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In the foreground of this shot, Space Shuttle Atlantis sits atop Launch Pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. In the distance, Space Shuttle Endeavour is also prepared to launch in case of an emergency during the STS-125 mission.
Credit: NASA / Michael Soluri
Original Caption: Prospect Creek Camp, Lower Foreground. In This Eastern View the Pipeline and Road Will Run Below the Low Hills in the Distance Left to Right, North to South. Grayling Fishing Is Very Good in the Clear Waters of Prospect Creek 08/1973
U.S. National Archives’ Local Identifier: 412-DA-8048
Photographer: Cowals, Dennis, 1945-
Subjects:
Alaska (United States) state
Environmental Protection Agency
Project DOCUMERICA
Persistent URL: catalog.archives.gov/id/550533
Repository: Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001.
For information about ordering reproductions of photographs held by the Still Picture Unit, visit: www.archives.gov/research/order/still-pictures.html
Reproductions may be ordered via an independent vendor. NARA maintains a list of vendors at www.archives.gov/research/order/vendors-photos-maps-dc.html
Access Restrictions: Unrestricted
Use Restrictions: Unrestricted
In foreground:
Garrett 7NHP General Purpose Engine No. 28410. MERCURY. Reg. No. NO 1186. Built 1910.
Behind:
1979, Autocar DC 10364 B. Reg. No. BX DG 69.
Autocar Construcktor Mammoet. Reg. No. KSA 396F.
1973 FTF MS4050 Magnaload. FLYING DUTCHMAN. Reg. No. SCW 264L.
Crane Heavy Haulage Trailer No. 4454. Built in 1940. 25 tons and capable of carrying 80 tons.
and at the rear:
1980 FTF Ballast Tractor. Was on the Herald of Free Enterprise in 1987 when 197 lives were lost. It was salvaged and rebuilt.
Friday, 26th August 2016
Two magpies in the foreground witness 48159 48103 and the AK cars near Tullimore. Freshly plough ground as the train makes it way to the terminus.
In the foreground, edamame salad with cumin vinaigrette, and another tasty salad from this awesome book.
Foreground is branches of a weeping willow tree and in the background are cottonwood trees.
52 in 2016 Challenge: #14, Linear patterns
Strömmen in the foreground and Old Town in the background. I like the dramatic sky, but these wide horizons are difficult... I could tell you something about the ship, but that's for the next part.
Part I – Part II – Part III – Part IV – Part V – Part VI – Part VII – Part VIII
Part IX – Part X – Part XI – Part XII – Part XIII – Part XIV – Part XV – Part XVI
foreground - Barbados pilot vessels
MV Ocean Harvest - impounded vessel
www.guyanatimesgy.com/2011/11/05/cocaine-vessel-from-guya...
Cocaine smuggling vessel. From Guyana
Tug - Pelican II
Coast Guard at Back
HMBS Rudyard Lewis PO3 - OPVS - Offshore Patrol Vessel
HMBS Leonard C. Banfield PO2 - OPVS
HMBS Excellence PO6 - IPVS - Inshore Patrol Vessel
Nikon D3200 - 90mm f/2.8 Macro -
I have been trying to play around with getting circular bokeh in the foreground but it is much harder to do. Of course in this instance it was a fluke because I was firing frames off like a mad man trying to get images of this butterfly while the opportunity presented itself. The bokeh however is foreground butterfly bush that I practically stuck into my lens...HAHA. I really like this butterfly....it is one of the few in the wild examples I like...if you haven't noticed most of my butterflies are of the domesticated conservatory type... :)
Credit www.shopcatalog.com with an active link required.
Image is free for usage on websites (even websites with ads) if you credit www.shopcatalog.com with an active link.
Una de las 5 fosas para barcas que rodean la Grán pirámide ( 2 al sur, 3 al este, una de ellas alineada con la calzada descendente) Dos de ellas se descubrieron intactas con enormes barcas de cedro desmontadas en su interior. Gracias a que las barcas se construÃanb como un mecano que se podÃa montar y desmontar a voluntad con indicaciones en los maderos para facilitar el montage, una de las barcas se expone en el museo de la barca de Keops. Otra sigue intacta en su fosa. Su examen fue objeto de un reportage de National Geographic
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A view of the pyramids at Giza from the plateau to the south of the complex. From left to right, the three largest are: the Pyramid of Menkaure, the Pyramid of Khafre and the Great Pyramid of Khufu. The three smaller pyramids in the foreground are subsidiary structures associated with Menkaure's pyramid.
U23 G17
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Unicode:
Pyramid
in hieroglyphs
A view of the Pyramid of Khafre from the Sphinx.
The Egyptian pyramids are ancient pyramid-shaped masonry structures located in Egypt.
As of November 2008, sources cite either 118 or 138 as the number of identified Egyptian pyramids.[1][2] Most were built as tombs for the country's pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods.[3][4][5]
The earliest known Egyptian pyramids are found at Saqqara, northwest of Memphis. The earliest among these is the Pyramid of Djoser (constructed 2630 BC–2611 BC) which was built during the third dynasty. This pyramid and its surrounding complex were designed by the architect Imhotep, and are generally considered to be the world's oldest monumental structures constructed of dressed masonry.[6]
The most famous Egyptian pyramids are those found at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo. Several of the Giza pyramids are counted among the largest structures ever built.[7] The Pyramid of Khufu at Giza is the largest Egyptian pyramid. It is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still in existence.
Contents
1 Historical development
2 Pyramid symbolism
3 Number and location of pyramids
3.1 Abu Rawash
3.2 Giza
3.3 Zawyet el-Aryan
3.4 Abu Sir
3.5 Saqqara
3.6 Dahshur
3.7 Mazghuna
3.8 Lisht
3.9 Meidum
3.10 Hawara
3.11 el-Lahun
3.12 El-Kurru
3.13 Nuri
3.14 Construction dates
4 Construction techniques
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Historical development
The Mastabat al-Fir’aun at Saqqara
By the time of the Early Dynastic Period, those with sufficient means were buried in bench-like structures known as mastabas.[8][9]
The second historically-documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed to the architect Imhotep, who planned what Egyptologists believe to be a tomb for the pharaoh Djoser. Imhotep is credited with being the first to conceive the notion of stacking mastabas on top of each other, creating an edifice composed of a number of "steps" that decreased in size towards its apex. The result was the Pyramid of Djoser, which was designed to serve as a gigantic stairway by which the soul of the deceased pharaoh could ascend to the heavens. Such was the importance of Imhotep's achievement that he was deified by later Egyptians.[10]
The most prolific pyramid-building phase coincided with the greatest degree of absolutist rule. It was during this time that the most famous pyramids, the Giza pyramid complex, were built. Over time, as authority became less centralized, the ability and willingness to harness the resources required for construction on a massive scale decreased, and later pyramids were smaller, less well-built and often hastily constructed.
Long after the end of Egypt's own pyramid-building period, a burst of pyramid-building occurred in what is present-day Sudan, after much of Egypt came under the rule of the kings of Napata. While Napatan rule was brief, ending in 661 BC, Egyptian culture made an indelible impression, and during the later Kingdom of Meroë (approximately in the period between 300 BCE – 300 CE), this flowered into a full-blown pyramid-building revival, which saw more than two hundred Egyptian-inspired indigenous royal pyramid-tombs constructed in the vicinity of the kingdom's capital cities.
Al-Aziz Uthman (1171–1198) tried to destroy the Giza pyramid complex. He gave up after damaging the Pyramid of Menkaure because the task proved too huge.[11]
Pyramid symbolism
Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid. The inner line indicates the pyramid's present profile, the outer line indicates the original profile.
The shape of Egyptian pyramids is thought to represent the primordial mound from which the Egyptians believed the earth was created. The shape of a pyramid is thought to be representative of the descending rays of the sun, and most pyramids were faced with polished, highly reflective white limestone, in order to give them a brilliant appearance when viewed from a distance. Pyramids were often also named in ways that referred to solar luminescence. For example, the formal name of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur was The Southern Shining Pyramid, and that of Senwosret at el-Lahun was Senwosret is Shining.
While it is generally agreed that pyramids were burial monuments, there is continued disagreement on the particular theological principles that might have given rise to them. One suggestion is that they were designed as a type of "resurrection machine."[12]
The Egyptians believed the dark area of the night sky around which the stars appear to revolve was the physical gateway into the heavens. One of the narrow shafts that extend from the main burial chamber through the entire body of the Great Pyramid points directly towards the center of this part of the sky. This suggests the pyramid may have been designed to serve as a means to magically launch the deceased pharaoh's soul directly into the abode of the gods.[12]
All Egyptian pyramids were built on the west bank of the Nile, which, as the site of the setting sun, was associated with the realm of the dead in Egyptian mythology.[13]
Number and location of pyramids
In 1842, Karl Richard Lepsius produced the first modern list of pyramids – see Lepsius list of pyramids – in which he counted 67. A great many more have since been discovered. As of November 2008, 118 Egyptian pyramids have been identified.[3]
The location of Pyramid 29, which Lepsius called the "Headless Pyramid", was lost for a second time when the structure was buried by desert sands subsequent to Lepsius' survey. It was found again only during an archaeological dig conducted in 2008.[14]
Many pyramids are in a poor state of preservation or buried by desert sands. If visible at all, they may appear as little more than mounds of rubble. As a consequence, archaeologists are continuing to identify and study previously unknown pyramid structures.
The most recent pyramid to be discovered was that of Sesheshet at Saqqara, mother of the Sixth Dynasty pharaoh Teti. The discovery was announced by Zahi Hawass, Secretary General of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities, on 11 November 2008.[4][15]
All of Egypt's pyramids, except the small Third Dynasty pyramid of Zawyet el-Amwat (or Zawyet el-Mayitin), are sited on the west bank of the Nile, and most are grouped together in a number of pyramid fields. The most important of these are listed geographically, from north to south, below.
Abu Rawash
Main article: Abu Rawash
The largely destroyed Pyramid of Djedefre
Abu Rawash is the site of Egypt's most northerly pyramid (other than the ruins of Lepsius pyramid number one)[5]— the mostly ruined Pyramid of Djedefre, son and successor of Khufu. Originally it was thought that this pyramid had never been completed, but the current archaeological consensus is that not only was it completed, but that it was originally about the same size as the Pyramid of Menkaure, which would have placed it among the half-dozen or so largest pyramids in Egypt.
Its location adjacent to a major crossroads made it an easy source of stone. Quarrying – which began in Roman times – has left little apart from about 15 courses of stone superimposed upon the natural hillock that formed part of the pyramid's core. A small adjacent satellite pyramid is in a better state of preservation.
Giza
Main article: Giza pyramid complex
Map of Giza pyramid complex.
Aerial view of Giza pyramid complex
Giza is the location of the Pyramid of Khufu (also known as the "Great Pyramid" and the "Pyramid of Cheops"); the somewhat smaller Pyramid of Khafre (or Kephren); the relatively modest-sized Pyramid of Menkaure (or Mykerinus), along with a number of smaller satellite edifices known as "Queen's pyramids"; and the Great Sphinx of Giza.
Of the three, only Khafre's pyramid retains part of its original polished limestone casing, near its apex. This pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu pyramid by virtue of its more elevated location, and the steeper angle of inclination of its construction – it is, in fact, smaller in both height and volume.
The Giza pyramid complex has been a popular tourist destination since antiquity, and was popularized in Hellenistic times when the Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Today it is the only one of those wonders still in existence.
Zawyet el-Aryan
See also: Zawyet el'Aryan
This site, halfway between Giza and Abu Sir, is the location for two unfinished Old Kingdom pyramids. The northern structure's owner is believed to be pharaoh Nebka, while the southern structure, known as the Layer Pyramid, may be attributable to the Third Dynasty pharaoh Khaba, a close successor of Sekhemkhet. If this attribution is correct, Khaba's short reign could explain the seemingly unfinished state of this step pyramid. Today it stands around 17 m (56 ft) high; had it been completed, it is likely to have exceeded 40 m (130 ft).
Abu Sir
Main article: Abusir
The Pyramid of Sahure at Abu Sir, viewed from the pyramid's causeway.
There are a total of fourteen pyramids at this site, which served as the main royal necropolis during the Fifth Dynasty. The quality of construction of the Abu Sir pyramids is inferior to those of the Fourth Dynasty – perhaps signaling a decrease in royal power or a less vibrant economy. They are smaller than their predecessors, and are built of low-quality local limestone.
The three major pyramids are those of Niuserre, which is also the best preserved, Neferirkare Kakai and Sahure. The site is also home to the incomplete Pyramid of Neferefre. Most of the major pyramids at Abu Sir were built similar construction techniques, comprising a rubble core surrounded by steps of mud bricks with a limestone outer casing. The largest of these 5th-Dynasty pyramids, the Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai, is believed to have been built originally as a step pyramid some 70 m (230 ft) high and then later transformed into a "true" pyramid by having its steps filled in with loose masonry.
Saqqara
Main article: Saqqara
The Pyramid of Djoser
Major pyramids located here include the Pyramid of Djoser – generally identified as the world's oldest substantial monumental structure to be built of dressed stone – the Pyramid of Userkaf, the Pyramid of Teti and the Pyramid of Merikare, dating to the First Intermediate Period of Egypt. Also at Saqqara is the Pyramid of Unas, which retains a pyramid causeway that is one of the best-preserved in Egypt. Together with the pyramid of Userkaf, this pyramid was the subject of one of the earliest known restoration attempts, conducted by Khaemweset, a son of Ramesses II.[16] Saqqara is also the location of the incomplete step pyramid of Djoser's successor Sekhemkhet known as the Buried Pyramid. Archaeologists believe that had this pyramid been completed, it would have been larger than Djoser's.
South of the main pyramid field at Saqqara is a second collection of later, smaller pyramids, including those of Pepi I, Isesi, Merenre, Pepi II and Ibi. Most of these are in a poor state of preservation.
The Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Shepseskaf either did not share an interest in, or have the capacity to undertake pyramid construction like his predecessors. His tomb, which is also sited at south Saqqara, was instead built as an unusually large mastaba and offering temple complex. It is commonly known as the Mastabat al-Fir’aun.[17]
A previously unknown pyramid was discovered at north Saqqara in late 2008. Believed to be the tomb of Teti's mother, it currently stands approximately 5 m (16 ft) high, although the original height was closer to 14 m (46 ft).
Dahshur
Main article: Dahshur
Sneferu's Red Pyramid
This area is arguably the most important pyramid field in Egypt outside Giza and Saqqara, although until 1996 the site was inaccessible due to its location within a military base, and was relatively unknown outside archaeological circles.
The southern Pyramid of Sneferu, commonly known as the Bent Pyramid, is believed to be the first Egyptian pyramid intended by its builders to be a "true" smooth-sided pyramid from the outset; the earlier pyramid at Meidum had smooth sides in its finished state – but it was conceived and built as a step pyramid, before having its steps filled in and concealed beneath a smooth outer casing of dressed stone.
As a true smooth-sided structure, the Bent Pyramid was only a partial success – albeit a unique, visually imposing one; it is also the only major Egyptian pyramid to retain a significant proportion of its original smooth outer limestone casing intact. As such it serves as the best contemporary example of how the ancient Egyptians intended their pyramids to look.
Several kilometeres to the north of the Bent Pyramid is the last – and most successful – of the three pyramids constructed during the reign of Sneferu; the Red Pyramid is the world's first successfully completed smooth-sided pyramid. The structure is also the third largest pyramid in Egypt – after the pyramids of Khufu and Khafra at Giza.
Also at Dahshur is the pyramid known as the Pyramid of Amenemhat III, as well as a number of small, mostly ruined subsidiary pyramids.
Mazghuna
Main article: Mazghuna
Located to the south of Dahshur, several mudbrick pyramids were built in this area in the late Middle Kingdom, perhaps for Amenemhat IV and Sobekneferu.
Lisht
Main article: el-Lisht
The pyramid of Amenemhet I at Lisht
Two major pyramids are known to have been built at Lisht – those of Amenemhat I and his son, Senusret I. The latter is surrounded by the ruins of ten smaller subsidiary pyramids. One of these subsidiary pyramids is known to be that of Amenemhat's cousin, Khaba II.[18] The site which is in the vicinity of the oasis of the Faiyum, midway between Dahshur and Meidum, and about 100 kilometres south of Cairo, is believed to be in the vicinity of the ancient city of Itjtawy (the precise location of which remains unknown), which served as the capital of Egypt during the Twelfth Dynasty.
Meidum
Main article: Meidum
The pyramid at Meidum
The pyramid at Meidum is one of three constructed during the reign of Sneferu, and is believed by some to have been started by that pharaoh's father and predecessor, Huni. However, that attribution is uncertain, as no record of Huni's name has been found at the site.
It was constructed as a step pyramid, and then later converted into the first "true" smooth-sided pyramid when the steps were filled in, and an outer casing added.
The pyramid suffered several catastrophic collapses in ancient and medieval times; medieval Arab writers described it as having seven steps – although today only the three uppermost of these remain, giving the structure its odd, tower-like appearance. The hill on which the pyramid is situated is not a natural landscape feature – it is the small mountain of debris created when the lower courses and outer casing of the pyramid gave way.
Hawara
Main article: Hawara
The Pyramid of Amenemhet III at Hawarra
Amenemhat III was the last powerful ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty, and the pyramid he built at Hawarra, near the Faiyum, is believed to post-date the so-called "Black Pyramid" built by the same ruler at Dahshur. It is the Hawarra pyramid that is believed to have been Amenemhet's final resting place.
el-Lahun
Main article: el-Lahun
The Pyramid of Senusret II. The pyramid's natural limestone core is clearly visible as the yellow stratum at its base.
The pyramid of Senusret II at el-Lahun is the southernmost royal-tomb pyramid structure in Egypt. Its builders reduced the amount of work necessary to construct it by ingeniously using as its foundation and core a 12-meter-high natural limestone hill.
El-Kurru
Main article: El-Kurru
Pharaoh Piye's pyramid at El-Kurru
Piye, the first ruler of the Egyptian 25th dynasty, built a pyramid at El-Kurru. He was the first Egyptian pharaoh to be buried in a pyramid in centuries.
Nuri
Main article: Nuri
Egyptian Pharaoh Taharqa's pyramid at Nuri
Taharqa, a legitimate ruler and Pharaoh of Egypt, built his pyramid at Nuri. It was the largest in the area (North Sudan).
Construction dates
Drawing showing transportation of a colossus. The water poured in the path of the sledge, long dismissed by Egyptologists as ritual, but now confirmed as feasible, served to increase the stiffness of the sand, and likely reduced by 50% the force needed to move the statue.[19]
The following table lays out the chronology of the construction of most of the major pyramids mentioned here. Each pyramid is identified through the pharaoh who ordered it built, his approximate reign, and its location.
Pyramid / Pharaoh Reign Field
Djoser c. 2670 BC Saqqara
Sneferu c. 2612–2589 BC Dashur
Sneferu c. 2612–2589 BC Meidum
Khufu c. 2589–2566 BC Giza
Djedefre c. 2566–2558 BC Abu Rawash
Khafre c. 2558–2532 BC Giza
Menkaure c. 2532–2504 BC Giza
Userkaf c. 2494–2487 BC Saqqara
Sahure c. 2487–2477 BC Abu Sir
Neferirkare Kakai c. 2477–2467 BC Abu Sir
Nyuserre Ini c. 2416–2392 BC Abu Sir
Amenemhat I c. 1991–1962 BC Lisht
Senusret I c. 1971–1926 BC Lisht
Senusret II c. 1897–1878 BC el-Lahun
Amenemhat III c. 1860–1814 BC Hawara
Khendjer c. 1764–1759 BC Saqqara
Piye c. 721 BC El-Kurru
Taharqa c. 664 BC Nuri
Construction techniques
Main article: Egyptian pyramid construction techniques
Constructing the pyramids involved moving huge quantities of stone. The quarried blocks were likely transported to the construction site by wooden sleds, with sand in front of the sled wetted to reduce friction. Droplets of water created bridges between the grains of sand, helping them stick together.[20]
Civil Engineer firsties (foreground) construct a two-story, two-bay steel structure during the department's Structure's Project Day outside Pershing Barracks on Aug. 24. The day long lab gave students hands on experience in constructing a steel stucture, as well building a wood shed, working with masonry and using a computer for reading and drawing plans. The wood shed in the background will be used for storage on Constitution Island when it is completed. The West Point Civil Engineering program, recently ranked #2 in the nation by U.S. News & World Report, "teaches students ot logically and critically solve problems" said Maj. Adam Chalmers, assistant professor of Civil Engineering. (Photo by Master Sgt. Dean Welch/Dir. of Public Affairs & Comunications)
A trio of Conrail EMD GP35s sat among the ruins of the Pennsylvania Railroad's Orangeville engine terminal in 1977.
A former Erie Lackawanna and two former Penn Central/PRR motors look as haggard as their surroundings left over from the steam era.
As a precocious little scamp armed with my parents 35mm manual camera loaded with K64, I didn't notice that catenary pole support which cuts directly through the scene.
In retrospect, it's not all that bad.
(further pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Salzburg Cathedral
Salvator bell one minute video
Dom, historical photograph around 1970
View over the roofs of the Stiegl cellar
Salzburg Cathedral seen from the Mount of the Capuchins, the little red church in the foreground on the left is the first parish church of Salzburg, St Michael's Church
The Piazza del Duomo with the cathedral
Salzburg Cathedral seen from the corner towards the Alter Markt, in the image of the 2009/2010 renovated Residence Fountain, right the north arcade
Residence Square with Residence Fountain, the Salzburg Cathedral and the Old Residence
The cathedral in the morning mist
Seen from the bell tower of the Cathedral of Salzburg Salzburg City Hall
Wintery Salzburg Cathedral at night, view over the Domplatz and the winter-resistant moored Marian column on Cathedral Square
Solemn Mass in Salzburg Cathedral
The Salzburg Cathedral is the main church building in the old town of Salzburg. It is dedicated to the Saints Rupert and Virgil.
Location
The cathedral is located in the left-bank part of Salzburg, below the fortress Hohensalzburg. It is surrounded in the north by the Residence Square, in the south by the chapter court (Kapitelplatz), in the east by the new residence with chimes and in the west of the Cathedral Square (Domplatz). It is connected in the north with the old residence and in the south with the Benedictine Abbey of St. Peter by cathedral arcades.
History
Over the centuries there have been several Vorläuferbauten (precursor buildings) of today's cathedral.
Peter Church
Rupert of Worms hat at the beginning of the 8th Century the first church built on the very site on which the present cathedral is situated. It was the church that was consecrated to saint Peter - Sankt Peterskirche, even then, it had considerable proportions.
Virgilianische (Virgilian) Cathedral
The oldest predecessor of today's cathedral which was already designed as a dome, was built in 767-774 by Bishop Virgil and belonged with its three naves to the three largest churches of the 8th Century: 66 meters long and 33 meters wide, which corresponds to an area of ​​2 178 sqm. It was the first basilica in the East Frankish kingdom. In 1139 it was provided with two high steeples. On the occasion of the inauguration on 24 September (probably the correct date, other sources report of 25 September) 774, Virgil had the bones of Rupert of Worms from the Collegiate Church of St. Peter transferred into the new cathedral.
However, this first cathedral was still dedicated to St. Peter, Rupert was just a supporting patron. However, already 845 burned this building after lightning strike under Archbishop Liupram down.
Hartwig's Cathedral
Under Archbishop Hartwig again emerged a new cathedral, also known as the Salzburg Cathedral, but this was in 1167 again destroyed, this time by the Counts of Plain. It is believed that the Romanesque lion in the gate input to Langenhof in the Sigmund-Haffner-Gasse still stems from this cathedral. The new building under Hartwig primarily concerned the western facade and the priest choir.
Konradinischer Cathedral
Main article: Konradinischer (Conradian) Cathedral
On the remains of the Hartwig's Cathedral under Archbishop Conrad III. of Wittelsbach in 1177 the even more stately Conradian Cathedral was erected, the then largest basilica with 5200 sqm north of the Alps: 122 m total length , 48 m width and 57.5 m nave transept length;
New plans of the Prince Archbishop Wolf Dietrich
When the cathedral was severely damaged in a fire in 1598, Prince Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau it had demolished to build an even bigger one. To this end, he also had parts of the medieval city and the cathedral cemetery (now Residence Square ) torn down, which until today as places around the cathedral have been preserved. Especially the ruthless demolition of Domfriedhofs (cathedral cemetery) (which then also was the town cemetery) still hurts because all tombs from previous times were destroyed (of the archbishops, canons and renowned citizens of Salzburg) and thus not preserved for posterity anymore. Vincenzo Scamozzi Dombaumeister (cathedral builder), which was in 1604 engaged by Wolf Dietrich, manufactured the first plans, which he delivered to the Archbishop until 1606/1607, but because of the capture and removal of Wolf Dietrich 1611 the building had to be stopped.
Today Salzburg Cathedral
His successor, Archbishop Markus Sittikus, but removed the completed first foundations and began the construction of a smaller cathedral building. This cathedral building, which was now planned by cathedral architect Santino Solari, could on 25 September in 1628 be inaugurated under Paris Lodron. The city celebrated one of the largest festivals that has ever existed in Salzburg.
On 18 February 1663 a hurricane roared over Salzburg, destroying the copper roof of the cathedral, the spiers of St. Andrew and St. John at Imberg together with the bells throwing to the surrounding houses.
As early as on 15 July in 1945 began the restoration work on the cathedral, which was severely damaged by bombings in World War II. On 26 May 1949 then participated 35 000 people at the Salzburg Domfest (festival) in which after a large procession of Archbishop Andreas Rohracher the 100-pound gold-plated dome cross is drawn to the restored dome. After nearly 15 years of reconstruction period was held on 1st of May in 1959 the first service by Archbishop Rohracher.
Renovations
In the years 1897 to 1901, the cathedral was renovated. From 1995 to 1998 there was a complete exterior renovation. Unfortunately, in doing so, some works had obviously not been carried out correctly and it came immediately after completion of the work to consequential damages. This led to years of disputes with the construction companies.
Finally, due to storm damage in 2007 it came again to a major renovation. In addition to the repair of the damages of the renovation in the 1990s, the roof also was renewed, which was last renewed in 1920. Alone has the roof, without a dome and towers , an area of ​​4359 square meters. Of the "old demages" of the renovation 1995/1998 may be mentioned: 12.8 km (sic) joints had to be opened and closed again, it came to cleaning and removal of impregnation, had to be taken off the balustrades and balconies and reinstalled and it came to covering of all cornices with more than 13 tons of lead roof and in addition numerous stone completions had to be carried out and it was a Taubenabwehr (protection systems against pigeons) attached.
The ten fires in the cathedral
Main article: Fires Salzburg Cathedral
The first cathedral of Bishop Virgil was only 70 years when in 845 was struck by lightning and the cathedral burnt down to the ground. This was the first of ten fires until today, of which the last one happened after an American air raid on 16th October 1944.
Equipment
Interior with two of the four Vierungsorgeln (crossing organs)
View into the dome of the cathedral
The facade
The closed marble facade of the front with its mutual octagonal spiers and the four marble statues at the entrances looks to the cathedral square. The facade is made of white-pink Unterberger marble, while the remaining construction consists of conglomerate rock (Nagefluh). It consists of two storeys with two flanking towers. The window frames are decorated with lion and ibex heads, the heraldic animals of the archdiocese and the builder of today's cathedral, Markus Sittikus. The two large coat of arms above the second floor between the two towers are the coat of arms of Hohenems and Lodron, over which a large Salvator figure is flanked by statues of Moses and Elijah.
On the outer side of the second storey figures of the four evangelists can be seen. The entrance gates to the Cathedral are adorned by four colossal figures: The two outer figures represent the church patrons Rupertus with the Salzkufe (salt vat) and Virgil with the cathedral. These works are Bartlmä van Opstal attributed (in 1660), while the two inner statues, Peter and Paul, Salzburg sculptor Bernhard Michael Mandl (1697).
The two coat of arms on the left and right portal point to the prince archbishops Guidobald Graf von Thun und Hohenstein and Johann Ernst Graf von Thun und Hohenstein.
The interior
After having crossed a vestibule, one stands in the nave, a high barrel-vaulted hall. In the front part of the Cathedral arches the eight-sided cupola. The ceilings are covered with stucco, which from 1631 to 1635 have beein manufactured by Andrea Orsolini and Giuseppe Bassarino with other sculptors from Italy.
The ceiling paintings in the transept have been painted by Donato Mascagni, a Servite monk of Florence (Tuscany, Italy), and Antonio Solari, a son of the cathedral architect Santino Solari by 1630.
In the choir round can be found monuments of deceased (prince) archbishops in two ways: once almost altar-like (1622-1727 used) and once in a still more splendid kind executed Wandgrabmäler (burial monuments along the wall). There are monuments to the prince archbishops Markus Sittikus von Hohenems, Guidobald Graf von Thun und Hohenstein, Maximilian Gandolph Count of Kuenburg, Johann Ernst Graf von Thun und Hohenstein, Franz Anton Prince Harrach, Leopold Anton Freiherr von Firmian, Jacob Ernst Graf Liechtenstein, Andreas I. Jakob Graf Dietrichstein and Sigismund III. Christoph Graf Schrattenbach.
Choir stalls and pulpit are from the year 1859.
The font
Baptismal font of Salzburg Cathedral
In the first chapel on the left of the entrance the only remnant of the establishment of Virgil's Cathedral in today's construction has been preserved, the bronze baptismal font. The round pool is supported by four reclining lions. The outer wall of the font is divided into 16 pilasters. These are supports for squeezed, as tapes unsed round arches, the figures of bishops (patrons and Holys of Salzburg ) showing.
The lions are works of the 12th Century, the basin was created by a master Heinrich 1321, otherwise not more exactly establishable, the ceiling only 1959.
The Cathedral bells
The bell-ringing consists of seven bells. In 1942, during World War II, all had to be delivered with the exception of two bells. It remained the Marie Bell (Bell of Our Lady): Weight 4008 kg, sound B, and the Virgiliusglocke: Weight 1648 kg, Sound E flat, both bells were consecrated in 1628 by Prince Archbishop Paris Lodron and cast by Wolfgang and Johann Neidhart.
On Rupert festivity in 1961 five new bells were consecrated:
The Salvator bell: Weight: 14,256 kg, Sound E flat, donated by the entire Archdiocese of Salzburg
The Rupert Bell: Weight: 8273 kg, Sound G flat; donated by the Salzburger Sparkasse
The Josephiglocke: Weight: 2518 kg, Sound D flat; donated by the Salzburg Chamber of Commerce
The Leonhardi bell: Weight: 1025 kg, Sound G flat; donated by the Salzburg Chamber of Agriculture
The Barbara Bell: Weight: 715 kg, Sound A flat; donated by the Cathedral Parish
These bells were made ​​by the Salzburg bell foundry Oberascher.
The impact bells are the Rupertus bell for the hour strike, the Josephiglocke for the quarter-hour chime and the Salvator bell, this one is rung only on high feast days and at the arrival of the Archbishop in the Cathedral;
on Sundays and public holidays the faithful calls to prayer;
Cathedral organ
Main article: Salzburg Cathedral organ
In the cathedral are in addition to the main organ yet four organs in the crossing under the cathedral dome.
Cathedral Museum
Main article: Salzburg Cathedral Museum
The entrance to the Cathedral Museum, which is located in the interior of the cathedral, is on the right of the main entrance to the cathedral.
Crypt
Main article: cathedral crypt
The crypt in its present form exists only since the reopening of the cathedral in 1959.
Data of the cathedral
Length: 101 m
Transept: 68 meters
Towers 81 m high
Dome 71 meters high
Nave: 32 m high
11 altars
It can accommodate 10 000 people
View of members focused on Colleen speaking about collections items.
[Foreground several members facing left in collection room; intent and interested expressions.]
The Grand Canyon Historical Society [GCHS] held the 4th Grand Canyon History Symposium on the South Rim, Grand Canyon National Park, on November 4-6, 2016.
As one of the many events and presentations held during the 4th Grand Canyon History Symposium, was the Museum Collection Tour.
Museum Specialist Colleen Hyde presented a walk into the past. The Grand Canyon Museum Collection houses more that 1.5 million objects, including ancient split twig figurines, prehistoric pottery, Civilian Conservation Corps artifacts, NPS memorabilia, historic photographs, and paintings by the likes of Gunnar Widforss.
GCHS BACKGROUND: Since January 2002, there have been four history symposia, bringing together historians, witnesses to history, park employees, and others with a passion for Grand Canyon history. The presentations from the first three symposiums were assembled into a collection of essays. It is the Grand Canyon Historical Society’s intent to publish the proceedings from this fourth symposium.
For more information visit the Grand Canyon Historical Society webpage
Wildfire starts in the Eastern Sierra Nevada mountains near the Alabama Hills. Dirt road in foreground. Lots of smoke in the air. Sun appears orange
In the foreground, there is a boat from Circle Line, which makes a 3-hour counterclockwise circle around Manhattan from Pier 83 on the Hudson River, as well as a boat from Statue Cruises, which took over from Circle Line as the exclusive ferry service to/from Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island.
Ellis Island, for the latter parts of the 19th Century until the immigration restrictions of 1924 and beyond, was the primary entry point for Europeans who wanted a better shot at life in a new country. They were deposited here and screened before being granted entry into the US. Ellis Island is iconic because most Americans are descendants of one of the Ellis Island immigrants, rather than, say, the Pilgrims or the early English colonists. Ellis Island closed in 1954, and re-opened as a museum in 1990.
These buildings toward the south of Ellis Island housed hospital wards and clinics for immigrants who had health issues or diseases. Unlike the main hall, which was restored for the 1990 re-opening, these buildings remain closed and unrestored. However, the abandoned interior of one of these buildings served as a great setting in 2004, when my favorite hometown singer-songwriter, Anna Nalick, needed to do a photo shoot for her debut album Wreck of the Day, paying homage to her Russian grandmother who immigrated through here and worked the Broadway theaters afterwards.
Pirámide escalonada de Netjeriket/Djoser. Sakkara. DinastÃa III. "Casa del Norte". Nuevamente un edificio ficticio cuya fachada imita una construcción con elementos vegetales y cuya puerta de entrada termina, tras un par de metros, en el interior macizo de la estructura.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A view of the pyramids at Giza from the plateau to the south of the complex. From left to right, the three largest are: the Pyramid of Menkaure, the Pyramid of Khafre and the Great Pyramid of Khufu. The three smaller pyramids in the foreground are subsidiary structures associated with Menkaure's pyramid.
U23 G17
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Unicode:
Pyramid
in hieroglyphs
A view of the Pyramid of Khafre from the Sphinx.
The Egyptian pyramids are ancient pyramid-shaped masonry structures located in Egypt.
As of November 2008, sources cite either 118 or 138 as the number of identified Egyptian pyramids.[1][2] Most were built as tombs for the country's pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods.[3][4][5]
The earliest known Egyptian pyramids are found at Saqqara, northwest of Memphis. The earliest among these is the Pyramid of Djoser (constructed 2630 BC–2611 BC) which was built during the third dynasty. This pyramid and its surrounding complex were designed by the architect Imhotep, and are generally considered to be the world's oldest monumental structures constructed of dressed masonry.[6]
The most famous Egyptian pyramids are those found at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo. Several of the Giza pyramids are counted among the largest structures ever built.[7] The Pyramid of Khufu at Giza is the largest Egyptian pyramid. It is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still in existence.
Contents
1 Historical development
2 Pyramid symbolism
3 Number and location of pyramids
3.1 Abu Rawash
3.2 Giza
3.3 Zawyet el-Aryan
3.4 Abu Sir
3.5 Saqqara
3.6 Dahshur
3.7 Mazghuna
3.8 Lisht
3.9 Meidum
3.10 Hawara
3.11 el-Lahun
3.12 El-Kurru
3.13 Nuri
3.14 Construction dates
4 Construction techniques
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Historical development
The Mastabat al-Fir’aun at Saqqara
By the time of the Early Dynastic Period, those with sufficient means were buried in bench-like structures known as mastabas.[8][9]
The second historically-documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed to the architect Imhotep, who planned what Egyptologists believe to be a tomb for the pharaoh Djoser. Imhotep is credited with being the first to conceive the notion of stacking mastabas on top of each other, creating an edifice composed of a number of "steps" that decreased in size towards its apex. The result was the Pyramid of Djoser, which was designed to serve as a gigantic stairway by which the soul of the deceased pharaoh could ascend to the heavens. Such was the importance of Imhotep's achievement that he was deified by later Egyptians.[10]
The most prolific pyramid-building phase coincided with the greatest degree of absolutist rule. It was during this time that the most famous pyramids, the Giza pyramid complex, were built. Over time, as authority became less centralized, the ability and willingness to harness the resources required for construction on a massive scale decreased, and later pyramids were smaller, less well-built and often hastily constructed.
Long after the end of Egypt's own pyramid-building period, a burst of pyramid-building occurred in what is present-day Sudan, after much of Egypt came under the rule of the kings of Napata. While Napatan rule was brief, ending in 661 BC, Egyptian culture made an indelible impression, and during the later Kingdom of Meroë (approximately in the period between 300 BCE – 300 CE), this flowered into a full-blown pyramid-building revival, which saw more than two hundred Egyptian-inspired indigenous royal pyramid-tombs constructed in the vicinity of the kingdom's capital cities.
Al-Aziz Uthman (1171–1198) tried to destroy the Giza pyramid complex. He gave up after damaging the Pyramid of Menkaure because the task proved too huge.[11]
Pyramid symbolism
Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid. The inner line indicates the pyramid's present profile, the outer line indicates the original profile.
The shape of Egyptian pyramids is thought to represent the primordial mound from which the Egyptians believed the earth was created. The shape of a pyramid is thought to be representative of the descending rays of the sun, and most pyramids were faced with polished, highly reflective white limestone, in order to give them a brilliant appearance when viewed from a distance. Pyramids were often also named in ways that referred to solar luminescence. For example, the formal name of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur was The Southern Shining Pyramid, and that of Senwosret at el-Lahun was Senwosret is Shining.
While it is generally agreed that pyramids were burial monuments, there is continued disagreement on the particular theological principles that might have given rise to them. One suggestion is that they were designed as a type of "resurrection machine."[12]
The Egyptians believed the dark area of the night sky around which the stars appear to revolve was the physical gateway into the heavens. One of the narrow shafts that extend from the main burial chamber through the entire body of the Great Pyramid points directly towards the center of this part of the sky. This suggests the pyramid may have been designed to serve as a means to magically launch the deceased pharaoh's soul directly into the abode of the gods.[12]
All Egyptian pyramids were built on the west bank of the Nile, which, as the site of the setting sun, was associated with the realm of the dead in Egyptian mythology.[13]
Number and location of pyramids
In 1842, Karl Richard Lepsius produced the first modern list of pyramids – see Lepsius list of pyramids – in which he counted 67. A great many more have since been discovered. As of November 2008, 118 Egyptian pyramids have been identified.[3]
The location of Pyramid 29, which Lepsius called the "Headless Pyramid", was lost for a second time when the structure was buried by desert sands subsequent to Lepsius' survey. It was found again only during an archaeological dig conducted in 2008.[14]
Many pyramids are in a poor state of preservation or buried by desert sands. If visible at all, they may appear as little more than mounds of rubble. As a consequence, archaeologists are continuing to identify and study previously unknown pyramid structures.
The most recent pyramid to be discovered was that of Sesheshet at Saqqara, mother of the Sixth Dynasty pharaoh Teti. The discovery was announced by Zahi Hawass, Secretary General of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities, on 11 November 2008.[4][15]
All of Egypt's pyramids, except the small Third Dynasty pyramid of Zawyet el-Amwat (or Zawyet el-Mayitin), are sited on the west bank of the Nile, and most are grouped together in a number of pyramid fields. The most important of these are listed geographically, from north to south, below.
Abu Rawash
Main article: Abu Rawash
The largely destroyed Pyramid of Djedefre
Abu Rawash is the site of Egypt's most northerly pyramid (other than the ruins of Lepsius pyramid number one)[5]— the mostly ruined Pyramid of Djedefre, son and successor of Khufu. Originally it was thought that this pyramid had never been completed, but the current archaeological consensus is that not only was it completed, but that it was originally about the same size as the Pyramid of Menkaure, which would have placed it among the half-dozen or so largest pyramids in Egypt.
Its location adjacent to a major crossroads made it an easy source of stone. Quarrying – which began in Roman times – has left little apart from about 15 courses of stone superimposed upon the natural hillock that formed part of the pyramid's core. A small adjacent satellite pyramid is in a better state of preservation.
Giza
Main article: Giza pyramid complex
Map of Giza pyramid complex.
Aerial view of Giza pyramid complex
Giza is the location of the Pyramid of Khufu (also known as the "Great Pyramid" and the "Pyramid of Cheops"); the somewhat smaller Pyramid of Khafre (or Kephren); the relatively modest-sized Pyramid of Menkaure (or Mykerinus), along with a number of smaller satellite edifices known as "Queen's pyramids"; and the Great Sphinx of Giza.
Of the three, only Khafre's pyramid retains part of its original polished limestone casing, near its apex. This pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu pyramid by virtue of its more elevated location, and the steeper angle of inclination of its construction – it is, in fact, smaller in both height and volume.
The Giza pyramid complex has been a popular tourist destination since antiquity, and was popularized in Hellenistic times when the Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Today it is the only one of those wonders still in existence.
Zawyet el-Aryan
See also: Zawyet el'Aryan
This site, halfway between Giza and Abu Sir, is the location for two unfinished Old Kingdom pyramids. The northern structure's owner is believed to be pharaoh Nebka, while the southern structure, known as the Layer Pyramid, may be attributable to the Third Dynasty pharaoh Khaba, a close successor of Sekhemkhet. If this attribution is correct, Khaba's short reign could explain the seemingly unfinished state of this step pyramid. Today it stands around 17 m (56 ft) high; had it been completed, it is likely to have exceeded 40 m (130 ft).
Abu Sir
Main article: Abusir
The Pyramid of Sahure at Abu Sir, viewed from the pyramid's causeway.
There are a total of fourteen pyramids at this site, which served as the main royal necropolis during the Fifth Dynasty. The quality of construction of the Abu Sir pyramids is inferior to those of the Fourth Dynasty – perhaps signaling a decrease in royal power or a less vibrant economy. They are smaller than their predecessors, and are built of low-quality local limestone.
The three major pyramids are those of Niuserre, which is also the best preserved, Neferirkare Kakai and Sahure. The site is also home to the incomplete Pyramid of Neferefre. Most of the major pyramids at Abu Sir were built similar construction techniques, comprising a rubble core surrounded by steps of mud bricks with a limestone outer casing. The largest of these 5th-Dynasty pyramids, the Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai, is believed to have been built originally as a step pyramid some 70 m (230 ft) high and then later transformed into a "true" pyramid by having its steps filled in with loose masonry.
Saqqara
Main article: Saqqara
The Pyramid of Djoser
Major pyramids located here include the Pyramid of Djoser – generally identified as the world's oldest substantial monumental structure to be built of dressed stone – the Pyramid of Userkaf, the Pyramid of Teti and the Pyramid of Merikare, dating to the First Intermediate Period of Egypt. Also at Saqqara is the Pyramid of Unas, which retains a pyramid causeway that is one of the best-preserved in Egypt. Together with the pyramid of Userkaf, this pyramid was the subject of one of the earliest known restoration attempts, conducted by Khaemweset, a son of Ramesses II.[16] Saqqara is also the location of the incomplete step pyramid of Djoser's successor Sekhemkhet known as the Buried Pyramid. Archaeologists believe that had this pyramid been completed, it would have been larger than Djoser's.
South of the main pyramid field at Saqqara is a second collection of later, smaller pyramids, including those of Pepi I, Isesi, Merenre, Pepi II and Ibi. Most of these are in a poor state of preservation.
The Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Shepseskaf either did not share an interest in, or have the capacity to undertake pyramid construction like his predecessors. His tomb, which is also sited at south Saqqara, was instead built as an unusually large mastaba and offering temple complex. It is commonly known as the Mastabat al-Fir’aun.[17]
A previously unknown pyramid was discovered at north Saqqara in late 2008. Believed to be the tomb of Teti's mother, it currently stands approximately 5 m (16 ft) high, although the original height was closer to 14 m (46 ft).
Dahshur
Main article: Dahshur
Sneferu's Red Pyramid
This area is arguably the most important pyramid field in Egypt outside Giza and Saqqara, although until 1996 the site was inaccessible due to its location within a military base, and was relatively unknown outside archaeological circles.
The southern Pyramid of Sneferu, commonly known as the Bent Pyramid, is believed to be the first Egyptian pyramid intended by its builders to be a "true" smooth-sided pyramid from the outset; the earlier pyramid at Meidum had smooth sides in its finished state – but it was conceived and built as a step pyramid, before having its steps filled in and concealed beneath a smooth outer casing of dressed stone.
As a true smooth-sided structure, the Bent Pyramid was only a partial success – albeit a unique, visually imposing one; it is also the only major Egyptian pyramid to retain a significant proportion of its original smooth outer limestone casing intact. As such it serves as the best contemporary example of how the ancient Egyptians intended their pyramids to look.
Several kilometeres to the north of the Bent Pyramid is the last – and most successful – of the three pyramids constructed during the reign of Sneferu; the Red Pyramid is the world's first successfully completed smooth-sided pyramid. The structure is also the third largest pyramid in Egypt – after the pyramids of Khufu and Khafra at Giza.
Also at Dahshur is the pyramid known as the Pyramid of Amenemhat III, as well as a number of small, mostly ruined subsidiary pyramids.
Mazghuna
Main article: Mazghuna
Located to the south of Dahshur, several mudbrick pyramids were built in this area in the late Middle Kingdom, perhaps for Amenemhat IV and Sobekneferu.
Lisht
Main article: el-Lisht
The pyramid of Amenemhet I at Lisht
Two major pyramids are known to have been built at Lisht – those of Amenemhat I and his son, Senusret I. The latter is surrounded by the ruins of ten smaller subsidiary pyramids. One of these subsidiary pyramids is known to be that of Amenemhat's cousin, Khaba II.[18] The site which is in the vicinity of the oasis of the Faiyum, midway between Dahshur and Meidum, and about 100 kilometres south of Cairo, is believed to be in the vicinity of the ancient city of Itjtawy (the precise location of which remains unknown), which served as the capital of Egypt during the Twelfth Dynasty.
Meidum
Main article: Meidum
The pyramid at Meidum
The pyramid at Meidum is one of three constructed during the reign of Sneferu, and is believed by some to have been started by that pharaoh's father and predecessor, Huni. However, that attribution is uncertain, as no record of Huni's name has been found at the site.
It was constructed as a step pyramid, and then later converted into the first "true" smooth-sided pyramid when the steps were filled in, and an outer casing added.
The pyramid suffered several catastrophic collapses in ancient and medieval times; medieval Arab writers described it as having seven steps – although today only the three uppermost of these remain, giving the structure its odd, tower-like appearance. The hill on which the pyramid is situated is not a natural landscape feature – it is the small mountain of debris created when the lower courses and outer casing of the pyramid gave way.
Hawara
Main article: Hawara
The Pyramid of Amenemhet III at Hawarra
Amenemhat III was the last powerful ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty, and the pyramid he built at Hawarra, near the Faiyum, is believed to post-date the so-called "Black Pyramid" built by the same ruler at Dahshur. It is the Hawarra pyramid that is believed to have been Amenemhet's final resting place.
el-Lahun
Main article: el-Lahun
The Pyramid of Senusret II. The pyramid's natural limestone core is clearly visible as the yellow stratum at its base.
The pyramid of Senusret II at el-Lahun is the southernmost royal-tomb pyramid structure in Egypt. Its builders reduced the amount of work necessary to construct it by ingeniously using as its foundation and core a 12-meter-high natural limestone hill.
El-Kurru
Main article: El-Kurru
Pharaoh Piye's pyramid at El-Kurru
Piye, the first ruler of the Egyptian 25th dynasty, built a pyramid at El-Kurru. He was the first Egyptian pharaoh to be buried in a pyramid in centuries.
Nuri
Main article: Nuri
Egyptian Pharaoh Taharqa's pyramid at Nuri
Taharqa, a legitimate ruler and Pharaoh of Egypt, built his pyramid at Nuri. It was the largest in the area (North Sudan).
Construction dates
Drawing showing transportation of a colossus. The water poured in the path of the sledge, long dismissed by Egyptologists as ritual, but now confirmed as feasible, served to increase the stiffness of the sand, and likely reduced by 50% the force needed to move the statue.[19]
The following table lays out the chronology of the construction of most of the major pyramids mentioned here. Each pyramid is identified through the pharaoh who ordered it built, his approximate reign, and its location.
Pyramid / Pharaoh Reign Field
Djoser c. 2670 BC Saqqara
Sneferu c. 2612–2589 BC Dashur
Sneferu c. 2612–2589 BC Meidum
Khufu c. 2589–2566 BC Giza
Djedefre c. 2566–2558 BC Abu Rawash
Khafre c. 2558–2532 BC Giza
Menkaure c. 2532–2504 BC Giza
Userkaf c. 2494–2487 BC Saqqara
Sahure c. 2487–2477 BC Abu Sir
Neferirkare Kakai c. 2477–2467 BC Abu Sir
Nyuserre Ini c. 2416–2392 BC Abu Sir
Amenemhat I c. 1991–1962 BC Lisht
Senusret I c. 1971–1926 BC Lisht
Senusret II c. 1897–1878 BC el-Lahun
Amenemhat III c. 1860–1814 BC Hawara
Khendjer c. 1764–1759 BC Saqqara
Piye c. 721 BC El-Kurru
Taharqa c. 664 BC Nuri
Construction techniques
Main article: Egyptian pyramid construction techniques
Constructing the pyramids involved moving huge quantities of stone. The quarried blocks were likely transported to the construction site by wooden sleds, with sand in front of the sled wetted to reduce friction. Droplets of water created bridges between the grains of sand, helping them stick together.[20]
Personally, I like the foreground blur and the 'black' colour of the ocean.
This photo was taken via a Fujifilm Finepix s2980. Automatic settings.
[Please do not use this image without permission. If this image or any of the others interest you – write to me via FlickrMail or leave a comment, and I’m sure we'll be able to negotiate access to the original file].