s wrong with the way I am dressing? It’s not immodest. The Bible doesn’t say anything about modesty, and whatever it said that wasn’t for us—that was for the church 2000 years ago. Besides, Jesus Christ paid for my sins.” I will be very fearful of this woman’s eternal destiny because her statement shows me she does not have the discernment of the Holy Spirit, and if she does not have the Spirit then she does not have part with Christ. It also shows me that she is using our Lord’s sacrifice as an excuse to sin—she does not understand anything about salvation and regeneration.

 

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Now, here is what I think are some of the reasons immodesty is such a big sensual problem in the church today:

 

1) I believe, the biggest problem with immodesty is that it is a very well disguised idolatry. Anything that we replace God with to make us feel whole, to fulfill us emotionally, to make us feel wanted and desired, to lift our self-image, to make us reach our goals (such as attracting a husband-to-be), or to make our lives feel complete is an idol. For example, a man does not lust for the sake of lusting: a man lusts because momentary this physically attractive woman makes him feel a satisfaction he hasn’t fulfilled with his relationship to Christ. The same applies to other sins such as getting drunk--nobody gets drunk to make a fool of himself—people get drunk to escape a reality they do not like because they did not make Christ the centre of their reality. Immodesty is no exception: its root is idolatry.

 

2) There is no teaching in the church about modesty. For example, you can attend a church for a whole year, which means there are about 52 sermons in total, and you would never hear the preacher talk about the virtue of modesty: what the Bible teaches about it, its benefit, why it pleases the Lord, and how immodesty is actually a sin. Preachers seems to focus so much about how to pray effectively, why we should tithe, how to have a successful marriage, how to evangelize and they neglect holiness. Didn’t our Lord say, “But seek first his kingdom and his righteousness, and all these things will be given to you as well"? Then why are we seeking everything except His righteousness?

 

Do you know what is the best way to have your prayers answered? Live a holy life! The Bible says, “The prayer of a righteous person is powerful and effective.” (James 5:16) Do you know what is the best way to be a good parent and husband or wife? Live a holy life! Do you know what is the best way to evangelize? Be a living testimony—live a holy life!

 

3) There are no role models for Christian ladies in regard to modesty. A Christian lady in her mid 20s dresses just like the rest of the world and the rest of her church, get married and pretty soon has a daughter. The child is used to wear tight clothes since she is a baby because that is the clothes her mom buys her. Pretty soon she is a teenager, and then a young lady who is getting married, and the cycle continuous.

 

Parents are sometimes afraid their kids will have “emotional problems” if they teach them to live a holy life, for example: to dress differently from the world. But that is not true! How can you say that if you teach your child to be Christ-like then she will have emotional problems, so instead you choose to follow Satan’s ways! As a parent your first is responsibility to teach your children how to live a holy life. Your first responsibility is not to make sure they get a “good education”, or have the “latest gadgets”, or to wear the “latest fashion” clothes.

 

4) It is a very well disguised sin. Let me give you a couple of examples: a little girl look up to her Christian mother, who dresses immodestly, and thinks:

 

-I want to help others like mommy—which is a good thing.

-I want to learn to cook like mommy—which is a good thing.

-I want to learn to play the piano like mommy—which is a good thing.

-I want to look beautiful by dressing like mommy—which is a sinful thing.

-I want to sing at church like mommy—which is a good thing.

-I want to teach Sunday school like mommy—which is a good thing.

 

Do you see what is happening? It is a sin that we have accepted, and we are passing our attitude toward immodesty to our children. Let me give you another example:

 

A bride’s maid is dressed immodestly at a Christian wedding, yet when the Christian guests see her they all smile telling her how beautiful she looks. Now imagine the best man told the Christian guests a dirty joke, they would all frown in disgust and rebuke him. They young woman and the young man both sinned—both sins were sensual in nature: she expressed it through her dress, and he expressed it through his words--but the young woman’s sin was praised and called beautiful, and the young man’s sin was rebuked and called disgusting.

 

The sin of dressing sensually is so interwoven in our lives--it is at: our churches, our missionary work, our Christian schools, our church trips, our weddings, our worship song, our church altars—it is everywhere.

 

5) Compromise. The world is simply bombarding our young women with this style, this fashion, and this brand, and promises them if they wear this then they will be more beautiful, more desirable, happier, and more content. But the sins of immodesty is very much like any other sin: it is like drinking muddy water when you are thirsty—the more you drink the more thirsty you will become. It is like standing in a hole and digging it deeper hoping that you will reach the surface!

 

Compromise is such a big deal when it comes to modest dressing because women usually think, “Well, it is ok to dress a bit revealing in a wedding,” or, “It is ok if someone is going to a picnic or the beach!” First of all, if you are a born-again Christian you have no business going to a beach where you are expected to dress immodestly! For example, a Christian man not only does not engage in sexual immorality, but he also does not go to places where sexual immorality is practiced! A Christian man not only does not get drunk, but he also does not go to places of drunkenness! Yes, our Lord associated with sinners, but He did not participate in their sin. Second of all, if that is how you think then your heart’s attitude toward sin is wrong, which means your heart’s attitude toward God is wrong. Because you cannot have a new relationship with God if you do not have a new relationship with sin.

 

6) Lack of personal relationship with God and commitment. Christians love to proclaim that Christianity is a personal relationship, but they do not live it as a personal relationship! They wait for their pastor to preach about modesty so they practice it! If that is the case then what happened to the teachings of the Holy Spirit? What happened to spiritual discernment? What happened to asking in prayer, “Lord, speak to me. Show me what You want to change in my life. What can I do to be more like Your Son?”

 

You know, there is a preacher from Texas that every time I see him on TV he is only talking about the State of Israel. Do you know what that means? His congregation is not getting any spiritual teachings, is not growing in their faith, and are not being continuously conformed to the likeness of our Lord! In other words: his whole ministry has missed the point of Christianity!

 

It is beyond me how a Christian lady can start her day with an intimate and focused prayer with her heavenly Father, and 15 minutes later dresses sensually for the rest of the day! What do you pray for, "God, please bless my sins!"? If you cannot make a single commitment to the Lord to dress modestly in the morning--which will impact your testimony for the rest of the day--how will you then continuously make a commitment to the Lord throughout the whole day before each time you utter a word, before each time you look at someone, before each time you think about something?!

 

As a Christian lady it is your responsibility to read the Bible on your own and pursue God’s will for your life, especially in holiness of the mundane daily things, such as your dressing.

 

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I am not doubting the sincerity of Christian women’s love for Christ, and so I am not saying that those Christian women who dress immodesty are doing it because they hate Christ. But the Bible does not say we are perishing because our lack of love, no, it says we are perishing because of our lack of knowledge:

 

My people are destroyed from lack of knowledge. ‘Because you have rejected knowledge, I also reject you as my priests; because you have ignored the law of your God, I also will ignore your children.’” (Hosea 4:6)

 

Also, when you love someone you have to love that person the way they want and need. For example, if my wife wants to go to a certain restaurant but I take her to the restaurant I like then I have not expressed love toward her. So it is the same with Christ: we have to love Christ the way He wants us to love Him. And the Bible says in John 14:21, “Whoever has my commands and keeps them is the one who loves me.” Christ says if we want to love Him then He wants us to express this love by obeying Him. If you love Christ and want to worship Him you have to do it in spirit and truth. In spirit by living a life that agrees with the Holy Spirit, because we cannot worship Christ when we are grieving the Holy Spirit. And in truth by living according to the truth of the Word of God.

 

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Because preachers do not teach about modesty, and Christian women are not being good role models, nobody really know what modesty is. It really is a lost virtue. To make things worse, Christian ladies are not reading the Bible and obeying it because the Bible clearly talks about modesty. So what is immodest dressing?

 

Immodesty is a sin—disobedience toward God. I categorize it as a sensual sin in the same class as lust, adultery, and all other sexual-immorality. It is rooted in idolatry and ignorance of God’s Word. Its goal is to satisfy the sinful desires of the flesh instead of the holy desires of the Holy Spirit. It expresses itself through dressing in such a way that it draws attention to one’s body/physical appearance rather than one’s face/countenance; this includes clothes that are: tight, revealing, cut-short, or transparent.

 

A lot of girls think that since their pants are “not” too tight then they are more holy than non-Christian girls who wear “too” tight pants! Imagine how ridiculous it would sound if a Christian man said: since non-Christians commit adultery, and all type of sexual immorality, but lust is not “that” bad since it is not physical then I am holier than those non-Christians and lust is ok. What you are doing is really comparing your sin to someone else’s sin and saying, “Well, my sin is less sinful than this person’s sin so I am doing pretty good!” If you want to compare yourself to someone should you not compare yourself to a spiritual role model, like our Lord Jesus Christ? Why are you, a saint, comparing yourself to a sinner?

 

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So why is immodest dressing a sin?

 

1) Because the Bible says so, and the Bible, for the Christian, should be the final authority of what is sin and what is not.

 

“Therefore I want the men everywhere to pray, lifting up holy hands without anger or disputing. I also want the women to dress modestly, with decency and propriety, adorning themselves, not with elaborate hairstyles or gold or pearls or expensive clothes, but with good deeds, appropriate for women who profess to worship God.” (1 Timothy 2:8-10)

 

”Your beauty should not come from outward adornment, such as elaborate hairstyles and the wearing of gold jewellery or fine clothes. Rather, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight.” (1 Peter 3:3-4)

 

“Do you not know that your bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God? You are not your own; you were bought at a price. Therefore honour God with your bodies.” (1 Corinthians 6:19-20)

 

The Bible is not saying that you should not wear jewellery, or that you should cover your face, or wrap yourself in a blanket! It is saying that your beauty should come from your godly character and not your physical appearance, remember the definition: modest dressing should draws attention to your face/countenance and not your body/physical appearance.

 

2) It tempts others to sin. Our Lord, Jesus Christ, said:

 

Jesus said to his disciples: ‘Things that cause people to stumble are bound to come, but woe to anyone through whom they come. It would be better for them to be thrown into the sea with a millstone tied around their neck than to cause one of these little ones to stumble. So watch yourselves.’” (Luke 17:1-6)

 

These are harsh words, are they not? What do you think will happen to a person who is thrown into the sea with a millstone tied around their neck? They are harsh words because God takes sin very seriously: after all it did cause Him to send His Son to die on the cross. Here is a video you might like to listen to:

 

What Guys Think About Modesty: www.godtube.com/watch/?v=KLKZZWNX

 

Imagine you, a daughter of our heavenly Father, causing your brother-in-Christ to sin, to make his spiritual life miserable, to prevent him from focusing on spiritual things, from growing in his relationship with his heavenly Father, and to hinder him from being conforming to the image of our Lord.

 

3) Like all sins, sensual dressing destroys your relationship with your heavenly Father, it destroys your prayer life, and it destroys your testimony. It also destroys relationships. I wonder how many relationships, how many marriages, would be healed if women truly live by the standards of the Noble Woman of Proverbs 31 rather than just use ‘Proverbs 31’ as their username!

 

It also robs you of God’s blessings because God cannot entrust you with much if He cannot trust you with little. For example, if you are not being a good example for Christian girls, I doubt He will give you a position as a Sunday school teacher, or a Christian councillor; you can get those positions on your own but it doesn’t mean He placed you there, and His will makes all the difference in the world. I also wonder how many godly Christian men changed their minds about marrying a certain Christian lady because her dressing is immodest.

 

---

 

Most Christian ladies ask by now about immodesty, “How much is too much?” My answer is this:

 

1) If you are a mature Christian in Christ the last question you ask is, “How much is too much?” I am not condemning you, because when I was a young believer I asked that question about a lot of things. But as I grew in my Christian life I automatically stopped asking that question because my concern was not about when do I cross the line of sin, but about how much more intimate I can be with Christ. And the more intimate we become with Him the farther we become from sin.

 

In Christianity, sin is not a line that we cross, or an edge we fall off. The Bible says that adultery is not only an action but an attitude of the mind, ie: lust. The Bible says that not only those who murder are liable in court, but if you say to your brother “you fool” then you are in danger of hell. The Christian life is not about doing, but it is about being: you are born-again—you are a new creation. Your new nature is so holy you should not only hate sin but hate going close to it. In Christianity you do not fall off the edge when you fall off the edge, but you fall off when you get so comfortable with sin that you actually start living close to the edge—you sin when you start liking sin.

 

I remember one time I visited a very popular Christian forum on the Internet and do you know what was the most common question in the “Engagement” section? “How far is too far” when it comes to physical and sexual limits. I was stunned when I read that! I realized everyone asking that question was not even mature enough spiritually to be engaged or get married!

 

2) To answer your question, here is what the Bible says:

 

“But among you there must not be even a hint of sexual immorality, or of any kind of impurity, or of greed, because these are improper for God's holy people.” (Ephesians 5:3)

 

God is not only saying that we, Christians, should not sin, but sin should be so far away from our lives that the people around us should not even start questioning if we are sinning or not. So back to your question, “How much is too much?” Not even a hint!

 

---

 

When I write I target a very small percentage of Christians. In this writing I am targeting even less--no more than a handful of ladies who are actually seeking to get closer to our Lord, to please Him, to live for Him a holy and blameless life. I am seeking those few ladies who are asking, “What can I do to get closer to Him? What can I do to be more like Him? What can I do to take my faith to the next level.” Let me tell you a story:

 

Few years ago I was working in a warehouse as a general labourer. One day after I finished my lunch I decided to go sit in the warehouse reading my Bible for few minutes before my lunch time is over. So I sat on a box and I opened my Bible and prayed to the Holy Spirit to speak to me about anything in my life that He wants to change. I opened my Bible and started reading James 3:8,

 

“Come near to God and he will come near to you. Wash your hands, you sinners, and purify your hearts, you double-minded.”

 

I closed my Bible in disappointment because I thought God did not speak to me as I had hoped because I had “never” stolen in my life. Since I was a child my parents had taught me not to steal—I did not so much steal a small pencil from my school mates! As I got up and walked I could hear the Holy Spirit, “Is that right? You don’t steal?” That disturbed me, so I started thinking about everything I had to see if I had any stolen property! After few seconds I considered my computer and then it hit me: almost all the software and songs I had on my PC were stolen from online!

 

As soon I reached home I formatted my PC, and broke all CDs that contained software and songs I had stolen. My PC after that day looked so depressing but I was never that happy or peaceful before, because I knew I had removed a sin from my life. My relationship with Him and my prayer life improved dramatically afterwards too.

 

I did not ask anyone if “pirating” software and songs is stealing or not. Why should I? If God speaks who is man to approve or disapprove what He said? The apostle Paul said in Galatians 1:15-16,

 

“But when God, who set me apart from my mother’s womb and called me by his grace, was pleased to reveal his Son in me so that I might preach him among the Gentiles, my immediate response was not to consult any human being.”

 

So my question to you is this: if the Holy Spirit has convicted you of the sin of immodest dressing and dressing for sensuality’s sake, what are you going to do about it? Are you going to consult an “elder” or a “Christian councillor”? Are you going to wait until your pastor preaches about modesty? Or is the prompting of the Holy Spirit enough for you?

 

I am not asking you to wait until you have to buy new clothes then you start dressing modestly, because that does not show commitment or love. What I am asking you is that you first go in prayer and confess your sin of dressing sensually, and repent (have a change of heart about immodest dressing). Then to go and get rid of all your immodest clothes. The Bible says in Matthew 5:29-30:

 

“If your right eye causes you to stumble, gouge it out and throw it away. It is better for you to lose one part of your body than for your whole body to be thrown into hell. And if your right hand causes you to stumble, cut it off and throw it away. It is better for you to lose one part of your body than for your whole body to go into hell.”

 

This is the life of faith: doing what you know is pleasing to the Father. True worship starts with obedience. Worship is not about dressing sensually then going to church and singing worship songs, feeling goose bumps, and thinking you have been touched by the Holy Spirit. Goose bumps have to do with emotions, and not faith. Goose bumps have no spiritual value--you can get goose bumps from watching an emotional scene in a movie with an ungodly story line.

 

Stop being the “nice” church-attending Christian lady and do an act of rebellion against sin, Satan, and this world. An act that screams, “I LOVE YOU LORD!”

 

(Toronto, ON; summer 2011.)

My camera seems to be collecting a little dust lately, so I thought I’d better clean it off and go do something fun. So, the other day I put all chores aside, and drove down to the Sun Valley Animal Shelter in Glendale, Az, and asked permission to photograph some kitties. I feel much better now ;o)

So here, if you’re in the Phoenix area, and happen to be looking, are some of the cuties currently up for adoption @ the Sun Valley Shelter ;o)

  

[While I upload photos from 2020, I am also trying to keep up with some of my more current works by uploading a couple of photographs every day, in the afternoon or evening.]

 

In September and October 2021, we spent three weeks touring the Italian regions of Abruzzo, Umbria, Marches and Emilia-Romagna, which we hadn’t visited yet.

 

Personally, I had my sights firmly set on a series of early Romanesque churches of high architectural and artistic interest, so you will see quite a few of those, in spite of the typical Italian administration-related problems I encountered, and which were both stupid and quite unpleasant.

 

There will also be other sorts of old stones, landscapes, etc., and I hope you will enjoy looking at them and have a good time doing so. If it makes you want to go, do, by all means, Italy is a wonderful country.

 

These days we spend some time discovering the beautiful early Romanesque church of Santa Maria in Valle Porclaneta, located in a quiet and faraway valley in Abruzzo.

 

Built most likely between 1000 and 1050 as part of a Benedictine monastery, it shows some Oriental influences. The fore arch was built later in lieu of a cloister which has now all but disappeared. The pronaos that was the entrance to the church still exists and stands nearby, I will show it in a photograph to be uploaded in the following days.

 

The church is designed on a basilica-type plan with three naves and one semi-circular apse. Inside, as in the Santa Maria del Lago church we have already seen, there is a magnificently sculpted ambone (elevated pulpit), also attributed to Nicodemo di Guardiagrele, as in Santa Maria del Lago. The sculptures on it, as well as the motifs that decorate the ciborium

above the altar and the capitals, are typical of Benedictine imagery with Byzantine and Oriental influences.

 

This church also retains an almost intact cancel, partly made of a long piece of carved wood from the 12th century, which is a masterpiece and a truly unique piece of artistry.

 

The ciborium protecting the altar shows those Byzantine and Oriental influences.

AMANDA: You don't mind one more group shot before we keep going, do you?

"And at the end of the day, there's always a disappointing football match."

 

But before then, there's a whole day to get through.

 

Neither of us had any ill effects from our jabs on Friday, sore arm notwithstanding. So it meant the day was all ours to do with what we wanted.

 

Saying that, Jools didn't feel well enough for churchcrawling, but hunter/gathering at Tesco was fine.

 

So, after coffee we drove to Whitfield and after filling the car with unleaded, we go to the store to buy stuff for the weekend, and the final things for Christmas, which means that we just have veg to get as everything else is either bought or ordered.

 

I buy a gift for the charity Christmas box, so that poor children will have something. I bought a Hey Dugee singing stick that the child will love and their parents will hate. Does this make me a bad or good person?

 

Maybe both.

 

Back home to pack the shopping away, have fruit for breakfast, followed by bacon butties and huge brews.

 

Although Tesco had most things, there was no fresh fruit other really than bananas, apples. And for the second week, bacon, especially smoked bacon was in very short supply.

 

But we dine well on our bacon butties, then, Jools confirmed she was not going out, so I could visit anywhere.

 

Within reason.

 

Well. Most churches in the area I wanted to visit or revisit I have done these past few weeks.

 

One I hadn't gone back to was Lydden. Its a small place, but its a short drive there, so could be a stopover on the way to somewhere else.

 

I go down Coldred Hill, then along to the church.

 

It was a glorious day, I mean no clouds, clean, sparking air, but cold and frosty.

 

The church was unlocked, cold by welcoming.

 

As expected, there wasn't much I hadn't recorded, and no glass to use the big lens on. So, I go round to recrod everything, then on to the next stop.

 

Bekesbourne.

 

I hadn't called the keyholder, but she only lives opposite the church, so not that much of a hassle to walk over the small bridge over the dry Nailbourne.

 

I reach the church, park outside and walk to the old palace.

 

I rang the bell. Dogs barked. A lot. But no one answered.

 

Another time, then.

 

Three miles along the Nailbourne is Littlebourne where the bournes changes its name to the Little Stour and flows all the time. There is a church there and I can't remember when I was there last.

 

I drive round the village, find the church on Church Street. Where else to keep your church?

 

Again, it was open, but having no real memory of this, it was good to go in again and take lots and lots of shots, mainly of the large number of Victorian windows.

 

Once done, I decide there were no other churches to be done that day, athough I go do Wingham and Ash again, there's plenty of other occasions to do those. But it was a ten minute drive from Preston, and I noticed during the week we were out of sausages, so decide to go in and see if they had any.

 

And good job I did, as they were down to a few bits and pieces, but had some venison and cranberry bangers, so I get five pounds. Also, they were selling of these very large chickens, perfect for the late Christmas dinner we're planning when Jen comes back on January 24th, so £15 gets that and it can go in the freezer.

 

By which time it was lunch. We have gingerbread, or mixed spice bread. Two large stars, so I pull of each point and dunk it in a coffee, so soft enough in the end.

 

And amazingly, football is back. In fact, below the Championship, it never stopped during the World Cup, the the Prem and Championship did, and Norwich were to play for the first time in a month, away at Swansea.

 

So I could watch the early game, Portugal v Morocco as well as follow Norwich.

 

Good news in both games, as Norwich scored in the first minute then hung on to claim all three points, and Morocco knocked out Portugal; Ronaldo, Pepe and all.

 

There were tears at the end. Bitter ones from Ron and tears of joy for the rest of us.

 

And then, France v England.

 

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Why isn't this charming little church better known? It is the quintessential Downland church, built of flint and constructed near the bottom of a steep dry chalk valley away from its later village which grew up on the main road out of Dover. It is mainly thirteenth century in character and consists of just west tower, nave and chancel. On the north side the church sits right into the hillside - a perennial cause of damp. Here too is a tiny low-side window indicating that the few houses that existed when the church was new would have been on this side of the valley. Inside it is very dark and at first glimpse appears to be the product of a harsh nineteenth century restoration. However, there is much of interest including a charming 1952 window over the pulpit - the only colour to be found here. The chancel has two blank wall arcades on north and south walls with rounded heads - always a difficult thing to date - and a fine two seat sedilia with plain pointed (13thC) tops. Next to them is a very simple piscina of similar age. Strangely there is no chancel step - possibly the result of the Victorians putting a higher floor in the chancel to bring it up to the nave level - a rare, but not unique thing in Kent. What makes this church really worth a visit are the two recesses for tombs in the south nave wall. Their moulded arches repay close attention - no mechanical detailing here, but something rather wonderful and varied. Late they may be, but these late medieval carvings could compete with anything in East Kent. The left hand one has armorial bearings carved into its cill. A little charmer if ever there was one.

 

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Lydden

 

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LIDDON

IS the next parish eastward, being spelt in antient records Leddene. Part of it lies in the hundred of Bewsborough and lath of St. Augustine, and the rest of it, in which is the church and village, in the hundied of Folkestone and lath of Shipway.

 

THE PARISH lies in an unpleasant dreary country, having the look of poverty throughout it, the soil of it is in general very chalky, and equally poor. The village is situated in the valley, on each side of the high road leading from Canterbury to Dover, a little way beyond the 67th mile-stone from London, having the church and court-lodge at a small distance on the north side of it. The hills rise very high and bold on every side, and toward the north are open and uninclosed. It extends towards the north but a little way; but towards the south it reaches more than a mile from the village beyond Swanton-house, a large antient stone building, towards Swingfield and Alkham. In this part there are several woods, most of which belonged to lord Bolingbroke, and were sold by him to the Rev. Edward Timewell Brydges, of Wotton, the present possessor of them. There is no fair held here.

 

THE LORDSHIP OF THE BARONY of Folkestone claims paramount over that part of this parish which is in that hundred, subordinate to which is THE MANOR OF LIDDON, the court-lodge of which is situated near the church. It belonged formerly to the abbey of West Langdon, and on the dissolution of it came to the crown, whence it was granted, anno 29 king Henry VIII. to the archbishop, together with the rectory of the church to which it was appurtenant, in the description of which hereafter a more parti cular account will be given of it. It still remains part of the possessions of his grace the archbishop.

 

THE MANOR OF COCKLESCOMBE, which lies in the hundred of Bewsborough, was antiently held of the castle of Dover by knight's service, being part of those lands which made up the barony of Maminot, afterwards, from its succeeding owners, called the barony of Saye. In the reign of Edward I. Ralph de Cestreton appears to have held it, and was succeeded in it by Stephen de Bocton; soon after which it was become part of the possessions of the hospital of the knights of St. John of Jerusalem, and this manor continued in their possession till their general dissolution in the 32d year of king Henry VIII. when it was suppressed by an act then specially passed for the purpose, and their lands and revenues were given by it to the king, who in the next year sold it to Edward Monins, esq. of Waldershare, who, anno 2 and 3 Edward VI. procured his lands to be disgavelled, and died anno 6 Edward VI. whose descendant Sir William Monins, of Waldershare, was created a baronet in 1611. His son Sir Edward Monins, bart. died possessed of this manor in 1663, leaving Elizabeth his widow, surviving, who held it in jointure at her death in 1703; upon which it devolved to the heirs and trustees of Susan, his eldest daughter and coheir, late wife of the hon. Peregrine Bertie, and they, in the reign of William and Mary, joined in the sale of it to Sir Henry Furnese, bart. of Waldershare, whose grandson Sir Henry Furnese, bart. dying in 1735 under age and unmarried, this manor, among his other estates, became vested in his three sisters, and coheirs of their father, in equal shares in coparcenary; after which, anno 9 George II. on a writ of partition, this manor was allotted, among others, to Anne the eldest daughter, wife of John, viscount St. John, whose son Frederick, became viscount Bolingbroke, and his son George, viscount Bolingbroke, sold it to Mr. Baldock, of Canterbury, who in 1791 again sold it to Mr. Peter Harnett, the occupier, who is the present possessor of it. A court baron is held for this manor.

 

SWANTON is a manor in the south-west part of this parish, within the hundred of Folkestone, and adjoining to Swingfield, in which part of it lies. At the time of taking the survey of Domesday, this manor, or at least the principal part of it, was in the possession of the bishop of Baieux, under the general title of whose lands it is thus entered in it:

 

Ralph de Curbespine holds of the bishop Svanetone. It was taxed at two sulings. The arable land is . . . . . In demesne there is one carucate, and two borderers with half a carucate.

 

Of this land Robert de Barbes holds one suling, and has there three villeins with half a carucate, and one Hugo holds one suling, and has there one carucate in demesne and one borderer. In the time of king Edward the Gonfessor it was worth ten pounds, when he received it thirty shillings, now forty shillings, and yet it pays four pounds. Coloen held it of king Edward.

 

That part of it mentioned above to have belonged to one Hugo, seems to have been in the possession of Hugo de Montfort; for under the general title of his possessions in the same record I find the following entry:

 

The same Hugo de Montfort has . . . . . half a suling Suanetone. The arable land is one carucate. Norman held it of king Edward, and it was taxed at as much. There are four villeins having one carucate. There is wood for the pannage of five bogs. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth twenty-five shillings, and afterwards fifteen shillings, now thirty shillings.

 

This manor afterwards came into the possession of owners who took their name from it; for William de Swanetone held it by knight's service in the reign of king Henry III. by a female heir of which family it went in marriage to Lutteridge, whose daughter and heir marrying John Greenford, entitled him to this manor, on whose death anno II Edward IV. Alice, one of his daughters and coheirs, carried it in marriage to Robert Monins, of Waldershare, whose son John Monins resided at Swanton. The arms of Swanton were, Argent, a fess, gules, between three chessrooks, sable; of Lutteridge, Argent, a bend between six martlets, sable; and of Greenford, Gules, a chevron ermine, between three squirrels, seiant, or. John Monins, of Swanton above-mentioned, left two sons; from Edward, the eldest, descended Sir William Monins, created a baronet; and from John, the youngest, lieutenant of Dover castle, descended John Monins, esq. now of Canterbury. In the descendants of John Monins, this manor continued down to Sir Edward Monins, bart, of Waldershare, who died possessed of it in 1663. Since which it has passed, in like manner with his other estates here, as has been already mentioned before, in the description of the manor of Cocklescombe, to George, lord viscount Bolingbroke, who sold it to Messrs. Nutt and Walker, and they, in 1792, again conveyed it to Samuel Egerton Brydges, esq. of Denton, the present owner of it.

 

Swanton manor, with that of Perryn, in this parish, the situation of which is now unknown, are held of the manor of Folkestone by knight's service.

 

The master and fellows of Emanuel college are possessed of lands in this parish and Ewell, which were given by Walter Richards in 1627, towards the maintenance of two exhibitions, to be chosen out of the sizers and subsizers of that college, and the produce of them is now applied to that purpose.

 

Charities.

THOMAS FISHER, of St. James's, Dover, by will in 1593, devised to the poor people of Liddon 6s. 8d. to be paid yearly at the feast of St. Thomas the Apostle; and if not paid within 14 days, then the churchwardens should distrain for 13s. 4d. the money to be distributed at their discretion to the poor.

 

The poor constantly relieved are about nine, casually the same.

 

LIDDON is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Dover.

 

The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary, consists of only one isle and one chancel, having a square tower at the west end, in which is one bell. The church is unceiled, except one half of the chancel. In the south wall is an arch, ornamented, with a hollow underneath, most probably for a tomb once at the base of it. There is nothing further worth mention in it.

 

William de Auberville, senior, on his foundation of the priory of West Langdon, in 1192, gave to it this church of St. Mary of Ledene, in pure and perpetual alms, which was confirmed by Simon de Albrincis, (fn. 1) and by Sir Simon de Cryoll, great-grandson of the former. After which, archbishop Walter granted licence for the canons of the priory to serve in it themselves, which prevented a vicarage being endowed in it; and the prior and canons thenceforward appropriated the whole profits of this church to themselves. In which state it continued till the dissolution of the priory, which happened anno 27 Henry VIII. when it was suppressed, as not having annual revenues of the amount of the clear value of two hundred pounds, and was given, with all its lands and possessions, to the king, who in his 29th year, granted it, among other possessions of the priory, in exchange to the archbishop. In which state it continues at this time, his grace the archbishop being now entitled to the rectory of this church, with the manor of Liddon appurtenant to it.

 

¶In the deed of exchange above-mentioned, anno 29 Henry VIII. of the grant of the scite of the abovementioned priory, and its possessions, to the archbishop, they are made subject to the payment of 3l. 11s. 8d. to the curate of Liddon; by which it should seem that the cure of it was then esteemed a curacy. However, in the valuation in the king's books it is mentioned as a vicarage, of the yearly value of 6l. 6s. 2d. It is now a discharged living, of the yearly certified value of thirty-two pounds. In 1588 it was valued at only ten pounds, communicants fifty-two. In 1640 here were the same number of communicants.

 

Archbishop Juxon, anno 15 Charles II. augmented this vicarage eighteen pounds per annum, to be paid by the lessee of the parsonage; and archbishop Tenison, by will in 1714, left to the augmentation of it two hundred pounds, to which was added two hundred pounds more by the governors of queen Anne's bounty.

 

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol8/pp127-132

 

Porto Alegre - 11/11/11

 

Why Go

Do The Evolution

Severed Hand

Corduroy

Got Some

Low Light

Given To Fly

Elderly Woman Behind The Counter In A Small Town

Even Flow

Unthought Known

Present Tense

Daughter / Blitzkrieg Bop / It's Ok

1/2 Full

Wishlist

Rats

State Of Love And Trust

Black

 

Encore 1

 

Just Breathe

Oceans

Comatose

Light Years

I Believe In Miracles

The Fixer

Rearviewmirror

 

Encore 2

 

Last Kiss

Better Man / Save it for Later

Crazy Mary

Jeremy

Alive

Rockin' In The Free World

Indifference

Yellow Ledbetter / Little Wing

WHAT?! COLOUR AND A SMILE? (FAKE AS IT MAY BE) That must mean it's Christmas! Spent my day last minute shopping and wrapping at midnight - the Miles tradition. Also I know this isn't a good photo - just wanting to wish you all Merry Christmas!

 

I was tagged by the lovely Lexi, you should go check out her stream :)

 

So here we go...

Do you swear to tell the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth? Yah

Where were you last night? It was Zaz's Birthday and we went to Winter Wonderland and a Japanese restaurant

What is today's date? December 25th

Who was the last person to call you baby/babe? bbz and it was Zaz

When you're at the grocery store do you use the self checkout? Yes. I always wanted to be the checkout person when I was younger so I had a massive geek out the first time I did it

Anyone crushing on you? I doubt it

What is your relationship status? Taken

Has anyone ever sang to you? No

Has anyone ever given you roses? No

If you were abandoned in the wilderness, would you survive? Definitely

Who do you text the most?: Zazie, Sav, Bruna, Roniel. (wow all girls)

How do you make your money? Student Finance. I need a job

First person to text today? Abhi wishing me a Merry Christmas

What is your favorite color? Black.

What color are your eyes? Blue/grey

What is a compliment you receive often? People like my hair

How tall are you?: 6'0"

Who was the last person to say they loved you and when? Zazie. Today.

Do you like your parents? Yes.

Do you secretly like someone?: No.

Why did your last relationship end? She didn't like me anymore.

Who was the last person you said you loved on the phone? Zazie.

Where is the furthest place you've traveled? Brazil.

Which do you prefer, to eat or sleep? Sleep

Do you look more like your mum or your dad? My mum

How long does it take you to shower? 30 minutes. (Average). I sing.

Can you do splits? Ha.No.

 

MERRY CHRISTMAS EVERYONE!!

 

You don't have to do the tag if you dont want - just have to carry on the chain and all that.

 

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As with all episodes, the story ends on a positive note, any baddies go to prison, any injured wildlife gets better, and good deeds get rewarded.

This time Sonny gets a camera, and I get some kangaroo steaks from a local supermarket.

As a child we would have been too upset if we saw kangaroo for sale in the local supermarkets or served up as Sunday lunch in the Children's Home in the 1960s, but now it appears almost anything goes.

Does anyone sell Tingha & Tucker burgers?

and if you want to know why I want Tingah and Tucker burgers, here is the answer:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5XcsMDhmXE

Czy lekarz, który podczas wykonywania swojego zawodu stwierdził napad padaczkowy, powinien bezwarunkowo zgłosić go do wydziału komunikacji, a ten znowu skierować Cię na badania lekarskie do WOMP? www.badania-na-prawo-jazdy-wroclaw.com/zgoszenie-padaczki... Jak ma się do obowiązujących aktów prawnych, czyli tajemnicy lekarskiej oraz najnowszego rozporządzenia ministra zdrowia dotyczącego badań kierowców.

"And at the end of the day, there's always a disappointing football match."

 

But before then, there's a whole day to get through.

 

Neither of us had any ill effects from our jabs on Friday, sore arm notwithstanding. So it meant the day was all ours to do with what we wanted.

 

Saying that, Jools didn't feel well enough for churchcrawling, but hunter/gathering at Tesco was fine.

 

So, after coffee we drove to Whitfield and after filling the car with unleaded, we go to the store to buy stuff for the weekend, and the final things for Christmas, which means that we just have veg to get as everything else is either bought or ordered.

 

I buy a gift for the charity Christmas box, so that poor children will have something. I bought a Hey Dugee singing stick that the child will love and their parents will hate. Does this make me a bad or good person?

 

Maybe both.

 

Back home to pack the shopping away, have fruit for breakfast, followed by bacon butties and huge brews.

 

Although Tesco had most things, there was no fresh fruit other really than bananas, apples. And for the second week, bacon, especially smoked bacon was in very short supply.

 

But we dine well on our bacon butties, then, Jools confirmed she was not going out, so I could visit anywhere.

 

Within reason.

 

Well. Most churches in the area I wanted to visit or revisit I have done these past few weeks.

 

One I hadn't gone back to was Lydden. Its a small place, but its a short drive there, so could be a stopover on the way to somewhere else.

 

I go down Coldred Hill, then along to the church.

 

It was a glorious day, I mean no clouds, clean, sparking air, but cold and frosty.

 

The church was unlocked, cold by welcoming.

 

As expected, there wasn't much I hadn't recorded, and no glass to use the big lens on. So, I go round to recrod everything, then on to the next stop.

 

Bekesbourne.

 

I hadn't called the keyholder, but she only lives opposite the church, so not that much of a hassle to walk over the small bridge over the dry Nailbourne.

 

I reach the church, park outside and walk to the old palace.

 

I rang the bell. Dogs barked. A lot. But no one answered.

 

Another time, then.

 

Three miles along the Nailbourne is Littlebourne where the bournes changes its name to the Little Stour and flows all the time. There is a church there and I can't remember when I was there last.

 

I drive round the village, find the church on Church Street. Where else to keep your church?

 

Again, it was open, but having no real memory of this, it was good to go in again and take lots and lots of shots, mainly of the large number of Victorian windows.

 

Once done, I decide there were no other churches to be done that day, athough I go do Wingham and Ash again, there's plenty of other occasions to do those. But it was a ten minute drive from Preston, and I noticed during the week we were out of sausages, so decide to go in and see if they had any.

 

And good job I did, as they were down to a few bits and pieces, but had some venison and cranberry bangers, so I get five pounds. Also, they were selling of these very large chickens, perfect for the late Christmas dinner we're planning when Jen comes back on January 24th, so £15 gets that and it can go in the freezer.

 

By which time it was lunch. We have gingerbread, or mixed spice bread. Two large stars, so I pull of each point and dunk it in a coffee, so soft enough in the end.

 

And amazingly, football is back. In fact, below the Championship, it never stopped during the World Cup, the the Prem and Championship did, and Norwich were to play for the first time in a month, away at Swansea.

 

So I could watch the early game, Portugal v Morocco as well as follow Norwich.

 

Good news in both games, as Norwich scored in the first minute then hung on to claim all three points, and Morocco knocked out Portugal; Ronaldo, Pepe and all.

 

There were tears at the end. Bitter ones from Ron and tears of joy for the rest of us.

 

And then, France v England.

 

--------------------------------------------

 

The villages 13th century church, St Vincent of Saragossa, is thought to have been founded by the monks of St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury and contains an ancient wall painting depicting Saint Christopher, patron saint of travellers. The church also has what is reckoned to be one of the finest collection of stained glass windows designed by Nathaniel Westlake in the country. Nathaniel Westlake was a leading designer of the Gothic Revival movement in England.

 

Work done in 1995 by experts from the V&A Museum established that he designed each of the windows over the long period of his work with the Company, thus giving an outstanding example of the development of his style.

 

The Church has a six-bell peal, the oldest bell dating back to 1597, the newest 1899.

 

www.littlebournebenefice.org.uk/littlebournechurchhistory...

 

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LOCATION: Situated at about 40 feet above O.D. on Head brickearth (over Upper Chalk). A little to the west of the river Little Stour. Littlebourne Court, originally belonging to St. Augustine’s Abbey, lies immediately to the north-west. Wickhambreaux and Ickham churches are not far away to the north and east.

 

DESCRIPTION: As with many North-East Kent churches, this church points south-east, and it is first documented in Domesday Book, with the eastern three-quarters of the nave of the present church presumably being, in part, of an early Norman date. The only visible evidence for the earliest structure, however, is outside the south-west corner of the nave. Here one can see reused Roman bricks, and the original steep slope of the very early 13th century south aisle (continuing the line of the nave roof). The nave must be earlier than this, so is at least 12th century in date. It is also worth noting the very rare dedication, to St Vincent.

The whole of the south arcade for the south aisle still survives in its very early 13th century form, with four pointed arches (that on the west is smaller). The arches have continuous flat

the piers themselves. All the dressings are in Caen stone.

Later in the 13th century a large new chancel was built, probably at about the time (c. 1245) when St Augustine’s Abbey were endowing the new vicarage there, after the appropriation. The chancel has four tall lancets on either side, and an eastern triplet which has internal shafting on the jambs, and deeply moulded rere-arches and hood-moulds. All the other lancets have plain rere-arches, and all the chancel windows sit internally on a filleted roll-moulding which steps up at the east end and runs under the triplet. There is a piscina on the south-east with a pointed arch (with hood) over it, and bar-stopped chamfers on the sides. On the north-west side of the chancel is a small doorway, which was restored in the 19th century. The chancel was fairly heavily restored on the outside in the 19th century (‘1865’ on one of the rain-water hoppers), but much of its original coursed whole flints are still visible, as well as some of the rows of putlog holes. The chancel also has a separate roof, with a west gable, but this was rebuilt completely in c. 1865.

At about the same time as the chancel was being rebuilt in the early to mid-15th century, a very plain tower was added at the west end (It is similar to the neighbouring tower at Ickham). This has a tall simple pointed arch (with flat chamfers and abaci) into the nave, and on the west is a simple pointed doorway with flat chamfers and a tall lancet above it. The tower is unbuttressed, and has four more wide restored lancets (one in each face) in the top (belfry) stage. Externally the tower has the remains of its original plastering over coursed flint with side-alternate Caenstone quoins. On top of the tower is a later medieval (14th/15th century) brooch spire (now covered in slates).

The tower was restored in 1899, and the bells were rehung in a new timber and cast iron frame. There are now six bells, dated 1597,1610, 1650 and three of 1899 (said to have been recast from two late medieval ones). Glynne tells us that there was an organ in a west gallery under the tower, but this was removed during the restoration. A shed (now 2 cloakrooms) was also added to the north side of the tower in c. 1899.

A small Lady Chapel may have been added to the north-east side of the nave in the later 13th century as shown by its two light trefoil-headed (with circular opening above) east window (it has an internal rere-arch). All other evidence for this above ground was removed by the early 14th and early 19th century re-buildings (see below). The Lady Chapel is first documented in the late 15th century, but most churches acquired a separate Lady Chapel in N.W. Kent in the 13th century.

In the early 14th century both the south and north aisles had their outer walls rebuilt. On the south this was a continuous heightening and rebuild for the full length of the nave (with the evidence for the earlier lean-to aisle surviving in the west wall, as shown above). There is however still a later 13th century lancet in the centre of the south wall, with a probable later 13th century south doorway next to it (though completely rebuilt externally in the 19th century). The other aisle windows are all, however, 2 - light early 14th century traceried windows, and the gables and separate pitched roof over the aisle is also perhaps 14th century (it is still hidden under a flat plaster ceiling). In the south aisle wall are some reused Reigate stone fragments, and the large later south buttress has Ragstone quoins and reused Reigate And Caenstone fragments (and heavy 19th century knapped flintwork). Some Purbeck marble is reused in the wall west of the south porch. This aisle also has a small square-topped piscina in its south-east corner, and a very small stoup just inside the door on the east.

Hasted tells us that ‘a few years ago the north isle fell down, when there were some curious paintings discovered by the breaking of the plaster from the walls. This aisle was immediately rebuilt’. It is however, clear from the present remains (and from the Petrie water-colour view), that the church was again rebuilt in the early 19th century, with the present flatish 4-bay crown/king post nave roof and lath and plaster ceiling. The two dormers on the south side of the nave roof are presumably of the same date as is the shallow-pitched shed-roof over the north aisle, and the wooden post and two semi-circular arches into the north aisle. On the north-west side of the nave one can see an infilled pointed arch (? of chalk) with abaci, suggesting that there was originally a 13th century 3-bay north aisle (and Lady Chapel). The scar for the south-west corner of this aisle which did not continue to the west end of the nave, is just visible, and the late 18th century collapse was clearly at the west end of this aisle, which was not rebuilt (the other aisle-wall window being reset in the nave wall). The north wall of the north aisle must have been rebuilt in the early 14th century with buttresses and new two-light traceried windows. There may have been a north door here.

Only the chancel was heavily restored in the later 19th century (1865) with a new south porch in 1896, replacing a brick one, according to Glynne. A porch is documented from at least 1505.

 

BUILDING MATERIALS: (Incl. old plaster, paintings, glass, tiles etc.):

The main local material is flint, and whole flints, in courses, are used for all the early work with dressings of Caenstone. Some Reigate stone is then used in the 13th century, with Kent Rag for the quoins in the early 14th century. There is also some reused Purbeck marble in the walls, and Bathstone is used for the late 19th century restorations. Hasted mentions ‘the remains of good painted glass’ in the chancel side lancets and ‘seven sacraments, etc. handsomely done, with rich borders’ in the eastern lancets, ‘but they have been some few years since removed’ (op. cit. below, p.155). Also he mentions armorial glass in the S.E. window of the south aisle, and other now-vanished glass is known from the church - see C.R. Councer (below).

 

EXCEPTIONAL MONUMENTS IN CHURCH: None, but remains of medieval wall-painting on the north side of the nave, at the west end. Also a leger slab, with a small brass inscription in it, dated 1585, in front of the chancel arch. Also some early 19th century Benefaction boards on the west wall of the south aisle. Most of the furnishings in the church date from the restoration of 1864-4, or later.

 

CHURCHYARD AND ENVIRONS:

Size & Shape: Large north-south rectangular area around church, with large extensions to north (20th century) and south (19th century).

 

Condition: Good

 

Building in churchyard or on boundary: Lych Gate of timber (1892) to the south. Very large c. early 14th century great barn of Littlebourne Court (172ft long) runs along west boundary of the churchyard.

 

Ecological potential: ? Yes. The burial under a ‘great palm’ (ie. Yew Tree) in the churchyard is mentioned in a will of 1542, and there are still some quite large Yews north of the church.

 

Late med. Status: Vicarage endowed in 1245 with a house, some tithes, etc. A chaplain had to be found to celebrate weekly in Garrington Chapel.

 

Patron: St. Augstine’s Abbey, Canterbury (and alienated to the Italian monastery of Monte Mirteto in Italy, 1224). In 1538 it went to the crown, and then on to the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury in 1541.

 

Other documentary sources: Hasted IX (1800) , 155-8. There is much documentation in Thorne’s Chronicle and the ‘Black Book’ of St Augustine’s. Testamenta Cantiana (E. Kent, 1907), 196-8 mentions burial in the churchyard from 1473, the church porch (1501), various ‘lights’, the altar of Our Lady (1499+), reparation of the altars of St James and St Nicholas (1473), for paving between the chancel and the west door (1419).

 

SURVIVAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL DEPOSITS:

Inside present church: ? Good.

 

Outside present church: ? Good, though there is a large soil build-up around the church, and a brick-lined drainage gulley (up to 2ft deep) has been made all around the church.

 

RECENT DISTURBANCES/ALTERATIONS:

To structure: None, but chancel stalls brought from St Johns, Herne Bay in 1974, and organ in north aisle from Holy Cross, Canterbury in 1972.

 

To floors: Brick floor relaid at east end of S. aisle - Oct 1991.

 

Quinquennial inspection (date/architect): Feb. 1990 Maureen O’Connor.

 

ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT:

A Norman nave was given a lean-to south aisle and perhaps extended to the west in the very early 13th century, with a plain west tower being added soon after. The chancel was rebuilt (and greatly enlarged) in the mid 13th century, and there was probably also a Lady Chapel and nave north aisle by the later 13th century. The outer walls of the aisles were rebuilt in the early 14th century. A timber spire was also built. In the late 18th century the west end of the north aisle collapsed and this was rebuilt along with the nave roof, etc. again in the early 19th century. Chancel restored in 1865, and west tower in 1899 (with rehung bells). A new south porch was built in 1896.

 

The wider context: One of a group of churches belonging to St Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury with major rebuildings in the 13th and early 14th centuries.

 

REFERENCES: S.R. Glynne, Notes of the Churches of Kent (1877), 167-8. (He visited in 1851). C.R. Councer, Lost Glass from Kent Churches ) (1980), 77-8.

 

Guide Book: None available in church, but see St Vincent’s Church, Littlebourne by Elizabeth Jeffries (1984) - very poor for architectural history.

 

Plans & drawings: Petrie early 19th cent. view from N.E., with continuous roof slope over nave and N. aisle.

 

DATES VISITED: 19th December 1996 REPORT BY: Tim Tatton-Brown

 

www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/01/03/LIT.htm

 

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LITTLEBORNE

LIES the next parish south-eastward from Stodmarsh, taking its name from its situation close to the stream which bounds the eastern part of it, and at the same time to distinguish it from the other parishes of the name of Borne in the near neighbourhood of it.

 

There is but one borough in this parish, called the borough of Littleborne.

 

Littleborne extends to the skirt of the beautiful and healthy parts of East Kent, and verging farther from the large levels of marsh land which lie near the Stour, quits that gloomy aspect of ill health so prevalent near them, and here begins to assume one more cheerful, pleasant and healthy; and Twyne tells us, (fn. 1) that it was allotted by the abbot and convent of St. Augustine's, who possessed the manor, for the plantation of vines. The village is built on the high road leading from Canterbury to Sandwich and Deal, at the eastern boundary of the parish, adjoinining to the Little Stour, and consists of about forty houses. The church stands at a small distance from it, having the courtlodge close to it, with the parsonage at a small distance. This parish extends northward as far as the Stour, opposite to Westbere, in which part of it however, there is but a small quantity of marsh-land, near which is an estate called Higham, which antiently was owned by a family of that name. Above the hill, south-eastward from hence, there is a great deal of woodland, and among it a tract of heathy rough land, belonging to the archbishop, called Fishpool-downs, through which the road leads to Wickham. At the bottom of Fishpool hill is the valley called the Ponds, now entirely covered with wood, part of which is in this parish. The ponds were supplied from a spring called Arrianes well, probably for Adrian's well, and were of a considerable size and depth, made for the supply of the convent of St. Augustine, the owners of them, with fish for their refectory, the sides of them now equally thick with coppice wood, were antiently a vineyard. These woods continue from hence adjoining the high road towards the village in great quantities, much of which belongs to the archbishop, and are intermixed with a great deal of rough bushy ground. The lands in this parish are in general very poor and gravelly, but towards Wickham they are much more fertile both for corn and hops, of which there are several plantations. This parish extends across the river eastward towards the hill, and takes in great part of Lower Garwinton, and part of the house, and some little land of Upper Garwinton within it, which is entirely separated from the rest of it by the parish of Adisham intervening.

 

Polygonatum scalacæci, Solomon's seal; grows plentifully on Fishpool-hill in this parish.

 

A fair is held here on the 5th of July, for toys and pedlary.

 

In the year 690, Widred, king of Kent, gave to the monastery of St. Augustine, in pure and perpetual alms, five plough-lands called Litleborne, on condition of their remembring of him in their prayers and solemn masses. And in the year 1047, king Edward the Consessor gave another plough-land here, which consisted of the estates of Bourne, Dene, and Wiliyington, to archbishop Eadsin, free from all service, except. the trinoda necessitas, and he bestowed it on that monastery. After which the manor of Little borne continued in the possession of the abbey to the time of taking the survey of Domesday, in which it is thus entered under the general title of the land of the church of St. Augustine:

 

In Dunamesfort hundred, the abbot himself holds, Liteburne, which is taxed at seven sulings. The arable land is twelve carucates. In demesne there are three carucates, and thirty-five villeins, with fourteen cottagers having six and an half. There is a church, and thirtyeight acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of four hogs. In the time of king Edward the Consessor it was worth twenty-five pounds, afterwards twenty pounds, now thirty-two pounds. Of this manor the bishop of Baieux has in his park, as much as is worth sixty shillings.

 

After this the abbot and convent's possessions here were increased by several gifts and purchases of different parcels of land. (fn. 2)

 

King Henry III. in his 54th year, granted to the abbot and convent free-warren in all their demesne lands of Littleborne, among others. In the 7th year of king Edward II.'s reign, anno 1313, in the iter of H. de Stanton and his sociates, justices itinerant, the abbot, upon a quo warranto, claimed and was allowed in this manor among others, free warren in all his demesne lands of it, and view of frank-pledge, and other liberties therein-mentioned, in like manner as has been already mentioned before, in the description of the manors of Sturry and Stodmarsh. (fn. 3) By a register of the monastery of about this time, it appears, that this manor had then in demesne the park of Trendesle. In the 10th year of king Edward III. Solomon de Ripple being custos, or bailiff of this manor, made many improvements here, and purchased more lands in it, all the buildings of it being in a manner wholly re-built and raised from the ground, with much cost, by him. In king Richard II.'s reign, the abbot's manor of Littleborne was valued at 23l. 8s. 6d. the admeasurement of the lands being 505 acres. After which this manor continued with the monastery till its dissolution, anno 30 Henry VIII. when it came into the king's hands, and remained in the crown till king Edward VI. in his 1st year, granted the manor and manor-house, with all lands and appurtenances, and a water-mill lately belonging to the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, to the archbishop, among other premises, in exchange for the manor of Mayfield, &c. parcel of the possessions of whose see it still remains, the archbishop being the present owner of it. The manor, with the profits of courts, royalties, &c. the archbishop keeps in his own hands; but the demesnes have been from time to time demised on a beneficial lease. The family of Denne have been for more than a century lessees of it, who now reside in the court-lodge.

 

On the abolition of episcopacy, after the death of king Charles I. this manor was sold by the state to Sir John Roberts and John Cogan, the latter of whom, by his will in 1657, gave his moiety of it to the mayor and aldermen of Canterbury, for the benefit of six poor ministers widows (for whose use he had at the same time demised his dwelling-house in Canterbury, now called Cogan's hospital. But the manor of Littleborne, on the restoration in 1660, returned again to the see of Canterbury.

 

The manor of Wolton, alias Walton, lies in the southern part of this parish, adjoining to the precinct of Well, and was antiently possessed by a family who took their name from it, one of whom, John, son of John de Wolton, held it at the latter end of king Henry III.'s reign. But this family became extinct here before the reign of king Edward III. in the 20th year of which, Roger de Garwinton held it by knight's service, (fn. 4) in whose descendants it continued till it passed into the family of Petit, of Shalmsford, who held it of the abbot of St. Augustine's by the like service, in which name and family it continued till it was at length alienated to Sir Henry Palmer, of Bekesborne, whose descendant of the same name passed it away by sale to Sir Robert Hales, of Bekesborne, in whose descendants it continued down to Sir Philip Hales, bart. of Howlets, who in 1787 alienated this manor to Isaac Baugh, esq. of Well, the present owner of it.

 

Wingate, alias Lower Garwington, in a manor, which lies on the other or eastern side of the river, adjoining to Ickham, taking the former of those names from a family, who were owners of it in Henry III.'s reign, and held it by knight's service of the abbot and convent of St. Augustine. In which reign Simon de Wingate held it as above-mentioned, but before the 20th year of King Edward III. this name was extinct here, and Thomas de Garwinton then held this estate, lying in Wingate, held of the abbot by the like tenure. (fn. 5) In the descendants of Thomas de Garwington, who resided at their mansion and manor, since called Upper Garwinton, adjoining to it, seems to have continued some time, and from them, as well as to distinguish it from that, to have taken the name of Wingate, alias Lower Garwinton. After this family had quitted the possession of it, the Clyffords appear from different records to have become owners of it, and after them the Sandfords, and it appears by the escheat rolls, that Humphrey Sandford died possessed of it in the 14th year of king Henry VII. and that Thomas Sandford was his son and heir. After which it came into the hands of the crown, for king Henry VIII. in his 30th year, granted the manors of Wingate and Garwinton to Sir Christopher Hales, then master of the rolls. He left three daughters his coheirs, who became jointly, entitled to it, and on the division of their estates it was allotted to the youngest daughter Mary, who entitled her husband Alexander Colepeper, esq. to it, in which name it continued till the 22d of queen Elizabeth, when it was passed away by sale to Thomas Fane, esq. whose son Francis, earl of Westmoreland, sold it to William Prude, alias Proude, esq. who being a lieutenant-colonel in the army, was slain at the siege of Maestricht in 1632, having devised this estate in tail male to his eldest surviving son Serles Prude, who died in 1642, leaving only two daughters his coheirs, upon which it came to his next brother William, who left an only daughter Dorothy, and she, the entail being barred, carried it first in marriage to Nethersole, by whom she had no issue, and secondly to Christopher May, esq. of Rawmere, in Suffex, whose only daughter and heir Anne, entitled her husband William Broadnax, esq. of Godmersham, to the possession of it. His son Thomas Changed his name, first to May and then to Knight, and died possessed of this manor in 1781, leaving an only son Thomas Knight, esq. of Godmersham, who in the year 1785 exchanged it for other lands in Crundal with Thomas Barret, esq. of Lee, the present owner of it.

 

Upper Garwinton is a manor, which lies adjoining to that last-described, southward, at the boundary of this parish, next to Adisham, in which parish part of the mansion of it stands, being written in the survery of Domesday, Warwintone, one of the many instances in that book of the mistakes of the Norman scribes. It was, after the conquest, parcel of those possessions with which the Conqueror enriched his half-brother Odo, the great bishop of Baieux and earl of Kent, and was exchanged by him for other lands with the abbot of St. Augustine's, accordingly it is thus entered in that record, under the general title of the land of the church of St. Augustine:

 

The abbot himself holds Warwintone, and the bishop of Baieux gave it to him in exchange of his park. It was taxed at half a suling and forty-two acres of land. The arable land is one carucate, and there is in demesne, with three cottagers, and sixteen acres of meadow. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth four pounds, and afterwards forty shillings, now four pounds. This manor Edric de Sbern Biga held, and now Radulf holds it of the abbot.

 

Whether this description extended to the last-described manor of Wingate, is uncertain, though most probably, as both were held of the abbot by knight's service, it was comprehended in it. However that may be, this manor of Garwintone, called as above, erroneously, in Domesday, Warwintone, was held of the abbot by a family who took their surname from it; one of whom, Richard de Garwynton, resided here at the latter end of king Henry II.'s reign, and had a chapel at his mansion here; and in 1194, the abbot granted to him and his heirs, to have the divine office celebrated for three days in a week in this chapel by the priest of Littleborne. (fn. 6) His descendant Thomas Garwinton was possessed of this manor and several other estates in this part of the county, in the 20th year of king Edward III. whose great-grandson William Garwynton dying S. P. Joane his kinswoman, married to Richard Haut, was anno II Henry IV. found to be his heir not only to this manor, but to much other lands in these parts, and their son Richard Haut having an only daughter and heir Margery, she carried this manor in marriage to William Isaac, esq. of Patrixborne, whose descendant Edward Isaac, at his death, gave this manor to his two daughter by his second wife, viz. Mary, married to Thomas Appleton, esq. of Suffolk, and Margaret, to John Jermye, second son of Sir John Jermye, of the same county, and they seem to have shared this manor between them. Thomas Appleton sold his share afterwards to Anthony Parker, who with Isaac Jermye, eldest son of John above-mentioned, joined in the sale of the entire see of it to Sir Henry Palmer, of Howlets, and he by his will in 1611, devised it to his nephew John Goodwyn, whose heirs some time afterwards passed it away by sale to George Curteis, esq. afterwards knighted, and of Otterden, and he alienated it to Sir Robert Hales, of Bekesborne, in whose descendants it continued down to Sir Philip Hales, bart. of Howlets, who in 1787, passed it away by sale to Isaac Baugh, esq. the present owner of it.

 

Charities.

John Dorrante, of Bekesborne, yeoman, in 1560, gave by will, to discharge the poor from the assessments of the church, the overplus to be paid to the most antient poor of the parish, the sum of 3s, 6d. on Palm Sunday and the Monday before Penticost; and 21s. 6d. on Christmas-day yearly, out of the house and lands called Church-house, now vested in Mr. Peter Inge.

 

Henry Sloyden, of Wickhambreaux, in 1568, gave by will to the poor of this parish and of Wickham, six acres and a half of land, called Church-close, to be divided between them yearly, now of the annual produce of 3l. 9s. 9d.

 

Sir Henry Palmer, by his will in 1611, gave 10s. to be paid yearly out of his manor of Welle, for the use of the poor.

 

James Franklyn, by will in 1616, gave to the parishes of Littleborne, Chistlet, and Hoathe, in Reculver, 5l. each, to be employed in a stock for the poor. This 5l. is now increased to 11l. this interest of which being 8s. 93frac34;d. is distributed among the poor in general.

 

Valentine Norton, gent. by his will, was a benefactor to the poor; but there are no particulars further known of it.

 

The poor constantly relieved are about fifty, casually thirtyfive.

 

This parish is within the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Bridge.

 

The church, which is dedicated to St. Vincent, consists of three isles and a chancel, having at the west end a low pointed steeple, in which hang five bells. The church is kept very neat. It is a good sized building, and is handsomely ceiled. The chancel is lostly, and has four narrow lancet windows on each side, and three at the end; in the former are the remains of good painted glass, and in the latter some years ago were the seven sacraments, &c. very handsomely done, with rich borders, but they have been some few years since removed. In it is a memorial for George I'anns, curate, obt. 1699. In the middle isle are several memorials for the family of Denne, for many descents lessees of the court-lodge, and descended from those of Dennehill, in Kingston, In the south-east window of the south isle is a saint holding a shield of arms, in front, Gules, three cocks, argent, being the arms of Bunington, on the lest side a moon, on the right a sun, all very well done; and there were formerly in one of the windows, the arms of Higham, argent, a lion passant regardant, between six cross-croslets fitchee, sable, impaling Gallaway, ermine, three lozenges, gules. A few years ago the north isle fell down, when there were some curious paintings discovered, by the breaking of the plaister from the walls. This isle was immediately rebuilt. In the church-yard, at the north-west part of it, are several tombs and head stones of the family of Denne before- mentioned.

 

¶The church of Littleborne was antiently appendant to the manor, part of the possessions of the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, and continued so till the year 1224, when Robert de Bello being chosen abbot, and finding much difficulty in obtaining the pope's benediction, to facilitate it, gave this church to the monastery of St. Mary de Monte Mirteto, in Italy, to which the pope, in 1241, appropriated it. Immediately after which, this parsonage, so appropriated, was demised to the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, in perpetual ferme, at the clear yearly sum of thirty marcs. (fn. 7) Four years after which, anno 1245, archbishop Stratford endowed the vicarage of it, the advowson of which was reserved to the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, when he decreed, that the vicarage should be endowed with a mansion, the tithes of filva cæ dua, of hay, and in three acres of arable, one acre of meadow, and in the receipt of three marcs and an half in money from the religious yearly, and in the tithes of flax, hemp, ducks, calves, pigeons, bees, milk, milkmeats, mills, wool, pigs, and in all oblations and other small tithes belonging to the church; and that the vicar should serve the church in divine rites, and find one chaplain to celebrate weekly in the chapel of Garwyntone, and to find bread, wine, and tapers, for celebrating divine rites in the church. Which endowment was afterwards, in 1370, certified by inspeximus, by archbishop Wittlesey. In which state this church and advowson remained till the final dissolution of the abbey of St. Augustine, in the 30th year of Henry VIII. when they came into the king's hands, and the king, in his 33d year, settled both, by his dotation-charter, on his new-erected dean and chapter of Canterbury, with whom they continue at this time. The parsonage has been from time to time let on a beneficial lease, Mr. Thomas Holness being the present lessee of it, but the advowson of the vicarage the dean and chapter retain in their own hands.

 

The vicarage of Littleborne is valued in the king's books at 7l. 19s. 10d. but the yearly tenths taken are sixteen shillings, the sum total being erroneonsly cast up in the king's books at eight pounds. The antient pension of 3l. 17s. 4d. from the abbey of St. Augustine's, is yearly received by the vicar out of the exchequer; the demesne lands of the court-lodge pay no greattithes, and the archbishop's woods in his own occupation pay none. In 1588 here were one hundred and fifty communicants; in 1640 the same, when it was valued at thirty-five pounds. It has been augmented by the dean and chapter with fifty pounds per annum.

 

The chapel of Lukedale, in the precinct of Well, was once esteemed as within the bounds of this parish, of which more may be seen herefter, under Ickham, to which parish Well is now annexed.

 

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol9/pp147-158

 

"And at the end of the day, there's always a disappointing football match."

 

But before then, there's a whole day to get through.

 

Neither of us had any ill effects from our jabs on Friday, sore arm notwithstanding. So it meant the day was all ours to do with what we wanted.

 

Saying that, Jools didn't feel well enough for churchcrawling, but hunter/gathering at Tesco was fine.

 

So, after coffee we drove to Whitfield and after filling the car with unleaded, we go to the store to buy stuff for the weekend, and the final things for Christmas, which means that we just have veg to get as everything else is either bought or ordered.

 

I buy a gift for the charity Christmas box, so that poor children will have something. I bought a Hey Dugee singing stick that the child will love and their parents will hate. Does this make me a bad or good person?

 

Maybe both.

 

Back home to pack the shopping away, have fruit for breakfast, followed by bacon butties and huge brews.

 

Although Tesco had most things, there was no fresh fruit other really than bananas, apples. And for the second week, bacon, especially smoked bacon was in very short supply.

 

But we dine well on our bacon butties, then, Jools confirmed she was not going out, so I could visit anywhere.

 

Within reason.

 

Well. Most churches in the area I wanted to visit or revisit I have done these past few weeks.

 

One I hadn't gone back to was Lydden. Its a small place, but its a short drive there, so could be a stopover on the way to somewhere else.

 

I go down Coldred Hill, then along to the church.

 

It was a glorious day, I mean no clouds, clean, sparking air, but cold and frosty.

 

The church was unlocked, cold by welcoming.

 

As expected, there wasn't much I hadn't recorded, and no glass to use the big lens on. So, I go round to recrod everything, then on to the next stop.

 

Bekesbourne.

 

I hadn't called the keyholder, but she only lives opposite the church, so not that much of a hassle to walk over the small bridge over the dry Nailbourne.

 

I reach the church, park outside and walk to the old palace.

 

I rang the bell. Dogs barked. A lot. But no one answered.

 

Another time, then.

 

Three miles along the Nailbourne is Littlebourne where the bournes changes its name to the Little Stour and flows all the time. There is a church there and I can't remember when I was there last.

 

I drive round the village, find the church on Church Street. Where else to keep your church?

 

Again, it was open, but having no real memory of this, it was good to go in again and take lots and lots of shots, mainly of the large number of Victorian windows.

 

Once done, I decide there were no other churches to be done that day, athough I go do Wingham and Ash again, there's plenty of other occasions to do those. But it was a ten minute drive from Preston, and I noticed during the week we were out of sausages, so decide to go in and see if they had any.

 

And good job I did, as they were down to a few bits and pieces, but had some venison and cranberry bangers, so I get five pounds. Also, they were selling of these very large chickens, perfect for the late Christmas dinner we're planning when Jen comes back on January 24th, so £15 gets that and it can go in the freezer.

 

By which time it was lunch. We have gingerbread, or mixed spice bread. Two large stars, so I pull of each point and dunk it in a coffee, so soft enough in the end.

 

And amazingly, football is back. In fact, below the Championship, it never stopped during the World Cup, the the Prem and Championship did, and Norwich were to play for the first time in a month, away at Swansea.

 

So I could watch the early game, Portugal v Morocco as well as follow Norwich.

 

Good news in both games, as Norwich scored in the first minute then hung on to claim all three points, and Morocco knocked out Portugal; Ronaldo, Pepe and all.

 

There were tears at the end. Bitter ones from Ron and tears of joy for the rest of us.

 

And then, France v England.

 

--------------------------------------------

 

The villages 13th century church, St Vincent of Saragossa, is thought to have been founded by the monks of St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury and contains an ancient wall painting depicting Saint Christopher, patron saint of travellers. The church also has what is reckoned to be one of the finest collection of stained glass windows designed by Nathaniel Westlake in the country. Nathaniel Westlake was a leading designer of the Gothic Revival movement in England.

 

Work done in 1995 by experts from the V&A Museum established that he designed each of the windows over the long period of his work with the Company, thus giving an outstanding example of the development of his style.

 

The Church has a six-bell peal, the oldest bell dating back to 1597, the newest 1899.

 

www.littlebournebenefice.org.uk/littlebournechurchhistory...

 

-----------------------------------------

 

LOCATION: Situated at about 40 feet above O.D. on Head brickearth (over Upper Chalk). A little to the west of the river Little Stour. Littlebourne Court, originally belonging to St. Augustine’s Abbey, lies immediately to the north-west. Wickhambreaux and Ickham churches are not far away to the north and east.

 

DESCRIPTION: As with many North-East Kent churches, this church points south-east, and it is first documented in Domesday Book, with the eastern three-quarters of the nave of the present church presumably being, in part, of an early Norman date. The only visible evidence for the earliest structure, however, is outside the south-west corner of the nave. Here one can see reused Roman bricks, and the original steep slope of the very early 13th century south aisle (continuing the line of the nave roof). The nave must be earlier than this, so is at least 12th century in date. It is also worth noting the very rare dedication, to St Vincent.

The whole of the south arcade for the south aisle still survives in its very early 13th century form, with four pointed arches (that on the west is smaller). The arches have continuous flat

the piers themselves. All the dressings are in Caen stone.

Later in the 13th century a large new chancel was built, probably at about the time (c. 1245) when St Augustine’s Abbey were endowing the new vicarage there, after the appropriation. The chancel has four tall lancets on either side, and an eastern triplet which has internal shafting on the jambs, and deeply moulded rere-arches and hood-moulds. All the other lancets have plain rere-arches, and all the chancel windows sit internally on a filleted roll-moulding which steps up at the east end and runs under the triplet. There is a piscina on the south-east with a pointed arch (with hood) over it, and bar-stopped chamfers on the sides. On the north-west side of the chancel is a small doorway, which was restored in the 19th century. The chancel was fairly heavily restored on the outside in the 19th century (‘1865’ on one of the rain-water hoppers), but much of its original coursed whole flints are still visible, as well as some of the rows of putlog holes. The chancel also has a separate roof, with a west gable, but this was rebuilt completely in c. 1865.

At about the same time as the chancel was being rebuilt in the early to mid-15th century, a very plain tower was added at the west end (It is similar to the neighbouring tower at Ickham). This has a tall simple pointed arch (with flat chamfers and abaci) into the nave, and on the west is a simple pointed doorway with flat chamfers and a tall lancet above it. The tower is unbuttressed, and has four more wide restored lancets (one in each face) in the top (belfry) stage. Externally the tower has the remains of its original plastering over coursed flint with side-alternate Caenstone quoins. On top of the tower is a later medieval (14th/15th century) brooch spire (now covered in slates).

The tower was restored in 1899, and the bells were rehung in a new timber and cast iron frame. There are now six bells, dated 1597,1610, 1650 and three of 1899 (said to have been recast from two late medieval ones). Glynne tells us that there was an organ in a west gallery under the tower, but this was removed during the restoration. A shed (now 2 cloakrooms) was also added to the north side of the tower in c. 1899.

A small Lady Chapel may have been added to the north-east side of the nave in the later 13th century as shown by its two light trefoil-headed (with circular opening above) east window (it has an internal rere-arch). All other evidence for this above ground was removed by the early 14th and early 19th century re-buildings (see below). The Lady Chapel is first documented in the late 15th century, but most churches acquired a separate Lady Chapel in N.W. Kent in the 13th century.

In the early 14th century both the south and north aisles had their outer walls rebuilt. On the south this was a continuous heightening and rebuild for the full length of the nave (with the evidence for the earlier lean-to aisle surviving in the west wall, as shown above). There is however still a later 13th century lancet in the centre of the south wall, with a probable later 13th century south doorway next to it (though completely rebuilt externally in the 19th century). The other aisle windows are all, however, 2 - light early 14th century traceried windows, and the gables and separate pitched roof over the aisle is also perhaps 14th century (it is still hidden under a flat plaster ceiling). In the south aisle wall are some reused Reigate stone fragments, and the large later south buttress has Ragstone quoins and reused Reigate And Caenstone fragments (and heavy 19th century knapped flintwork). Some Purbeck marble is reused in the wall west of the south porch. This aisle also has a small square-topped piscina in its south-east corner, and a very small stoup just inside the door on the east.

Hasted tells us that ‘a few years ago the north isle fell down, when there were some curious paintings discovered by the breaking of the plaster from the walls. This aisle was immediately rebuilt’. It is however, clear from the present remains (and from the Petrie water-colour view), that the church was again rebuilt in the early 19th century, with the present flatish 4-bay crown/king post nave roof and lath and plaster ceiling. The two dormers on the south side of the nave roof are presumably of the same date as is the shallow-pitched shed-roof over the north aisle, and the wooden post and two semi-circular arches into the north aisle. On the north-west side of the nave one can see an infilled pointed arch (? of chalk) with abaci, suggesting that there was originally a 13th century 3-bay north aisle (and Lady Chapel). The scar for the south-west corner of this aisle which did not continue to the west end of the nave, is just visible, and the late 18th century collapse was clearly at the west end of this aisle, which was not rebuilt (the other aisle-wall window being reset in the nave wall). The north wall of the north aisle must have been rebuilt in the early 14th century with buttresses and new two-light traceried windows. There may have been a north door here.

Only the chancel was heavily restored in the later 19th century (1865) with a new south porch in 1896, replacing a brick one, according to Glynne. A porch is documented from at least 1505.

 

BUILDING MATERIALS: (Incl. old plaster, paintings, glass, tiles etc.):

The main local material is flint, and whole flints, in courses, are used for all the early work with dressings of Caenstone. Some Reigate stone is then used in the 13th century, with Kent Rag for the quoins in the early 14th century. There is also some reused Purbeck marble in the walls, and Bathstone is used for the late 19th century restorations. Hasted mentions ‘the remains of good painted glass’ in the chancel side lancets and ‘seven sacraments, etc. handsomely done, with rich borders’ in the eastern lancets, ‘but they have been some few years since removed’ (op. cit. below, p.155). Also he mentions armorial glass in the S.E. window of the south aisle, and other now-vanished glass is known from the church - see C.R. Councer (below).

 

EXCEPTIONAL MONUMENTS IN CHURCH: None, but remains of medieval wall-painting on the north side of the nave, at the west end. Also a leger slab, with a small brass inscription in it, dated 1585, in front of the chancel arch. Also some early 19th century Benefaction boards on the west wall of the south aisle. Most of the furnishings in the church date from the restoration of 1864-4, or later.

 

CHURCHYARD AND ENVIRONS:

Size & Shape: Large north-south rectangular area around church, with large extensions to north (20th century) and south (19th century).

 

Condition: Good

 

Building in churchyard or on boundary: Lych Gate of timber (1892) to the south. Very large c. early 14th century great barn of Littlebourne Court (172ft long) runs along west boundary of the churchyard.

 

Ecological potential: ? Yes. The burial under a ‘great palm’ (ie. Yew Tree) in the churchyard is mentioned in a will of 1542, and there are still some quite large Yews north of the church.

 

Late med. Status: Vicarage endowed in 1245 with a house, some tithes, etc. A chaplain had to be found to celebrate weekly in Garrington Chapel.

 

Patron: St. Augstine’s Abbey, Canterbury (and alienated to the Italian monastery of Monte Mirteto in Italy, 1224). In 1538 it went to the crown, and then on to the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury in 1541.

 

Other documentary sources: Hasted IX (1800) , 155-8. There is much documentation in Thorne’s Chronicle and the ‘Black Book’ of St Augustine’s. Testamenta Cantiana (E. Kent, 1907), 196-8 mentions burial in the churchyard from 1473, the church porch (1501), various ‘lights’, the altar of Our Lady (1499+), reparation of the altars of St James and St Nicholas (1473), for paving between the chancel and the west door (1419).

 

SURVIVAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL DEPOSITS:

Inside present church: ? Good.

 

Outside present church: ? Good, though there is a large soil build-up around the church, and a brick-lined drainage gulley (up to 2ft deep) has been made all around the church.

 

RECENT DISTURBANCES/ALTERATIONS:

To structure: None, but chancel stalls brought from St Johns, Herne Bay in 1974, and organ in north aisle from Holy Cross, Canterbury in 1972.

 

To floors: Brick floor relaid at east end of S. aisle - Oct 1991.

 

Quinquennial inspection (date/architect): Feb. 1990 Maureen O’Connor.

 

ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT:

A Norman nave was given a lean-to south aisle and perhaps extended to the west in the very early 13th century, with a plain west tower being added soon after. The chancel was rebuilt (and greatly enlarged) in the mid 13th century, and there was probably also a Lady Chapel and nave north aisle by the later 13th century. The outer walls of the aisles were rebuilt in the early 14th century. A timber spire was also built. In the late 18th century the west end of the north aisle collapsed and this was rebuilt along with the nave roof, etc. again in the early 19th century. Chancel restored in 1865, and west tower in 1899 (with rehung bells). A new south porch was built in 1896.

 

The wider context: One of a group of churches belonging to St Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury with major rebuildings in the 13th and early 14th centuries.

 

REFERENCES: S.R. Glynne, Notes of the Churches of Kent (1877), 167-8. (He visited in 1851). C.R. Councer, Lost Glass from Kent Churches ) (1980), 77-8.

 

Guide Book: None available in church, but see St Vincent’s Church, Littlebourne by Elizabeth Jeffries (1984) - very poor for architectural history.

 

Plans & drawings: Petrie early 19th cent. view from N.E., with continuous roof slope over nave and N. aisle.

 

DATES VISITED: 19th December 1996 REPORT BY: Tim Tatton-Brown

 

www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/01/03/LIT.htm

 

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LITTLEBORNE

LIES the next parish south-eastward from Stodmarsh, taking its name from its situation close to the stream which bounds the eastern part of it, and at the same time to distinguish it from the other parishes of the name of Borne in the near neighbourhood of it.

 

There is but one borough in this parish, called the borough of Littleborne.

 

Littleborne extends to the skirt of the beautiful and healthy parts of East Kent, and verging farther from the large levels of marsh land which lie near the Stour, quits that gloomy aspect of ill health so prevalent near them, and here begins to assume one more cheerful, pleasant and healthy; and Twyne tells us, (fn. 1) that it was allotted by the abbot and convent of St. Augustine's, who possessed the manor, for the plantation of vines. The village is built on the high road leading from Canterbury to Sandwich and Deal, at the eastern boundary of the parish, adjoinining to the Little Stour, and consists of about forty houses. The church stands at a small distance from it, having the courtlodge close to it, with the parsonage at a small distance. This parish extends northward as far as the Stour, opposite to Westbere, in which part of it however, there is but a small quantity of marsh-land, near which is an estate called Higham, which antiently was owned by a family of that name. Above the hill, south-eastward from hence, there is a great deal of woodland, and among it a tract of heathy rough land, belonging to the archbishop, called Fishpool-downs, through which the road leads to Wickham. At the bottom of Fishpool hill is the valley called the Ponds, now entirely covered with wood, part of which is in this parish. The ponds were supplied from a spring called Arrianes well, probably for Adrian's well, and were of a considerable size and depth, made for the supply of the convent of St. Augustine, the owners of them, with fish for their refectory, the sides of them now equally thick with coppice wood, were antiently a vineyard. These woods continue from hence adjoining the high road towards the village in great quantities, much of which belongs to the archbishop, and are intermixed with a great deal of rough bushy ground. The lands in this parish are in general very poor and gravelly, but towards Wickham they are much more fertile both for corn and hops, of which there are several plantations. This parish extends across the river eastward towards the hill, and takes in great part of Lower Garwinton, and part of the house, and some little land of Upper Garwinton within it, which is entirely separated from the rest of it by the parish of Adisham intervening.

 

Polygonatum scalacæci, Solomon's seal; grows plentifully on Fishpool-hill in this parish.

 

A fair is held here on the 5th of July, for toys and pedlary.

 

In the year 690, Widred, king of Kent, gave to the monastery of St. Augustine, in pure and perpetual alms, five plough-lands called Litleborne, on condition of their remembring of him in their prayers and solemn masses. And in the year 1047, king Edward the Consessor gave another plough-land here, which consisted of the estates of Bourne, Dene, and Wiliyington, to archbishop Eadsin, free from all service, except. the trinoda necessitas, and he bestowed it on that monastery. After which the manor of Little borne continued in the possession of the abbey to the time of taking the survey of Domesday, in which it is thus entered under the general title of the land of the church of St. Augustine:

 

In Dunamesfort hundred, the abbot himself holds, Liteburne, which is taxed at seven sulings. The arable land is twelve carucates. In demesne there are three carucates, and thirty-five villeins, with fourteen cottagers having six and an half. There is a church, and thirtyeight acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of four hogs. In the time of king Edward the Consessor it was worth twenty-five pounds, afterwards twenty pounds, now thirty-two pounds. Of this manor the bishop of Baieux has in his park, as much as is worth sixty shillings.

 

After this the abbot and convent's possessions here were increased by several gifts and purchases of different parcels of land. (fn. 2)

 

King Henry III. in his 54th year, granted to the abbot and convent free-warren in all their demesne lands of Littleborne, among others. In the 7th year of king Edward II.'s reign, anno 1313, in the iter of H. de Stanton and his sociates, justices itinerant, the abbot, upon a quo warranto, claimed and was allowed in this manor among others, free warren in all his demesne lands of it, and view of frank-pledge, and other liberties therein-mentioned, in like manner as has been already mentioned before, in the description of the manors of Sturry and Stodmarsh. (fn. 3) By a register of the monastery of about this time, it appears, that this manor had then in demesne the park of Trendesle. In the 10th year of king Edward III. Solomon de Ripple being custos, or bailiff of this manor, made many improvements here, and purchased more lands in it, all the buildings of it being in a manner wholly re-built and raised from the ground, with much cost, by him. In king Richard II.'s reign, the abbot's manor of Littleborne was valued at 23l. 8s. 6d. the admeasurement of the lands being 505 acres. After which this manor continued with the monastery till its dissolution, anno 30 Henry VIII. when it came into the king's hands, and remained in the crown till king Edward VI. in his 1st year, granted the manor and manor-house, with all lands and appurtenances, and a water-mill lately belonging to the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, to the archbishop, among other premises, in exchange for the manor of Mayfield, &c. parcel of the possessions of whose see it still remains, the archbishop being the present owner of it. The manor, with the profits of courts, royalties, &c. the archbishop keeps in his own hands; but the demesnes have been from time to time demised on a beneficial lease. The family of Denne have been for more than a century lessees of it, who now reside in the court-lodge.

 

On the abolition of episcopacy, after the death of king Charles I. this manor was sold by the state to Sir John Roberts and John Cogan, the latter of whom, by his will in 1657, gave his moiety of it to the mayor and aldermen of Canterbury, for the benefit of six poor ministers widows (for whose use he had at the same time demised his dwelling-house in Canterbury, now called Cogan's hospital. But the manor of Littleborne, on the restoration in 1660, returned again to the see of Canterbury.

 

The manor of Wolton, alias Walton, lies in the southern part of this parish, adjoining to the precinct of Well, and was antiently possessed by a family who took their name from it, one of whom, John, son of John de Wolton, held it at the latter end of king Henry III.'s reign. But this family became extinct here before the reign of king Edward III. in the 20th year of which, Roger de Garwinton held it by knight's service, (fn. 4) in whose descendants it continued till it passed into the family of Petit, of Shalmsford, who held it of the abbot of St. Augustine's by the like service, in which name and family it continued till it was at length alienated to Sir Henry Palmer, of Bekesborne, whose descendant of the same name passed it away by sale to Sir Robert Hales, of Bekesborne, in whose descendants it continued down to Sir Philip Hales, bart. of Howlets, who in 1787 alienated this manor to Isaac Baugh, esq. of Well, the present owner of it.

 

Wingate, alias Lower Garwington, in a manor, which lies on the other or eastern side of the river, adjoining to Ickham, taking the former of those names from a family, who were owners of it in Henry III.'s reign, and held it by knight's service of the abbot and convent of St. Augustine. In which reign Simon de Wingate held it as above-mentioned, but before the 20th year of King Edward III. this name was extinct here, and Thomas de Garwinton then held this estate, lying in Wingate, held of the abbot by the like tenure. (fn. 5) In the descendants of Thomas de Garwington, who resided at their mansion and manor, since called Upper Garwinton, adjoining to it, seems to have continued some time, and from them, as well as to distinguish it from that, to have taken the name of Wingate, alias Lower Garwinton. After this family had quitted the possession of it, the Clyffords appear from different records to have become owners of it, and after them the Sandfords, and it appears by the escheat rolls, that Humphrey Sandford died possessed of it in the 14th year of king Henry VII. and that Thomas Sandford was his son and heir. After which it came into the hands of the crown, for king Henry VIII. in his 30th year, granted the manors of Wingate and Garwinton to Sir Christopher Hales, then master of the rolls. He left three daughters his coheirs, who became jointly, entitled to it, and on the division of their estates it was allotted to the youngest daughter Mary, who entitled her husband Alexander Colepeper, esq. to it, in which name it continued till the 22d of queen Elizabeth, when it was passed away by sale to Thomas Fane, esq. whose son Francis, earl of Westmoreland, sold it to William Prude, alias Proude, esq. who being a lieutenant-colonel in the army, was slain at the siege of Maestricht in 1632, having devised this estate in tail male to his eldest surviving son Serles Prude, who died in 1642, leaving only two daughters his coheirs, upon which it came to his next brother William, who left an only daughter Dorothy, and she, the entail being barred, carried it first in marriage to Nethersole, by whom she had no issue, and secondly to Christopher May, esq. of Rawmere, in Suffex, whose only daughter and heir Anne, entitled her husband William Broadnax, esq. of Godmersham, to the possession of it. His son Thomas Changed his name, first to May and then to Knight, and died possessed of this manor in 1781, leaving an only son Thomas Knight, esq. of Godmersham, who in the year 1785 exchanged it for other lands in Crundal with Thomas Barret, esq. of Lee, the present owner of it.

 

Upper Garwinton is a manor, which lies adjoining to that last-described, southward, at the boundary of this parish, next to Adisham, in which parish part of the mansion of it stands, being written in the survery of Domesday, Warwintone, one of the many instances in that book of the mistakes of the Norman scribes. It was, after the conquest, parcel of those possessions with which the Conqueror enriched his half-brother Odo, the great bishop of Baieux and earl of Kent, and was exchanged by him for other lands with the abbot of St. Augustine's, accordingly it is thus entered in that record, under the general title of the land of the church of St. Augustine:

 

The abbot himself holds Warwintone, and the bishop of Baieux gave it to him in exchange of his park. It was taxed at half a suling and forty-two acres of land. The arable land is one carucate, and there is in demesne, with three cottagers, and sixteen acres of meadow. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth four pounds, and afterwards forty shillings, now four pounds. This manor Edric de Sbern Biga held, and now Radulf holds it of the abbot.

 

Whether this description extended to the last-described manor of Wingate, is uncertain, though most probably, as both were held of the abbot by knight's service, it was comprehended in it. However that may be, this manor of Garwintone, called as above, erroneously, in Domesday, Warwintone, was held of the abbot by a family who took their surname from it; one of whom, Richard de Garwynton, resided here at the latter end of king Henry II.'s reign, and had a chapel at his mansion here; and in 1194, the abbot granted to him and his heirs, to have the divine office celebrated for three days in a week in this chapel by the priest of Littleborne. (fn. 6) His descendant Thomas Garwinton was possessed of this manor and several other estates in this part of the county, in the 20th year of king Edward III. whose great-grandson William Garwynton dying S. P. Joane his kinswoman, married to Richard Haut, was anno II Henry IV. found to be his heir not only to this manor, but to much other lands in these parts, and their son Richard Haut having an only daughter and heir Margery, she carried this manor in marriage to William Isaac, esq. of Patrixborne, whose descendant Edward Isaac, at his death, gave this manor to his two daughter by his second wife, viz. Mary, married to Thomas Appleton, esq. of Suffolk, and Margaret, to John Jermye, second son of Sir John Jermye, of the same county, and they seem to have shared this manor between them. Thomas Appleton sold his share afterwards to Anthony Parker, who with Isaac Jermye, eldest son of John above-mentioned, joined in the sale of the entire see of it to Sir Henry Palmer, of Howlets, and he by his will in 1611, devised it to his nephew John Goodwyn, whose heirs some time afterwards passed it away by sale to George Curteis, esq. afterwards knighted, and of Otterden, and he alienated it to Sir Robert Hales, of Bekesborne, in whose descendants it continued down to Sir Philip Hales, bart. of Howlets, who in 1787, passed it away by sale to Isaac Baugh, esq. the present owner of it.

 

Charities.

John Dorrante, of Bekesborne, yeoman, in 1560, gave by will, to discharge the poor from the assessments of the church, the overplus to be paid to the most antient poor of the parish, the sum of 3s, 6d. on Palm Sunday and the Monday before Penticost; and 21s. 6d. on Christmas-day yearly, out of the house and lands called Church-house, now vested in Mr. Peter Inge.

 

Henry Sloyden, of Wickhambreaux, in 1568, gave by will to the poor of this parish and of Wickham, six acres and a half of land, called Church-close, to be divided between them yearly, now of the annual produce of 3l. 9s. 9d.

 

Sir Henry Palmer, by his will in 1611, gave 10s. to be paid yearly out of his manor of Welle, for the use of the poor.

 

James Franklyn, by will in 1616, gave to the parishes of Littleborne, Chistlet, and Hoathe, in Reculver, 5l. each, to be employed in a stock for the poor. This 5l. is now increased to 11l. this interest of which being 8s. 93frac34;d. is distributed among the poor in general.

 

Valentine Norton, gent. by his will, was a benefactor to the poor; but there are no particulars further known of it.

 

The poor constantly relieved are about fifty, casually thirtyfive.

 

This parish is within the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Bridge.

 

The church, which is dedicated to St. Vincent, consists of three isles and a chancel, having at the west end a low pointed steeple, in which hang five bells. The church is kept very neat. It is a good sized building, and is handsomely ceiled. The chancel is lostly, and has four narrow lancet windows on each side, and three at the end; in the former are the remains of good painted glass, and in the latter some years ago were the seven sacraments, &c. very handsomely done, with rich borders, but they have been some few years since removed. In it is a memorial for George I'anns, curate, obt. 1699. In the middle isle are several memorials for the family of Denne, for many descents lessees of the court-lodge, and descended from those of Dennehill, in Kingston, In the south-east window of the south isle is a saint holding a shield of arms, in front, Gules, three cocks, argent, being the arms of Bunington, on the lest side a moon, on the right a sun, all very well done; and there were formerly in one of the windows, the arms of Higham, argent, a lion passant regardant, between six cross-croslets fitchee, sable, impaling Gallaway, ermine, three lozenges, gules. A few years ago the north isle fell down, when there were some curious paintings discovered, by the breaking of the plaister from the walls. This isle was immediately rebuilt. In the church-yard, at the north-west part of it, are several tombs and head stones of the family of Denne before- mentioned.

 

¶The church of Littleborne was antiently appendant to the manor, part of the possessions of the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, and continued so till the year 1224, when Robert de Bello being chosen abbot, and finding much difficulty in obtaining the pope's benediction, to facilitate it, gave this church to the monastery of St. Mary de Monte Mirteto, in Italy, to which the pope, in 1241, appropriated it. Immediately after which, this parsonage, so appropriated, was demised to the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, in perpetual ferme, at the clear yearly sum of thirty marcs. (fn. 7) Four years after which, anno 1245, archbishop Stratford endowed the vicarage of it, the advowson of which was reserved to the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, when he decreed, that the vicarage should be endowed with a mansion, the tithes of filva cæ dua, of hay, and in three acres of arable, one acre of meadow, and in the receipt of three marcs and an half in money from the religious yearly, and in the tithes of flax, hemp, ducks, calves, pigeons, bees, milk, milkmeats, mills, wool, pigs, and in all oblations and other small tithes belonging to the church; and that the vicar should serve the church in divine rites, and find one chaplain to celebrate weekly in the chapel of Garwyntone, and to find bread, wine, and tapers, for celebrating divine rites in the church. Which endowment was afterwards, in 1370, certified by inspeximus, by archbishop Wittlesey. In which state this church and advowson remained till the final dissolution of the abbey of St. Augustine, in the 30th year of Henry VIII. when they came into the king's hands, and the king, in his 33d year, settled both, by his dotation-charter, on his new-erected dean and chapter of Canterbury, with whom they continue at this time. The parsonage has been from time to time let on a beneficial lease, Mr. Thomas Holness being the present lessee of it, but the advowson of the vicarage the dean and chapter retain in their own hands.

 

The vicarage of Littleborne is valued in the king's books at 7l. 19s. 10d. but the yearly tenths taken are sixteen shillings, the sum total being erroneonsly cast up in the king's books at eight pounds. The antient pension of 3l. 17s. 4d. from the abbey of St. Augustine's, is yearly received by the vicar out of the exchequer; the demesne lands of the court-lodge pay no greattithes, and the archbishop's woods in his own occupation pay none. In 1588 here were one hundred and fifty communicants; in 1640 the same, when it was valued at thirty-five pounds. It has been augmented by the dean and chapter with fifty pounds per annum.

 

The chapel of Lukedale, in the precinct of Well, was once esteemed as within the bounds of this parish, of which more may be seen herefter, under Ickham, to which parish Well is now annexed.

 

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol9/pp147-158

 

Below, the full interview with Dr. Nathan Myhrvold (from Nov 21, 2011):

 

Unless you’ve been hiding under some kind of rock, you’ve probably heard of Modernist Cuisine: The Art and Science of Cooking, the stunning six-volume, 2,400-page, 50-pound*, $625 cookbook that came out early this year. Nathan Myhrvold, whose team of 30 spent three-and-a-half years** in a 20,000 square foot lab (complete with a high speed camera and a machine shop) working on the tome, was in town this week to speak to about 250 food and science nerds at an event hosted by The Cookbook Store at the Isabel Bader Theatre. A staggering polymath, Myhrvold had already acquired a pair of master’s (economics and geophysics) and a Princeton Ph.D. (theoretical and mathematical physics) by age 23, before working with Stephen Hawking at Cambridge, holding the Chief Technology Officer job at Microsoft, running a patent empire called Intellectual Ventures and dabbling in photography, paleontology and, of course, cutting-edge food. We sat with Myhrvold over breakfast to talk about the surprising success of Modernist Cuisine and what the future holds for the project.

 

RS: Some say that the Modernist Cuisine is the cookbook of all cookbooks. Others say it’s like an encyclopedia. Then there are those that look at it as a coffee table book because it’s so visually appealing.

 

NM: If you’ve got a small apartment, you can use it as the coffee table! [Laughs]

 

RS: How would you classify the set?

 

NM: The book was designed to be all those things – everyone can take from it what they want. If you go into a kitchen store, there’s tones of fancy knifes, copper pots, and those things that people buy – some use them as professional tools; some people use them as a status symbol, haha; some people love food and all aspects of it. The book has all the capabilities of those things.

Most people are passionate and curious about cooking, regardless of who you are, then the pictures or the information may be enough. I say passionate and curious because if you are more utilitarian in your goal – a journalist in the UK had said “the top selling cookbook in the UK is Jaime Oliver’s 30 minute meals” – that’s very different. It’s a fine book, but if all you want is to cook a meal in 30 minutes, then go buy his book or a hundred other books like that. That’s a very mission oriented view of cooking. If you’re on a mission, then people already service that, but my book is about satisfying passion and curiosity in a broad way. It’s not about 30 minute meals... there are things in the book that can be used for 30 minute meals and if you wanted a 30 minute meal comparison between Jaime Oliver and our book, we’d be happy to rise to the occasion. But there are also recipes in the book that take a hundred hours [laughs].

If you’re task oriented (what’s the quickest way to cook a 30 minute meal), then I say, buy his book. But if you’re curious how things work, then that’s a different thing.

In terms of whether you need other cook books? Well I have other cookbooks.

This book is designed to be based on 21st century cuisine. It is a broad survey of how traditional cooking methods actually work. So we take (not every single method but) all the principal methods of Western cooking, and many principal methods of Asian or other styled cooking, in the context of 21st century cuisine. Every modern technique we can find. We’re not saying that traditional techniques go away; there’s just no reason to reprint them, lots of other people have done so. Most cases there is an improvement. That was our primer – to be the basic foundation for 21st century cuisine but only in the context of everything else that has happened.

 

RS: What was the inspiration and motivation behind the massive project?

 

NM: The book is so different from traditional cookbooks, if you can get by its cost, one thing that cookbooks are about is that it’s simplified. Ask any chef who’s written a cookbook, the cookbook editors are sort of relentless about making in laymen’s term. People ask if they can do every recipe at home, and I say no. I don’t understand why that’s a good goal, at least in my mind, for this book because we’re trying to explain how cooking works. It’s the fundamental question: would you like to hear the real story or would you like to hear the dumbed-down story?

There are a lot of people who would like to know the real story. The fact is that 25% of the recipes in the book – forget about it – you’re not going to do it. To read about them and learn about them at the same time as other chefs do. Another one of the goals of our book is that everyone who reads it will learn something, even if you’re Ferran Adria or Heston Blumenthal or the best chef in the world – someone’s going to learn something they never knew before.

I think it’s kind of cool, if Thomas Keller learns something from the book and you learn it the same time that he is. It flies in the face of the idea that everything has to be dumbed-down because it’s so different than conventional wisdom. Today I get a lot of journalists saying that this is really for the professional cook – that’s a paternalistic view. It’s not for everybody. If you look online you’ll find thousands of people who are not professions but are cooking from it, sharing their experiences on a blog... any market is not uniform. It’s interesting and complicated.

Another inspiration for the book was the sous vide thread on eGullet that started in 2004 and a lot of people checked in from all walks of life. One of the guys, Bryan Zupon was a Junior at Duke University and he was cooking sous vide in his dorm room, in part because he figured out it was a sort of loop hole that they didn’t allow hot plates but you could use a water bath. This is the spirit of all these people sharing on eGullet.

 

RS: Given the somewhat niche appeal of the subject, the fact that it’s being reprinted a second time, has the reception for the cookbook surprised you?

 

NM: There’s two ways you can design a product, broadly speaking: you can go do market research. Most big companies do that – they do focus groups and surveys. It’s probably the way most products are designed and tested. That’s not what we did. The other way you can come up with a design is if you do what you want, and God I hope someone will buy it. That’s the way art is made and great restaurants are made. Appealing to committees and asking people what they want gives you a limited view of things. Having your own vision, like novels that are successful or non-fiction journalism, are pursued by people who have their own idea. So that’s what we did. We had this vision.

Once we had it done and we could show [publishers] what we had done, then it was more concrete vs. “I’m going to cut cans in half, take pictures... they’ll ask what famous photographer are you using? Oh I’m going to do it myself and a guy I found on Craigslist.” I’ll just sound like a creepy person. But after we had it [done], a couple publishers were very interested... but one wanted to print 2000 [copies]. I was like we’re done. It might be a smart number to print, but I was so deep into it that I couldn’t just sell 2000 copies worldwide. That’s just too little. Of course, so far we’ve sold 25,000 and hoping for 30,000 this year, and that’s just in English. There’s still French, German and Spanish. Over time, we hope to sell really a lot... because you want impact. People cook to have other people eat it. If you hire the best chef in Toronto, say “we’re going to give you double your salary but as soon as you finish every one of your dishes we’re going to put it down the garbage disposal,” they wouldn’t want to do it. It wouldn’t be fun. So we wrote these books to have impact. So we hope that people would buy it. Some are going to say “why is it so expensive? Why couldn’t we use shitty paper?” We were making a quality product. Quality actually matters. There’s great rustic, peasant style food all over the world, but there’s also something wonderful about food that’s been refined and elevated. For the same reason it’s wonderful that the world has a Per Se or French Laundry or a Fat Duck. We thought, we should have a really quality book. We’re not going to skimp on the paper and printing – the cost difference was really small – maybe you’d save $20, but so what? It’s not a lot.

If you bought the same number of pounds of cookbooks, if you tried to replicate the same content for traditional cooking, you’d buy more than $600. It would cost you much more money than my book. And it wouldn’t be as cohesive because this was done by one team. We had no idea if it would work, but it seems like it has.

 

RS: So would you say that real potential can’t be realized until you try, and that you can’t let limitations restrict yourself?

 

NM: That’s one of the main reasons I did the book. I realized that this could be my contribution to cooking. Maybe in a parallel universe, I became a chef instead of working in Microsoft, going into physics and all the other things I did. If I started a restaurant at this stage in my life – for Seattle to have one more great restaurant, that would be nice – but it wouldn’t have the impact on people. I’d have more impact in i.e. Toronto with this book than if I say had a restaurant in Seattle. I’m not complaining about restaurants, but the ability for someone to find investors, to find space, to create a restaurant, although it’s difficult, people can do that. But a cookbook like this that has all the properties it has and covers all the techniques... who’s going to do that? Big publishing companies are incredibly conservative. Maybe they’re right to be conservative, but in this case, I love food and I love this kind of food, I knew how hard it was to learn this kind of cooking because I was learning it myself and it required lots of research, asking chefs around the world, a lot of experimentation... if I could pull all of this together to make a definitive book, coalesce all the information in one place, it would be hugely valuable. For the chef who would never get a stage at El Bulli or The Fat Duck a huge opportunity. That’s what I hope to be my contribution to food.

 

RS: Do you find any of the chefs resisting this because now you’ve explained how to do many of these once mysterious techniques?

 

NM: In general I’ve found most of the Modernist chefs are incredibly helpful. If you ask Ferran [Adria] how to do something, he’ll tell you, but he doesn’t have to explain to everyone what he’s doing. And even in his wonderful cookbook, he didn’t have the page count to go into tutorials. Some of the chefs don’t have the patience, because doing all those step by step things; they’re on to the next cool thing. That’s fair enough, that’s what they’re supposed to do. If you went to a great fashion designer and asked them, teach me how to sew [laughs]... It’s wasn’t a question of people hording ideas (maybe there’s a few people who do hoard ideas but that wasn’t the big phenomenon).

 

RS: Could it be that this is part of the culture of this movement/cuisine/technique? Where in the past with more traditional methods much of those techniques are guarded or protected vs. now it’s all about sharing knowledge to help advance things?

 

NM: Cooking still has an interesting structure. The medieval guilds were all about apprenticeships; you learned by turning at 13-year old to a master who treated him a little better than a slave and then they grew until they became the master, where upon they started abusing apprentices. That was the way most professions were. There are professional chef schools, but many of the greatest chefs are self taught which is fine; there’s still a whole idea of apprentices working their way up which is great so long as there’s a certain amount of shared information.

There’s a lot more than gimmicks and tricks; there’s a fundamental basis to the way you do things. Now that we know a way to describe modern cooking, it’s understanding what effects you’re trying to achieve with the food and then understand how to get them. Traditional techniques are sentimental and contradictory. Take roast chicken: crispy skin, moist flesh. Traditional cooking typically tries to make a compromise. Sentimental philosophy of Modernist cuisine is that you cook the inside one way and the outside another way. It’s all about the idea of control – another big idea in Modernist cuisine – you can be in control. The idea that it’s all mystical, that it requires vast amounts of human skill

 

RS: In working on the MC , what was the biggest myth you debunked?

 

NM: We found a bunch of errors in food safety – there’s a whole chapter on that. One example is eggs cooked to order should be brought to 145-degrees for 1-second. That does nothing. It’s sort of a cosmetic regulation. There’s a regulation for fish: 145-degrees for 1-second which overcooks the fish. If they said 145-degrees for 12-minutes, it would have some sense to it, but for 1-second it means nothing.

Duck confit is one that some chefs say, if you cook duck in fat, it will create this unique flavour. That’s a fraud. I figured that out because I was trying to understand how the fat can actually penetrate into the meat because fat molecules are large and they won’t go through the membrane. Firstly, what people call fat is actually fatty tissue. Most of what people object to is that it’s rubbery – that’s the collagen matrix that holds the fat; you have to render it to get the fat. Duck fat melts at 14-degrees Centigrade, so how come you have to cook it so hard? It’s not the fat; it’s that the lipids are enclosed in collagen and the collagen needs to be broken down because the lipids are trapped. It’s that collagen that gives rubbery duck skin. I realized the fat couldn’t possibly penetrate the meat so how does it create a unique flavour and texture? And the confit nature of the meat isn’t just at the surface, it goes all the way in. So it had to be a fraud.

We did a taste test, and we either cooked it traditional, sous vide or steamed it. As long as the time and temperature are the same, in a blind taste test, we couldn’t tell the difference. When I tell some chefs this, they almost get angry and don’t agree with it. But I say look, it’s not about agreeing, try it. If you can try in a blind taste test, maybe you can taste things I can’t taste, but no one in our group could taste it.

One of the essences of science is to know this idea that hypotheses can be disproven. And chefs have to understand that there are a lot hypotheses that people take for granted. Some of its correct but a lot isn’t.

 

RS: What’s your next cookbook project?

 

NM: Well in terms of a project that’s a little smaller than a giant multi-year, multi-volume extravaganza again. We did one of those, and I’m sure I’ll do another one again at some point, but the books that will come next will be a smaller thing – single topic book. And I can see a list of many single topic books. Imagine if I was doing another volume to Modernist Cuisine? It is a lot of ways to make that next volume by taking a specific topic. But I would also like to see the pastry and desserts so hopefully. One thing that was special about Modernist Cuisine is that we did take this topic approach and we didn’t have any compromises, we wanted to cover everything out there. So we have to find areas that are worthy of our attention; approach different ethnic cuisines or a technique in more specialized form. So there’s a lot of different ways that you could slice it. So we’ll see what happens.

 

RS: One thing I’ve found interesting is that chefs who have been reticent to use the label “molecular gastronomy” are now suddenly happy to talk about “modern cuisine.” Thoughts?

 

NM: Well molecular gastronomy is a terrible name. We discuss the history of it in the book. Chefs hate it. The ironic thing is that Hervé This, who’s this French food scientist – he would tell you he’s the father of molecular gastronomy – he feels strongly that that term shouldn’t be used to describe restaurant cuisine, but used for science.

 

RS: I believe he now refers to it as Note by Note?

 

NM: The latest thing he’s excited about is called Note by Note cuisine, which I’m not sure I fully understand. It seems to be like if you start using a slang term... it’s possible to be widely used because not anybody knows precisely what it means because they use it in context. I haven’t seen any precise definition of it. Is seems to be about isolating specific characteristics of ingredients and then having a sequence of these things in a menu which is analogous to playing notes of music. That’s my interpretation from the little I’ve seen, and Max, my co-author who reads French better than I do, said that seems to be kind of what he does.

Anyway, Hervé doesn’t want to call it molecular gastronomy; the chefs don’t want to call it molecular gastronomy. Molecular sounds very off-putting to people. If you take a scientific perspective of course everything is molecules and it’s not molecular biology. If there’s a reason to call it molecular biology – because that’s the study of unique molecules of life – and it’s molecules that that you’re concerned with, and there’s no sense that that’s true here. Historically molecular gastronomy was invented as a cool name for a conference. Hervé recently sent an email out to people that he was thrilled that this cuisine was being called modernist. Heston Blumenthal wrote a piece saying the same thing: that as far as he’s concerned, molecular is dead, it’s now modernist. I think modernist has a significant improvement over molecular: first, it’s more encompassing and broader. So what we mean by modern is that people cooking a wide range of styles, it’s not a single style. It includes people who cook foods that are deliberately different; the differentness is part of the point. If you go to Alinea, Moto or El Bulli part of the entire creative point is for it to be new and surprising. Just like artists that do that. There are people who use surprise as part of the experience. There are also a lot of chefs that don’t cook that way but modern techniques are still part of their cuisine. Modern art encompasses a wide range of different artistic styles. Modern art includes Jackson Pollock, the French Impressionists, Chuck Close doing photorealism and everything in between. In the same way modernist is a term for cooking, or a style of cuisine that is meant to be all encompassing.

 

RS: Do you eat out or cook more?

 

NM: Well it’s different. For starters, Seattle there are a lot of great restaurants, but there’s not a lot of great modernist restaurants. So when I travel, I like trying to experience other things that I don’t get at home. So great restaurants, ethnic restaurants and other takes on food are also nice to try. So when it’s places like Chicago, it’s places like Alinea, Moto and places like that but also Hot Doug’s and the French fries in duck fat are great. Ha ha ha.

 

RS: Have you tried horse fat fries? (Not there. I had to make it myself – it was terrible with having to render down the fat itself that had to be sourced, but...)

 

NM: Use a pressure cooker.

 

RS: Now I know.

 

NM: It’s great. What we do with rendering fat is use a pressure cooker and to use Mason jars to hold the fat with an inch of water under.

 

RS: What is your favourite cuisine? Restaurant? Do you find that having demystified the cooking process through the MC that you are less easily impressed?

 

NM: It’s not hard to go out to eat. The funny thing is that knowing how I would do it doesn’t mean I know how they would do it. There’s a tendency to over think things “oh yes, they must have done this and this and this and this cuz that’s how I’d do it.” But no actually.

In terms of harder to be impressed. You know those optical illusions? The lines... I don’t know if you know the trick? One of the lines looks longer? You can say we know, but the perception is very hard wired. The food is great, tastes great and it doesn’t really matter knowing how it’s made – it doesn’t affect how you experience it. Once you’ve had lots of great food and you know what it can taste like if it’s no overcooked you become more picky about how it’s overcooked – which is also pretty easy to forgive in a certain context. But it’s about being more aware.

 

RS: Comments on your dining experiences in Toronto?

 

NM: When I’m in a different city, I would eat with a local guide because usually when you come to a city, there’s a set of places that the concierge will tell you is the best restaurant in town. There are places that a guide like Zagat will tell you, then there’s a place that a foodie will take you. There is some overlap but not very much.

In Singapore there’s something called makansutra. The name is a sort of take on kamasutra: makan means eating (??) in a local language. And this crazy guy writes all about street food, a guy named Seto, and when I’m in Singapore, he takes me around. You go to like 30 places and at each one you order only one dish. It’s things from all across south east Asia and all the things that are unique there. So if there’s a Seto in every town, that would fantastic, but of course there isn’t.

Unfortunately didn’t have much of a chance [to explore Toronto]. I did have pre-arranged dinners at Splendido and Campagnolo, which was fine, but I ate at one Indian restaurant while I was here called Utsav. We asked one of the concierges, who’s an Indian woman, where to go for lunch. It was very good actually. Typical Indian dishes but we also didn’t want to walk. It was good. I love all food basically.

But sure, I’d love to come back to Toronto and explore a bit.

 

RS: You have such varied interests that take up your time. How much of it do you use to focus on food and MC?

 

NM: I’m interested in a lot of things. I try to do it to the best of my abilities.

In the case of paleontology, I write a number of articles on paleontology. Every few years I do one, it’s not very constant. And my contribution to paleontology is smaller, it’s a contribution but it’s not “Oh my god, I’m the world’s best paleontologist.” But it’s fun. And I’m going to keep doing it. My company - development and also inventing – and one of the things we try is to try to invent things that are solutions to problems. We might fail. We have a philosophy that it’s good for us to try to do those things. Again, you can tell me that the world doesn’t work or we shouldn’t be doing it that way.

The cookbook has been interesting because cooking has been something that, up until now, if you interviewed me about all my other things “oh yes, he’s also a really good cook, he once won a barbecue contest...” people would be like oh that’s an interesting little hobby. It’s not like it is a contribution that was important towards cooking, I mean, up until the book. The book was trying to be something that was very important. My relative contribution to cooking may well exceed my relative contribution to paleontology, whatever that means.

 

RS: They’re all significant contributions, but given all that you’ve accomplished and projects you’ve lined up for the future, what is it that you hope will be your legacy?

 

NM: Warren Buffet was asked when he was gone what he said was: god that guy was old. [laughs] So the legacy, I’m not at the stage in my life where I can worry about that. I’m hoping that I have a lot more years walking out of here [laughs].

It’s a funny question, because in paleontology, my paleontology friends will say “he done a few interesting things” and I’ll have some little legacy in paleontology but currently it will be little; maybe I’ll come up with something bigger later on. In physics and in other interests of mine, in those areas, yes in some of them, if you interviewed them after I was gone they’d say: “too bad he wasted his time in all that other stuff. Maybe he would be a successful guy if he didn’t waste all his time on all this other crap.” It’s funny because my friends in each area don’t quite understand why I would waste my time from their perspective. Lots of chef friends can’t quite understand why I don’t open a restaurant, because to them that is the best thing you can possibly do. So what’s up with that? They say “surely this book is how you were going to introduce your new restaurant.” Well, not so much. So within cooking I’m hoping the book has an impact. People write to be read; people cook to be eaten. So I really hope the book has a big impact. If it has a big impact, it would help a whole generation of cooks – at home and professionally – will help them get access to techniques that they couldn’t get otherwise. If you interview me 10 years from now, we’ll be able to say, “here’s the restaurants and the trends that have been influenced from the creation of this book.” I hope that there’ll be other books by that date, that I won’t be totally done, but if I was done today, I would hope that this book will be a good contribution, that people would have found it really useful. That’s as much as you could hope for.

 

RS: Thank you for sharing about the whole process of this project. It’s exciting to see the final product but I can’t imagine how hard those 5 years were when you were working through the trials and tribulations.

 

NM: There was a lot of work. There are things that don’t go how you’d like; there are those things that turn out really well. It was a great project. It’s terrific to see it now actually accepted by people.

 

RS: Are you thinking of any more translations of MC?

 

NM: Two languages: Chinese and Russian. If you look at what countries will hold the most high end restaurants – Canada is not going to quadruple its high end restaurants, you couldn’t. The number of high end restaurants will remain relatively constant (maybe they’ll grow at a few percent per year, but the population is flat and it’s already wealthy/successful country. The same is true for the United States or Europe. China, will have more high end restaurants – like how the United States went from in the 19th century it went from an agricultural country and the wild west and everything else into this urbanized industrial country – and that’s what’s happening in China. If you want to be influential... Plus China has this interesting combination of [having] rich culinary traditions of its own and everybody loves variety. So there will be more French restaurants developing , more sushi... If you lived in Shanghai or Beijing today, or Hong Kong – Hong Kong’s had a western economy for a while – so it’s got great restaurants of every variety. They’re actually selling the books in English in China through our printer. For the very rich people in China it doesn’t matter the books are in English. It’s also not a big influence on the culinary world. The challenge there is finding a way to get it translated in a cost effective way. If you told me that when we translate it to Chinese and I’ll never make any money on it, I’d still do it just because it’ll be a cool thing to do. It actually has many of the same properties that I said about China: it’s another unique situation where they’re growing more of a restaurant culture and growing more of an open society. Spanish is great, because not only do you get Spain but you get all of Latin America. So if you look at parts of the world that are more influential, the parts of the world that are developing are only part of the story. If you look back 20 or 30 years from now, it’s the parts of the world that are growing fast, they will go from having no culinary traditions to high end cuisine – that’s where you’ll have the most influence.

 

RS: And can we use the metaphor that “they’re really hungry for it” appropriately here?

 

NM: [Laughs]

 

RS: Thank you so much for your time.

 

* Random fact: Although both editions are printed on high quality paper, edition one used paper from Japan and weighed a mere 48-pounds. However, in wake of the tsunami earlier this year, the paper was no longer available and an equally high quality source, but slightly heavier product, from China was used. The ink alone weighs 4-pounds.

** Mhyrvold worked on the project for two years alone before having a team.

 

This is a supplemental, the third of what's turned out to be three ... we'll call it part 13c of 50 in an occasional series.

 

The idea to do a supplemental discussion of American independence came to me early in the process of writing these state things, as independence marks a transition in how states came about that I thought might need some context. It's just a nice coincidence brought on by my glacial writing pace that I get to this one today. Today happens to be Independence Day in the United States, and that little building with the steeple across the lawn in the picture up above is Philadelphia's Independence Hall. In that building 241 years ago, on July 4, 1776, a batch of mostly rich guys in wigs representing each of the 13 colonies I've discussed gathered to sign the Declaration of Independence, the founding document of the United States of America that erased the Colonies and changed them into states. For people from foreign lands who don't know, that anniversary's a big deal for us, and we all get today off work to go eat hot dogs and blow our fingers off with illegal fireworks.

 

But why, exactly, did all those rich guys in wigs gather in that building at the start of a hot summer in the first place, and how did they accomplish what they set out to do?

 

The why's a more complicated question than it seems in a lot of the stories we tell about our national origin. I tend to simplify the whole thing myself in discussions with a short answer that tracks back to those consequences I mentioned after the French and Indian War: Americans have a long history of not wanting to pay for anything. This answer tends to bother people who prefer their history to have things like context or depth, as there's a lot more to it than just a tax revolt. Honestly, I think the whole thing was inevitable anyway. The colonists had been away from the homeland for too long, and the cultures on their separate continents were evolving in too many different ways. The increasing tensions just needed a trigger, and the heart of that trigger turned out to be a tax revolt. So I cling to the underlying truth of the statement. The Americans didn't want to pay for anything.

 

Let's backtrack a little. It's 1763, and young King George III and his Parliament have just spent an enormous amount of money defending the colonies from the French. (They also tossed a ton of cash at Europe they maybe didn't have to spend, something a lot of Americans would bring up, but to George III, that was beside the point.) Meanwhile, the colonists have been paying almost nothing in taxes--the average American in 1763 payed about 1/25th as much in taxes as his cousins back in England. So the British came up with a perfectly fair idea. Why not ask just a little more? Not a lot. It's not like they were going to make the colonies pay off the entire national debt. Just little things, a couple of tiny taxes here and there to help balance the books. You know, for King, and country and all that.

 

They started with a tax on imported molasses, the main ingredient in the production of rum, among other things. Of course, there'd already been a tax on imported molasses since 1733, but the Americans had gotten really good at smuggling molasses past the authorities, and when smuggling wasn't an option they just bribed the tax guys into overlooking the shipment. The Molasses Act of 1764 would cut that 1733 tax in half--it was actually a tax cut--but would make evasion a lot more difficult to manage. So the colonists would owe less tax ... but they'd actually have to pay it.

 

Well, this got everybody into a snit, so Parliament repealed the tax in 1766. But they kept trying other taxes. The Stamp Act of 1765 required all the paper sold in the colonies to have a stamp you had to pay the government to get. The Townsend Acts of 1767 instituted taxes on all sorts of things, including glass, lead, paint, paper and tea. Every new tax ticked the Americans off just a little more than the last one, and people started organizing increasingly more effective boycotts of this or that. In turn, every protest and boycott ticked off the guys in Parliament, who responded with increasingly more peevish acts that just made things worse. None of it made any sense to Parliament. It wasn't like they were asking the Americans to surrender their first-born sons. All they wanted was just a couple of cents here and there. Just pennies a day, the price of a cup of tea, and you, too, can have an army of British regulars to keep the Indians on their side of the mountains.

 

So what was the American problem? The most popular explanation among today's historians and yesterday's Patriots involves the popular slogan on the tips of every colonist's tongue in 1776: "No taxation without representation." The problem, this argument said, wasn't that colonists didn't want to pay their taxes, but that taxes were being imposed on the colonists by a body (Parliament) the colonists did not elect and in which they weren't represented. And to be sure, It's true that while every colony had always had its own elected assembly--the Virginia House of Burgesses, for instance, was 145 years old when the Molasses Act came down--these assemblies had no say in Parliament. There was no place in the system for the will of the colonial people, and any duty imposed on the people without their consent was nothing short of tyranny. (The word "tyranny" is always very popular among hyperbolic anti-tax folks, but in this case, it was particularly funny coming from so many people who owned slaves.)

 

The thing is, while I'm sure a lot of colonists believed this line of thought with every fiber of their being, I tend to think this was more a rhetorical dodge than anything. It was an argument with just enough truth to make the colonists feel justified in their indignation, but I think the issue ran much deeper than that. Sure, maybe King George could have done something crazy like maybe give the colonists a few seats in Parliament or something, but that wouldn't have fixed the underlying problem. The greater problem was simply that for too long, the various British governments of various kings, queens, and lords protector had left the colonists to pretty much fend for themselves. The guys in London had a tendency to get caught up in European affairs--and, at least once, in a decade-long revolution of their own--and administering a bunch of colonies full of (let's be honest) religious nuts and backwoods dopes took a lot of effort. For more than a century, it had made more sense to let the colonies just take care of themselves. And the colonies had gotten used to that freedom and had taken great advantage of it, spreading themselves out into the woods wherever they wanted to go, waging wars against the Indians and against each other, making money, losing money, building little plantation empires and city-states and personal fiefdoms that acted more and more like there wasn't anybody named George worth worrying about. Most of them were still loyal to the Crown in the 1763, sure, but that was only because the Crown had little to no effect on their lives. The minute some George tried to change that ... well, look out!

 

The final straw came after Parliament passed the Tea Act of 1773. This one wasn't so much a tax as it was a trade regulation designed to prop up the failing British East India Company by helping it sell down its massive backlog of unsold tea, while at the same time providing a subtle political dig at the whole anti-tax movement. There'd long been this convoluted process involving the sale of tea in the colonies that depended in part on smuggling, and the Tea Act would result in a lot of middle men losing a lot of money. So one night in December of 1773, a bunch of rowdy Boston guys went aboard a ship full of tea parked in Boston harbor and tossed the whole shipment overboard. They were orderly about the whole thing, being careful not to damage any cargo but the tea, and they even left money to pay for a padlock they had to break, but they got their point across. And from that moment, it was on. A lot of people in Great Britain who'd been sympathetic to the colonists' argument decided suddenly they were all a bunch of hooligans, and Parliament passed a quick set of laws designed to isolate and punish Massachusetts. This only unified a bunch of colonials who usually didn't agree on much around a common enemy. Things escalated quickly, and in April of 1775 somebody in the Massachusetts militia fired a shot heard round the world.

 

I haven't spent a lot of time giving the Revolutionary play-by-play on these pages, but the shorthand version is that just before all those rich guys in wigs signed their Declaration, they told George Washington to turn about 10,000 farmers into soldiers so they could go shoot British people. Washington's men spent the next six years between recurring episodes of starvation and frostbite not getting cornered by a better trained and better equipped force run by idiots. Now, I mean no disrespect to the soldiers of the Mother Country, but even a brief glance at the actions of the British military leadership and its ministers back in London is more than enough to prove this was far from Great Britain's finest hour. One general managed to lose an entire army of 7,000 men in 1777 because he couldn't figure out how to march from Canada into upstate New York. Another in 1778 let an army of barefoot farmers who only lasted more than a week because George Washington was some kind of wizard corner him in New York City. And then there was Cornwallis, who got chased out of the Carolinas by a bunch of hillbillies in 1780 and picked the most indefensible spot in Virginia to set up base in 1781. And this doesn't even take into account the large and powerful navy the British had available that they hardly used. They used the navy for troop transport, like, one time. Most powerful navy in the world, and the British used it as a ferry. So, yeah ... Yorktown.

 

Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown on October 19, 1781, and representatives of Great Britain and the former colonies signed the Treaty of Paris that ended the war in 1783. The United States of America were finally their own thing, independent and free and ready to take their place in the world. And it was full of people who were no longer colonists, optimistic people who saw a vast continent to their west that was just waiting to be tamed, and that's what they set out to do. The West was waiting for them, just waiting for them to triumphantly carve it all up into new states with names nobody yet knew. There were states out there just waiting to be made, and it was finally time for them all to go do it.

Fleur de lis tattoo on my ribs. Its my first one and i've been wanting it for a while and just finally decided to go do it!

this is the stairwell in our house, about halfway up. i was inspired to take it this morning, after having watched "amelie" for the umpteenth time last night. if i had to pick one film -- which is an impossible task -- i'd have to say this would be my favorite. the heroine is, without a doubt... well, my hero (followed by anne of green gables, red-headed sprite of my youth). her outlook on life is one i try and grasp every day: enjoy it, every inch of it; don't settle; look for magic; be romantic; take risks; feel pain; surround yourself with color; be, fiercely.

 

i watch this movie when i need a dose of magic, and i lose count of how many scenes make me get weepy. some is happy crying, some is sad. all of it is real, and i feel alive. i know i'm a sap. that's the goddam point. :-)

 

now go find a stone and skip it.

The North Carolina Tar Heels, a power five program out of the Atlantic Coast Conference, dealt Old Dominion its first home defeat since November 2015. But in the loss, ODU gained a new starting quarterback.

 

True freshman Steven Williams, a graduate of Woodrow Wilson H.S. in Washington, D.C., replaced starting quarterback Jordan Hoy and backup QB Blake LaRussa in the 53-23 loss.

"When you don't have a first down in the first quarter and you have no energy on the sideline because the players feel it, you have to make the move," ODU head football coach Bobby Wilder explained. "I didn't go into this game thinking [Williams] would play."

 

Seeing his first action, the 17 year old Williams completed 9-of-20 passes for 139 yards and two touchdowns. He also threw an interception and lost a fumble. Williams added 34 rushing yards on seven attempts.

 

"We haven't developed an identity on offense," Wilder noted. "Stevie Williams today gave us an identity. Steven Williams is the quarterback of the Old Dominion football team moving forward."

"They just said 'let's go," Williams explained of how he learned he was about to receive his first college playing time. "My teammates were all behind me. I just had to go do my job and we'll be fine."

 

Old Dominion outscored North Carolina (1-2), 16-14, in the second half, after trailing the Tar Heels, 39-7, at the half.

 

Prior to the game, ODU learned All-Conference USA running back Ray Lawry, the program's all-time leading rusher, has a torn hamstring. Head coach Bobby Wilder reveals the injury could keep Lawry sidelined for the remainder of the season.

My audio samples are stored in a FireWire external drive for use with the MacBookPro. I am migrating everything over to the MacBookAir and Apple told me that there is no way to use FW drives natively. WTF?!

 

So now I am copying everything over to the new drive. Now there are many ways you can do that. You can use OSX’s native copy and paste. But OSX copy and paste is slow and would go do file counting. It also had issues if you terminate file transfers in the middle of it.

 

But rsync does all these—and better at it. It is already built in inside OSX. Shell tools are better and more efficient. You can buy apps which do these kinds of things but why buy crappy apps when you have the best tool for it?

 

Syntax:

$ rsync -av [source] [target]

 

or what I did in my shell:

$ rsync -av /Volumes/Ra/Audio/ /Volumes/LaCie/Audio/

 

where:

-a is a flag to tell rsync to turn on archive mode, where “accessed date” and “modified date” will not be modified as a result of copying.

-v is the flag for verbose mode, which shows the files being copied as the process continues.

 

For the rest of what rsync can do, look no further than its built-in manual, of course:

$ man rsync

 

I know, it's a no brainer. But I continue to be surprised at what most people didn't know is readily available in OSX

 

# SML Workflow

Taken with the iPad 3, processed in Snapseed.

 

/ SML.20130130.IP3

/ #SMLOpinions #CCBY #SMLMusic #SMLUniverse #SMLPhotography #SMLEDU

/ #Mac #Apple OSX opinions #rsync #shell #AbletonLive #MacBookPro #MacBookAir #WTF #copy #file #transfer #howto #shell #man #edu #apps #commandline #Firewire #nerds #technology

Paul Weisel

10h ·

In May of 2018 I was headed west for my annual visit with Don Edmunds, but took a few side trips before showing up in Oregon. After stopping at the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in Knoxville, IA to deliver a supply of Don Edmunds' books, I veered north to I-90 and my first visit to Mount Rushmore. An early Friday morning arrival made a stop at the speedway in Sheridan, WY an easy addition to my route. On Saturday I said a final goodbye to Rocky Mountain Raceway in Salt Lake City and chalked up both their figure 8 course and the infield course used by their 4-cylinder division. As I cruised across Nevada, a Sunday afternoon event at the Winnemucca Regional Raceway was the cherry on top of four new tracks in the western states.

Monday was spent chasing vintage sprint car tires for our low-bar Edmunds sprinter project around the Ukiah, CA area and the slow day allowed me catch my breath for a first ever visit to San Francisco. On Tuesday morning I headed south on CA-101 to cross the Golden Gate Bridge into San Francisco. 'Why in the world would you want to drive into San Francisco?' you ask. There's only one reason – Norm Rapp. Norm was 91 years young, a midget racer of note, a multi-time winner indoors at the Oakland Coliseum, a purveyor of race car parts for at least the past 60 plus years, and a recent inductee into the National Midget Hall of Fame. Norm has been instrumental in finding parts for several of our midget restorations, I've spoken to him numerous times on the phone, but we'd never met! Upon my arrival at 5 Cordova Street, Norm Rapp Racing's World Headquarters, Norm jumped into my van and we went for breakfast at the Bayside Cafe, where it appeared Norm was revered as their favorite patron. Great view of the bay and I was able to cruise past the Cow Palace on the way back to Norm Rapp Racing. After an afternoon of spending money with Norm (he even had a used Goodyear pavement sprint car right rear tire), I headed north, hoping to escape the San Francisco traffic mess before things really got sporty at rush hour.

Unfortunately, Norm left us on December 28, 2019 at age 92 and I will be eternally grateful I took the time to visit with him at his place of business and spend some quality time with a true icon of the sport of midget racing. When the phone rang at Norm's business, a former grocery store on Cordova Street where Norm ran his business since 1961, you never had to wonder if Norm was 'in'. If the guy on the other end of the phone answered with, 'Zoom, zoom!', you were talking to Norm.

We both sold Firestone tires, so we always had something in common and we'd talk once, maybe twice, a year – always phone time well spent. When I needed a Casale rear end for the restoration of Don Edmunds' personal Kurtis-Kraft, I called Norm. Shockingly, he said he had two! He asked if I was familiar with the term 'butted' (indoor racers in particular often shortened the rear axles of their cars – narrow holes, narrow cars) and I replied, 'Yes, it means I want to hear about rear end #2.' The second rear was built in October, 1947 and was perfect for a midget built by Kurtis in 1948. Always the kidder, Norm added, 'I hear you drove race cars back east, so I'd better shim the ring and pinion and put it together for you before we ship it. Edmunds always said, 'Race drivers have to be smart enough to operate a race car ---- and just dumb enough to climb in it.' So, I took Norm up on his gracious offer and the rear arrived in two pieces. All I had to do was to was put the axle and ring gear into the rear and tighten the side plates. Everything was shimmed to perfection. Not wanting to miss an opportunity to impress my good pal, Ronnie Dunstan, I told him I had just assembled this Casale rear (and I had) and asked if he'd stop by to check the lash and see if everything was OK. Dunstan was impressed when he worked the axle back and forth – the rear was right and tight! If he's been walking around the last few years thinking I might have some mechanical ability – good! Norm even had a laugh when I told him about it.

A few days ago I read an interview with Norm by Saroyan Humphrey for Rust Magazine and Rust Media and thought it was the perfect insight to Norm Rapp. Photos included from the article are identified and I'd like to find a few more articles and interviews from these folks.

Rust Magazine, Q&A w. Norm 'Zoom Zoom' Rapp, 91 year-old racer and businessman remembers driving, wrenching with George Bignotti, and growing up in San Francisco.

TEXT – PHOTOS SAROYAN HUMPHREY

Feature: Norm Rapp has been inactive as a midget driver since 1967, but has owned and managed his racing supply business since he started it from the basement of his house in 1953. Until recently he was still selling vintage midget and sprint car parts, including tires and wheels. Along with parts, Rapp also supplied Northern California speedways with racing fuel for decades.

Norm was born in 1927 in San Francisco and was raised across the street from what would become his current race shop. Rapp's father, Gene, was also involved in automobiles, mechanics and racing. Several years before Norm was born, Gene raced a big car – a flathead 'T' – at San Jose and San Luis Obispo. He found success, winning a main event that summer at the .625-mile San Jose Fairgrounds track, but a crash, where he was knocked unconscious for over a week, ended his career in 1923. Still, it didn't end his enthusiasm for racing and the automobile, as he continued to attend races in the Bay Area with his infant son, Norm, in tow. In 1936 the elder Rapp also opened a Nash dealership in San Francisco's Mission District, a place Norm would work as a mechanic a few years later.

After World War II, as midget racing continued to grow in popularity across the United States, Norm began driving a Drake (Harley Davidson-powered) midget in training races in 1948 at the long-gone Bayshore Stadium in South San Francisco. In ’49, Rapp competed in his first full season of professional competition, and by ’51, the driver won his first main event at a quarter-mile dirt track in Marysville, Calif. Norm continued to hone his driving skills and would eventually win 40 main events—on both dirt and pavement—during his driving career. Competing with the BCRA (Bay Cities Racing Association) mostly, Norm also raced at special events across the West Coast and Midwest, often traveling with his father.

In commemoration of his lasting racing career, Norm has been inducted into six halls of fame. From the National Midget Hall of Fame, to Balboa High School in San Francisco, where he shares the honor with George Bignotti, another San Franciscan who graduated from the same school a few years earlier. Besides being neighbors, Bignotti and Rapp became racing comrades, competing in BCRA events early in their careers. Rapp was also part of Bignotti's Indy team in 1956 and helped build the '57 Bowes Seal Fast Specials that went on to finish sixth and 22nd with drivers Johnny Boyd and Fred Agabashian.

Laid-back and still a big kid at heart, Rapp spent a few hours talking about his career and his life as a racer/businessman.

You're one of the few lifetime honorary members of the BCRA. Rapp: Yeah, there's only about six of us. It's quite an honor. There's Johnny Boyd, Fred Agabashian, Boots Archer, Johnny Soares, Sr., and also Floyd Busby. He's the present scorer. Years ago, his father was the scorer when I first started in 1947.

And you were inducted to the National Midget Hall of Fame. Rapp: Yeah, three years ago. They inducted eight of us altogether that day. It was an enjoyable situation. Bobby Unser was there. It was a great day. It was something that I'll always remember. That's my biggest highlight. I'm in there with names like A.J. Foyt, Tony Stewart and all the rest of 'em.

Is being inducted to the halls of fame the best part of getting older? Rapp: Well, yeah; I gotta say, aging is not for sissies.

You were born and grew up here in San Francisco. Rapp: Yeah, in Crocker-Amazon, right next to the Excelsior District, off of Geneva Avenue.

And your dad was a racer? Rapp: Yeah, I'd been going to the races since I was two years old. Before I was born, he was racing. In those days they called them big cars, where now you call 'em sprint cars. He just raced for a couple of years and then he got hurt really bad at San Jose Fairgrounds in 1923. So, when he recuperated from the skull fracture, my mother, who then was his girlfriend, sail, “Well, Gene, you have to make the decision, racing, or me....” So he raced once more after that and then retired from racing, but we went to the races to watch and I always begged him to go in the pits and look at the race cars after the race.

In those days racing was so much more dangerous. Rapp: In 1923 they killed six guys at the track (San Jose) in one season. There's a story about how my dad was in the hospital and there was a memorial race for a close friend of his and he came out to the track with a bandaged head and was part of the ceremony.

What other local tracks do you remember going to? Rapp: We used to go to San Francisco Motordrome, which was down on Army Street. I was a young kid, before World War II, I went to Alameda (Neptune Speedway). He took me over there a few times. In those days, you had to take a ferry boat to go across the bay. There was no Bay Bridge (laughing). And there was a mile track over there on Hesperian Boulevard (Oakland Speedway) in Hayward. It was well-known in those days, before World War II. And then during the war, somebody lit the grandstand on fire, or something, and the property became valuable.

You raced a soap-box derby car when you were a kid. What do you remember about that? Rapp: When I was 11 and 12 years old. That's what I called the start of my career. In my day we didn't have any go-karts, quarter midgets, and things like that. There just the full midget. I raced at Treasure Island (during the World Exposition) in 1940. Chevrolet built this ramp about 75 feet high and you'd tow the car up the ramp. I was fine going down the hill, but when I hit the flat, I didn't have the weight to carry me and so, I lost the heat race by a couple of inches.

Your dad also had a Nash dealership, right? Rapp: Right, from 1936 to 1946. It was between 18th and 19th on Valencia (Street), 740 Valencia. He had a shop as well as sales for the cars. In 1937, he sold 97 Nashes. That was a real good year for Nash. I had a '37 Nash. That was my first car!

Did you work in the shop? Rapp: When I was 14 or 15 years old, after the soap-box derbies. I was working for him, yeah. It was a small business and I was doing the parts work, as well as the lubrication. We had a rack there that we'd put car up on.

You joined the Army Air Corps after high school, right? Rapp: Yeah, when I graduated (in 1944) everybody was patriotic, much more than anytime in my life. So everybody enlisted in one form of service or another. I chose the Army Air Corps because I wanted to fly and the Army was a little easier to get into that the Navy. So, I went down to Market Street and signed up. It took 110 points to go to officer training and I got 125. Since I was still 17 years old, they didn't want to send me to an army specialized training program, so they sent me to Stanford (University) for two terms. After that I went to Biloxi, Miss. To Kessler Field and then to Lowry Field and Buckley Field in Denver, That's how I spent my 28 months total.

What do you remember about living in San Francisco during that time, after Pearl Harbor? Rapp: Neighborhoods were blacked out and the San Francisco Seals used to play baseball only in day games. Everybody had black curtains on their windows; everything was blacked out. We had wardens also, and every block was checked to make sure the windows were sealed. There are still bulkheads out here close to the hospital (points west toward the Pacific Ocean).

How did you get your start driving midgets? Rapp: After I got out of the Army Air Corps, a friend of my dad's got me a job at Pan American Airways (as a mechanic) and one of the mechanics there owned a Drake midget. His name was Larry Christensen and he had Lyle Johnson and some other prominent guys driving for him. He won a feature in '46 or '47. He lived nearby. We got to be good friends and I went to his shop every night, almost, and helped him work on the Drake and in the pits. (George) Bignotti's shop was about a half mile away, too.

I bought a Drake midget in '48 and I had Earl Motter, Dick Strickland, all prominent veteran drivers, drive the car. The way I did it was I let those prominent guys run the car in the program and usually they would have warm-ups and I'd go out and run the first warm-up and they'd run the second warm-up and qualify and race the car. In the middle of the program, they'd have training races and I ran those. I ran 20 training races. In '49, when I first started driving, I turned 10th fastest at Bayshore Stadium and made the main event. After that, I progressed over the years.

I was really hot for the Drake engine and it was the main event winner at different times with Jerry Piper and Bob Barkhimer. It was a Drake engine like Billy Vukovich, Sr. always ran. It accelerated really good. It could beat the Ford V8-60s and it was a cheaper car.

Where was the Bayshore Stadium? Rapp: There used to be a track right next to the Cow Palace that was built in 1934 by some gamblers from Chicago. People don't know about it anymore. The story there is that these gamblers came out here and were going to run greyhound races. So they established this track next to the Cow Palace as well as the one down in Belmont and another across the bay. They had four of them and then (the State of) California says, “We don't want dog racing” for humane reasons. So there was a quarter mile dirt track and along comes December 7th (1941), and the government took over the Cow Palace and all the surrounding area, including the race track, and put all their tanks and trucks and everything else in there. Then after the war, all the vehicles disappeared and left the track. So, in 1946 BCRA came in and ran programs there until 1950, every Friday night. It was called Bayshore Stadium and it had a covered grandstand.

And you expanded your mechanical knowledge at Pan American? Rapp: I worked at Pan American for 10 years altogether, in different shops. I first started out in the wheel and tire shop. Then I was in engine buildup for three years. We'd put the engine on a test stand before they put it in the aircraft. And then I had a chance to go to the parts department, which I enjoyed quite a bit. I spent six years there.

How did you meet George Bignotti? Rapp: George was running the BCRA circuit in 1947, and when I started going to the races with Larry Christensen, I met George. He had a shop at Geneva and Mission and he ran two midgets with Fred Agabashian and Ed Normi driving, running seven days a week (laughs). BCRA was running eight days a week back then (big grin).

Do you remember your first man event victory? Rapp: Yeah, it was at Marysville in 1950. It was a different track than the one that we see now. It was a quarter mile. I started outside front row and Jerry Hill was on the pole. It was a hard, dry track, and there were a lot of prominent drivers there like (Johnny) Boyd, (Johnny) Baldwin and Edgar Elder. Edgar had fast time in a Drake. So, I got a jump on Jerry on the start and I held the lead for 25 laps and won it. Elder had fast time and he was tangling with Boyd and Baldwin and it hit one of 'em and ended up going out through the open pit gate and he just drove right up onto his trailer. He was a great guy.

Was your dad a part of your racing? Rapp: He followed me, but didn't help me. Then after about a year, he said, “I see you're serious, and I'm going to see about buying this Kurtis Ford.” Johnny Smith had driven it to sixth place in (BCRA) point stands the year before in 1947. It was a one year-old car, a Kurtis V8-60, with a spare engine and everything else for $2,000. So he bought it and I sold the Drake. I ran the Ford for three years and I kept paying him off and I owned the car when we got done. That was #16. It was really a good way for me to get started.

You traveled to the Midwest to race in '52. You must've been feeling confident with your driving and equipment. Rapp: I hadn't been driving for very long. The story there is, I was kinda depressed because my grandmother, who used to live with us, died. She had taken care of my brother and me when we were young kids, when my mother and father were running the auto shop. It was tough times. And my girlfriend, who later became my wife (Dorothea), decided she didn't want to see me anymore. So I was kinda depressed. I thought, “Heck with it. I'd just like to go the the Midwest and race.” I went by myself, Bignotti tuned my V8-60 and it was outstanding. I didn't have a spare engine, just some extra tires and wheels. But the good thing about the Midwest was that it taught me a lot. I really had to get down to the nitty fritty and learn how to race against those guys and I was running different tracks all the time. Day race, night race......

Midget racing was a big deal at that time. Rapp: It was pretty big, but in '52 back out here, it tapered off a lot. NASCAR came in and Barkhimer was running a lot of (stock car) races at San Jose Speedway and he had a whole bunch of tracks that he was supervising...

Did you like the pavement, or dirt? Rapp: When I first started out, I liked the dirt. You got it sideways, but sometimes I got in trouble, too. But after about 1953, I started learning how to drive better on pavement and be smooth. I got to be quite accomplished. I got second to Parnell Jones at San Jose Speedway in '64, and I'd win a feature here and there. Then I had a good Offy and we really made it perform. For six nights in a row, I had fast time at three different tracks. Two at San Jose, two at Kearney Bowl in Fresno, and two at Stockton. I think I won one, got four seconds and a third. In those days we'd start 18 (in the main event), so, I was coming from last.

The car was #10 and that's why #10 is my favorite number now. It set a mark for me. I put #10 on my recently restored Offy. It was red and yellow. The current car is the same paint job, more or less. It's in my store, ready to run. It's worth 35 grand. It's a Jimmy Davies car. He only built six cars; mine and one in Chicago are the only ones that I know of. It's a historic car. It was just a bunch of parts when I got it, and I put it together gradually over five years. I put a lot of new parts into it, torsion bars and everything else.

You must've had some close calls in your driving days. Rapp: I only spent one night in the hospital. I flipped three and a half times at Sacramento (West Capital Raceway) on the half mile in 1955. I hit a rut. I woke up in the ambulance with my dad. I felt that flip for six months, in different ways. In those days, we didn't have a shoulder harness, we just ran the lap belt and it held me in. In fact, the car was upside down and Walt Faulkner was running fast time in an Offy and he had the high groove and he hit my tail right next to my head in the turn and moved the car a couple feet. It just wasn't my time to go (laughs).....a lot of guys got killed at Capital Speedway.

You weren't spooked? Rapp: No, I was ready to go again. But I remember one guy who crashed at Bayshore Stadium, he hit the light pole outside the track and he never showed up again. In that era, right after World War II, Bay Cities used to lose about two guys a season, plus injuries....Yeah, it was tough, really tough. You had to watch what you were doing.

Tell me about the leather face masks that you developed as a safety device in the 1950s. Rapp: Speedway Motors used to buy 100 at a time. I must've sold four or five hundred. When I first started out, guys used to put a bandana around their neck, but that wouldn't help with the dirt and the rocks. You'd get hit. At first I made my own and developed it from there. There was a lady who was a seamstress at Pan American Airways and she helped.

I made a lot of different models before I produced the one that you see now. For different reasons it had to be improved. I had a company on 9th Street in San Francisco that was a leather company and I had them make 'em for me. They made some dies and they'd punch out the product with the die and sew 'em together per my instructions. It was a beautiful piece. I've seen used ones sell for $150 today (laughs).

You worked for Bignotti in '56 and '57. What do you remember from that time? Rapp: Oh, it was a real exciting experience. I had been to the (Indianapolis Motor) Speedway before it 1949 as a spectator. (In 1957) I was working for the Bowes Seal Fast Specials that Bignotti and Bob Bowes were partners in. I was a mechanic, doing everything. In the first day (of qualifying) Fred (Agabashian) was fourth fastest; (Johnny) Boyd was fifth fastest. They started side by side in the second row. Agabashian might have won the '500', but the fuel tank split. In those days we didn't have bladders and the tank wore and cracked. Agabashian was a really shrewd, great driver. He never acquired the achievements that he could've.

Bignotti was a good friend. I was helping him put the cars together in San Francisco. I was getting parts from Pan American. Pan American was a sponsor, but they didn't know it (laughs). Bolts and nuts, whatever we needed for the Indy cars. Bowes got the cars from Kurtis (-Kraft) and we modified them. That was a good deal. They were beautiful cars for those days. Frank Kurtis was a great craftsman. Bignotti just worked out of his basement, just about a half mile from me.

George was the greatest wrench out of a toolbox. That's the way I put it. Nowadays they have all this tech stuff. It's altogether different. He was the chief mechanic on seven Indy winners with different drivers. Can you imagine? (A.J.) Foyt, (Al) Unser, (Tom) Sneva, (ed. note: also Graham Hill and Gordon Johncock). He made 'em all perform. Nowadays it's so costly.

After Indy, I had to make a big decision in my life: whether I should stay back there (Midwest) and race. My wife said, “We can stay back here, I can get a job anyplace. Don't worry about me.” Bignotti was going to run one of the Seal Fast cars over there at Monza in Italy on the high banks, and I could've gone over there with him. Or I could come home and continue with my part-time business. I had been making a couple hundred a week, or something like that. Not big monoey, but I decided to come home and I made the right decision. In those days there weren't many dealers like there are now.

For seven years I worked out of my basement, and about five or seven others in the neighborhood. I was walking back and forth between all the places all day long. So I decided in 1961 that I should get everything in one place. That's when I acquired the building that I'm in now at 5 Cordova. I leased it for 16 years and bought it for $40,000 (in 1977). It's 3,300 square feet.

It was orifinally a grocery store, right? Rapp: It used to be the independent grocer. The Safeway moved down to Mission Street where they are now with a big parking lot, and the independent moved from my building to the corner. And that's where they still are today with different owners. It's Cordova Market.

It was set up so I could back my truck and trailer in there after a race, with a big, wide doorway and everything else. And that's the way it is today....been there all these years. The house where I was born and raised is right across the street from my store, 329 Rolph. I live up the hill, a half mile, in Southern Hills. My wife and I bought the house there brand new. She died 32 years ago, from cancer. She was a great part of my life, as far as career goes.

Did she go to the races: Rapp: Before we had kids, she went to the races all the time. But I'll tell you, it was 1966 or 1967; I was driving for Emery Graham with a Chevy II. The kids were young and sometimes she'd stay home. So, I came home and the next morning she asks, “How'd you do last night?” And I said, “I did good in the heat race; I got up to second and in the main I got on my head. (She said) “You got on your head?” I hadn't been on my head in like 10 years. So she asked, “What happened?” I said, “Well, a guy screwed up ahead of me and I got over him and hit the fence and bent the car up.”

She wanted to know what I was going to do now and I said, “Well, a bunch of guys are working on the car right now to straighten it out so we can run tonight in Sacramento on the half mile, a 100-lapper.” So, we got a fifth in the 100-lapper (laughs). It thrilled me.

It must've been difficult to run a business and drive at the same time. Rapp: Yeah, I used to look at J.C. Agajanian. He was an owner and a promoter. It was pretty tough. My dad was helping in the shop, at the house, going to all the races and pumping fuel. My wife was doing the books. She was a really sharp bookkeeper. She could take care of anything.

It seems like the 1960s was your peak as a driver. Rapp: I kept winning races into the '60s. I retired in '67. The last main event I won was indoors in '66 in Oakland. I won about 40 main events altogether. Gary Koster and I won the most indoor (BCRA) races. We each won 12.

Did you miss driving when you retired? Rapp: Not too much, because I was still going to the track with my fuel and tire truck. I was busy. I kept going to the track until the last couple of years. I just retired a couple of years ago.

You were dedicated to your job as a supplier. Rapp: At Calistoga I got a hall of fame and it wasn't because I had great achievements there. I got third in the main there one night. I got some other fifth, sixth places, stuff like that. The big thing was I had been hauling fuel and tires there for about 45 years (laughs). We'd bring 15 barrels of fuel for a weekend. Louis (Vermeil) said to me way back in '53, “I'd like you to bring a barrel of fuel with you,” and that's how it got started. I gradually built it up. I had a 1,000 gallon tank and then a 6,000 gallon tank in South San Francisco. A friend of my dad's had an oil company there and they had all these tanks, so I bought a tank. You got a better price when you took big quantities. One year I sold nearly 22,000 gallons of fuel.

To what do you attribute your longevity? Rapp: Take care of the body by eating the right kinds of food and don't eat any junk foods. Stay healthy. When I was running a 50- or 100-lapper, I would exercise every other night before I went to bed. That gave me stamiina.

Racing has been my life. And as the saying goes, “Would you like to live your life over again?” I would. Some people wouldn''t, but I would.

 

"And at the end of the day, there's always a disappointing football match."

 

But before then, there's a whole day to get through.

 

Neither of us had any ill effects from our jabs on Friday, sore arm notwithstanding. So it meant the day was all ours to do with what we wanted.

 

Saying that, Jools didn't feel well enough for churchcrawling, but hunter/gathering at Tesco was fine.

 

So, after coffee we drove to Whitfield and after filling the car with unleaded, we go to the store to buy stuff for the weekend, and the final things for Christmas, which means that we just have veg to get as everything else is either bought or ordered.

 

I buy a gift for the charity Christmas box, so that poor children will have something. I bought a Hey Dugee singing stick that the child will love and their parents will hate. Does this make me a bad or good person?

 

Maybe both.

 

Back home to pack the shopping away, have fruit for breakfast, followed by bacon butties and huge brews.

 

Although Tesco had most things, there was no fresh fruit other really than bananas, apples. And for the second week, bacon, especially smoked bacon was in very short supply.

 

But we dine well on our bacon butties, then, Jools confirmed she was not going out, so I could visit anywhere.

 

Within reason.

 

Well. Most churches in the area I wanted to visit or revisit I have done these past few weeks.

 

One I hadn't gone back to was Lydden. Its a small place, but its a short drive there, so could be a stopover on the way to somewhere else.

 

I go down Coldred Hill, then along to the church.

 

It was a glorious day, I mean no clouds, clean, sparking air, but cold and frosty.

 

The church was unlocked, cold by welcoming.

 

As expected, there wasn't much I hadn't recorded, and no glass to use the big lens on. So, I go round to recrod everything, then on to the next stop.

 

Bekesbourne.

 

I hadn't called the keyholder, but she only lives opposite the church, so not that much of a hassle to walk over the small bridge over the dry Nailbourne.

 

I reach the church, park outside and walk to the old palace.

 

I rang the bell. Dogs barked. A lot. But no one answered.

 

Another time, then.

 

Three miles along the Nailbourne is Littlebourne where the bournes changes its name to the Little Stour and flows all the time. There is a church there and I can't remember when I was there last.

 

I drive round the village, find the church on Church Street. Where else to keep your church?

 

Again, it was open, but having no real memory of this, it was good to go in again and take lots and lots of shots, mainly of the large number of Victorian windows.

 

Once done, I decide there were no other churches to be done that day, athough I go do Wingham and Ash again, there's plenty of other occasions to do those. But it was a ten minute drive from Preston, and I noticed during the week we were out of sausages, so decide to go in and see if they had any.

 

And good job I did, as they were down to a few bits and pieces, but had some venison and cranberry bangers, so I get five pounds. Also, they were selling of these very large chickens, perfect for the late Christmas dinner we're planning when Jen comes back on January 24th, so £15 gets that and it can go in the freezer.

 

By which time it was lunch. We have gingerbread, or mixed spice bread. Two large stars, so I pull of each point and dunk it in a coffee, so soft enough in the end.

 

And amazingly, football is back. In fact, below the Championship, it never stopped during the World Cup, the the Prem and Championship did, and Norwich were to play for the first time in a month, away at Swansea.

 

So I could watch the early game, Portugal v Morocco as well as follow Norwich.

 

Good news in both games, as Norwich scored in the first minute then hung on to claim all three points, and Morocco knocked out Portugal; Ronaldo, Pepe and all.

 

There were tears at the end. Bitter ones from Ron and tears of joy for the rest of us.

 

And then, France v England.

 

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The villages 13th century church, St Vincent of Saragossa, is thought to have been founded by the monks of St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury and contains an ancient wall painting depicting Saint Christopher, patron saint of travellers. The church also has what is reckoned to be one of the finest collection of stained glass windows designed by Nathaniel Westlake in the country. Nathaniel Westlake was a leading designer of the Gothic Revival movement in England.

 

Work done in 1995 by experts from the V&A Museum established that he designed each of the windows over the long period of his work with the Company, thus giving an outstanding example of the development of his style.

 

The Church has a six-bell peal, the oldest bell dating back to 1597, the newest 1899.

 

www.littlebournebenefice.org.uk/littlebournechurchhistory...

 

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LOCATION: Situated at about 40 feet above O.D. on Head brickearth (over Upper Chalk). A little to the west of the river Little Stour. Littlebourne Court, originally belonging to St. Augustine’s Abbey, lies immediately to the north-west. Wickhambreaux and Ickham churches are not far away to the north and east.

 

DESCRIPTION: As with many North-East Kent churches, this church points south-east, and it is first documented in Domesday Book, with the eastern three-quarters of the nave of the present church presumably being, in part, of an early Norman date. The only visible evidence for the earliest structure, however, is outside the south-west corner of the nave. Here one can see reused Roman bricks, and the original steep slope of the very early 13th century south aisle (continuing the line of the nave roof). The nave must be earlier than this, so is at least 12th century in date. It is also worth noting the very rare dedication, to St Vincent.

The whole of the south arcade for the south aisle still survives in its very early 13th century form, with four pointed arches (that on the west is smaller). The arches have continuous flat

the piers themselves. All the dressings are in Caen stone.

Later in the 13th century a large new chancel was built, probably at about the time (c. 1245) when St Augustine’s Abbey were endowing the new vicarage there, after the appropriation. The chancel has four tall lancets on either side, and an eastern triplet which has internal shafting on the jambs, and deeply moulded rere-arches and hood-moulds. All the other lancets have plain rere-arches, and all the chancel windows sit internally on a filleted roll-moulding which steps up at the east end and runs under the triplet. There is a piscina on the south-east with a pointed arch (with hood) over it, and bar-stopped chamfers on the sides. On the north-west side of the chancel is a small doorway, which was restored in the 19th century. The chancel was fairly heavily restored on the outside in the 19th century (‘1865’ on one of the rain-water hoppers), but much of its original coursed whole flints are still visible, as well as some of the rows of putlog holes. The chancel also has a separate roof, with a west gable, but this was rebuilt completely in c. 1865.

At about the same time as the chancel was being rebuilt in the early to mid-15th century, a very plain tower was added at the west end (It is similar to the neighbouring tower at Ickham). This has a tall simple pointed arch (with flat chamfers and abaci) into the nave, and on the west is a simple pointed doorway with flat chamfers and a tall lancet above it. The tower is unbuttressed, and has four more wide restored lancets (one in each face) in the top (belfry) stage. Externally the tower has the remains of its original plastering over coursed flint with side-alternate Caenstone quoins. On top of the tower is a later medieval (14th/15th century) brooch spire (now covered in slates).

The tower was restored in 1899, and the bells were rehung in a new timber and cast iron frame. There are now six bells, dated 1597,1610, 1650 and three of 1899 (said to have been recast from two late medieval ones). Glynne tells us that there was an organ in a west gallery under the tower, but this was removed during the restoration. A shed (now 2 cloakrooms) was also added to the north side of the tower in c. 1899.

A small Lady Chapel may have been added to the north-east side of the nave in the later 13th century as shown by its two light trefoil-headed (with circular opening above) east window (it has an internal rere-arch). All other evidence for this above ground was removed by the early 14th and early 19th century re-buildings (see below). The Lady Chapel is first documented in the late 15th century, but most churches acquired a separate Lady Chapel in N.W. Kent in the 13th century.

In the early 14th century both the south and north aisles had their outer walls rebuilt. On the south this was a continuous heightening and rebuild for the full length of the nave (with the evidence for the earlier lean-to aisle surviving in the west wall, as shown above). There is however still a later 13th century lancet in the centre of the south wall, with a probable later 13th century south doorway next to it (though completely rebuilt externally in the 19th century). The other aisle windows are all, however, 2 - light early 14th century traceried windows, and the gables and separate pitched roof over the aisle is also perhaps 14th century (it is still hidden under a flat plaster ceiling). In the south aisle wall are some reused Reigate stone fragments, and the large later south buttress has Ragstone quoins and reused Reigate And Caenstone fragments (and heavy 19th century knapped flintwork). Some Purbeck marble is reused in the wall west of the south porch. This aisle also has a small square-topped piscina in its south-east corner, and a very small stoup just inside the door on the east.

Hasted tells us that ‘a few years ago the north isle fell down, when there were some curious paintings discovered by the breaking of the plaster from the walls. This aisle was immediately rebuilt’. It is however, clear from the present remains (and from the Petrie water-colour view), that the church was again rebuilt in the early 19th century, with the present flatish 4-bay crown/king post nave roof and lath and plaster ceiling. The two dormers on the south side of the nave roof are presumably of the same date as is the shallow-pitched shed-roof over the north aisle, and the wooden post and two semi-circular arches into the north aisle. On the north-west side of the nave one can see an infilled pointed arch (? of chalk) with abaci, suggesting that there was originally a 13th century 3-bay north aisle (and Lady Chapel). The scar for the south-west corner of this aisle which did not continue to the west end of the nave, is just visible, and the late 18th century collapse was clearly at the west end of this aisle, which was not rebuilt (the other aisle-wall window being reset in the nave wall). The north wall of the north aisle must have been rebuilt in the early 14th century with buttresses and new two-light traceried windows. There may have been a north door here.

Only the chancel was heavily restored in the later 19th century (1865) with a new south porch in 1896, replacing a brick one, according to Glynne. A porch is documented from at least 1505.

 

BUILDING MATERIALS: (Incl. old plaster, paintings, glass, tiles etc.):

The main local material is flint, and whole flints, in courses, are used for all the early work with dressings of Caenstone. Some Reigate stone is then used in the 13th century, with Kent Rag for the quoins in the early 14th century. There is also some reused Purbeck marble in the walls, and Bathstone is used for the late 19th century restorations. Hasted mentions ‘the remains of good painted glass’ in the chancel side lancets and ‘seven sacraments, etc. handsomely done, with rich borders’ in the eastern lancets, ‘but they have been some few years since removed’ (op. cit. below, p.155). Also he mentions armorial glass in the S.E. window of the south aisle, and other now-vanished glass is known from the church - see C.R. Councer (below).

 

EXCEPTIONAL MONUMENTS IN CHURCH: None, but remains of medieval wall-painting on the north side of the nave, at the west end. Also a leger slab, with a small brass inscription in it, dated 1585, in front of the chancel arch. Also some early 19th century Benefaction boards on the west wall of the south aisle. Most of the furnishings in the church date from the restoration of 1864-4, or later.

 

CHURCHYARD AND ENVIRONS:

Size & Shape: Large north-south rectangular area around church, with large extensions to north (20th century) and south (19th century).

 

Condition: Good

 

Building in churchyard or on boundary: Lych Gate of timber (1892) to the south. Very large c. early 14th century great barn of Littlebourne Court (172ft long) runs along west boundary of the churchyard.

 

Ecological potential: ? Yes. The burial under a ‘great palm’ (ie. Yew Tree) in the churchyard is mentioned in a will of 1542, and there are still some quite large Yews north of the church.

 

Late med. Status: Vicarage endowed in 1245 with a house, some tithes, etc. A chaplain had to be found to celebrate weekly in Garrington Chapel.

 

Patron: St. Augstine’s Abbey, Canterbury (and alienated to the Italian monastery of Monte Mirteto in Italy, 1224). In 1538 it went to the crown, and then on to the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury in 1541.

 

Other documentary sources: Hasted IX (1800) , 155-8. There is much documentation in Thorne’s Chronicle and the ‘Black Book’ of St Augustine’s. Testamenta Cantiana (E. Kent, 1907), 196-8 mentions burial in the churchyard from 1473, the church porch (1501), various ‘lights’, the altar of Our Lady (1499+), reparation of the altars of St James and St Nicholas (1473), for paving between the chancel and the west door (1419).

 

SURVIVAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL DEPOSITS:

Inside present church: ? Good.

 

Outside present church: ? Good, though there is a large soil build-up around the church, and a brick-lined drainage gulley (up to 2ft deep) has been made all around the church.

 

RECENT DISTURBANCES/ALTERATIONS:

To structure: None, but chancel stalls brought from St Johns, Herne Bay in 1974, and organ in north aisle from Holy Cross, Canterbury in 1972.

 

To floors: Brick floor relaid at east end of S. aisle - Oct 1991.

 

Quinquennial inspection (date/architect): Feb. 1990 Maureen O’Connor.

 

ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT:

A Norman nave was given a lean-to south aisle and perhaps extended to the west in the very early 13th century, with a plain west tower being added soon after. The chancel was rebuilt (and greatly enlarged) in the mid 13th century, and there was probably also a Lady Chapel and nave north aisle by the later 13th century. The outer walls of the aisles were rebuilt in the early 14th century. A timber spire was also built. In the late 18th century the west end of the north aisle collapsed and this was rebuilt along with the nave roof, etc. again in the early 19th century. Chancel restored in 1865, and west tower in 1899 (with rehung bells). A new south porch was built in 1896.

 

The wider context: One of a group of churches belonging to St Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury with major rebuildings in the 13th and early 14th centuries.

 

REFERENCES: S.R. Glynne, Notes of the Churches of Kent (1877), 167-8. (He visited in 1851). C.R. Councer, Lost Glass from Kent Churches ) (1980), 77-8.

 

Guide Book: None available in church, but see St Vincent’s Church, Littlebourne by Elizabeth Jeffries (1984) - very poor for architectural history.

 

Plans & drawings: Petrie early 19th cent. view from N.E., with continuous roof slope over nave and N. aisle.

 

DATES VISITED: 19th December 1996 REPORT BY: Tim Tatton-Brown

 

www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/01/03/LIT.htm

 

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LITTLEBORNE

LIES the next parish south-eastward from Stodmarsh, taking its name from its situation close to the stream which bounds the eastern part of it, and at the same time to distinguish it from the other parishes of the name of Borne in the near neighbourhood of it.

 

There is but one borough in this parish, called the borough of Littleborne.

 

Littleborne extends to the skirt of the beautiful and healthy parts of East Kent, and verging farther from the large levels of marsh land which lie near the Stour, quits that gloomy aspect of ill health so prevalent near them, and here begins to assume one more cheerful, pleasant and healthy; and Twyne tells us, (fn. 1) that it was allotted by the abbot and convent of St. Augustine's, who possessed the manor, for the plantation of vines. The village is built on the high road leading from Canterbury to Sandwich and Deal, at the eastern boundary of the parish, adjoinining to the Little Stour, and consists of about forty houses. The church stands at a small distance from it, having the courtlodge close to it, with the parsonage at a small distance. This parish extends northward as far as the Stour, opposite to Westbere, in which part of it however, there is but a small quantity of marsh-land, near which is an estate called Higham, which antiently was owned by a family of that name. Above the hill, south-eastward from hence, there is a great deal of woodland, and among it a tract of heathy rough land, belonging to the archbishop, called Fishpool-downs, through which the road leads to Wickham. At the bottom of Fishpool hill is the valley called the Ponds, now entirely covered with wood, part of which is in this parish. The ponds were supplied from a spring called Arrianes well, probably for Adrian's well, and were of a considerable size and depth, made for the supply of the convent of St. Augustine, the owners of them, with fish for their refectory, the sides of them now equally thick with coppice wood, were antiently a vineyard. These woods continue from hence adjoining the high road towards the village in great quantities, much of which belongs to the archbishop, and are intermixed with a great deal of rough bushy ground. The lands in this parish are in general very poor and gravelly, but towards Wickham they are much more fertile both for corn and hops, of which there are several plantations. This parish extends across the river eastward towards the hill, and takes in great part of Lower Garwinton, and part of the house, and some little land of Upper Garwinton within it, which is entirely separated from the rest of it by the parish of Adisham intervening.

 

Polygonatum scalacæci, Solomon's seal; grows plentifully on Fishpool-hill in this parish.

 

A fair is held here on the 5th of July, for toys and pedlary.

 

In the year 690, Widred, king of Kent, gave to the monastery of St. Augustine, in pure and perpetual alms, five plough-lands called Litleborne, on condition of their remembring of him in their prayers and solemn masses. And in the year 1047, king Edward the Consessor gave another plough-land here, which consisted of the estates of Bourne, Dene, and Wiliyington, to archbishop Eadsin, free from all service, except. the trinoda necessitas, and he bestowed it on that monastery. After which the manor of Little borne continued in the possession of the abbey to the time of taking the survey of Domesday, in which it is thus entered under the general title of the land of the church of St. Augustine:

 

In Dunamesfort hundred, the abbot himself holds, Liteburne, which is taxed at seven sulings. The arable land is twelve carucates. In demesne there are three carucates, and thirty-five villeins, with fourteen cottagers having six and an half. There is a church, and thirtyeight acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of four hogs. In the time of king Edward the Consessor it was worth twenty-five pounds, afterwards twenty pounds, now thirty-two pounds. Of this manor the bishop of Baieux has in his park, as much as is worth sixty shillings.

 

After this the abbot and convent's possessions here were increased by several gifts and purchases of different parcels of land. (fn. 2)

 

King Henry III. in his 54th year, granted to the abbot and convent free-warren in all their demesne lands of Littleborne, among others. In the 7th year of king Edward II.'s reign, anno 1313, in the iter of H. de Stanton and his sociates, justices itinerant, the abbot, upon a quo warranto, claimed and was allowed in this manor among others, free warren in all his demesne lands of it, and view of frank-pledge, and other liberties therein-mentioned, in like manner as has been already mentioned before, in the description of the manors of Sturry and Stodmarsh. (fn. 3) By a register of the monastery of about this time, it appears, that this manor had then in demesne the park of Trendesle. In the 10th year of king Edward III. Solomon de Ripple being custos, or bailiff of this manor, made many improvements here, and purchased more lands in it, all the buildings of it being in a manner wholly re-built and raised from the ground, with much cost, by him. In king Richard II.'s reign, the abbot's manor of Littleborne was valued at 23l. 8s. 6d. the admeasurement of the lands being 505 acres. After which this manor continued with the monastery till its dissolution, anno 30 Henry VIII. when it came into the king's hands, and remained in the crown till king Edward VI. in his 1st year, granted the manor and manor-house, with all lands and appurtenances, and a water-mill lately belonging to the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, to the archbishop, among other premises, in exchange for the manor of Mayfield, &c. parcel of the possessions of whose see it still remains, the archbishop being the present owner of it. The manor, with the profits of courts, royalties, &c. the archbishop keeps in his own hands; but the demesnes have been from time to time demised on a beneficial lease. The family of Denne have been for more than a century lessees of it, who now reside in the court-lodge.

 

On the abolition of episcopacy, after the death of king Charles I. this manor was sold by the state to Sir John Roberts and John Cogan, the latter of whom, by his will in 1657, gave his moiety of it to the mayor and aldermen of Canterbury, for the benefit of six poor ministers widows (for whose use he had at the same time demised his dwelling-house in Canterbury, now called Cogan's hospital. But the manor of Littleborne, on the restoration in 1660, returned again to the see of Canterbury.

 

The manor of Wolton, alias Walton, lies in the southern part of this parish, adjoining to the precinct of Well, and was antiently possessed by a family who took their name from it, one of whom, John, son of John de Wolton, held it at the latter end of king Henry III.'s reign. But this family became extinct here before the reign of king Edward III. in the 20th year of which, Roger de Garwinton held it by knight's service, (fn. 4) in whose descendants it continued till it passed into the family of Petit, of Shalmsford, who held it of the abbot of St. Augustine's by the like service, in which name and family it continued till it was at length alienated to Sir Henry Palmer, of Bekesborne, whose descendant of the same name passed it away by sale to Sir Robert Hales, of Bekesborne, in whose descendants it continued down to Sir Philip Hales, bart. of Howlets, who in 1787 alienated this manor to Isaac Baugh, esq. of Well, the present owner of it.

 

Wingate, alias Lower Garwington, in a manor, which lies on the other or eastern side of the river, adjoining to Ickham, taking the former of those names from a family, who were owners of it in Henry III.'s reign, and held it by knight's service of the abbot and convent of St. Augustine. In which reign Simon de Wingate held it as above-mentioned, but before the 20th year of King Edward III. this name was extinct here, and Thomas de Garwinton then held this estate, lying in Wingate, held of the abbot by the like tenure. (fn. 5) In the descendants of Thomas de Garwington, who resided at their mansion and manor, since called Upper Garwinton, adjoining to it, seems to have continued some time, and from them, as well as to distinguish it from that, to have taken the name of Wingate, alias Lower Garwinton. After this family had quitted the possession of it, the Clyffords appear from different records to have become owners of it, and after them the Sandfords, and it appears by the escheat rolls, that Humphrey Sandford died possessed of it in the 14th year of king Henry VII. and that Thomas Sandford was his son and heir. After which it came into the hands of the crown, for king Henry VIII. in his 30th year, granted the manors of Wingate and Garwinton to Sir Christopher Hales, then master of the rolls. He left three daughters his coheirs, who became jointly, entitled to it, and on the division of their estates it was allotted to the youngest daughter Mary, who entitled her husband Alexander Colepeper, esq. to it, in which name it continued till the 22d of queen Elizabeth, when it was passed away by sale to Thomas Fane, esq. whose son Francis, earl of Westmoreland, sold it to William Prude, alias Proude, esq. who being a lieutenant-colonel in the army, was slain at the siege of Maestricht in 1632, having devised this estate in tail male to his eldest surviving son Serles Prude, who died in 1642, leaving only two daughters his coheirs, upon which it came to his next brother William, who left an only daughter Dorothy, and she, the entail being barred, carried it first in marriage to Nethersole, by whom she had no issue, and secondly to Christopher May, esq. of Rawmere, in Suffex, whose only daughter and heir Anne, entitled her husband William Broadnax, esq. of Godmersham, to the possession of it. His son Thomas Changed his name, first to May and then to Knight, and died possessed of this manor in 1781, leaving an only son Thomas Knight, esq. of Godmersham, who in the year 1785 exchanged it for other lands in Crundal with Thomas Barret, esq. of Lee, the present owner of it.

 

Upper Garwinton is a manor, which lies adjoining to that last-described, southward, at the boundary of this parish, next to Adisham, in which parish part of the mansion of it stands, being written in the survery of Domesday, Warwintone, one of the many instances in that book of the mistakes of the Norman scribes. It was, after the conquest, parcel of those possessions with which the Conqueror enriched his half-brother Odo, the great bishop of Baieux and earl of Kent, and was exchanged by him for other lands with the abbot of St. Augustine's, accordingly it is thus entered in that record, under the general title of the land of the church of St. Augustine:

 

The abbot himself holds Warwintone, and the bishop of Baieux gave it to him in exchange of his park. It was taxed at half a suling and forty-two acres of land. The arable land is one carucate, and there is in demesne, with three cottagers, and sixteen acres of meadow. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth four pounds, and afterwards forty shillings, now four pounds. This manor Edric de Sbern Biga held, and now Radulf holds it of the abbot.

 

Whether this description extended to the last-described manor of Wingate, is uncertain, though most probably, as both were held of the abbot by knight's service, it was comprehended in it. However that may be, this manor of Garwintone, called as above, erroneously, in Domesday, Warwintone, was held of the abbot by a family who took their surname from it; one of whom, Richard de Garwynton, resided here at the latter end of king Henry II.'s reign, and had a chapel at his mansion here; and in 1194, the abbot granted to him and his heirs, to have the divine office celebrated for three days in a week in this chapel by the priest of Littleborne. (fn. 6) His descendant Thomas Garwinton was possessed of this manor and several other estates in this part of the county, in the 20th year of king Edward III. whose great-grandson William Garwynton dying S. P. Joane his kinswoman, married to Richard Haut, was anno II Henry IV. found to be his heir not only to this manor, but to much other lands in these parts, and their son Richard Haut having an only daughter and heir Margery, she carried this manor in marriage to William Isaac, esq. of Patrixborne, whose descendant Edward Isaac, at his death, gave this manor to his two daughter by his second wife, viz. Mary, married to Thomas Appleton, esq. of Suffolk, and Margaret, to John Jermye, second son of Sir John Jermye, of the same county, and they seem to have shared this manor between them. Thomas Appleton sold his share afterwards to Anthony Parker, who with Isaac Jermye, eldest son of John above-mentioned, joined in the sale of the entire see of it to Sir Henry Palmer, of Howlets, and he by his will in 1611, devised it to his nephew John Goodwyn, whose heirs some time afterwards passed it away by sale to George Curteis, esq. afterwards knighted, and of Otterden, and he alienated it to Sir Robert Hales, of Bekesborne, in whose descendants it continued down to Sir Philip Hales, bart. of Howlets, who in 1787, passed it away by sale to Isaac Baugh, esq. the present owner of it.

 

Charities.

John Dorrante, of Bekesborne, yeoman, in 1560, gave by will, to discharge the poor from the assessments of the church, the overplus to be paid to the most antient poor of the parish, the sum of 3s, 6d. on Palm Sunday and the Monday before Penticost; and 21s. 6d. on Christmas-day yearly, out of the house and lands called Church-house, now vested in Mr. Peter Inge.

 

Henry Sloyden, of Wickhambreaux, in 1568, gave by will to the poor of this parish and of Wickham, six acres and a half of land, called Church-close, to be divided between them yearly, now of the annual produce of 3l. 9s. 9d.

 

Sir Henry Palmer, by his will in 1611, gave 10s. to be paid yearly out of his manor of Welle, for the use of the poor.

 

James Franklyn, by will in 1616, gave to the parishes of Littleborne, Chistlet, and Hoathe, in Reculver, 5l. each, to be employed in a stock for the poor. This 5l. is now increased to 11l. this interest of which being 8s. 93frac34;d. is distributed among the poor in general.

 

Valentine Norton, gent. by his will, was a benefactor to the poor; but there are no particulars further known of it.

 

The poor constantly relieved are about fifty, casually thirtyfive.

 

This parish is within the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Bridge.

 

The church, which is dedicated to St. Vincent, consists of three isles and a chancel, having at the west end a low pointed steeple, in which hang five bells. The church is kept very neat. It is a good sized building, and is handsomely ceiled. The chancel is lostly, and has four narrow lancet windows on each side, and three at the end; in the former are the remains of good painted glass, and in the latter some years ago were the seven sacraments, &c. very handsomely done, with rich borders, but they have been some few years since removed. In it is a memorial for George I'anns, curate, obt. 1699. In the middle isle are several memorials for the family of Denne, for many descents lessees of the court-lodge, and descended from those of Dennehill, in Kingston, In the south-east window of the south isle is a saint holding a shield of arms, in front, Gules, three cocks, argent, being the arms of Bunington, on the lest side a moon, on the right a sun, all very well done; and there were formerly in one of the windows, the arms of Higham, argent, a lion passant regardant, between six cross-croslets fitchee, sable, impaling Gallaway, ermine, three lozenges, gules. A few years ago the north isle fell down, when there were some curious paintings discovered, by the breaking of the plaister from the walls. This isle was immediately rebuilt. In the church-yard, at the north-west part of it, are several tombs and head stones of the family of Denne before- mentioned.

 

¶The church of Littleborne was antiently appendant to the manor, part of the possessions of the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, and continued so till the year 1224, when Robert de Bello being chosen abbot, and finding much difficulty in obtaining the pope's benediction, to facilitate it, gave this church to the monastery of St. Mary de Monte Mirteto, in Italy, to which the pope, in 1241, appropriated it. Immediately after which, this parsonage, so appropriated, was demised to the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, in perpetual ferme, at the clear yearly sum of thirty marcs. (fn. 7) Four years after which, anno 1245, archbishop Stratford endowed the vicarage of it, the advowson of which was reserved to the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, when he decreed, that the vicarage should be endowed with a mansion, the tithes of filva cæ dua, of hay, and in three acres of arable, one acre of meadow, and in the receipt of three marcs and an half in money from the religious yearly, and in the tithes of flax, hemp, ducks, calves, pigeons, bees, milk, milkmeats, mills, wool, pigs, and in all oblations and other small tithes belonging to the church; and that the vicar should serve the church in divine rites, and find one chaplain to celebrate weekly in the chapel of Garwyntone, and to find bread, wine, and tapers, for celebrating divine rites in the church. Which endowment was afterwards, in 1370, certified by inspeximus, by archbishop Wittlesey. In which state this church and advowson remained till the final dissolution of the abbey of St. Augustine, in the 30th year of Henry VIII. when they came into the king's hands, and the king, in his 33d year, settled both, by his dotation-charter, on his new-erected dean and chapter of Canterbury, with whom they continue at this time. The parsonage has been from time to time let on a beneficial lease, Mr. Thomas Holness being the present lessee of it, but the advowson of the vicarage the dean and chapter retain in their own hands.

 

The vicarage of Littleborne is valued in the king's books at 7l. 19s. 10d. but the yearly tenths taken are sixteen shillings, the sum total being erroneonsly cast up in the king's books at eight pounds. The antient pension of 3l. 17s. 4d. from the abbey of St. Augustine's, is yearly received by the vicar out of the exchequer; the demesne lands of the court-lodge pay no greattithes, and the archbishop's woods in his own occupation pay none. In 1588 here were one hundred and fifty communicants; in 1640 the same, when it was valued at thirty-five pounds. It has been augmented by the dean and chapter with fifty pounds per annum.

 

The chapel of Lukedale, in the precinct of Well, was once esteemed as within the bounds of this parish, of which more may be seen herefter, under Ickham, to which parish Well is now annexed.

 

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol9/pp147-158

 

Whiskey is one of those things I've learned to greatly appreciate over the past 4 or 5 years. My good friend Rob introduced me to bourbon and scotch back when we used to live together, and he once even gave me a very fancy bottle of bourbon in return for watching his cat. This particular bottle (Elijah Craig, 12 year old, 94 proof) is pretty nice. It's good enough to drink on its own and enjoy it, yet I don't feel bad about fixing it into a Manhattan either. And now that I'm done with this week's photo, I'm going to go do exactly that.

 

Strobist:

1 sb600 camera right and high, 1/64 power, 1/4 CTO, fired through my home-made speed grid.

1 sb600 camera left and behind the subject, 1/32 power, 1/4 CTO, fired through a 12'' cardboard snoot.

 

Triggered with Cactus V4s.

The Chaos

by G. Nolst Trenite' a.k.a. "Charivarius" 1870 - 1946

Dearest creature in creation

Studying English pronunciation,

I will teach you in my verse

Sounds like corpse, corps, horse and worse

I will keep you, Susy, busy,

Make your head with heat grow dizzy.

Tear in eye your dress you'll tear,

So shall I! Oh, hear my prayer,

Pray, console your loving poet,

Make my coat look new, dear, sew it!

Just compare heart, beard and heard,

Dies and diet, lord and word,

Sword and sward, retain and Britain.

(Mind the latter, how it's written).

Made has not the sound of bade,

Say said, pay-paid, laid, but plaid.

Now I surely will not plague you

With such words as vague and ague,

But be careful how you speak,

Say break, steak, but bleak and streak.

Previous, precious, fuchsia, via,

Pipe, snipe, recipe and choir,

Cloven, oven, how and low,

Script, receipt, shoe, poem, toe.

Hear me say, devoid of trickery:

Daughter, laughter and Terpsichore,

Typhoid, measles, topsails, aisles.

Exiles, similes, reviles.

Wholly, holly, signal, signing.

Thames, examining, combining

Scholar, vicar, and cigar,

Solar, mica, war, and far.

From "desire": desirable--admirable from "admire."

Lumber, plumber, bier, but brier.

Chatham, brougham, renown, but known.

Knowledge, done, but gone and tone,

One, anemone. Balmoral.

Kitchen, lichen, laundry, laurel,

Gertrude, German, wind, and mind.

Scene, Melpomene, mankind,

Tortoise, turquoise, chamois-leather,

Reading, reading, heathen, heather.

This phonetic labyrinth

Gives moss, gross, brook, brooch, ninth, plinth.

Billet does not end like ballet;

Bouquet, wallet, mallet, chalet;

Blood and flood are not like food,

Nor is mould like should and would.

Banquet is not nearly parquet,

Which is said to rime with "darky."

Viscous, Viscount, load, and broad.

Toward, to forward, to reward.

And your pronunciation's O.K.,

When you say correctly: croquet.

Rounded, wounded, grieve, and sieve,

Friend and fiend, alive, and live,

Liberty, library, heave, and heaven,

Rachel, ache, moustache, eleven,

We say hallowed, but allowed,

People, leopard, towed, but vowed.

Mark the difference, moreover,

Between mover, plover, Dover,

Leeches, breeches, wise, precise,

Chalice, but police, and lice.

Camel, constable, unstable,

Principle, disciple, label,

Petal, penal, and canal,

Wait, surmise, plait, promise, pal.

Suit, suite, ruin, circuit, conduit,

Rime with "shirk it" and "beyond it."

But it is not hard to tell,

Why it's pall, mall, but Pall Mall.

Muscle, muscular, gaol, iron,

Timber, climber, bullion, lion,

Worm and storm, chaise, chaos, and chair,

Senator, spectator, mayor,

Ivy, privy, famous, clamour

And enamour rime with hammer.

Pussy, hussy, and possess,

Desert, but dessert, address.

Golf, wolf, countenance, lieutenants.

Hoist, in lieu of flags, left pennants.

River, rival, tomb, bomb, comb,

Doll and roll and some and home.

Stranger does not rime with anger.

Neither does devour with clangour.

Soul, but foul and gaunt but aunt.

Font, front, won't, want, grand, and grant.

Shoes, goes, does. Now first say: finger.

And then: singer, ginger, linger,

Real, zeal, mauve, gauze, and gauge,

Marriage, foliage, mirage, age.

Query does not rime with very,

Nor does fury sound like bury.

Dost, lost, post; and doth, cloth, loth;

Job, Job; blossom, bosom, oath.

Though the difference seems little,

We say actual, but victual.

Seat, sweat; chaste, caste.; Leigh, eight, height;

Put, nut; granite, and unite.

Reefer does not rime with deafer,

Feoffer does, and zephyr, heifer.

Dull, bull, Geoffrey, George, ate, late,

Hint, pint, Senate, but sedate.

Scenic, Arabic, Pacific,

Science, conscience, scientific,

Tour, but our and succour, four,

Gas, alas, and Arkansas.

Sea, idea, guinea, area,

Psalm, Maria, but malaria,

Youth, south, southern, cleanse and clean,

Doctrine, turpentine, marine.

Compare alien with Italian,

Dandelion with battalion.

Sally with ally, yea, ye,

Eye, I, ay, aye, whey, key, quay.

Say aver, but ever, fever.

Neither, leisure, skein, receiver.

Never guess--it is not safe:

We say calves, valves, half, but Ralph.

Heron, granary, canary,

Crevice and device, and eyrie,

Face but preface, but efface,

Phlegm, phlegmatic, ass, glass, bass.

Large, but target, gin, give, verging,

Ought, out, joust, and scour, but scourging,

Ear but earn, and wear and bear

Do not rime with here, but ere.

Seven is right, but so is even,

Hyphen, roughen, nephew, Stephen,

Monkey, donkey, clerk, and jerk,

Asp, grasp, wasp, and cork and work.

Pronunciation--think of psyche--!

Is a paling, stout and spikey,

Won't it make you lose your wits,

Writing "groats" and saying "grits"?

It's a dark abyss or tunnel,

Strewn with stones, like rowlock, gunwale,

Islington and Isle of Wight,

Housewife, verdict, and indict!

Don't you think so, reader, rather,

Saying lather, bather, father?

Finally: which rimes with "enough"

Though, through, plough, cough, hough, or tough?

Hiccough has the sound of "cup."

My advice is--give it up!

  

With her outgoing personality, Shelby is always the star of any special event.

 

But when a couple of kids wander off in a WMA up in Phillips County, she's got to go do what she does best.

 

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020

CHAPTER XV.

 

REPORT OF THE ALIENISTS.

 

The report of the sanity commission follows:

To the Honorable A. C. Backus, Judge of the Municipal Court of Milwaukee County:

Pursuant to your appointment of the undersigned on the 12th day of November, 1912, as a Commission to examine John Schrank with reference to his present mental condition, we respectfully submit our report.

This report consists of:

First: The examination of John Schrank with reference to his personal and family history, his present physical state, and his present mental state.

Second: Inquiry by means of data furnished by the New York Police Department, the Magistrate of Erding, Bavaria, reports furnished by the Milwaukee Police Department and other officials brought in contact with him, and certain documents furnished by the defendant himself, and others found in his possession, some of which are herewith submitted as exhibits, duly numbered.

Third: Summary and conclusions arrived at.

PERSONAL AND FAMILY HISTORY.

Age 36. Single. Born in Erding, Bavaria, March 5, 1876. Father born in Bavaria, and mother born in Bavaria. Occupation, bar tender and saloonkeeper. No regular occupation in the last one and one-half years. Education, common schools in Bavaria from the seventh to the twelfth year; three or four years in night school in New York, in English.

In early life a Roman Catholic; not a practical Catholic for the past 15 years.

His father died at the age of 38 of consumption; was a moderate drinker; the mother living at the age of 56 or 57. One brother and one sister living, in good health. One brother and one sister died in infancy.

A sister of mother insane, suffered from delusions of persecution; died of softening of the brain, so-called, in 1904, in Gabersee Asylum, Bavaria. Certified by Magistrate of Erding, Bavaria.

Patient states he was never seriously sick. Knows of no serious accident or injury. Never suffered from headaches.

Lived with grandparents from three to nine years of age; worked in a vegetable garden during that time, and then returned to parents.

HABITS.

Denies excesses; no use of tobacco until two years ago, never more than five or six cigars a day, average two or three cigars. Has generally taken about five pint bottles of beer in twenty-four hours, of late years. For two years, in 1902-1903, drank no intoxicants at all. He states he drank to slight excess at most half a dozen times a year. Never used drugs of any kind. Denies all venereal diseases, and presents no physical evidence of them. His usual habit was to retire before 10 o'clock at night.

PRESENT PHYSICAL STATE.

Height 5 feet 4½ inches in stocking feet. Weight, 160 pounds, with clothing. Is right-handed. Head presents no scars or injuries or evidence of injuries or irregularities of cranial bones; normal in shape, except measurements over left parietal bone from ear to median line at vertex is 1.25 centimeters larger than the right. Cephalic index 80. Cranial capacity normal. External ears normal in shape. Holds head slightly tilted to left. Shape of hard palate, mouth and teeth normal. Maxillary bones normal except lower jaw slightly prognathic. Blonde hair. Eyes, bluish gray. Complexion fair. Tongue, slight yellowish coating, edges clean. Appetite and general nutrition good. Stomach, digestion, bowels normal. Sleep good. State of heart and arteries normal. Blood pressure 125 to 130 systolic; 115 to 120 diastolic. Pulse 82-86. Temperature Nov. 12, 1912, P.M., 99.4. Nov. 14, normal. No scars on genitals. Urine practically a normal specimen.

NEUROLOGICAL.

The Eyes—Light, accommodation and sympathetic reflex present, but somewhat slow. Slight inequality of pupils, right distinctly larger than left. Color sense normal. No contraction of visual field. Slight horizontal nystagmus in both eyes on extreme outward rotation of the eyeballs. (Pupils equal and normal Nov. 20th, 1912.)

After above symptoms ascertained, 1.40 grain euphthalmine inserted, and examination of eye grounds showed no optic atrophy. The right eye ground (retina) was slightly higher in color than the left.

Hearing very acute, both sides.

Sense of taste and smell normal.

Tactile, pain, temperature and weight sense normal.

Deep Reflexes—Knee, reflex, right, irregularly present, regular on reinforcement; knee, left, absent; brought out by reinforcement irregularly.

Myotatic irritability of forearm, right markedly heightened; left slightly heightened.

No ankle-clonus.

Superficial Reflexes—Abdominal reflex present. Epigastric reflex absent. Cremasteric reflex, active both sides. No Oppenheim reflex. No Babinski reflex. Plantar reflex: right markedly heightened; left heightened.

Musculature—Arm and leg showed slightly diminished power on right side. The left side stronger, though subject right-handed.

Dynamometer, right 90, 90 (two tests); and left 100, 100 (two tests).

No Romberg symptom, and no inco-ordination of upper and lower extremities.

Gait and station normal.

Slight tremor of fingers, noticeable under mental excitement. At times slight tremor of lips.

EXAMINATION OF PRESENT MENTAL STATE.

Tests for attention show normal conditions.

Tests for memory, general and special, show normal conditions.

Tests for association of ideas and words showed special bearing upon his delusional state.

Logical power good, except as limited by his delusions.

Judgment the same.

Has no "insight" as to his own mental condition.

Emotional tests show tone of feeling exalted.

Orientation correct as to time and place.

Delusions present, as subsequently set forth.

 

CHAPTER XVI.

 

FINDING OF THE ALIENISTS.

 

We find that John Schrank came to New York at the age of 12, and lived with his uncle and aunt as foster parents, who kept a saloon at 370 East Tenth street, New York City.

Before coming to this country he had 5 years of the public schools of his native village in Bavaria, and after arrival in this country his only schooling was such as he could obtain at night schools in New York during 3 or 4 years.

Up to this time no peculiarity had been observed in him, from any evidence available. We note the fact that he was most especially interested in history and government, as illustrated by political writings and by the Bible. He speaks frequently of his very great admiration for the character of George Washington.

At 15 or 16 years of age he became greatly interested in poetry. This perhaps corresponds to the period of development at which eccentricities are wont to appear.

He represents that in the saloon in which he worked he was chiefly engaged in supplying beer to residents of neighboring tenements; that there was no gambling or other immoral conduct practiced or encouraged in this business place. He went on for over 12 years as barkeeper. His uncle and aunt had during this time accumulated means for the purchase of a small tenement. At the death of the uncle and aunt in 1910 and 1911 the defendant came into possession of this property.

In the last year and a half has not been in any regular business or employment, and spent his time in long walks about New York and Brooklyn, during which he meditated upon poetical compositions, and political and historical questions, jotting down ideas upon loose slips of paper as they came to him, night or day, forming the basis of his poems. He spent his evenings in a saloon, retiring early. The average daily quantity of stimulants or beer taken by him was insufficient to produce intoxication. He also states that in 1902 and 1903, for a period of nearly 2 years, he drank no intoxicants at all.

He states that in 1901, between 1 and 2 o'clock in the morning of the day after President McKinley's death he experienced a vivid dream, in which he appeared to be in a room with many flowers and a casket, and saw a figure sit up in the casket, which he says was the form and figure of the assassinated President McKinley, who then pointed to a corner of the room, and said, "Avenge my death." He then looked where the finger pointed and saw a form clad in a Monkish garb, and recognized the form and face of this individual as the form and face of Theodore Roosevelt.

At the time this made a strong impression, but was not dwelt upon especially except in the light of later events.

Prior to the nomination of Colonel Roosevelt for the Presidency in the year 1912, he had felt great interest in the political campaign, and had read articles expressing great bitterness toward the idea of a third term, and toward Colonel Roosevelt personally in the newspapers of New York, and after the period when the nomination of Colonel Roosevelt began to be actively agitated, meditated more deeply upon these matters. He had always studied with the greatest interest the questions of free government, as illustrated by the Declaration of Independence, and Washington's Farewell Address. In this connection, the Monroe doctrine also assumed great importance in his mind, and the converse thereof, the duty of this nation to refrain from war of conquest; and out of these meditations grew what he elaborated into his declaration as to the unwritten laws, or "The Four Pillars of our Republic," namely (1) the Third Term Tradition, (2) the Monroe Doctrine, (3) that only a Protestant by creed can become president, (4) no wars of conquest. This document, hereunto annexed as Exhibit 1, fully sets forth his views on these subjects.

These "four unwritten laws" had assumed in his mind a character of sacredness. They were "sacred traditions" to be maintained at all hazards, and, as subsequently appeared, even the hazard of life.

The following are some quotations from this document:

"Tradition is an unwritten law."

"I would doubt the right of a court to have jurisdiction over a man who had defended tradition of his country against violation."

"The oldest of these traditions is the 'third term tradition,' it has never been violated and is an effective safeguard against unscrupulous ambition, but never before has been established a test case of its inviolability as a warning to coming adventurers."

"For the first time in American history we are confronted by a man to whom practically nothing is sacred, and he pretends to stand above tradition."

"Anybody who finances a Third Term Movement should be expatriated and his wealth confiscated."

"The dangers in this campaign are these, the third termer is sure that the nomination has been stolen, and that the country and the job belongs to him, therefore, if he gets honestly defeated in November he will again yell that the crooks of both parties have stolen the election and should he carry a solid West, he and the hungry office-seekers would not hesitate to take up arms to take by force what is denied him by the people, then we face a Civil War, * * * * * * and that he who wilfully invites war deserves death. We would then be compelled to wash out the sin of violating the Third Term with the blood of our sons. Yet this is not the gravest danger we are facing. We have allowed an adventurer to circumtravel the Union with military escort with the torch of revolution in his hands to burn down the very house we live in."

"Have we learned no lesson about a one man's rule experienced in France with such disastrous results as the end of the reign of Napoleon I and Napoleon III."

"Are we trying to establish here a system like our ancestors have done in Europe, which all revolutions of a thousand years could not abolish."

"Are we overthrowing our Republic, while the heroes of the French revolutions, and the martyrs of 1848 gladly gave their lives to establish Republican institutions."

"The abolition of the Third Term tradition is the abolition of the Monroe doctrine also."

"Hardly any revolution has started without pretending that their movement was progressive."

"The prudence of our forefathers has delivered to us an equally sacred unwritten law which reads that no president should embrace another creed than Protestant, if possible, a sect of the English Church. I am a Roman Catholic. I love my religion but I hate my church as long as the Roman parish is not independent from Rome, as long as Catholic priests are prevented from getting married, as long as Rome is still more engaged in politics and accumulation of money contrary to the teachings of the Lord. The Roman Catholic Church is not the religion for a president of the United States."

"The Fourth unwritten law, which is practically supplementary to the second, we find in George Washington's Farewell Address, where he advises us to live in peace with your neighbor. We have no right to start a war of conquest."

In his examination in this connection he stated as follows: "Four-fifths of the United States would take up arms to defend the Third Term tradition. Trying to get perpetual power and dictatorship would justify killing."

He also said he would be justified to the same extent, that is, by killing, a man who would seek the presidency and was a Roman Catholic; and also for a man who would start a war for conquest; and he thought also of the possibility of foreign powers to help Roosevelt possibly to annex the Panama Canal and break down the Monroe Doctrine. He said he believed the country would be facing a civil war if Roosevelt went on as he had done.

He gives as a reason for his present attack upon Roosevelt, that he did not wish to give him (Roosevelt) an opportunity to plead that no defense of the Third Term tradition had been made in 1912 should he aspire to another term in 1916. Asked as to how he reconciled his act with the commandment "Thou shalt not kill," he replied that, "religion is the fundamental law of human order, but to kill to try and do a good thing, and to avenge McKinley's murder, justifies the killing."

The proof of his position came to him in his dream and in his vision.

"Roosevelt's ambition and conduct proves to every man that he was back of McKinley's assassination in some way or other."

The defendant says that he prayed God to find a leader among men who would take this responsibility, and he expected all along someone else would do this thing, but no one did it, and as he was a single man of 36, without a family, and thought the deed was a good deed, and it made no difference to him, he was willing to sacrifice his life for that end, even if he were torn to pieces by the mob. He therefore concluded that it was his mission, and desired to make of this a test case.

  

Henry F. Cochems.

(Who was in the Automobile with Col. Roosevelt when the Ex-President was Shot.)

 

He thinks the election returns corroborate the fact that the people have been awakened to the idea of no Third Term.

In the progress of the campaign, when the progressive movement had taken shape, and Colonel Roosevelt had been nominated as the head of a third party, and on August 7th, 1912, the dream which had come to him in 1901, as above related, began to assume more importance, and special significance in his mind. He felt extreme agitation on this subject continuously. On the morning of September 15th, 1912, the anniversary of the date of his dream in 1901, having retired as usual the night before with his manuscript by his bedside, he suddenly awakened between 1 and 2 A.M., with the completion of a poem entitled "Be a Man" uppermost in his mind.

We insert the poem at this point:

1. Be a man from early to late

When you rise in the morning

Till you go to bed

Be a man.

2. Is your country in danger

And you are called to defend

Where the battle is hottest

And death be the end

Face it and be a man.

3. When you fail in business

And your honor is at stake

When you bury all your dearest

And your heart would break

Face it and be a man.

4. But when night draws near

And you hear a knock

And a voice should whisper your

Time is up; Refuse to answer

As long as you can

Then face it and be a man.

He found his ideas were taking shape, and getting up he sat writing, when he suddenly became aware of a voice speaking in a low and sad tone, "Let no murderer occupy the presidential chair for a third term. Avenge my death!" He felt a light touch upon his left shoulder, and turning, saw the face of former President McKinley. It bore a ghostlike aspect. This experience had a decisive effect in fixing in his mind the iniquity of the third term, and from this time he questioned as to his duty in the matter, and he finally regarded this vision and its connection with the exact anniversary of the dream as a command to kill Roosevelt, and as an inspiration. When asked by us whether he considered this as imagination or as inspiration and a command from God, while showing some reluctance to claim the vision as an inspiration, he finally answered decisively that he did.

When asked whether a man had a right to take a weapon and hunt down a man who had violated tradition, he submitted his written statement in reply, which is hereto annexed as Exhibit 2, some quotations from which are as follows:

"I should say where self-sacrifice begins the power of law comes to an end, and if I knew that my death during my act would have this tradition more sacred I would be sorry that my life was spared so convinced am I of my right to act as I did that if I were ever a free man again I would at once create an Order of Tradition."

"I presume you men would declare Joan d'Arc, the Maid of Orleans insane because the Holy Virgin appeared to her in a vision."

"When we read that God had appeared to Moses in the shape of a burning thorn bush, then again as a cloud, we will find many people who doubt the appearance of God to man in human or other shape."

"Why then in cases of dire national needs should not the God appear to one of us in vision."

The defendant states that at no time and under no circumstances did he communicate to anyone his intention. In fact, he kept it as an inviolable secret and took measures to throw off the scent persons who might inquire about his leaving New York. The defendant stated in this connection that he did not wish to commit the act in New York, as it would then be claimed that he had been "hired by Wall Street" and in that way the real purpose of the act would be obscured.

 

CHAPTER XVII.

 

SCHRANK DESCRIBES SHOOTING.

 

(BEFORE SANITY COMMISSION.)

 

On September 21, 1912, he left New York City, having first borrowed $350, and purchased a 38-caliber revolver, for which he paid $14. His efforts from this time were continuous to come within shooting distance of Colonel Roosevelt. He missed him at Chattanooga and at Atlanta, and then went to Evansville, where he remained seven days awaiting Colonel Roosevelt's return to the West. He then sought to come within range of Colonel Roosevelt in Chicago, and states that he waited for him at the exit of the building, where he spoke, but found afterwards that he had left by a different exit. He then preceded him to Milwaukee, arriving here at 1 o'clock P.M. the day preceding the attack.

On the evening of the shooting Schrank arrived at the hotel, where he had learned Colonel Roosevelt would stay, in advance of the time he was expected to start for the place of meeting. When a crowd began to collect around the automobile awaiting Colonel Roosevelt at the curb, he went into the street, standing near the automobile in a line just behind the front seat on the left hand side opposite the chauffeur's seat. He says,

"Seeing him enter the automobile and just about to seat himself, I fired. I did not pick any particular spot on his body. The crowd was all around me and in front of me. The next minute I was knocked down, but was not rendered insensible, and the gun was knocked out of my hands."

The defendant insists that he said nothing during his assault. He was then dragged to the sidewalk, and getting on his feet was hurried into the hotel, and the doors were locked. Here he said nothing, and was taken by the police through the back door to police headquarters.

From the examination at police headquarters, made at 9:25 P.M., October 14, 1912, by the Chief of Police, John T. Janssen, we find that he objected to telling his name, but did so when it was insisted upon. We also find that his statements made to the police concerning his following and attempting to gain access to Colonel Roosevelt, and his visits to various localities correspond, and his explanations of his acts agree with those made to us.

Some of his statements to the Chief of Police, are as follows, as extracted from document submitted herewith, marked Exhibit 3.

Q. Why did you want to meet him?

A. Because I wanted to put him out of the way. A man that wants a third term has no right to live.

Q. That is, you wanted to kill him?

A. I did.

Q. Have you any other reason in wanting to kill him?

A. I have.

Q. What is that?

A. I had a dream several years ago that Mr. McKinley appeared to me and he told me that Mr. Roosevelt is practically his real murderer, and not this here Czolgosz.

Q. Did you know Johann Most when he was alive?

A. No, sir.

Q. Did you ever hear him talk?

A. No, sir.

Q. Did you ever hear Emma Goldman?

A. No, sir; I am not an anarchist or socialist or democrat or republican; I just took up the thing the way I thought it was best to do.

(It seems worth while to note that the defendant differs from many assassins of rulers or prospective rulers in having no anarchistic ideas or connections, but rather that he intended to be an upholder of established government.)

"Mr. Grant was refused" (a third term) "and he was satisfied; this man was refused and he is not satisfied; it's gone beyond limits; if he keeps on doing this after election, he can't possibly carry a solid Western state; the next thing we will have a civil war, because he will say the scoundrels and thieves and crooks stole my nomination, and now they will steal my election, and they will take up arms in all the Western states; we are facing a civil war just to keep him in a third term."

Q. Where did you get all this idea from?

A. I have been reading history all the time.

Q. What schooling did you have?

A. Well, I have attended school in the old country, and I attended night school in New York for about four winters; that's all the schooling I had.

Q. You haven't a very good education then?

A. Indeed I ain't.

Q. Have you always enjoyed good health?

A. Yes, sir; I am a healthy sane man, never been sick.

Q. Well, do you believe that that is a sane act that you committed this evening?

A. I believe that is my duty as a citizen to do, it's the duty of every citizen to do so.

Q. Well, how did you happen to get the idea that it was your duty among all the people that live in the United States?

A. I don't know, I thought maybe somebody else might do it before I got there.

Q. And you spoke to no one about your intention on all the route you took concerning this, nobody?

A. No, sir; nobody.

While in jail the prisoner prepared a written defense, which we submit herewith as Exhibit 4, and we extract certain sentences from the same, as follows:

"Gentlemen of the Jury, I appeal to you as men of honor, I greet you Americans and countrymen and fathers of sons and daughters. I wish to apologize to the community of Milwaukee for having caused on October 14th last, great excitement, bitter feeling, and expenses."

"Gentlemen of the Jury: When on September 14th last I had a vision, I looked into the dying eyes of the late President McKinley, when a voice called me to avenge his death, I was convinced that my life was coming soon to an end, and I was at once happy to know that my real mission on this earth was to die for my country and the cause of Republicanism."

"You see that I have appeared here today without assistance of a counsellor at law, without any assistance save that of God, the Almighty, who is ever with him who is deserted, because I am not here to defend myself nor my actions."

"The law I have violated for which you will punish me is not in any statute book."

"The shot at Milwaukee which created an echo in all parts of the world was not a shot fired at the citizen Roosevelt, not a shot at an ex-president, not a shot at the candidate of a so-called prog. pty. (Progressive party), not a shot to influence the pending election, not a shot to gain for me notoriety; no, it was simply to once and forever establish the fact that any man who hereafter aspires to a third presidential term will do so at the risk of his life."

"If I do not defend tradition I cannot defend the country in case of war. You may as well send every patriot to prison."

(As showing the erratic reasoning of the defendant, the following passage, intimating that the assassination of President McKinley was a part of a conspiracy to elevate Colonel Roosevelt to a permanent control of the destinies of the United States, we quote further:)

"Political murders have occurred quite often, committed by some power that works in the dark and only too frequently of late the assassin was classed as an anarchist, but the real instigators could never be brought to justice. Whoever the direct murderer of President McKinley has been it could never be proven that he has ever been affiliated with any anarchistic or similar society, but we may well conclude that the man who in years after willingly violated the third unwritten law of the country whenever he thought it profitable to change his creed while president, perhaps to the mother of monarchies."

(From the remarks of the prisoner in our examination of him, we find by "the mother of monarchies" that he refers to the Roman Catholic Church.)

We further quote:

"Such was his fear that his machine, built up in 7½ years will be destroyed over night, that he threatened not to leave the chair unless he were allowed to nominate his successor."

"Gentlemen of the jury: The 3t (third termer) 'never again will I run for pres.' (president) has a parallel in the history of Rome. Whoever read the history of Julius Caesar knows that this smart politician while elected dictator managed to become so popular with the people that they offered him the kingly crown, but J. Caesar knew that he had to bide his time, that the rest of Senators know of his ambition, and after refusing three times he knew they would offer it to him a fourth time, and when then he accepted it he was murdered for ambition's sake."

"He" (Colonel Roosevelt) "was ambitiously waiting for the Government at Washington to start a military intervention in Mexico, but the leaders of the Republican party feared that the 3t (third termer) would muster an army of volunteer Rough Riders and return at election as the conquering hero."

"The danger even more grave than civil war is the possibility of intervention of foreign powers, who may help the 3t (third termer) in order to keep the Union disunited and separated." * * * * * *

"We would at once realize that we are surrounded by a pack of hungry wolves ready to destroy this hated Republic, ready to destroy Monroe Doctrine, ready to annex the Panama Canal and the great land of the brave and free, the home many millions free people, the dream of all heroes and martyrs for political freedom to 1848 would have ceased to be owing to the ambitions of one man, and one man's rule. I hope that the shot at Milwaukee has awakened the patriotism of the American nation."

"I have been accused of having selected a state where capital punishment is abolished. I would say that I did not know the laws of any state I travelled through. It would be ridiculous to fear death after the act as I expected to die during the act, and not live to tell the story, and if I knew that my death would have made the third term tradition more sacred, I am sorry I could not die for my country."

"Now, Honorable Men of the Jury, I wish to say no more, in the name of God go and do your duty, and only countries who ask admission by popular vote and accept the popular vote never wage a war of conquest murder for to steal abolishes opportunity for ambitious adv. (adventurers).

"All political adventurers and military leaders have adopted the career of conquering heroes wholesale murder, wholesale robbers called national aggrandizement. Prison for me is like martyrdom to me, like going to war. Before me is the spirit of George Washington, behind me, that of McKinley."

(The last sentence the prisoner explained, was written hastily, and he expected to revise it.)

the pic says it all

 

Dreams.. a thing of the past? or future preferences?

Everyone has a fairy tale.. and everyone has a dream.

find it. ♥

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

Dont ask what the world needs, Ask what makes you come alive, and go do it. Cause the world needs people who have come alive and are comfortable in every inch of flesh they wear

Weich Taube made a special request to "tag" Mad-Eye.

I have chosen to honor her request. So that everyone can know what made him so special.

 

This will be a difficult one, but I know that Taube truly loved him. So please bear with me as I try to write this, Mad-Eye was one of the most special friends I ever had.

 

On December 21st, 2007 I found Mad-Eye in at a little mom&pop pet store near where I was attending college. Supposedly he had been attacked by another rat during transport. I always believed his injuries were human caused, not rat caused.

 

He was missing an eye, his head was deformed, one back foot was mangled, and his tail was badly kinked. Regardless what had happened to him, Mad-Eye had a capacity to love greater than any other spirit, or soul I have ever encountered. He only lived 12 months due to complications from his injuries. But in that year, he made a life long impression on my heart.

 

#1 When I first came to my forever home, I was terrified and trembled in fear until I got my first and bestest Chwistmas present!

 

#2 My bestest Chwistmas present was meeting Dilbert Doo on Chwistmas day. We became forever friends from the first sniff. We have been soul buddies ever since.

 

#3 Dilbert taught me that hoomans r not all bad, and dat our hooman was bestest of all!! Since I loved my buddie Dilbert Doo, and he loves daddy, then I loves daddy too!!! (I never does anyfing half way!)

 

#4 My hooman gave me another name! (really special ratties have more than one name!) For some reason he calls me Mr. Funny Face. I dunno why, I just like makin' faces to shows I's happy.

 

#5 I discovered I can hear really, really good! I hear daddy when he gets home from da big hooman school, Every day I makes sure I wakes up n runs to wait for daddy at the top of the scary steps (I neber goes down them!) Daddy scoops me up an tickles me, n give me scratches in alla da right places and we both laugh an smile. Then I curls up on mah daddy's chest an takes a nap. Daddy has a broad chest, good thing too 'cause I's a very long rat!!!

 

#6 Most of the times, the only places I sleeps r with daddy, or wherever mah Dilbert Doo is! (He neber wakes up for afternoon times wif daddy, so daddy says that is "maddie'n'daddy time)

 

#7 I once found a hidden stash of walnuts. I was so happy! Daddy laughed himself silly as I ran around trying to stash this treasure I had found. Dilbert told me they had been hidden there a long time ago by some famous rat named Midnight. I hopes I c'n be famous some day. Not sure whut it is, but it sounds important.

 

#8 Mah fav food iz sumfing daddy calls "chickens" the only time I ever looked firece was when I was eatin' mah chickens, no one was takin that away from me!!!

 

#9 I got sick shortly after I waz a grown up rattie. It made daddy n Dilbert very sad. I don't think they wanted me to go, but I felt like there was sumfin better waiting for me. They both told me it was okay to go, but I don't think they liked the idea.

 

#10 When I got to the other side of dis big bridge, I saw dis big, funny looking black rat waiting for me. Man was he huge! I founded out, dis was that famous rat Midnight!!! He introduced me to two other guys and they called themselve The Big Sillies, must be sum kinda rat gang... They tolded me that I was very special and the reason I had to leave mah daddy 'n' Dilbert was that I has too much love. Now I has mah special mission to go help others that need love, whether ratties, or hamsters, or hoomans. I really lubs mah job, an the new body that I got with it. A long time later, I was recalled to da bridge, the Big Sillies said sumone speshial was comin' home and I had to meet them. It was DILBERT DOO!!! He tolded me he stayed with daddy a long time and made sure he was happy and had new Sillies to make him smile. Dude, he was one old rat until he finally made it to this side of the bridge.

 

So now I's semi-retired. Me n Dilbert hand out with the Big Sillies, run 'n play, and everyonce in a while we hear daddy callin askin for help for someone. Then we has to stop playin' an help, or Lefteye will sit on us (not a good thing, trust me) Okay, now you know I turned out okay. I b happy in my new body, with my long lost friend Dilbert Doo...go do hooman things, we has walnuts to steal from Midnight an stash!!!

Partner,

I was thinking of some solid hexies in a field of linen. Your inspiration had solids and prints but I thought these solids really made a great group. This is my first time making hexies for a project so we'll see how it goes. Do you like this palette, on the right track or no?

My current project is the construction of a meter-scale modular origami tower using my ZEBRA construction system. This is the tip of the tower under construction, folded from 250 uncut sheets of 100 g/m² A4 office paper and assembled without glue or other means of fixation. Its base is built on top of the 47 cm x 47 cm framework segment shown here.

 

Presently, the tower measures 2.25 m from bottom to top (I'm not done yet, but this is as far as my living room allows me to go). Does this already set the world record for the tallest origami object built from standard small-scale paper formats? The tallest comparable object I'm aware of is Jeannine Moseley's business card cube model of Worcester Union Station (shown on this web page), which is less than 2 m high.

 

Comments and pointers to related work are welcome!

   

I wish I had had a 50 for this, but oh well, I kinda like the super wide framing

 

My dad and brother went to go do some runs on the other side of the mountain, and told me to meet them here, at the top of this lift. I wanted to shoot some photos, so I took my time going down a wide green run (that's where my last shot came from). I came back up and sat my butt down in the snow at the meeting spot. I waited there for like half an hour, and they never showed. So in that time I decided I would try to see what I could get with people coming around the bend, and this is one I got.

Keeping on the straight and narrow.

 

Taken at the same time as this one at the end of June www.flickr.com/photos/vab2009/7706490594/in/photostream

This was one of the key features in the original A3D-1 design - standard procedure in the early days of US 'special weapons' aka atomic bombs, was that a human had to manually enable the hellish device before it could explode, and that enabling only took place after the plane was aloft. Both bombs dropped on Japan required someone to climb into the unpressurized bomb bay and do something with the bomb, as they flew 5 miles or more above the ocean. Very classified at the time, I'm sure you can find a Wikipedia article now.

 

The A3 was one of the last airplanes the Navy bought without ejection seats, the three crew climbed up an inclined ramp with a few footholds let into its surface to get from the hatch ahead of the bomb bay doors, to the cockpit. In an emergency, the theory was for the hatch at the bottom to be opened, forming a wind block and escape chute, and the two crew would slide down the chute (one at a time) and fall free of the airplane. When the rest of the crew were safe, the pilot would set the autopilot (or pray) and dive for the chute themselves. Why the crew would need to abandon an airplane flying so sedately and compliantly wasn't made clear.

 

Halfway down the chute was this hatch, where a skilled crewman (all men in those days, probably an officer too) would make their way, inflight, and taking care not to drop out the hatch at the bottom, they'd open this door and climb into the bomb bay. Once there, make your way to the bomb, without falling out the bomb bay doors (they're closed, but how much weight could they hold? Was there a cat walk? Zip line? A piece of 2 X 12" lumber? An aluminum plank? Then do what you need to do to arm the bomb, make your way back through the hatch, up the ramp and back into the cockpit.

 

Job well done. If your crew manage to survive to get to the target, you can drop your atomic bomb and it will kill hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions, of people.

 

The same setup was in the Navy's North American Savage, Air Force B-45, Convair B-36, Boeing B-47 and 52. Later, remotely activated were invented, so takeoff was still 'safe' and only in the event of a war mission would detonation be enabled. Then the bomb could be strapped to the outside of a single-seat airplane, and the one pilot, by themself, would fly the mission, arm the weapon, attack the target and try to get home after.

 

All in all, we're so much better off that we never had WW III. But we should never forget how we got there, under threat, in fear, doubt and uncertainty, short of any recourse but to meet threats with threats, nightmares with nightmares. All those young men willing to go do the unthinkable. We should never take lightly the devotion of our young persons in the service.

 

P5120810

 

Oakland Aviation Museum www.oaklandaviationmuseum.org/hours-and-location

My camera seems to be collecting a little dust lately, so I thought I’d better clean it off and go do something fun. So, the other day I put all chores aside, and drove down to the Sun Valley Animal Shelter in Glendale, Az, and asked permission to photograph some kitties. I feel much better now ;o)

So here, if you’re in the Phoenix area, and happen to be looking, are some of the cuties currently up for adoption @ the Sun Valley Shelter ;o)

  

Press "L" NOW! Its so much better :)...now go do it! :)

 

Today was a hectic day for me. Finally got a chance to go out and shoot my new Civic Coupe I got last week! I love the feel of this car. Its a HONDA! Thought this one turned out awesome! Found a sweet new location! What do you think?

More to come!

 

5D Mark II

50 1.4

Natural Light

 

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[14:08] Shiroyu Takakura sneaks around Amara trying to get as close to her as possible as quietly as he can. Making absolutely not much noise moving like a not so mute shadow.

 

[14:09] Amara hardly noticed, the typing never halting once. She, being the little geek she was, happened to be too busy analyzing a new plant she found to notice a certain kitsune.

 

[14:12] Shiroyu Takakura ears were pinned back in total stealth mode. This reduced wind friction making him even LESS stealthier. I said less on purpose there. Why because now he looks worse than a normal distraction..but a retarded distraction but he was behind her now and closing in at high speed. He lifts his hands because obviously they make no noise and drops them on her shoulders trying to scare whilst simultaneously yell/shouting. "OOOGAHBOOGAHBOOGAH!"

 

[14:18] Amara 's nose caught the approaching Shiro but it was a little late. As she turned to react, Amara was greeted with sudden hands on her shoulders and a loud absurd noise. She threw her hands up in reaction screaming, laptop falling to the side, and causing a good amount of spook to run down her spine. "Shiro, you jackass! That wasn't funny!" Granted she was laughing a little at this, but Amara did not like being startled one bit.

 

[14:23] Shiroyu Takakura believes he officially scared Amara for the last time today. He holds both his hands up in defense. "You were busy looking at flowers so I figured I'd help myself. It could've been Serp and you would've been fucked." There was totally a shadow up here the other day but Shiro didn't see him. Its a shame. He SO would've snuck up on it and put it in a sleeper hold.

 

[14:26] May Barnett decided to do her own little surprise pounce after the guy lectured someone else about it. She stands up and takes a few swift steps and jumps towards the two, letting out a proper roar of her own.

 

[14:27] Amara sighed, checking her laptop for damages before closing it. "I was looking up a new plant in the swamps to see if it could be used as medicine, but you have a point. I need to be more alert now, for more than a few reasons." She tried and failed a few times to stand before eventually catching her footing...only to spy a new face heading for them.

 

[14:35] Shiroyu Takakura's ear would twitch as he hears someone running at him from behind. Things would go in slow motion. Bullet time. He'd see things that he probably wouldn't notice otherwise such as a small mushroom growing out of a bit rock that made up the wall to the den. He'd attempt to rotate his body at the noise but would too late. They would collide sending Shiroyu back and nearly off the roof. "A S D F J K L " he'd growl in the lowest most time distorted voice you ever heard in you life. Down he goes. Flailing arms and the works... time would speed up for a moment and then slow down again just as he was about to hit the ground below because this was SO obviously sparta.

 

[14:40] May Barnett lands perfectly after hitting the guy apparently, not quite what she'd planned on doing but he didnt seem to give her much choice. She just looks down after him and then turns to look at the woman standing there, next to her, and shrugged her shoulders lightly. "Some ninja he is.."

 

[14:42] Amara blinked, the Shiro before her vanishing in a blur off the roof. "Wow...that was random." She nodded ot the new woman before leaning near the edge. "Nice shot. Shiro!" she called out. "You alright? Any broken bones or bruised pride?"

 

[14:44] Shiroyu Takakura's leg would twitch as he laid there in the dirt looking quite obviously owned. He took a scare WAY worse than Amara. No shit. Shiroyu must've been terrified when he saw that human/cat torpedo launched directly at him. That shit had like a 500 megaton yield. When it hit him he felt the ultraviolet radiation from the epicenter and was quite literally lifted off his feet. He probably blacked out mid flight and when he came too he was sprawled out on the ground. Seriously though this is the definition of maimed. "Ugghhhhmmmmmghh."

 

[14:46] May Barnett would lean over a bit, just to look down and then nodded "Sounds like he's alive atleast.. eh well.. maybe that'll teach him.. ". Max starts patting her pockets for smokes and when she finally finds one she lights it up. "Yep..".

 

[14:49] Amara chuckled at the Alpha's half dead position on the gravel. "I suppose so. You've managed to do the impossible - make Shiro eat dirt. Bravo dear." Amara gave a mock applause before hopping down and maneuvering the rocks to reach Shiro. He certainly sounded fine, but she wanted to make sure he really hadn't hurt himself.

 

[14:54] Shiroyu Takakura probably broke a couple of hundred ribs but he'll be alright. As I'm sure you all know already Tanks have no need for puny human organs and bone structures. Just get him an additional sheet of solid titanium steel composite to cover the hole and he'll be alright. Rolling over Notsees in no time at all..and by notsees I obviously mean catwalkers. You see what I did there? Yeah.. "Did...anyone catch the number of that bus..." he managed to say..but he didn't know that it wasn't a bus that hit him. You see what I did there also!? Damn I'm a genius but yeah his chest hurts a little bit. cough. Titanium Steel Composite chassis. Cough.

 

[14:58] May Barnett sniffed the air, listened at the coughing and moaning from below and suddenly felt so very bored. She just ruffles her hair a bit and wonders what the hell to do next. Where was Kay when Max needed some entertainment?.

 

[15:01] Amara poked the one twitchy leg nearest to her, mumbling a low "Daijoubu?" between prods. She glanced up at the new female. "Help me get him inside at least." She was surprised to see that Shiro had something of a metal shell within him, but then again Amara's scans normally weren't set to detect that. "Since when did you have this plate over your stomach, eh?" she questioned while starting to dig the alpha out.

 

[15:06] Shiroyu Takakura was about to answer with some grandios big ass lie about a war he wasn't in. "I got shot.. " Yeah. I see that my post is a little confusing here so I'll explain. That wasn't the lie part..the part bout him saying her got shot because he did..but if he had gone on to say that he was in World War III with alien cowboy catwalker bandit pirate samurai then he would've been lying. but he didn't say that..he just said he had been shot. "Awhile ago." in the past. Now he could go on to say he time traveled back to before World War Three ( because that obviously already happened ) and fought prehistoric alien cowboy catwalker bandit pirate samurai. That would be a lie too.

[15:06] Shiroyu Takakura: * he

 

[15:09] May Barnett takes a long drag from her cig and then flicks it away, letting the smoke out through her nostrils and then drops down to the two, but not on top of either, even though jumping on the guy tempted her. "You gonna whine while we carry you inside or can you stand up on your own feet like a man..?". Yep, it was a good time to question his manhood.

 

[15:16] Amara rolled her eyes. "Oh that's nice to say, umm...sorry, I never asked your name?" She circled around to gather Shiro by the shoulder, leaving the legs for the female if Shiro couldn't walk. "Whether you got shot or no, you've got something of a hole there. We have pieces of metal and stuff for mech parts patchups. There may be something in there to mend it."

 

[15:18] Shiroyu Takakura wants to shoot max with his fist but he wouldn't do that. Thats not the 'nice' thing to do. There is only a limited range of functions for a Navy Gunship to explore not many of them include being social. I could shoot you. I could shine a big ass light on you. I can annoy you with my propellers. ( They have high RPM so If I hover near you I can fuck up your wig. ) and last but not least I can run over and kick you in the balls for being both a hermaphrodite and a jackass ass.

[15:18] Amara Parmelee: ((hahaha))

 

[15:19] May Barnett would take a hold of the guys legs, lifting him up cause he obviously wasnt man enough to walk on his own, and apparently suffered from some sort of penis envy or small nuts syndrome. "Max.." she says to Amara while helping her out with the lazy bum.

 

[15:22] Amara shook her head, putting the name to the scent for future reference. "I'm Amara, nice to meet you, Max. We can haul him through the front doors." She hoisted him up, her hands hooked under Shiro's arms as they started walking. She was mildly glad her right arm took most of the weight for this.

 

[15:22] Shiroyu Takakura hopes he/she/YOU weren't about to start talking penis sizes because I will fucking drown you. "Thanks." he says adjusting his tail rotors after he was helped up. "I'm fine though." he says touching his chest for a moment feeling quite winded but nonetheless alright.

 

[15:24] May Barnett wouldnt bother because the man stood on his own feet after all. Real propellor man. She just nods at Amara and then heads on her ways, going inside to look for something better to do.

 

[15:25] Amara unceremoniously drops Shiro after realizing he can move on his own. "Nevermind then...hehe. You were saying something along the lines of us being on our guard before you were knocked from a one storey roof?"

 

[15:29] Shiroyu Takakura wonders why the new people have to be such jackfaces sometimes. "Yeah, I think I was but more importantly you should be on your guard for Judges." he says having to of had to search his memory for 'Important' things to mention to Amara. "I'm not so sure they're gonna let us -" The Pack. " roam around freely anymore. Just be careful..and ALSO." he says pointing to his tails. "Confiscate pink paint from your daughter. Its not good for my appearance."

 

[15:32] Amara stifled a chuckle at the pinkness, but nods all the same. "Understood. The Judges are not my biggest concern though I will be careful roaming to and from home. That's why I started wearing this," she taps her holster. "Again. I can't really use my blades efficiently right now."

 

[15:38] Shiroyu Takakura asks "Why?" she can't use her blades. Maybe it was because she broke them. When your doing all that hacking on plants and computer your weapons blade will start to dull. Thats- FUCK I can't think of a good joke to put here. I didn't want this to be a normal post. Nothing is normal unless I can make fun of it.

 

[15:42] Amara taps on her protruding belly next. "I can't move as fast as I would like with this...and in later weeks, it would only get more difficult to handle hand to hand. Until I have the baby, a firearm is my best bet." It had nothing to do with plants hacking so there! "I admit I need to brush up on my skills though. I haven't used a gun for several months now."

 

[15:48] Shiroyu Takakura jaw drops. He needs to fix his life. Amara was pregnant. What the freakin' hell. This is unreal. Mitka is pregnant..Amara is pregnant. AYR is pregnant. I wonder who else is pregnant and hasn't told me. God. I need to go do something else now to get my mind off this. "I'll talk to you later Amara. " I need some time out.

 

[15:51] Amara nods once, waving oddly at him. "Alright..then. Talk to you later." It wasn't some huge secret that she and Adagio had been trying to have a child, but it seems someone had still managed not to get the memo if she read the jaw drop of a reaction right.

 

View on black

 

View large on black

 

Highway 395 goes right by this little gem of a shack. Didn't take much to just STOP my car and press the trigger a few times......... I mean.. come on... like u wouldn't. I think I lived here before in another life..... when sock puppets ruled the earth. I guess it's time for another message.... I hope it lifts you out of any possible slump, god forbid, that you might be in. Any self doubt or Post dramatic photo syndrome-iliosis. The tides are turning after all... the pilate machine is in full swing and snow birds are eagerly waking from their slumber on punk mountain...... I can smell winter in the air... and smog.... eggnog latte machines are being unpacked and cleaned as we speak.... trust me... I also noticed some brown leaves on my morning stroll down orange street... a sure sign that life is moving along, seasons do change my friend, despite what the starfish have told you. "I'm dreaming of a MARK II, just like the ones they sell online." :) OK, enough saturday ramblings... here it iz... LISTEN!!!!

 

"You can choose to go, do, be, and have, and in the end you'll exclaim, shocked and bewildered, that because of all the synchronicities of your life, all the "clicks" and "coincidences," and the many happy "accidents," your bounty and good fortune must have been your destiny.

Or, you might choose to wait for a miracle, a savior, or divine intervention, and in the end you'll exclaim, shocked and bewildered, that because of all the synchronicities of your life, all the missed chances and disappointments, and the many unhappy accidents, your lack and misfortune must have been your destiny.

 

Mizzy, do you see what the difference is?

 

It ain't me,

The Universe"

 

GO, DO, BE and HAVE!

Briefing with Professor Robert Shapiro on the 2016 U.S. general election

  

MODERATOR: Okay. Hello, everyone. Welcome to the New York Foreign Press Center. Today we have a really fantastic briefer for you about the 2016 general election. I know that you all are anxious to hear from him. Professor Robert Shapiro is the professor and former chair of the Department of Political Science at Columbia University. His research includes partisan polarization, ideological politics in the U.S., as well as topics concerned with public opinion and policymaking. He’s here to talk about the 2016 general election, the election process, and explanation of ethnic demographics and how that affects American elections, and really any other questions that you might have in the run-up to the 2016 general election.

We also have some handouts for you. I’d like to also say welcome and hello to those of you joining us from Washington. We’ll take questions both from New York and from Washington. So be patient if you’re there in Washington, and let’s go ahead and get started. So let me introduce Professor Robert Shapiro. Thank you.

MR SHAPIRO: Oh, delighted. Okay, thank you all for coming. What I want to do is two things. One is just to start just so we’re on the same page or computer screen or whatever you want to call it before I get to the heart of the conversation, which will be about the handouts that I’ve given out, I just want to kind of review for you what the election rules are in the United States. And one question that obviously comes up is why does the United States have this very crazy-looking candidate selection process involving primary elections and caucuses, and then also even though those elections are a little bit far away, why is it all starting early and now?

The system is basically set up is that the parties nominate their candidates as separate political parties. And it used to be it would be basically party leaders and bosses, as we used to call them – and I’m oversimplifying here – used to basically select candidates in the – what they used to – what are often referred to as the smoke-filled backrooms. Nowadays, they might be the smokeless backrooms. But that was a process that wasn’t very democratic – that’s democratic with a little D in nature. It wasn’t one that brought in the public into the process.

To make a long story short, after a lot of party infighting – it got very – very, very vicious in a lot of ways in the 1960s and ’70s. The parties have kind of stabilized with the current system in which there are a series of state primary elections, which are elections in which – that were designed to have party – people registered. Voters registered for political parties, vote for candidates in primary elections, or to have caucuses, which are not open primary elections, but these are very large meetings and forums where individuals who were registered for the parties get together and talk and debate about candidates, and then they vote at the caucuses for the candidates.

And then these votes that occurred don’t automatically lead – are not counted up – with the candidate with the most votes getting the – being nominated, but basically each state party nominates its own delegates to the national election. So what these primary and caucuses ultimately do are select the delegates to the elections. And each state has its own separate rules for selecting delegates. And so there’s no way for me to talk about how it’s done; it just depends on what state, and I’ll come back to that later on.

The candidate at the national convention who gets the – has the most delegates who – and the delegates vote at the election – the delegates vote and the majority of delegates – they go to one candidate, that candidate becomes the nominee. If there is no majority then there’s a lot of political wheeling and dealing that used to go on at the conventions. It hasn’t gone on in a long time because usually the primaries decide on who the candidates are, but it’s an open question whether we’ll ever have a fight at the convention in terms of determining who the delegates are.

Assuming that both parties’ delegates select their candidate then that leads to the general election. The general election in the United States is a campaign period that goes on during a campaign period from August through November. And the way the voting rules work in the United States is the votes are counted by states; each state has a certain number of what are called electoral votes; and the candidate who gets the majority of the electoral votes – not the majority of the popular vote – is the winner. So now we’ve got – when we stop and take questions in discussion I can – we can go into more of the details. But that’s – those are the basic rules.

Where are we now? We’re in the middle of the long campaign in the primary season.

You should all have the handouts in front of you. Now, these handouts are very useful and they’re designed here – some of you may know all this already and I apologize for that, but in terms of getting information, I for one think a free press is very important. The more information the press has, the more they can report about, the better for everyone in – well, better for everyone in the United States and I hope in your home countries as well. But in terms of getting information about the primaries – now, the primary system is complicated because the states have their primaries and caucuses on different days and there’s a schedule for it. And you all probably know that everybody’s focusing on the Iowa caucuses, which is the first, and then the New Hampshire primary, which is the second, but that’s only the beginning in the context of a very long process.

Okay. So the first page of this handout is the start of the – the document that I want to talk about. I’m not going to go over it in detail. I’m just going to go over things on a couple pages of it. But the crucial thing is that this source – it’s an online source called – it’s at thegreenpapers.com. This is the source that is the most – in my view – well, for me it’s been the best source to get information about not only the schedule of the primaries but the – but information about what the rules are in each state in terms of who’s eligible to vote and participate in the caucuses and primary elections.

  

In some states they have what’s called a closed primary, in which only voters registered in advance affiliated with a party can vote in their party’s primary or caucus. Other states have what’s called an open primary or caucus where the – where anyone can participate, not just people who’ve registered in advance. This is – and it varies by state. This is not a uniform thing. As each primary and caucus comes up, we need to ask that question.

In terms of rules with regard to how the delegates are allocated, the key piece of information you should know about for the moment is that in the Republican primary, every primary through March – and caucus through March 14th is required to allocate its delegates in some proportional way. That is, the delegates correspond in some fashion to – or is related to the proportion of votes that a candidate gets.

Beginning March 15th, the party – the states are allowed to have primaries and caucuses in which the rules are winner take all. Okay. This is very important because it has a way of – in a proportional system it has a way of keeping more candidates in the race rather than letting one candidate kind of sweep the field and get all the delegates for individual states. And it’s designed to kind of slow down the process to enable the ostensibly better candidates who have more – who have in the end more support to stay in the race.

Okay, so on the second page of the handout, the key part of the schedule that you need to know about is what’s going on first. And the – if you look on page 2, it’s Iowa and New Hampshire, and then jump ahead a little bit, there’s the Nevada nonbinding caucuses. And then the other big election is South Carolina, both for the Democrats and for the Republicans. And it’s important in the sense that a lot of talk has been about how some of the, for lack of a better word, fringe-type candidates seem to be doing better in Iowa and New Hampshire. And some people argue that the fair comparison of – in terms of candidates’ strength is what happens in South Carolina. Also if you go – if you just flip to page 3, everybody’s looking ahead to March 15th in Florida.

The important date is March 1st, on page 2, which is a day on which many states have their primaries. That’s often been referred to as a Super Tuesday kind of date. And so those are the basics here.

What’s nice about this greenpapers.com website is that you can get from the website – that is, all the things underlined in the handout – all those for the most part have hyperlinks to them where you can get more information about the rules in the states with regard to who’s eligible to vote and information about the delegate selection process. This is something that has to be updated, because all the states haven’t kind of worked out all their rules yet. And so this is just a very good source about – for getting information during the campaign.

I’m just looking at my notes here. Okay, so that’s – those are basically the rules. And I think the rules are very important, because with so many candidates in the race it means that the votes and delegates could be divided up in such a way that early on there may not be a clear leader who might be easy to predict in terms of getting the nomination. And this is a case where the rules matter, because to the extent that there are more states with proportional allocation of delegates, that has a way of leading to the process perhaps dragging out in a scenario which could lead to no candidate having – at least on the Republican side, no candidate having a majority of delegates by the time of the convention.

And the big question every year is, when things look close, is will we wind up having an open convention where there’s no candidate who’s entering the convention with a majority of votes. And here, I would argue that the rules matter a lot. They can actually affect how quickly and – candidates can pick up delegates and how large those numbers are. So I can’t emphasize that enough.

Okay, so that – so much for the rules, and most importantly, how to get more information – up-to-date information about the rules.

Okay. In the handout, if you go to page nine, the way they’re numbered – top right hand corner, page 1 is 1 of 9, and then it goes to 8 of 9, and then after 9 I’ve inserted a bunch of different things. There’s – and the number circled at the top or at the very top is the page number that I’ll refer to.

Okay, so the candidates. Now, you might ask – before I talk about the data in terms of support for the candidates at the moment, you might ask why is it that there’s so many Republican candidates and relatively few Democratic ones? On the Democratic side, there are relatively few basically because Hillary Clinton was seen at the outset as being basically a very formidable candidate and being someone who’s sufficiently strong-looking that in a sense that provided a disincentive for other candidates to run. Obviously, not enough of a disincentive for prevent anyone from running, but not a lot.

Also, it’s the case – now, this is not something that’s widely talked about, but the way political scientists talk about how – the question, how many candidates are going to run, they talk about it from the standpoint of the kind of the rational calculation of a candidate, “Is it worth me running?” And the first question the candidate, they argue – the candidates ask or should ask is, “Well, if I run, what are – what’s the likelihood that I’ll win the presidential election?” Now, this year is not a good year for Democrats. That is, they’re running after two terms of the Obama Administration with – and we can talk about this further – with widespread perceptions that the Obama Administration has not done very well. The economy’s picked up but there’s discussions about how wages have been sluggish, there’s inequality. Also on the foreign policy front there’s just been a succession of bad news there. And also this would be – it’s not – the data show that for a Democratic candidate running after a two-term president has had just disadvantages in some fashion, and we’ve actually seen that kind of thing in the past in recent years. So it’s not a good year – doesn’t look like a good year for the Democrats.

On the other hand, it looks like a real good year for the Republicans. I mean, the Republicans are riding high in terms of their control of Congress and the Senate – the House of Representatives and the Senate. The Senate could go either way in the next election. The House of Representatives looks like it’s going to be pretty entrenched Democratic for a while – Republican for a while unless something happens and the Democrats really triumph in 2016 or a subsequent election.

So the chances are – odds are from the standpoint of a Republican candidate that if I run for the Republican nomination, if I get the nomination, there’s probably a good chance that I would win, particularly compared to past elections. So that has a way of attracting candidates. And then the other thing that makes it easier for candidates to run is the fact that they – that while they’re limited in terms of how much money they can raise for their own campaign expenses, they have potentially unlimited money available to them spent by other organizations and individuals campaigning for them unless they – but they’re not – but those other individuals and organizations are not allowed to coordinate. So they have a lot more potential money available.

So if one candidate has one big donor who’s ready to put on the line millions of dollars, that candidate has resources that he can count on later on. They key thing, though, is the candidate also has to raise enough money to spend on his own campaign activities, and that’s where Perry – Governor Perry and Walker were running into trouble.

Okay, so that’s how we basically got to where we are. Okay, so on page nine – the most important piece of information on page nine is the answer to the question: Where can I get data on the latest polls in terms of the primaries and caucuses? Now, there are a number of websites that you can go to. There’s pollster.com, there’s 538. These sites are what are called aggregators of polling data. There are others as well. That is, they assemble the data from all the available polls. All the polling organizations who are doing polls post them on their website, make them available, and they kind of collect them.

The one that I’ve just found most convenient and useful at this point is a website called realclearpolitics.com. And for the most part, when the American press and the pundits and everybody talks about the opinion, the latest polls, they’re either looking at the latest poll reports they’ve read or they just go to realclearpolitics.com or pollster.com to see what the latest is. And these sites are what we call aggregators of polls in the sense they assemble all the available polls that have been done. And then what they also do as part of their own analysis – they do their – they have their own methods of averaging the polls. Any one poll has many sources of error – sampling error, other errors associated with polls; the polls are done using different methodologies.

If you want to find out more about how a poll was done, if you look on page nine, for example, you see what – in the table, the – at the left, the RCP average, that’s their average of all the polls. But going down that left-hand column, the first poll listed is IBD/TIPP. Now, I have to tell you I have to click on the link and get reminded who that organization is, but what I usually ask about those polls is questions like how many respondents they have, are they polling only registered voters or likely voters, what’s their coverage and so on; but also what method they use. And the things to watch out for in terms of methods is are they using standard telephone survey methodology or are they doing robo-calls – automated phone calling – or are they doing some kind of internet panel survey. And those have – there are debates about different sources of error in each, but the main thing is you have that information available to you there. The polls have different sources – have sources of random and other kinds of errors. The averaging has a way of kind of canceling out the errors; that’s the basic argument. Of course, it’s the case if all the polls are bad, you’ve just – you’re just averaging bad numbers and this is irrelevant.

But the polls, at least to the extent that they are good or bad, they tended to be surprisingly similar in a lot of ways. And so in terms of the latest polling data, the national data are shown on there, and there you see the big story about how Trump, Carson, and Fiorina have been leading. We can talk about that. And then in terms of the more mainstream candidates, Rubio and Bush have looked – looked a little bit better there. Now, of course, the national polls are giving a – provide a general sense about how the candidates are doing nationally, but you have to keep in mind what matters is what’s going to happen in the states, and most importantly, what’s going to happen in the early states. Because the early states are important because candidates who do well in the early states can use that to – not only to kind of bolster their support nationally in terms of votes and have credibility, but they can attract campaign contributions. And that’s – that really is the name of the game early on.

And so all this talk about these fringe candidates doing well, well, the argument is – the pundits argue that they’re going to – their support will eventually fall off, but that’s – I think that’s probably true, but the better they do in the primaries, the more positive attention they get, the more contributions they could attract. I mean, the big question is will Trump accept – start accepting contributions in any kind of big way. So the national data only tell us so much.

The next couple of pages have the Republican results for Iowa, New Hampshire, South Carolina and Florida. And what you can see there – and we can just focus on the averages. It’s Trump, Carson – you have basically the Trump, Carson, Fiorina story, and then there’s Rubio and Bush and Cruz in there.

New Hampshire, same story. These polls didn’t play out this way a few months ago. Things have changed in the course of the Republican debates. The Republican debates have been a great opportunity for the Republicans – well, to – for the candidates to showcase themselves, but it’s also been a great opportunity for them to bash the Democrats and the Obama Administration, which is going to be crucial in the general election.

South Carolina – now, this is a state that’s not thought of as being peculiar in the way Iowa and New Hampshire are, and we can talk about their – the peculiarities of Iowa and New Hampshire if you want. But even there, Trump and Carson are doing – really doing extraordinarily well, much better than any political scientist I know would have predicted.

And Florida, which should be a place that would be the bastion of support for Marco Rubio and Jeb Bush, Trump is in the lead there, Bush is second, Carson is third, and then there’s Rubio and Fiorina. So there’s kind of a similar pattern playing out across the board there.

Next page, on the Democratic side, this is where we see the well known lead that Hillary Clinton still has nationally. It was greater earlier on. Now, just to point out here, the polls reported here are the ones that were taken during the September through October 1st. If you want to see the earlier data, all of the earlier polls are on the real politics website. I just haven’t printed them out here for you to look at. But she’s well ahead of Sanders, and they’ve included Biden in the mix as well even though Biden has not announced. Biden, obviously, is the big wildcard here.

The big story, however, is how things are playing out in Iowa and New Hampshire, where in Iowa Clinton has had a consistent lead, but the lead isn’t – is not particularly great. This is on page 15, if you look at – just look at the averaging. And of course, the big story is New Hampshire, where she’s now running – well, she’s now running behind Sanders and – behind Sanders in the race.

Now, when I look at these data, I often wonder, well, are these data good and reliable and so forth. The polls that are being relied on there – the NBC, CNN, and WBUR – seem to be reputable, kind of standard telephone polls. But one thing you have to notice is that in all these polls, the sample sizes are relatively small. They’re not the more typical sample sizes of 1,000 or 1,500, but since they’re focusing on likely voters in the primaries, then the sample sizes are on the order of 400. So they have a lot of sampling error in them. But the – but just the consistency of Sanders being in the lead lends reliability to these particular findings.

Page 17 – South Carolina. Now, when you get outside of Iowa and New Hampshire, polls for the most part have been showing Clinton pretty sizably ahead. And in South Carolina, she’s way ahead of Sanders. Biden does better there. Where Clinton’s source of consistent strength is can be seen in the comparison in the available data. And there’s not a lot on this, but comparing white voters with nonwhite voters, among white voters nationally – and I’m not sure in South Carolina, I haven’t seen the data broken down – she basically holds a slight lead. But it’s among nonwhite voters – African Americans – well, they’re usually lumped together as just nonwhites because the samples sizes are so small you really can’t get big enough samples of Latinos and Asian Americans. But my bet there would be that her support compared to Sanders is just much greater among Latinos, African Americans, and Asian Americans who are registered Democratic voters.

And then if you look in Florida, you see the basic same kind of pattern – Clinton far ahead of Sanders, with Biden actually doing as well as Sanders, if not better, as we saw in the case of South Carolina. And then O’Malley, Chafee, and Web are – I mean, they’re really just very far behind and it’s almost surprising that they’re still in the race. Now, why are they still in the race? They’re in the race because they can still raise enough money to be active in Iowa and New Hampshire. And what they’re banking on – what the candidates who are further behind are banking on is that in Iowa and New Hampshire they can do well enough – not necessarily win, but if they do well enough to basically contradict expectations, they’re going to become a story given the way the press looks for interesting things to cover and people might be interested in the fact that all of a sudden they’re going from 1 percent to 20 percent. That would be a significant kind of story.

And obviously, the role of the media in all this is very crucial, and the media have been particularly important to the Republican Party in the context of the debates, where the debates were televised, got a lot of attention, and then all of the story after the debates was about the debates. So the Republicans have been able to dominate the news in a lot of respects because they have the more interesting campaign, but because they’ve been – they’ve been active, doing a lot more, and doing things that are newsworthy.

The next page is – and these are the least reliable and informative data. These are the data – these are the trial heats; how would a particular Republican candidate do against a particular Democratic candidate. And we can look – you can look at particular numbers here, but the thing that’s very striking is that basically no matter what pairing you see, things look pretty close. I mean, especially this far away, where the polls can’t be good predictors of what happens in the general election. That is – all signs are here is that this is probably going to be a close presidential election, and judging by recent elections it’s going to very close. The Democrats and the Republicans are just very competitive in competing for the presidency.

The one change that – big change that’s occurred in American politics is that it used to be the case from the 1940s on till 1980 the Democrats for the most part dominated the aggregate congressional elections; that is, they controlled the House and the Senate. Beginning in 1980, the Republicans got control of Congress on the coattails of Ronald Reagan. 1994 was a very important election; that was when the Republican Party captured, with Newt Gingrich leading the Republicans, the House of Representatives. And ever since then, the Republicans have been very competitive for the House of Representatives and also the Senate.

So what’s at stake in the upcoming election is whether or not the Republicans will be able to get unified control of the presidency, the House of Representatives, and the Senate. There’s a lot at stake in the election. From the standpoint of the Democrats, there’s a lot to worry about.

And I’m going to stop there for questions.

MODERATOR: So we’ll take a few questions from New York and then we’ll move to Washington if Washington has any questions.

QUESTION: Thank you, Mr. Shapiro, for this briefing. Stephane Bussard from Le Temps newspaper, Swiss daily. I have two questions. First, what’s your take on the fact that now it’s up to the TV – cable TV to fix the rules for the debates, for example, and no longer up to the DNC or RNC? That’s – in terms – in democratic terms it sounds a bit shocking to me.

Then second question: Why – how do you see the fact that the DNC, for example, is trying to prevent a candidate like Lawrence Lessig from appearing on the debate?

MR SHAPIRO: Okay. That’s a very good question, and there are two pieces of that. One is – that I’d like to emphasize. One is the role of the media. Well, the media are important because the parties don’t control the airwaves. They can’t – they basically can’t get on without that. They might have a shot at C-SPAN in some ways, but that’s not going to attract a big crowd. And – but working in their favor is the fact that they’re going to get a lot of media coverage, and I think they like that.

Now, what they don’t like is the fact that they’re not – they’re not able to select who’s participating in there. And the thing that’s controversial about – for one, it may be controversial that the media are selecting, but they’re selecting based on their evaluation of the opinion polls, assuming there are opinion polls. Now, remember, polling is one of my areas of specialization. Polls are not automatically done. The government doesn’t do polls. Polls are done by organizations that spend their own money to do polls, and a lot of the media organizations themselves spend money, so that’s for one thing.

Okay, so the – but assuming the polls are there, the next question is what polls do you count. And if there’s been – and there’s a whole debate in the public opinion world, my public opinion world, about what poll is good enough to be counted, and there’s no real clear agreement on this. And remember, Fiorina was allowed to participate in the last debate because she argued that there were not enough polls since the first debate to give her – provide a fair calculation for her, and so she was allowed to participate for that reason. I actually think the polling part is in some ways more controversial than the political part that you mentioned.

QUESTION: (Off-mike.)

MR SHAPIRO: Oh. That the Democrats don’t want him participating – yeah. Well, that’s where the – the media are looking for presenting a good debate to attract large audiences. The party is looking for a serious debate with their – with what they think are serious candidates. There’s a conflict there.

QUESTION: Hi. Heidi Skjeseth from Dagsavisen, a Norwegian daily. I was wondering if you can talk a little about the Bush and the Clinton names and if the anti-incumbent feelings or these anti-establishment feelings will hurt these dynasties – and if you want to call them political dynasties.

MR SHAPIRO: Yeah. The U.S. has its political dynasties. Nowadays it’s the Clintons and the Bushes; in the old days it was the Adams family with two presidents and the Roosevelts, of course. And then, of course, the biggest dynasty of all in a lot of respects – well, the biggest family name was obviously the Kennedys in that particular context.

I think the question about the rejection of mainstream candidates goes beyond Bush and Clinton. I – we can’t run the experiment of what the campaign would be like without a Bush or a Clinton, but it seems to be clearly the case that the Republican primary and caucus voters who participate in opinion polls at this time have really rejected mainstream establishment candidates in a very big way. So there’s that phenomenon, and Bush and Clinton are kind of crossing – are part of that or caught in the crossfire here, so to speak. But no, they’ve obviously contributed to that kind of thing as well.

I mean, the big question is is that – do we – what does it mean to have a Bush and a Clinton running. It is the case – we do have sort of a dynasty effect at work here, but my view of this is a little bit more positive and constructive; that is, they – granted, they had – they obtained a big advantage politically by virtue of their names. But once they started running for office, they were in effect on their own; that is, they had to get elected. And then once they were elected, they established a certain amount of credibility that – we can debate this – that I would argue that they were able to maintain because of their performance in government – Bush as governor of Florida, Hillary Clinton – well, we can talk about whether her first lady is a qualification here, but she was obviously a senator from New York State and also she was a – the Secretary of State. So at the time of this particular election, both of them were formidable candidates anyway.

On the other hand, being a Clinton and a Bush gives them automatic name recognition and attention early on, which has the ability of attracting voters. Voters know who they are, and also it has advantages with regard to fundraising. Is there something unfair, some level of inequality about this in terms of ordinary people aspiring to politics? The answer is yes. But there are a lot of other sources of inequality as well, like money.

QUESTION: Vasco DeJesus Rodriguez, VascoPress Communicacoes, Brazil. I’m wondering, who establishes the law and oversees the system of contributions? What kind of limitations are imposed on the candidates in this realm? Thank you.

MR SHAPIRO: Yeah. The rules with regard to campaign contributions in national elections, okay – now, we have to distinguish national elections versus state elections. Individual states make the rules with regard to electing governors and state legislatures, okay. But in terms of federal elections, there – it’s basically laws that were passed by Congress and signed by the President, and also rulings by the courts, in particular the Supreme Court.

Currently, the – there are strict rules with regard to how much individuals can contribute to individual candidates. The limit is $2,700 per person per race, but of course, that means that a family can – a husband and wife can contribute twice that amount. It’s also possible that the campaigns can orchestrate contributions by having what they call bundlers, individuals who basically attempt to raise money and bundle people together so they – so each individual contributes 2,700, but if you have 10 people, we’re talking about $27,000. And that – those are funds that can be used by the candidate to pay for campaign expenses.

In addition – and this just – the Supreme Court has greatly simplified this – there were laws passed by Congress in – over the last 15 years that restricted other kinds of contributions, but the current system is basically this: Anyone or any group can contribute an unlimited amount of money to an organization or just themselves – or just do it themselves to spend supporting a candidate, mentioning the candidate by name in campaign ads, ground activity, and anything like that. The only restriction is that they can’t do this in consultation with the candidate; that is, this can’t be anything that the candidate has any say in or control.

The upside is – well, the downside is from the standpoint of – if you were in favor of limiting the unlimited money is that, well, there’s no limit, and also the candidates will know who are the people. I mean, the world will get out who the people are contributing the large money. Also, a lot of the money is coming from individuals who are giving millions and millions of dollars. So there’s a sort of inequality there that’s really, really tremendous.

On the other hand, the fact that the candidate doesn’t control that money – it means that the candidate can’t spend that money on things he or she wants to spend it on: running his campaign offices, doing things he or she wants to do. And without getting just at least a critical mass of contributions to his or her campaign, it could cause difficulties for them.

Now, for the moment at least, the amount of money in the game is probably enough to sustain a lot of candidates through Iowa and New Hampshire. After that, things can get a little more difficult for candidates who can’t raise the money for their campaigns, even though they might have other groups and organizations ready to spend a lot on their behalf. But the answer is it’s the federal – it’s the laws and Supreme – and the courts.

QUESTION: Hi. I’m Kristoffer Ronneberg with the Norwegian daily Aftenposten. I have two questions. One is about polling. There was a PPP poll out in August regarding Donald Trump’s supporters where it was revealed that two-thirds of them believe that President Obama is a Muslim and that he was born outside the U.S. How seriously should we take polls like that? Because I mean, there’s an argument on the other side that goes that people will say anything about people they don’t like. So how seriously should we take that?

And the second question, more in the present: How damaging for the Republicans do you think Kevin McCarthy’s comments about the Benghazi committee and its political nature have been?

MR SHAPIRO: Okay. So with regard to the PPP poll – okay, so the way I think about any poll result, the first question I ask is: Who did the poll? PPP is a polling organization that has Democratic leanings to it. It’s also a polling organization that does automated polling supplemented with internet surveys. That’s how they pick up cell phones. Okay, that’s the – but their polls seem to be in line with other polls.

That particular finding about Trump supporters believing that Barack Obama’s a Muslim, also believing that he was born somewhere else – the level of – well, the proportion of people who believe that, first of all, are disproportionately Republicans and conservatives. These are people who opposed Obama and they’re inclined to disbelieve that. This is something that’s been – that was – this is something that was talked about beginning in 2007, 2008, when Obama was running. Whether they really believe that is not fully clear. That is, they’ll say that in a poll. My friend Gary Langer, who polls for ABC News, argues that if you ask a follow-up question in which you ask, “Do you really believe that, or is that your kind of general – or is it something that you generally sense or think?” And they’ll say – they’ll back off, and they’ll say it’s something we generally sense or think.

But those kinds of beliefs in facts that are untrue is symptomatic of the high level of emotional partisan conflict that exists in American politics today. The different – those opinions, they are driven by partisanship. And a lot of us have talked about – I’ve written about this, but a lot of other people have written about it, too – is that Democrats and Republicans live in two different worlds. That is, they see the world differently. They see global warming and climate change differently. The see Obama being a Muslim differently – actually, it first – it became first most visible for me and other people when it was determined that there were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. A lot of people still believe there were – disproportionately Republicans. The fact – things might have been a little murky in terms of what the CIA was telling the President. But also believed that there was an al-Qaida connection between Saddam Hussain and the Iraqis, which was patently untrue. The CIA was actually on the record saying that there was no – but the thing that’s kind of prevented that from dissipating is that a lot of Republican party leaders are – don’t visibly just state the truth about that. That is, they’ll kind of hedge and haw, and sometimes they’ll even repeat these things and say they believe those kinds of things themselves. And the big question is: Do we blame the psychology of ordinary voters here, or do we blame the leaders who are just fomenting this kind of thing? I think it’s a problem.

QUESTION: (Off-mike.)

MR SHAPIRO: Okay. Oh, that was – well, first of all, that was consistent with what the Republicans – some of the Republican leaders stated at the outset after Obama was elected in 2008, that they were going to do everything they could to basically make sure he was a one-term president. Now they’ve shifted to make sure that Hillary Clinton is not a one-term – first-term president. It really – it’s a devastating comment given the context. Benghazi was a tragedy, and rather than doing fact-finding to find out really what happened, they basically turned – McCarthy basically turned this into a political maneuver.

QUESTION: Professor, hi. Sherwin Bryce-Pease, South African Broadcasting in the middle down here.

MR SHAPIRO: Yeah.

QUESTION: Hi. Earlier, you said that political – you knew of no political scientists who would’ve predicted the current frontrunners, be it on the Republican side; I imagine the Democrats as well – Trump, Fiorina, Carson; Sanders, Clinton on the other side. Why is that?

MR SHAPIRO: Well, the way political scientists think about this is that early on, it’s possible for a fringe candidate to get this kind of attention. And Trump had gotten it earlier. Now, if you want to read about this, the place to go is – look at the writing of John Sides for the Washington Post in the part of the online newspaper called the Monkey Cage. He’s written this; he’s also written a book with Lynn Vavreck called “The Gamble,” which they kind of track the dynamics of the elections. And a lot hinges on candidates emerging, getting money, and then also media coverage.

Trump initially getting a lot of attention and support was not unusual. The thing that’s unusual is that he’s lasted so long. Because once he gets – once he becomes the leader, he gets a lot of attention. He then – the press then put him under a microscope. And usually what happens is that the more that gets reported on the candidates, the more they dig up things that work – that should work in the candidates – work against the candidates. What’s striking here is that hasn’t happened yet. That is – and it hasn’t happened yet because of the dissatisfaction among the Republican electorate for mainstream candidates, that even when he says – even when he and Carson and Fiorina say outrageous things, they’re – they may acknowledge that it’s outrageous, but their dislike for the mainstream – mainstream politics at this moment is such that they’re still supporting them.

With regard to Sanders on the Democratic side, this is sort of classic in-fighting in the Democratic party in terms of the extreme liberal wing of the party versus the more moderate wing of the party here. And with what’s going – and then Barack Obama is situated in all of this as well. If he were running for re-election, things would be very different, but he obviously can’t run for a third term. And we didn’t see this in his – in 2012. Hillary Clinton represents the kind of – sort of the mainstream moderate liberal wing of the party. I’d say initially she was sort of identified with Obama, being his Secretary of State and so forth. Sanders basically is able to capitalize on and reflect the dissatisfaction that the Obama Administration didn’t push things further to the left and try to battle the Republicans, even though they really couldn’t get anything done given the fact that Republicans controlled the House and the Senate.

And so there’s a wing of the party that really wants to push the party to the left. And at this moment, the upside for them of supporting Sanders is that they may not realistically think he can get the nomination, although I don’t think that’s necessarily far-fetched, but his running can push Hillary Clinton to the right – to the left. And we’ve seen this already. The latest thing was when she just announced in the last day or so that she’s against the Asian trade treaty – case in point. And the big question is that – how far is she going to go to run against Obama? And will – it even raises the question, will she go out of his way to try to get his support and have him campaigning for her. And there – we can have a long conversation about that.

MODERATOR: We’re going to take a question from Washington. Washington?

QUESTION: Hi. Can I --

MODERATOR: Go ahead, we can hear you.

QUESTION: Thank you, Dr. Shapiro. I just want to follow up on the last question about Donald Trump. You say his high approval rate won’t last long, so when would he expect his approval rate to come down?

And the second question is about Joe Biden. I noticed there is the handout – approval rate about Joe Biden is quite high. And would you see he’s – as a threat to Hillary Clinton, and when would it be? Thank you.

MR SHAPIRO: Okay, so let’s take Trump first. Okay, there’s this lead in these pre-election polls, and there’s his approval rating. Now, his – we’re talking about his approval rating among Republicans and conservatives. In the public as a whole, he’s not widely approved. But in that – but in the relevant constituency for the election, he’s doing well. Just for the record, I was one of the people who would’ve predicted that he would not have lasted this long. And the fact that Carson and Fiorina have been – have done well is a little bit mind-boggling to me at the moment, especially someone who studies public opinion and wrote a book called “The Rational Public,” so – (laughter) – I’m wondering a little bit about that.

With regard to how long it’ll last, I – at this point, barring him saying even something even more outrageous – and it’s hard to believe how much more outrageous he could get in some respects – I think this will last at least to Iowa. And the thing to watch for in Iowa is whether one of the mainstream candidates is able to either win or do much better than expectations, because then the focus will shift. It could shift in the context of the next debates or other things that happen along the way. But it looks as though he – at the moment, at least, he’s got staying power at least to Iowa, and he’s got his own money to spend, so – which he can spend on his own campaign expenses. He’s not relying on other groups.

Biden – in terms of Biden’s overall general approval, that’s – it’s very solid. In the pre-election polls, however, he’s been – well, no. He’s been running behind Hillary Clinton. On the other hand, he hasn’t announced his candidacy yet. So it’s not necessarily a fair comparison. He’s the candidate who could really do a lot of damage to Hillary Clinton in terms of attracting some of her voters. He’s probably less likely to attract Sanders’ voters, and his entering the race could be – well, it could hurt Clinton, but it could also be a boost for Sanders, who could wind up being – basically having a – conceivably having a plurality of support once the vote’s been divided. And so the big question for the Democrats is – it’s the classic question of kind of waiting for the candidate. In one of the past elections, it was waiting for Mario Cuomo, and now we’re waiting on Joe Biden.

QUESTION: Professor, actually the question from the – today’s briefing announcement, how different ethnic groups in the United States influence American elections, and if I may add religious group, how these data is important.

MR SHAPIRO: Yeah, okay. I was posed that question early on in terms of preparing for the briefing and I did a lot of homework on this with regard to the primaries. The problems is is in all these primary election polls, the samples are very small. And also, on the Republican side, we’re really – when we say we’re talking about conservative Republicans, we’re talking about whites, for the most part. So there’s no racial element in there. The religious element in there, however, is the – basically the evangelical wing of the Republican party, the segment of the party that’s conservative on social issues. And what’s pretty striking here is that Trump is not getting his support from that group, or if he is, they’re kind of casting their religious values out the window. Carson, however, is; Fiorina has been trying to. And I think the – how those evangelical Protestant voters vote in the primaries and caucuses is very important. But Trump for the moment has defied logic on a lot of that.

All of the mainstream Republican candidates have been trying to make pitches to that group as well, and in particular, Rubio has done it and Cruz has done it. Cruz has been very effective on that front but hasn’t been able to kind of break out of the pack in terms of support, and Bush has obviously been trying. It’s pushed those candidates to the right in terms of taking conservative positions on social issues like abortion, gay rights and gay marriage, and the like. So religion is important in the party.

On the Democratic side, based on the data I’ve seen, it’s basically – Hillary has her largest base of support among Democrat primary caucus participants, and in particular, nationally and in states with significant proportions of African Americans, her support is extraordinarily strong. Now, that was the case actually in 2008 as well, but Obama was able to move that by the time of the South Carolina primaries.

In this case, she’s not running against Obama or another African American candidate. Her challenger here – well, Biden could pose a challenge. Sanders poses a general challenge, but he has not broken through yet with regard to the ethnic and racial base of the Democratic Party – that is, African Americans and Latinos, and Asian Americans have emerged as well, but the Latino vote and the Asian American vote is a vote to watch in particular states in the general election. And there are identifiable states and particularly for Latinos, like Nevada and Colorado. There’s a lot of talk about how the Democrats can make breakthroughs in states like Arizona and Texas, but that doesn’t look like it’s going to be in the cards. But it’s the general election where those divisions become more important.

MODERATOR: Let’s do another question from New York and then we’ll go to Washington. I know there were a couple questions over there against the wall.

QUESTION: Hi, my name is Marija Sajkas. I work for Novi Magazin from Serbia. You said earlier that Trump is still not under microscope. Do you mind telling us your opinion why is that? And then the other one is if he ends up capturing all the electoral votes, does he automatically becomes the nominee, or he still needs to be approved by Republican Party? Thank you.

MR SHAPIRO: Okay. In terms of Trump being – the thing is is that Trump has been under the microscope and he’s been able to survive it simply based on the fact that these – at least in these polls, the conservative Republicans who were responding, the Republicans who were responding to the polls, are basically willing to give him a – basically willing to ignore that given the fact that they oppose mainstream – the mainstream candidates. And also it’s basically his own just – their perception of his general leadership qualities and kind of saying vague things, but basically being persuaded that he could be a more – a stronger and more forceful leader. And the juxtaposition here is between him and Obama, not him and the other candidates.

With regard to the selection of Trump as the Republican nominee, if he gets a majority of delegates in the primaries and caucuses, he’s the – and the delegates vote faithfully, because they have to actually vote at the convention, and if they vote the way they’re supposed to vote, he would get the nomination. The Electoral College comes into play in the general election. If he were to run in the general election and got the majority of electoral votes, he’s the president. But once – but a majority of delegates, there’s nothing – there’s no – there’s no higher authority after that.

MODERATOR: Let’s take the next question from Washington, D.C.

QUESTION: Hi, Dr. Shapiro. My name is Mineko Tokito and I’m with the Yomiuri Shimbun Japanese newspaper. Thank you so much for this opportunity. I just wanted to ask – earlier you mentioned that a scenario in which no candidate would have the majority of delegates by the time of the convention, and I was just wondering how much of a chance we have for – to see a brokered convention. Thank you.

MR SHAPIRO: That’s a good question. Well, we haven’t had one in a very long time. We’ve got to go back to the 1950s, ’60, for that kind of thing. But in recent years, the – what I’ve always found very interesting is that in the last several elections we have the campaign playing out, but no one starts to talk about the rules and the allocation of delegates until a few primaries and caucuses have occurred. And they start counting, and then they kind of realize that, well, there’s no candidate breaking out of the pack here, and what if this kind of thing continues?

The kind – now, what we did see in the last election is it took quite a while before Mitt Romney got a majority of delegates. Also for the Democrats in 2008, it took a while before Obama clearly – had clearly taken the lead. So things get dragged out there. The question then is what about the prospects of it really getting dragged out to the end or even close to the end. And what makes – I would argue that it becomes more likely in the current election because of the number of candidates, the existence of rules in a lot of the states with proportional allocation of delegates. It’s only until later where it’s possible for a Republican candidate to kind of run the table, so to speak, in terms of winning successive states that have winner-take-all states – assuming it’s one candidate who does it. If that starts to shift among candidates, it means that the field might get narrowed but one candidate might not get enough.

Also what pushes in the direction of a more competitive election is that the candidates having more money available because of the unlimited money spent by private individuals and groups, PACs and so forth, so there’s more – the money could be less of an issue unless the candidate runs out of money for his or her daily – day-to-day operations. So I would argue that – I actually thought the prospects weren’t bad, or good, or however you want to talk about it, in 2008 and 2012 with regard to the Democratic Convention getting – possibly going to the convention and the Republicans possibly going to the convention. I think the chances are higher this time that the Republicans will go. On the Democratic side, I don’t see it. I think there will be a breakout. Somebody will start taking the lead by the time of South Carolina, and certainly by March 1st.

And whether that will, in fact, be Clinton – at this stage, given Clinton’s support and so forth, I mean, the nomination is still hers to lose.

QUESTION: Thank you. My name is Anna Guaita. I’m with Il Messaggero; it’s a daily in Rome. My question is about districting and how strong a role it has on the lock on Congress, and if there is any possibility that it will become more flexible again in the future.

MR SHAPIRO: That’s a very good question. There’s been a lot of debate and dissent and fighting about the problem of congressional – this is – we’re talking about the drawing of the boundaries of districts for the House of Representatives. And the favored phrase used is a phrase called gerrymandering, where the – where within the states the process shakes out in such a way that the districts were drawn to the advantage of one of the political parties. Now, both parties are fighting on this.

In the states right now, one key factor kind of drawing attention to that is that the state governments in the United States are disproportionately dominated by Republican legislatures and governors that are involved in the rule making. And the big question – one question has been is the Republicans’ lock on Congress, or the difficulty the Democrats have taking it, an artifact of the fact that there – that the Republican vote is basically districted in a more efficient way so that they have – they dominate in a lot of places where – by small – by margins that are big enough but not enormous so that they can take hold of the congressional districts, whereas the Democrats tend to win a lot of congressional districts by huge votes but are less competitive in a lot of other places.

And the question is how much is that due to redistricting, the drawing of boundaries, or how much of that is due to where people choose to live. And political scientists have studied this, and the best studies to date suggest that part of this is, in fact, due to redistricting. That’s contributed. But the biggest factor is – well, the finding is that even without redistricting, in terms of alternative scenarios for drawing boundaries, just based on where people live and drawing reasonable – I mean, to give the Democrats more of an advantage you’d have to draw even – you’d have to gerrymander even odder districts to give the Democrats an advantage. It’s more a function of where people are living than redistricting.

So redistricting contributes, but the bigger problem is simply the distribution, which means for the Democrats they have to widen their appeal in terms of the range of voters that they get to vote for them, which means attracting more white voters.

Sure.

QUESTION: Well, in that case, today’s New York Times has an op-ed on voter ID in Alabama, and it says these laws have proliferated around the country, nearly always enacted by Republican-controlled legislatures, at the expense of minorities, the poor, and other groups who tend to vote Democratic. Do you think this is going to have a further effect?

MR SHAPIRO: That’s a different and very important question. Now, the relevant rules here are basically these are laws – these are voting rules that are decided by the states, by the states, not by the federal government – that is, they set their rules in terms of eligibility of voters. That’s become a very highly partisan issue. It’s clearly the case – there were a certain number of outrageous statements by Republican state legislature and so forth basically saying that the intention really is to do this for political reasons.

This began – this became visible after 2000. I know the TV networks – I worked at ABC News on election night for a couple presidential elections, and they always had a legal team on – basically on the set ready to talk about the effects of basically voters being deprived of the right of vote, not showing ID. It hasn’t played a role yet. It could potentially play a role. It could also backfire for the Republicans in the sense that what the response might be is that the Democrats and the more progressive elements in the states might just get organized and makes sure everybody has their IDs, and that issue will be used as an issue in the election to work against the Republicans.

But that’s definitely been politicized. It does come into play – gerrymandering – I mean redistricting could come into play in terms of how states create their own state legislative districts and how that plays out at the state level. I’m less familiar with that. But that’s – I think that’s a very important separate issue from the general issue of redistricting.

QUESTION: Syed Zareen, an Afghan journalist from Afghanistan. I have heard from many Americans who say that in general election day, the participation of voter is not very high. I mean, it may be different from time to time. Could you please throw some light about from like historically the least number and many numbers who participated? Thank you.

MR SHAPIRO: Well, by international standards, voter turnout in national elections in the United States is low. We’re talking, at best, participation in presidential elections being on the order of 60 percent or a little bit more among the voting eligible population. Among registered voters it’s high, it’s much higher than that, but in terms of everyone who could vote it’s lower.

Historically in the United States, during the early days of the American republic into the 19th century, the voter turnout was higher but the electorate was much – was much more limited; that is, early on the only people eligible to vote were men, and in the early days you had to be property owners and so forth. So among a narrower electorate the voter turnout was very high.

Voter turnout increased in the 20th century, peaking at around 1960, 1964. It peaked at around 65 percent or so and then dropped – after that dropping to close to 50 percent or even a hair below 50 percent in presidential elections. And then in more recent years, it’s actually gone up so that the trajectory is up.

The big question is, is that what are the implications of that for democracy, and we can talk about this very philosophically. What does it mean to have a country where you have that – you have such a low level of participation? On the other hand, one could argue maybe it’s a good thing that people who don’t vote don’t choose to vote and we don’t – we need not worry about them.

In terms of what to do to increase voter turnout, the – I would say that the increase in voter turnout in recent years has been due to the fact that that – that rules with regard to voter registration have become more liberalized. To vote in the United States in most places, you have to be registered to vote, you have to register a certain number of months before the general election. The election is held on a Tuesday. That’s a day that people work, it’s not a day off, it’s not a weekend. What’s led to increases in voter turnout is they – some states have allowed early voting; people can vote a few days before the election, or it’s more convenient for them to vote.

What I think has also contributed to increasing voter turnout is the fact that the elections have become much more exciting and competitive and there’s a lot more voter mobilization going on by the parties. That’s increased – that kind of thing as well. So it’s kind of a complicated picture. It’s sort of a – might be viewed as a dismal picture compared to other countries that have higher turnout rates, and the fact that America talks about the vibrancy of its democracy but it’s a democracy that not 100 percent of the citizenry participates in on election day.

QUESTION: Thank you. I’m Morten Bertelsen with Norway’s Business Daily. The House appears to be in chaos today after Kevin McCarthy dropped out of the race for speaker. What are the implications for the election, the presidential election? How can that – could it have an impact at all?

And my second question is this idea of a ground game. How important is that going forward, especially for candidates like Donald Trump and Carly Fiorina and so forth?

MR SHAPIRO: Yeah. Well, in terms of the implication of who the speaker is, I think basically, partisan conflict is sufficiently great at the moment that it probably didn’t matter who the speaker was. Although it was the case – I think McCarthy became sufficiently controversial at this point that he became a liability for the Republicans. And so there – we’ll have to see how it shakes out and who that turns out to be. But I think the consequences of that for the general election probably, at least at this moment, are not sufficiently great.

But what was your second question? I’m sorry.

QUESTION: The ground game --

MR SHAPIRO: Oh, yeah.

QUESTION: -- or the lack thereof for candidates like Trump and Carson and Fiorina.

MR SHAPIRO: Yeah. That’s a very good point. At this point, they really haven’t had to worry very much about this idea of a ground game. The ground game has to do with what the campaigns do literally on the ground with their campaign workers during the election to get out the vote, to try to persuade people to vote for them, and so forth.

The thing about these primary elections and this primary election period and caucus period – it’s such a long period that the candidates can basically make do with a lot in terms of – just based on media coverage, and they’re basically getting some attention when they visit the states themselves. The ground game becomes very important at the time as the election nears where you’re really concerned about getting the vote counting. There’s a question about how sophisticated the campaigns will get in this era of big data in the national – in the presidential elections. I mean, the parties really have enormous databases, they have statisticians working for them, they try to target voters and so forth. All that becomes just crucial as the election nears.

I think in the case of Trump, I think he’ll eventually have to get around to this. I don’t think – I think there’s no way around that. But for now, it’s basically the press and the debates and so forth.

QUESTION: My name is Adesina Anidugbe. I report for Ogun State Television in Nigeria. I want to ask you if there is the possibility of the foreign policy direction of any of these candidates vis-à-vis promotion and encouragement of best governance and political practices in third-world countries, particularly the African continent, of any advantage in the election?

MR SHAPIRO: That’s a very good question. I don’t think any – at the moment, I don’t think anything can be said specifically about that. In terms of how to think about that in the context of the campaign, it really comes down to the – to what extent the candidates and the winner of the election has a vision for U.S. foreign policy that includes some variation on promoting certain kinds of democratic nation building abroad. And at this moment, the candidates haven’t really focused on that thing, but what they’ve really focused on are those areas of weakness of the Obama Administration, and that particular issue isn’t one that’s come up. It’ll be interesting to see if anything like that comes up in the context of the debates. But from the standpoint of national politics, that’s – at the moment that’s not one of the central issues, but it could be.

QUESTION: Yes, hello. My name is Melanie. I’m a French TV reporter and my questions concern the coverage for us, like foreign media. So far it

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