View allAll Photos Tagged extinct
Superdomain: Neomura
Domain: Eukaryota
(unranked): Unikonta
(unranked): Obazoa
(unranked): Opisthokonta
(unranked) Holozoa
(unranked) Filozoa
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
(unranked): Bilateria
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclass: Osteichthyes
Clade: Sarcopterygii
Class: Dipnoi
Order: Ceratodontiformes
Family: †Gnathorhizidae
Genus: †Namatozodia
Species: †N. pitikanta
GLIPTODONTE ~~~~~ Glyptodon clavipes , , , , (de izquierda a derecha)
PANOCTO ~~~~~~~~~ Panochtus intermedios
DOEDICURO ~~~~~~~ Doedicurus clavicaudatus
Prehistoric Glyptodonts (left to right) ...............................................
Superorden: Xenarthra ... Orden: Cingulata ... Familia: Glyptodontidae
Los Gliptodontes fueron grandes animales extinguidos, mucho mayores que el más grande de los armadillos modernos, con los cuales compartían el mismo orden, pero distinta familia.
Originalmente se desarrollaron durante el Mioceno de América del Sur, que continuó siendo su centro de mayor diversidad de especies.
Cuando el istmo de Panamá se formó, alrededor de tres millones de años atrás, varias especies se extendieron hacia el norte como parte del gran intercambio americano, al igual que los armadillos. La característica principal de los gliptodontes era la armadura de su cuerpo que recuerda al de una tortuga gigante, compuesto de segmentos de huesos llamados osteodermos o escudos.
Cada especie de gliptodonte tenía su propio patrón de osteodermos y cada tipo de caparazón.
Pero a diferencia de la mayoría de las tortugas, no podían esconder sus cabezas, por lo que desarrolló un casco óseo en la parte superior de su cráneo.
Incluso la cola tenía un anillo de huesos para su protección.
Doedicurus incluso poseía una gran maza en el extremo de la cola que se la utilizaba para luchar con otros Doedicurus y defenderse de sus depredadores.
Los Gliptodontes también tenía el tamaño de su lado, muchos como el género tipo Glyptodon, eran del tamaño de un Volkswagen Beetle (escarabajo).
En el momento en que evolucionaron, el principal depredador en la isla-continente de América del Sur fue el forusrácido (Phorusrhacidae) , que era un ave no voladora gigante y carnívora. Los gliptodontes eran herbívoros.
Al igual que muchos otros xenartros, no tenían incisivos o caninos, pero tenían una serie de muelas capaces de moler la dura vegetación. También tenían muy profundas mandíbulas, con grandes proyecciones óseas hacia abajo que anclaban poderosos músculos masticatorios.
Estas especies de gliptodóntidos vivían en sudamérica desde hace algunos millones de años atrás, desapareciendo completamente, junto con una enorme cantidad de géneros y especies de otros grandes mamíferos, hace unos 8.500 años, es decir, inicios del Holoceno, con claras evidencias de haber sido consumidos por los aborígenes.
Básicamente, se han propuesto tres explicaciones acerca de esta gigantesca extinción.
La primera es que el hombre fue un factor decisivo en la desaparición de esas especies, al producir una "sobrematanza" muy intensa durante un corto período.
La segunda es que la actividad de estas antiguas sociedades desencadenó en el medio ambiente modificaciones de una magnitud tal que las especies en cuestión no habrían podido superarlas (incendios, extinción de especies presas y las consecuencias que esos faltantes generaban en la vegetación, etc.).
La última es que el papel de la intervención humana fue en este sentido el de un simple "golpe de gracia" , dentro de un proceso natural de reducciones poblacionales.
En el aspecto físico los gliptodontes recordaban a los Ankylosauridae (anquilosaurianos), una familia de dinosaurios que vivieron entre156 y 65 millones de años atrás; como así también a la Meiolania, un género extinto de tortugas que sobrevivieron los últimos ejemplares hasta hace solo 2.000 años en Nueva Caledonia; ambos son ejemplos de evolución convergente, en donde linajes independientes concluyen en formas similares.
(3 de noviembre de 2009)
Museo de Ciencias Naturales de la ciudad de La Plata,
provincia de Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA.
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fotografía fotografías foto fotos photo photos imaje imajes imágenes imagen imajenes imajen picture pictures , Pansrade trögdjur , Gürteltiere , Bältdjur , Trögdjur , Páncélos vendégízületesek , Vendégízületesek , 犰狳科 , 貧齒目 , アリクイ目 , アルマジロ科 , Xenartri , Cingolati , mammiferos cingolatos , Gordeldieren , armadillos , quirquinchos , mulitas , tatues , tatús , Tatou , Mammifère Argentine , Faune endémique d'Amérique du Sud , Fauna de Argentina , Fauna de la Argentina , Fauna argentina , Mamíferos de Argentina , Mamíferos de la Argentina , Mamíferos argentinos , Animales argentinos , Animales de Argentina , Animales de la Argentina , Mammals of Argentina , Argentina's mammals , Argentine mammals , Argentinian mammals , Argentine mammalians , Argentina´s animals , Argentine animals , Argentinian animals , Animals of Argentina , Pleistocene megafauna , Mammals of Pleistocene , Pleistocene mammals , Pleistocene mammalians , Pleistocene extinctions , Mamíferos del Pleistoceno , Mamíferos do Pleistoceno , Prehistoric mammals of South America , Animais pré-históricos , Extinct mammals , Extinct animals , Mammifère préhistorique , pampas sud-américaines , Prehistoric mammals of South America , Prehistoric mammals of Argentina , Argentina´s Prehistoric mammals , Argentinian , Argentine Prehistoric mammals , Animales extinguidos de Argentina , Animales extinguidos de la Argentina , Mamíferos extintos de Argentina , Especies extintas en la prehistoria , Quaternary Extinctions , Prehistoric sloths , Zahnarme , Ausgestorbenes Säugetier , Pelosi , Mammiferi fossili , Mammifère préhistorique , Glyptodonten , Gepanzerte Nebengelenktiere , glittodontidi , gliptodontidi , Gordeldieren , Glyptodonfélék , Gliptodòntid , chudozubí , Gliptodòntids ,Gliptodonty , Глиптодонттар , Глиптодонты , 雕齒獸科 ,
Superdomain: Neomura
Domain: Eukaryota
(unranked): Unikonta
(unranked): Obazoa
(unranked): Opisthokonta
(unranked) Holozoa
(unranked) Filozoa
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
(unranked): Bilateria
(unranked): Protostomia
Superphylum: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Subphylum: Conchifera
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Caenogastropoda
Order: Littorinimorpha
Superfamily: Stromboidea
Family: †Thersiteidae
Genus: †Thersitea
Species: †T. ponderosa
The Valley is covered with mineral deposits that mark the location of extinct fumaroles. Black staining around these spots typically reflect magnetite or hematite. White zones may be enriched in silica and clay minerals. Orange to yellow staining indicates minerals such as limonite, geothite, or sulfur. NPS photo by M. Fitz.
Flores is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, an island arc with an estimated area of 14,300 km² extending east from the Java island of Indonesia. The population was 1,831,000 in the 2010 census and the largest town is Maumere. Flores is Portuguese (as well as Spanish) for "flowers".
Flores is located east of Sumbawa and Komodo and west of Lembata and the Alor Archipelago. To the southeast is Timor. To the south, across the Sumba strait, is Sumba and to the north, beyond the Flores Sea, is Sulawesi.
On 12 December 1992, an earthquake measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale occurred, killing 2,500 people in and around Maumere, including islands off the North coast.
HOMO FLORESIENSIS
In September 2004, at Liang Bua Cave in western Flores, paleoanthropologists discovered small skeletons that they described as a previously unknown hominin species, Homo floresiensis. These are informally named hobbits and appear to have stood about 1 m tall. The most complete individual (LB1) is dated as 18,000 years old.
HISTORY
Portuguese traders and missionaries came to Flores in the 16th century, mainly to Larantuka and Sikka. Their influence is still discernible in Sikka's language, culture and religion.
The Dominican order was extremely important in this island, as well as in the neighbouring islands of Timor and Solor. When in 1613 the Dutch attacked the Fortress of Solor, the population of this fort, led by the Dominicans, moved to the harbor town of Larantuka, on the eastern coast of Flores. This population was mixed, of Portuguese and local islanders descent and Larantuqueiros, Topasses (people that wear heats) or, as Dutch knew them, the 'Black Portuguese' (Swarte Portugueezen).
The Larantuqueiros or Topasses became the dominant sandalwood trading people of the region for the next 200 years. This group used Portuguese as the language for worship, Malay as the language of trade and a mixed dialect as mother tongue. This was observed by William Dampier, an English privateer visiting the Island in 1699:
These [the Topasses] have no Forts, but depend on their Alliance with the Natives: And indeed they are already so mixt, that it is hard to distinguish whether they are Portuguese or Indians. Their Language is Portuguese; and the religion they have, is Romish. They seem in Words to acknowledge the King of Portugal for their Sovereign; yet they will not accept any Officers sent by him. They speak indifferently the Malayan and their own native Languages, as well as Portuguese.
In 1846, Dutch and Portuguese initiated negotiations towards delimiting the territories but these negotiations led nowhere. In 1851 the new governor of Timor, Solor and Flores, Lima Lopes, faced with an impoverished administration, agreed to sell eastern Flores and the nearby islands to the Dutch in return for a payment of 200,000 Florins. Lima Lopes did so without the consent of Lisbon and was dismissed in disgrace, but his agreement was not rescinded and in 1854 Portugal ceded all its historical claims on Flores. After this, Flores became part of the territory of Dutch East Indies.
During World War II a Japanese invasion force landed at Reo on 14 May 1942 and occupied Flores.
After the war Flores became part of independent Indonesia.
ADMINISTRATION
Flores is part of the East Nusa Tenggara province. The island along with smaller minor islands are split into eight regencies (local government districts); from west to east these are: Manggarai Barat (West Manggarai), Manggarai Tengah (Central Manggarai), Manggarai Timur (East Manggarai), Ngada, Nagekeo, Ende, Sikka and Flores Timur (East Flores). Flores has 39.1% of the East Nusa Tenggara provincial population as of 2010, and the most Indonesians of all islands in the province.
It is the island with the 9th most Indonesians. Among all islands containing Indonesian territory, it is the 10th most populous after Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, New Guinea, Bali, Madura, Lombok, and Timor.
FLORA AND FAUNA
The west coast of Flores is one of the few places, aside from the island of Komodo itself, where the Komodo dragon can be found in the wild, and is part of Komodo National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Kelimutu National Park is the second national park designated on Flores to protect endangered species. The Flores giant rat is also endemic to the island, and Verhoeven's giant tree rat was formerly present. These giant rodents are considered examples of island gigantism.
Flores was also the habitat of several extinct dwarf forms of the proboscidean Stegodon, the most recent (Stegodon florensis insularis) disappearing approximately 12,000 years ago. It is speculated by scientists that limited resources and an absence of advanced predators made the few megafaunal species that reached the island subject to insular dwarfism.
CULTURE
There are many languages spoken on the island of Flores, all of them belonging to the Austronesian family. In the centre of the island in the districts of Ngada, Nagekeo, and Ende there is what is variously called the Central Flores Dialect Chain or the Central Flores Linkage. Within this area there are slight linguistic differences in almost every village. At least six separate languages are identifiable. These are from west to east: Ngadha, Nage, Keo, Ende, Lio and Palu'e, which is spoken on the island with the same name of the north coast of Flores. Locals would probably also add So'a and Bajawa to this list, which anthropologists have labeled dialects of Ngadha.
The peoples of Flores are almost entirely Roman Catholic Christians, whereas most other Indonesians are Muslim. As a consequence, Flores may be regarded as surrounded by a religious border. The prominence of Catholicism on the island results from its colonisation by Portugal. In other parts of Indonesia with significant Christian populations, such as the Maluku Islands and Sulawesi, the geographical divide is less rigid and Muslims and Christians sometimes live side by side. Flores thereby also has less religious violence that has sporadically occurred in other parts of Indonesia. There are several churches on the island.
TOURISM
The most famous tourist attraction in Flores is Kelimutu, a volcano containing three colored lakes, located in the district of Ende close to the town of Moni. These crater lakes are in the caldera of a volcano, and fed by a volcanic gas source, resulting in highly acidic water. The colored lakes change colors on an irregular basis, depending on the oxidation state of the lake from bright red through green and blue.
There are snorkelling and diving locations along the north coast of Flores, most notably Maumere and Riung. However, due to the destructive practice of local fishermen using bombs to fish, and locals selling shells to tourists, combined with the after effects of a devastating tsunami in 1992, the reefs have slowly been destroyed.
Labuan Bajo (on the western tip of Flores) is a town often used by tourists as a base to visit Komodo and Rinca. Labuanbajo also attracts scuba divers, as whale sharks inhabit the waters around Labuanbajo.
The Luba and Bena villages include traditional houses in Flores, Bena is also noted for its Stone Age megaliths.
Larantuka, on the isle's eastern end, is known for its Holy Week festivals.
ECONOMY
In addition to tourism, the main economic activities on Flores are agriculture, fishing and seaweed production. The primary food crops being grown on Flores are rice, maize, sweet potato and cassava, while the main cash crops are coffee, coconut, candle nut and cashew. Flores is one of the newest origins for Indonesian coffee. Previously, most Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) from Flores was blended with other origins. Now, demand is growing for this coffee because of its heavy body and sweet chocolate, floral and woody notes.
WIKIPEDIA
CABALLO FÓSIL SUDAMERICANO ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Cavalo fóssil sulamericano - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
A mounted skeleton of Southamerican extinct Horse ........................
†Hippidion (= †Hippidium)
Orden: Perissodactyla (Perisodáctilos) ... Familia: Equidae (Équidos)
Ejemplar que vivió hace 10.000 años en Luján,
provincia de Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA.
Hippidion es un género de equinos primitivos, endémico de América del Sur, encontrado desde el Plioceno tardío en sedimentos de la edad mamífero Uquiense, en la localidad de Uquía, Jujuy, Argentina.
Desciende de equinos que formaron parte del grupo de mamíferos invasores que ingresaron a la América del Sur sobre el final del Terciario, como consecuencia del levantamiento del istmo de Panamá, que generó la conexión entre ambas Américas a través de este "puente panameño", acontecimiento ocurrido aproximadamente unos 3 millones de años antesdel presente, y que unió definitivamente las faunas de América del Norte con las del Sur.
Se distingue por la retracción de la hendidura nasal hasta el nivel de M2 o posterior a M3.
Como resultado de esta retracción, el nasal se estrecha y se alarga formando una especie de estilete.
Esto afecta la conformación del cráneo donde, debido a la retracción de la hendidura nasal, los huesos nasales se proyectan libremente formando una visera o saliente pronunciada.
Por otra parte, es notable la conformación de las extremidades, proporcionalmente cortas y anchas, que le confieren al animal un aspecto macizo y robusto que el caballo doméstico.
Con un peso cercano a los 400 kilos.
Un gran número de sus restos se hallaron en sitios arqueológicos, y se corroboró su utilización como fuente de alimento, aunque este caballo primitivo no llegó a ser domesticado por los aborígenes.
Estos paleoindios convivieron con los équidos durante 4.000 años, cazándolos tan intensamente que las especies no soportaron semejante presión de captura y terminaron por extinguirse.
En la Argentina fueron abundantes, especialmente en las pampas, pero cubrieron casi todo el país y sus vecinos, habitando incluso en el altiplano andino o puneño, siendo encontrado en ambientes por sobre los 4.000 metros, por ejemplo en el Salar del Surire, en el sector altiplánico chileno.
El género †Hippidion está compuesto por tres especies:
Hippidion saldiasi Roth, 1899 (= Onohippidium saldiasi)
Es la especie más pequeña y robusta del género.
Estaba adaptada a condiciones ambientales extremas, vivió en épocas recientes (13.000 a 8.000 años antes del presente) en la Región Patagónica argentina, y sectores limítrofes del sur de Chile; y tal vez, también en la Puna jujeña.
Hippidion principale (Lund,1845)
Esta es la especie que caracteriza al género, descripta en base a restos encontrados el la localidad brasileña de Lagoa Santa.
Es la especie más grande del género.
Fue encontrado también en Tarija Bolivia (los mayores de la especie); en Buenos Aires Argentina; Chacabuco Chile; y en el departamento Artigas del Uruguay (los menores de la especie).
Entre las especies que han entrado en su sinonimia se encuentran: Hippidion chilensis, Hippidion bonaerense, y Onohippidium munizi.
Hippidion devillei (Gervais, 1855)
Es una especie de tamaño intermedio entre las otras dos.
Se distingue por la retracción de la escotadura nasal a nivel del mesostilo del M2.
El perfil es convexo, sin inflexión naso-frontal.
Fue encontrada primeramente en Tarija Bolivia; en la quebrada de Humahuaca Jujuy, y en Buenos Aires Argentina, con ejemplares algo distintos, y un poco mayores.
También se encontró en la localidad de Tirapata, en el Perú.
Entre las especies que han entrado en su sinonimia se encuentran: Hippidion bolivianum, Hypohippidion humahuaquense, Onohippidium devillei, y Onohippidium peruanum.
La provincia de Buenos Aires fue el hábitat de, por lo menos dos especies:
Hippidion principale ; vivia en el Lujanense (Pleistoceno tardío al Holoceno temprano), encontrado en: Lobería, Mercedes, Arroyo Seco, etc.
Hippidion devillei ; era un equino abundante en el Ensenadense (Pleistoceno temprano), encontrado en: Olivos, Puerto de La Plata, etc.
( 1 de febrero de 2010 )
Museo de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia,
ciudad de Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA.
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takeshiyamada.weebly.com/
The Sea Rabbit (Monafluffchus americanus) of Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York – This unique sea-dwelling rabbit, which is actually a close relative of the sea lion, was officially discovered and investigated by Henry Hudson when he first visited this land to colonize the area by order of the Dutch government. It was named New Amsterdam -- today’s New York City. This island was named after he saw the beach covered with strange swimming wild rabbits. The word “Coney Island” means “wild rabbit island” in Dutch (originally Conyne Eylandt, or Konijneneiland in modern Dutch spelling). Sea rabbits were also referred mermaid rabbit, merrabbit, rabbit fish or seal rabbit in the natural history documents in the 17th century. The current conservation status, or risk of extinction, of the sea rabbit is Extinct in the Wild.
This website features two species of sea rabbits, which have been taken care of by Dr. Takeshi Yamada (山田武司) at the Coney Island Sea Rabbit Repopulation Center, which is a part of the Marine biology department of the Coney Island University in Brooklyn, New York. They are – Coney Island Sea Rabbit (Monafluffchus americanus) called “Seara” and Coney Island Tiger-striped Sea Rabbit (Monafluffchus konjinicus) called “Stripes”.
The photographs and videos featured in this website chronicle adventures of the Coney Island sea rabbits and the world as seen by them. This article also documented efforts of Dr. Takeshi Yamada for bringing back the nearly extinct sea rabbits to Coney Island in the City of New York and beyond. Dr. Yamada produced a series of public lectures, workshops, original public live interactive fine art performances and fine art exhibitions about sea rabbits at a variety of occasions and institutions in the City of New York and beyond. Dr. Yamada is an internationally active educator, book author, wildlife conservationist and high profile artist, who lives and works in Brooklyn, New York.
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Sea Rabbit
Other Common Names: Coney Island Sea Rabbit, Beach Rabbit, Seal Rabbit, mer-rabbit, merrabbit, Atlantic Sea Rabbit.
Latin Name: Monafluffchus americanus
Origin: Atlantic coast of the United States
Description of the specimen: In the early 17th century’s European fur craze drove the fleet of Dutch ships to the eastern costal area of America. Then Holland was the center of the world just like the Italy was in the previous century. New York City was once called New Amsterdam when Dutch merchants landed and established colonies. Among them, Henry Hudson is probably the most recognized individual in the history of New York City today. “This small island is inhabited by two major creatures which we do not have in our homeland. The one creature is a large arthropod made of three body segments: the frontal segment resembles a horseshoe, the middle segment resembles a spiny crab and its tail resembles a sharp sword. Although they gather beaches here in great numbers, they are not edible due to their extremely offensive odor. Another creature which is abundant here, has the head of wild rabbit. This animal of great swimming ability has frontal legs resemble the webbed feet of a duck. The bottom half of the body resembles that of a seal. This docile rabbit of the sea is easy to catch as it does not fear people. The larger male sea rabbits control harems of 20 to 25 females. The meat of the sea rabbit is very tender and tasty.” This is what Hadson wrote in his personal journal in 1609 about the horseshoe crab and the sea rabbit in today’s Coney Island area of Brooklyn, New York. Sadly, just like the Dodo bird and the Thylacine, the sea rabbit was driven to extinction by the European settlers’ greed. When Dutch merchants and traders arrived here, sea rabbits were one of the first animals they hunted down to bring their furs to homeland to satisfy the fur craze of the time. To increase the shipment volume of furs of sea rabbit and beavers from New Amsterdam, Dutch merchants also started using wampum (beads made of special clam shells) as the first official currency of this country.
At the North Eastern shores of the United States, two species of sea rabbits were commonly found. They are Coney Island Sea Rabbit (Monafluffchus americanus) and Coney Island Tiger-striped Sea Rabbit (Monafluffchus konjinicus). Sadly, due to their over harvesting in the previous centuries, their conservation status became “Extinct in the Wild” (ET) in the Red List Endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Currently, these sea rabbits are only found at breeding centers at selected zoos and universities such as Coney Island Aquarium and Coney Island University in Brooklyn, New York. The one shown in this photograph was named "Seara" and has been cared by Dr. Takeshi Yamada at Coney Island University.
The sea rabbit is one of the families of the Pinniped order. Pinnipeds (from Latin penna = flat and pes/pedis = foot) are sea-mammals: they are homeothermic (i.e having high and regulated inner temperature), lung-breathing (i.e dependant on atmospheric oxygen) animals having come back to semi aquatic life. As soon as they arrive ashore, females are caught by the nearest adult male. Males can maintain harems of about 20 females on average. Several hours to several days after arriving ashore, pregnant females give birth to eight to ten pups with a dark brown fur. As soon as birth occurs, the mother’s special smell and calls help her pups bond specifically to her. The mother stays ashore with her pup for about one week during which the pup gains weight. During the first week spent with her newborn, the mother becomes receptive. She will be impregnated by the bull, which control the harem. Implantation of the embryo will occur 3 months later, in March-April. During the reproductive period, the best males copulate with several tens females. To do so, males have to stay ashore without feeding in order to keep their territory and their harem. In mid-January, when the last females have been fecundated, males leave at sea to feed. Some of them will come back later in March-April for the moult. The other ones will stay at sea and will come back on Coney Island only in next November. After fecundation, the mother goes at sea for her first meal. At sea, mothers feed on clams, crabs, shrimps, fish (herring, anchovy, Pollock, capelin etc.) and squids. When she is back, the mother recovers her pups at the beach she left them. Suckling occurs after auditive and olfactory recognition had occured. In March-April, the dark brown fur is totally replaced by an adult-like light brownish grey fur during the moult that lasts 1-2 months. This new fur is composed by 2 layers. Externally, the guard fur is composed by flat hairs that recover themselves when wet. By doing so, they make a water-proof barrier for the under fur. The underfur retains air when the seal is dry. Because of isolating properties of the air, the underfur is the insulating system of the fur. In March-April, the fur of adults is partially replaced. First reproduction occurs at 1-yr old in females. Males are physiologically matures at 1 year old but socially matures at +2 years old.
NOTE: The name of Coney Island is commonly thought to be derived from the Dutch Konijn Eylandt or Rabbit Island as apparently the 17th century European settlers noted many rabbits running amuck on the island.
www.takeshiyamada.weebly.com/performances.html
www.takeshiyamada.weebly.com/sea-rabbit-center.html
===========================================
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbits23/
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit22
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit021/
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit20
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit19
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit18
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit17
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit16
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit15
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit14
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit13
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit12
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit11
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit10
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit9
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit8
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit7
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit6
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit5
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit4
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit3
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit2
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit1
www.flickr.com/photos/diningwithsearabbits03
www.flickr.com/photos/diningwithsearabbits02
www.flickr.com/photos/diningwithsearabbits01
www.flickr.com/photos/yamadaimmortalized2/
www.flickr.com/photos/takeshiyamadaimmortalized/
www.flickr.com/photos/yamadabellhouse2014/
www.flickr.com/photos/museumofworldwonders3/
www.flickr.com/photos/museumofworldwonders2
www.flickr.com/photos/museumofworldwonders/
www.flickr.com/photos/takeshiyamadapaintings/
===========================================
For any questions, please email contact Takeshi Yamada, Art & Rogue Taxidermy, Museum of World Wonders, official website. www.takeshiyamada.weebly.com/
================================================
For any questions, please contact Dr. Takeshi Yamada. His email address is posted in the chapter page (the last page or the first page).
(Updated April 7, 2015)
'Endangered and Extinct' by creative recycling artist Val Hunt, an exhibition at Gloucester Cathedral, Saturday 26 September-Sunday 1 November 2020 in the Cloisters
From the Cathedral's website:
"This exhibition presents a subtle message about recycling and preservation, raising awareness of why the creatures on show are endangered or extinct...
Having worked for the past 29 years as a professional maker, Val Hunt continues to be amazed at the versatility of creative recycling. There is an enormous variety of discarded material just waiting to be reconstructed and given a new identity, especially Val's favourite material of drinks can metal. Intricate constructions and interesting textures are key elements found in her work, humour is also an added ingredient whenever possible.
Through experimentation, ingenuity and skill her work is always changing as she discovers new techniques and ways of constructing recycled materials to signal a new meaning. Her works recycles a diverse selection of throwaway material, from these she creates a fascinating selection of large and small sculptural pieces which are both appealing and informative.
Despite her use of manufactured materials, her main inspiration comes from the natural world. Val has a special interest in endangered and extinct species and most of her work reflects this. She makes animals, exotic birds, dinosaurs, insects and species of flora all on the edge or now extinct.
The increasing awareness of the effects of pollution, climate change, plastic in the Ocean and environment destruction on the habitat have influenced Val's work. She now dedicates her making to highlighting the plight of species that are on the edge or gone forever in her touring educational exhibition 'Endangered and Extinct'...
Val's work has been shown in exhibitions around the UK, Denmark, Japan, United Emirates, USA and toured overseas with the British Council. She has work in many permanent collections."
Superdomain: Neomura
Domain: Eukaryota
(unranked): Unikonta
(unranked): Obazoa
(unranked): Opisthokonta
(unranked) Holozoa
(unranked) Filozoa
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Clade: Bilateria
Clade: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Clade: Eugnathostomata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Infraclass: Euselachii
Superorder: Squalomorphii
Order: Hexanchiformes
Family: Hexanchidae
Genus: Hexanchus
Species: H. tusbairicus†
Arthur Bilger
Founder and CEO, WorkingNation
Teresa Ghilarducci
Bernard L. and Irene Schwartz Professor of Economics, The New School for Social Research; Director, Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis and The New School Retirement Equity Lab
Paul Irving
Chairman, Center for the Future of Aging, Milken Institute; Chairman, Encore.org; Distinguished Scholar-in-Residence, University of Southern California Davis School of Gerontology
Kathleen Kennedy Townsend
Director, Retirement Security, Economic Policy Institute; Senior Advisor, Rock Creek Group; former Lieutenant Governor, State of Maryland
Penny Pennington
Managing Partner, Edward Jones
seated on the rim of an extinct volcano, with an elevation of 1800 feet, is the national shrine for the fallen heroes of bataan. the 302 feet memorial cross is visible, with a good pair of binoculars, up to baywalk in pasay city, almost 50 kilometers away.
At the start of World War II in 1942 after suffering heavy losses against the Imperial Japanese Army all over Luzon, the Filipino and American soldiers retreated to Bataan Peninsula to regroup for a last valiant but futile stand. After four months of fighting, the 78,000 exhausted, sick and starving soldiers under Major General Edward P. King surrendered to the Japanese on April 9, 1942 known as the fall of Bataan. It is the single largest surrender of U.S. soldiers in history and Mariveles, a town in the Bataan province, was their last stronghold after which, together with the Philippine soldiers, they were led on to the 80-mile (130 km) march to Capas, Tarlac known as the Bataan Death March.
source: wikipedia
From Wikipedia:
Dinosaur Provincial Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located about two and a half hours drive southeast of Calgary, Alberta, Canada or 48 kilometres, about a half hour drive, northeast of Brooks.
The park is situated in the valley of the Red Deer River, which is noted for its striking badland topography. The park is well known for being one of the richest dinosaur fossil locales in the world. Forty dinosaur species have been discovered at the park and more than 500 specimens have been removed and exhibited in museums across the globe. The renowned fossil assemblage of nearly 500 species of life, from microscopic fern spores to large carnivorous dinosaurs, justified it becoming a World Heritage Site in 1979.
The Dinosaur Provincial Park Visitor Centre features exhibits about dinosaurs, fossils, and the geology and natural history of the park. There is a video theater, fossil prep lab area, and a gift shop. Public programs are offered in the summer.
John Ware's Cabin is a restored early 20th cabin that was used by John Ware, an African-American cowboy and important figure in Alberta's ranching history. The cabin is located near the visitor center and is open on select days in the summer.
Established on June 27, 1955 as part of Alberta's 50th Jubilee Year with the goal of protecting the fossil beds, the first warden was Roy Fowler (1902-1975), a farmer and amateur fossil hunter.
Until 1985 discoveries made in the park had to be shipped to museums throughout the world for scientific analysis and display, including the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, the Canadian Museum of Nature in Ottawa, and the American Museum of Natural History in New York. This changed with the opening of the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology 100 kilometers upstream in Midland Provincial Park adjacent to Drumheller.
The park was established as a UNESCO World Heritage Site on October 26, 1979 both for its nationally significant badlands and riverside riparian habitats, and for the international importance of the fossils found here. An official dedication ceremony and plaque unveiling were held at the Park's overview area on June 19, 1980.
The park protects a very complex ecosystem including three communities: prairie grasslands, badlands, and riverside cottonwoods. Its ecosystem is surrounded by prairies but is unique unto itself. Choruses of coyotes are common at dusk, as are the calls of nighthawks. Cottontail rabbits, mule deer, and pronghorn can all be seen in the park; the prairie rattlesnake, bull snake and the red-sided garter snake are present as well. Curlews and Canada geese are among the 165 bird species that can be seen in the spring and summer. Some of the most northern species of cactus, including Opuntia (prickly pear) and Pediocactus (pincushion) can be observed in full bloom during the later half of June.
The sediments of Dinosaur Provincial Park span 2.8 million years and three formations: the terrestrial Oldman Formation at the base of the strata, the terrestrial Dinosaur Park Formation above, and the marine Bearpaw at the top. The Dinosaur Park Formation, which contains most of the fossils from articulated skeletons, was primarily laid down by large rivers in very warm temperate coastal lowlands along the western margin of the Western Interior Seaway. The formation dates to the Late Campanian, about 75 million years ago. The Dinosaur Park Formation spans about 1 million years.
Dinosaur Provincial Park preserves an extraordinarily diverse group of freshwater vertebrates. Fish include sharks, rays (such as the durophage Myledaphus), paddlefish, bowfins, gars, and teleosts. Amphibians include frogs, salamanders, and the extinct albanerpetontids. Reptiles include lizards (such as the large monitor Paleosaniwa), a wide range of turtles, crocodilians, and the fish-eating Champsosaurus. Mammals such as shrews, marsupials, and squirrel-like rodents are also represented, although usually only by their fossilized teeth, rather than bones.
Mega-plant fossils are rare in the park, but pollen grains and spores collected from here suggest that these Campanian forests contained sycamore, magnolia and bald cypress trees, along with Metasequoia.
Marie is examining a new bonebed she has just discovered. In a moment, I will discover that getting down is a lot harder than climbing up.
This High Dynamic Range 360° panorama was stitched from 84 hand-held bracketed photographs with PTGUI Pro, tone-mapped with Photomatix, and touched up in Aperture.
Original size: 19076 × 9538 (181.9 MP; 195.23 MB).
Location: Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada
Scale: 1:20
Producer: Safari Ltd
Sculptor: Doug Watson
Released: 2020
Middle Triassic
Commentary and additional photos: dinotoyblog.com/forum/index.php?topic=3390.msg247103#msg2...
'Endangered and Extinct' by creative recycling artist Val Hunt, an exhibition at Gloucester Cathedral, Saturday 26 September-Sunday 1 November 2020 in the Cloisters
From the Cathedral's website:
"This exhibition presents a subtle message about recycling and preservation, raising awareness of why the creatures on show are endangered or extinct...
Having worked for the past 29 years as a professional maker, Val Hunt continues to be amazed at the versatility of creative recycling. There is an enormous variety of discarded material just waiting to be reconstructed and given a new identity, especially Val's favourite material of drinks can metal. Intricate constructions and interesting textures are key elements found in her work, humour is also an added ingredient whenever possible.
Through experimentation, ingenuity and skill her work is always changing as she discovers new techniques and ways of constructing recycled materials to signal a new meaning. Her works recycles a diverse selection of throwaway material, from these she creates a fascinating selection of large and small sculptural pieces which are both appealing and informative.
Despite her use of manufactured materials, her main inspiration comes from the natural world. Val has a special interest in endangered and extinct species and most of her work reflects this. She makes animals, exotic birds, dinosaurs, insects and species of flora all on the edge or now extinct.
The increasing awareness of the effects of pollution, climate change, plastic in the Ocean and environment destruction on the habitat have influenced Val's work. She now dedicates her making to highlighting the plight of species that are on the edge or gone forever in her touring educational exhibition 'Endangered and Extinct'...
Val's work has been shown in exhibitions around the UK, Denmark, Japan, United Emirates, USA and toured overseas with the British Council. She has work in many permanent collections."
takeshiyamada.weebly.com/
The Sea Rabbit (Monafluffchus americanus) of Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York – This unique sea-dwelling rabbit, which is actually a close relative of the sea lion, was officially discovered and investigated by Henry Hudson when he first visited this land to colonize the area by order of the Dutch government. It was named New Amsterdam -- today’s New York City. This island was named after he saw the beach covered with strange swimming wild rabbits. The word “Coney Island” means “wild rabbit island” in Dutch (originally Conyne Eylandt, or Konijneneiland in modern Dutch spelling). Sea rabbits were also referred mermaid rabbit, merrabbit, rabbit fish or seal rabbit in the natural history documents in the 17th century. The current conservation status, or risk of extinction, of the sea rabbit is Extinct in the Wild.
This website features two species of sea rabbits, which have been taken care of by Dr. Takeshi Yamada (山田武司) at the Coney Island Sea Rabbit Repopulation Center, which is a part of the Marine biology department of the Coney Island University in Brooklyn, New York. They are – Coney Island Sea Rabbit (Monafluffchus americanus) called “Seara” and Coney Island Tiger-striped Sea Rabbit (Monafluffchus konjinicus) called “Stripes”.
The photographs and videos featured in this website chronicle adventures of the Coney Island sea rabbits and the world as seen by them. This article also documented efforts of Dr. Takeshi Yamada for bringing back the nearly extinct sea rabbits to Coney Island in the City of New York and beyond. Dr. Yamada produced a series of public lectures, workshops, original public live interactive fine art performances and fine art exhibitions about sea rabbits at a variety of occasions and institutions in the City of New York and beyond. Dr. Yamada is an internationally active educator, book author, wildlife conservationist and high profile artist, who lives and works in Brooklyn, New York.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sea Rabbit
Other Common Names: Coney Island Sea Rabbit, Beach Rabbit, Seal Rabbit, mer-rabbit, merrabbit, Atlantic Sea Rabbit.
Latin Name: Monafluffchus americanus
Origin: Atlantic coast of the United States
Description of the specimen: In the early 17th century’s European fur craze drove the fleet of Dutch ships to the eastern costal area of America. Then Holland was the center of the world just like the Italy was in the previous century. New York City was once called New Amsterdam when Dutch merchants landed and established colonies. Among them, Henry Hudson is probably the most recognized individual in the history of New York City today. “This small island is inhabited by two major creatures which we do not have in our homeland. The one creature is a large arthropod made of three body segments: the frontal segment resembles a horseshoe, the middle segment resembles a spiny crab and its tail resembles a sharp sword. Although they gather beaches here in great numbers, they are not edible due to their extremely offensive odor. Another creature which is abundant here, has the head of wild rabbit. This animal of great swimming ability has frontal legs resemble the webbed feet of a duck. The bottom half of the body resembles that of a seal. This docile rabbit of the sea is easy to catch as it does not fear people. The larger male sea rabbits control harems of 20 to 25 females. The meat of the sea rabbit is very tender and tasty.” This is what Hadson wrote in his personal journal in 1609 about the horseshoe crab and the sea rabbit in today’s Coney Island area of Brooklyn, New York. Sadly, just like the Dodo bird and the Thylacine, the sea rabbit was driven to extinction by the European settlers’ greed. When Dutch merchants and traders arrived here, sea rabbits were one of the first animals they hunted down to bring their furs to homeland to satisfy the fur craze of the time. To increase the shipment volume of furs of sea rabbit and beavers from New Amsterdam, Dutch merchants also started using wampum (beads made of special clam shells) as the first official currency of this country.
At the North Eastern shores of the United States, two species of sea rabbits were commonly found. They are Coney Island Sea Rabbit (Monafluffchus americanus) and Coney Island Tiger-striped Sea Rabbit (Monafluffchus konjinicus). Sadly, due to their over harvesting in the previous centuries, their conservation status became “Extinct in the Wild” (ET) in the Red List Endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Currently, these sea rabbits are only found at breeding centers at selected zoos and universities such as Coney Island Aquarium and Coney Island University in Brooklyn, New York. The one shown in this photograph was named "Seara" and has been cared by Dr. Takeshi Yamada at Coney Island University.
The sea rabbit is one of the families of the Pinniped order. Pinnipeds (from Latin penna = flat and pes/pedis = foot) are sea-mammals: they are homeothermic (i.e having high and regulated inner temperature), lung-breathing (i.e dependant on atmospheric oxygen) animals having come back to semi aquatic life. As soon as they arrive ashore, females are caught by the nearest adult male. Males can maintain harems of about 20 females on average. Several hours to several days after arriving ashore, pregnant females give birth to eight to ten pups with a dark brown fur. As soon as birth occurs, the mother’s special smell and calls help her pups bond specifically to her. The mother stays ashore with her pup for about one week during which the pup gains weight. During the first week spent with her newborn, the mother becomes receptive. She will be impregnated by the bull, which control the harem. Implantation of the embryo will occur 3 months later, in March-April. During the reproductive period, the best males copulate with several tens females. To do so, males have to stay ashore without feeding in order to keep their territory and their harem. In mid-January, when the last females have been fecundated, males leave at sea to feed. Some of them will come back later in March-April for the moult. The other ones will stay at sea and will come back on Coney Island only in next November. After fecundation, the mother goes at sea for her first meal. At sea, mothers feed on clams, crabs, shrimps, fish (herring, anchovy, Pollock, capelin etc.) and squids. When she is back, the mother recovers her pups at the beach she left them. Suckling occurs after auditive and olfactory recognition had occured. In March-April, the dark brown fur is totally replaced by an adult-like light brownish grey fur during the moult that lasts 1-2 months. This new fur is composed by 2 layers. Externally, the guard fur is composed by flat hairs that recover themselves when wet. By doing so, they make a water-proof barrier for the under fur. The underfur retains air when the seal is dry. Because of isolating properties of the air, the underfur is the insulating system of the fur. In March-April, the fur of adults is partially replaced. First reproduction occurs at 1-yr old in females. Males are physiologically matures at 1 year old but socially matures at +2 years old.
NOTE: The name of Coney Island is commonly thought to be derived from the Dutch Konijn Eylandt or Rabbit Island as apparently the 17th century European settlers noted many rabbits running amuck on the island.
www.takeshiyamada.weebly.com/performances.html
www.takeshiyamada.weebly.com/sea-rabbit-center.html
===========================================
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbits23/
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit22
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit021/
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit20
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit19
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit18
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit17
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit16
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit15
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit14
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit13
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit12
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit11
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit10
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit9
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit8
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit7
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit6
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit5
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit4
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit3
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit2
www.flickr.com/photos/searabbit1
www.flickr.com/photos/diningwithsearabbits03
www.flickr.com/photos/diningwithsearabbits02
www.flickr.com/photos/diningwithsearabbits01
www.flickr.com/photos/yamadaimmortalized2/
www.flickr.com/photos/takeshiyamadaimmortalized/
www.flickr.com/photos/yamadabellhouse2014/
www.flickr.com/photos/museumofworldwonders3/
www.flickr.com/photos/museumofworldwonders2
www.flickr.com/photos/museumofworldwonders/
www.flickr.com/photos/takeshiyamadapaintings/
===========================================
For any questions, please email contact Takeshi Yamada, Art & Rogue Taxidermy, Museum of World Wonders, official website. www.takeshiyamada.weebly.com/
================================================
For any questions, please contact Dr. Takeshi Yamada. His email address is posted in the chapter page (the last page or the first page).
(Updated April 7B, 2015)
Extinct - Pentax ES (1971) with Takumar 1:1.4 50 mm Super-Multi-Coated & 400 ISO Fuji Film - Photographer Russell McNeil PhD (Physics) lives in Nanaimo, British Columbia where he works also as a writer and a personal trainer.
I don`t think I would argue with this Velociraptor!
An arty-farty capture of one of the dinosaurs on display at Blackgang Chine, Isle of Wight.
23rd October 2017
Puna Pau, the pukao factory.
Puna Pau is a small extinct volcano, located about 7 kilometers northeast of Hanga Roa, whose name refers to a source or well of water that must have existed in its surroundings. This crater is part of a set of parasitic cones that emerged during the eruptions of Ma’unga Terevaka, the youngest and tallest volcano on Easter Island.
Inside the Puna Pau crater there is a red slag quarry that formerly constituted an important source of raw material for the islanders. Red slag or hani hani, as it is known in the Rapanui language, is a type of volcanic ash of great porosity and low hardness, which shows a reddish color due to the iron oxide present in its composition.
The characteristics of this soft and easy-to-carve material, which made it unusable for use in construction, were used to manufacture various types of objects, some very special. Among them are about twenty small statues, water containers, called taheta, ornamental-type blocks, and moai eyes.
Although there are other deposits of red slag on the island, the Puna Pau quarry was the most important of all, and is believed to be the origin of most of the known objects carved in Hani Hani. This relevance may possibly be due to the strong reddish color of its material, since in the Rapanui culture the color red is a symbolic color associated with sacred rites and mana or spiritual force.
Just as the southern slope of the Rano Raraku volcano was the origin of most of the island's statues, it is thought that a third of the Puna Pau crater was used for the manufacture of all the pukao. It is also believed that different work teams were formed in the quarry that competed to have their own production areas.
However, unlike Rano Raraku, it seems that Puna Pau was considered a secret and sacred place. Its hidden location from other parts of the island, an almost silent production, being carried out inside the crater, and an especially valued red color contributed to its isolation and mysticism.
Ammonite fossil.
This shell is an ammonite, a marine animal that went extinct at the same time as most dinosaurs, around 65 milion years ago. The ammonite belongs to the group of animals known as mollusks, and its closest living relatives are the modern squid and pearl nautilus.
Placenticeras intercalare. 75 million years old, found from Canada. (AMNH-FI 56701)
Museum of Natural History, New York
GLIPTODONTE (tubo caudal) ~~~~~~~~~~~
Prehistoric Glyptodont .......................................
Neosclerocalyptus ornatus
Superorden: Xenarthra ... Orden: Cingulata ... Familia: Glyptodontidae
Neosclerocalyptus Paula Couto (= Hoplophorus = Sclerocalyptus) es un género Pleistocénico de Glyptodontidae Hoplophorini (= Sclerocalyptini) que incluye alrededor de una docena de especies, muchas de las cuales han sido reconocidos por criterios taxonómicos tipológico / morfológicos.
Cuatro especies se han descrito para el Ensenadense (del Pleistoceno temprano hasta principios del Pleistoceno medio) de la región pampeana de la Argentina.
Sin embargo sólo dos especies son válidas: Neosclerocalyptus pseudornatus y Neosclerocalyptus ornatus.
Una evidente sinapomorfía en Neosclerocalyptus es la notable neumatización y expansión lateral de los senos fronto-nasales, los cuales son bien evidentes en N. pseudornatus (alrededor de 1.07-0.98 Ma) y más aún en N. ornatus (alrededor de 0.98-0.40 Ma) .
Estas características, siempre interpretadas como una respuesta al clima frío y árido o semiárido del Pleistoceno, se manifiesta al máximo en taxones que habitaron desde el Pleistoceno Medio (Bonaerense) al Pleistoceno tardío (Lujanense).
Neosclerocalyptus era muy común en la región pampeana y el norte-centro de la Argentina, pero muy escaso o ausente en la Mesopotamia argentina, Uruguay, y sur del Brasil, áreas que fueron objeto de climas relativamente más húmedos y más cálidos durante la mayor parte del Pleistoceno.
Desde una perspectiva biogeográfica, ambas especies Ensenadenses se limitaban a la actual región pampeana .
N. pseudornatus fue registrado en "toscas" (capas superficiales de arcillas endurecidas) del Río de La Plata (en la ciudad de Buenos Aires y en Olivos), y en Mar del Plata (provincia de Buenos Aires); mientras que N. ornatus fue encontrado en Mar del Plata, y San Pedro ( la provincia de Buenos Aires), y Granadero Baigorria (provincia de Santa Fe).
Los Gliptodontes fueron grandes animales extinguidos, mucho mayores que el más grande de los armadillos modernos, con los cuales compartían el mismo orden, pero distinta familia, pues ambas estirpes se separaron hace más de 40 millones de años.
Originalmente se desarrollaron durante el Mioceno de América del Sur, que continuó siendo su centro de mayor diversidad de especies.
Cuando el istmo de Panamá se formó, alrededor de tres millones de años atrás, varias especies se extendieron hacia el norte como parte del gran intercambio americano, al igual que los armadillos.
La característica principal de los gliptodontes era la armadura de su cuerpo que recuerda al de una tortuga gigante, compuesto de segmentos de huesos llamados osteodermos o escudos.
Cada especie de gliptodonte tenía su propio patrón de osteodermos y cada tipo de caparazón.
Pero a diferencia de la mayoría de las tortugas, no podían esconder sus cabezas, por lo que desarrolló un casco óseo en la parte superior de su cráneo.
Incluso la cola tenía un anillo de huesos para su protección.
Doedicurus incluso poseía una gran maza en el extremo de la cola que se la utilizaba para luchar con otros Doedicurus y defenderse de sus depredadores.
Los Gliptodontes también tenía el tamaño de su lado, muchos como el género tipo Glyptodon, eran del tamaño de un Volkswagen Beetle (escarabajo).
En el momento en que evolucionaron, el principal depredador en la isla-continente de América del Sur fue el forusrácido (Phorusrhacidae) , que era un ave no voladora gigante y carnívora. Los gliptodontes eran herbívoros.
Al igual que muchos otros xenartros, no tenían incisivos o caninos, pero tenían una serie de muelas capaces de moler la dura vegetación. También tenían muy profundas mandíbulas, con grandes proyecciones óseas hacia abajo que anclaban poderosos músculos masticatorios.
Su peso oscilaba entre 1000 y 2000 kilos. Las especies de mayor tamaño superaron los 3 metros de largo y 1,2 metros de altura.
Tenían todas las vértebras soldadas, al igual que la cintura pélvica, por lo que su movilidad era reducida.
Los huesos de las extremidades eran cortos pero anchos.
Vivían en manadas, en lugares abiertos (no cavaban madrigueras).
Estas especies de gliptodóntidos vivían en sudamérica desde hace algunos millones de años atrás, desapareciendo completamente, junto con una enorme cantidad de géneros y especies de otros grandes mamíferos, hace unos 8.500 años, es decir, inicios del Holoceno, con claras evidencias de haber sido consumidos por los aborígenes.
Básicamente, se han propuesto tres explicaciones acerca de esta gigantesca extinción.
° La primera es que el hombre fue un factor decisivo en la desaparición de esas especies, al producir una "sobrematanza" muy intensa durante un corto período.
° La segunda es que la actividad de estas antiguas sociedades desencadenó en el medio ambiente modificaciones de una magnitud tal que las especies en cuestión no habrían podido superarlas (incendios, extinción de especies presas y las consecuencias que esos faltantes generaban en la vegetación, etc.).
° La última es que el papel de la intervención humana fue en este sentido el de un simple "golpe de gracia" , dentro de un proceso natural de reducciones poblacionales.
En el aspecto físico los gliptodontes recordaban a los Ankylosauridae (anquilosaurianos), una familia de dinosaurios que vivieron entre156 y 65 millones de años atrás; como así también a la Meiolania, un género extinto de tortugas que sobrevivieron los últimos ejemplares hasta hace solo 2.000 años en Nueva Caledonia; ambos son ejemplos de evolución convergente, en donde linajes independientes concluyen en formas similares.
( 1 de febrero de 2010 )
Museo de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia,
ciudad de Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA.
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Jawbone of a Metridiochoerus hopwoodi, an extinct giant warthog that lived in Africa. On display in the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.
Metridiochoerus hopwoodi lived from 3.6 million years ago to about 117,000 years ago. It was about five feet long, and looked like a warthog. (Modern warthogs are three to five feet long, depending on species.) They were omnivores, eating both plant and animal matter.
They were commonly hunted by the ancestors of human beings.
takeshiyamada.weebly.com/
The Sea Rabbit (Monafluffchus americanus) of Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York – This unique sea-dwelling rabbit, which is actually a close relative of the sea lion, was officially discovered and investigated by Henry Hudson when he first visited this land to colonize the area by order of the Dutch government. It was named New Amsterdam -- today’s New York City. This island was named after he saw the beach covered with strange swimming wild rabbits. The word “Coney Island” means “wild rabbit island” in Dutch (originally Conyne Eylandt, or Konijneneiland in modern Dutch spelling). Sea rabbits were also referred mermaid rabbit, merrabbit, rabbit fish or seal rabbit in the natural history documents in the 17th century. The current conservation status, or risk of extinction, of the sea rabbit is Extinct in the Wild.
This website features two species of sea rabbits, which have been taken care of by Dr. Takeshi Yamada (山田武司) at the Coney Island Sea Rabbit Repopulation Center, which is a part of the Marine biology department of the Coney Island University in Brooklyn, New York. They are – Coney Island Sea Rabbit (Monafluffchus americanus) called “Seara” and Coney Island Tiger-striped Sea Rabbit (Monafluffchus konjinicus) called “Stripes”.
The photographs and videos featured in this website chronicle adventures of the Coney Island sea rabbits and the world as seen by them. This article also documented efforts of Dr. Takeshi Yamada for bringing back the nearly extinct sea rabbits to Coney Island in the City of New York and beyond. Dr. Yamada produced a series of public lectures, workshops, original public live interactive fine art performances and fine art exhibitions about sea rabbits at a variety of occasions and institutions in the City of New York and beyond. Dr. Yamada is an internationally active educator, book author, wildlife conservationist and high profile artist, who lives and works in Brooklyn, New York.
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Sea Rabbit
Other Common Names: Coney Island Sea Rabbit, Beach Rabbit, Seal Rabbit, mer-rabbit, merrabbit, Atlantic Sea Rabbit.
Latin Name: Monafluffchus americanus
Origin: Atlantic coast of the United States
Description of the specimen: In the early 17th century’s European fur craze drove the fleet of Dutch ships to the eastern costal area of America. Then Holland was the center of the world just like the Italy was in the previous century. New York City was once called New Amsterdam when Dutch merchants landed and established colonies. Among them, Henry Hudson is probably the most recognized individual in the history of New York City today. “This small island is inhabited by two major creatures which we do not have in our homeland. The one creature is a large arthropod made of three body segments: the frontal segment resembles a horseshoe, the middle segment resembles a spiny crab and its tail resembles a sharp sword. Although they gather beaches here in great numbers, they are not edible due to their extremely offensive odor. Another creature which is abundant here, has the head of wild rabbit. This animal of great swimming ability has frontal legs resemble the webbed feet of a duck. The bottom half of the body resembles that of a seal. This docile rabbit of the sea is easy to catch as it does not fear people. The larger male sea rabbits control harems of 20 to 25 females. The meat of the sea rabbit is very tender and tasty.” This is what Hadson wrote in his personal journal in 1609 about the horseshoe crab and the sea rabbit in today’s Coney Island area of Brooklyn, New York. Sadly, just like the Dodo bird and the Thylacine, the sea rabbit was driven to extinction by the European settlers’ greed. When Dutch merchants and traders arrived here, sea rabbits were one of the first animals they hunted down to bring their furs to homeland to satisfy the fur craze of the time. To increase the shipment volume of furs of sea rabbit and beavers from New Amsterdam, Dutch merchants also started using wampum (beads made of special clam shells) as the first official currency of this country.
At the North Eastern shores of the United States, two species of sea rabbits were commonly found. They are Coney Island Sea Rabbit (Monafluffchus americanus) and Coney Island Tiger-striped Sea Rabbit (Monafluffchus konjinicus). Sadly, due to their over harvesting in the previous centuries, their conservation status became “Extinct in the Wild” (ET) in the Red List Endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Currently, these sea rabbits are only found at breeding centers at selected zoos and universities such as Coney Island Aquarium and Coney Island University in Brooklyn, New York. The one shown in this photograph was named "Seara" and has been cared by Dr. Takeshi Yamada at Coney Island University.
The sea rabbit is one of the families of the Pinniped order. Pinnipeds (from Latin penna = flat and pes/pedis = foot) are sea-mammals: they are homeothermic (i.e having high and regulated inner temperature), lung-breathing (i.e dependant on atmospheric oxygen) animals having come back to semi aquatic life. As soon as they arrive ashore, females are caught by the nearest adult male. Males can maintain harems of about 20 females on average. Several hours to several days after arriving ashore, pregnant females give birth to eight to ten pups with a dark brown fur. As soon as birth occurs, the mother’s special smell and calls help her pups bond specifically to her. The mother stays ashore with her pup for about one week during which the pup gains weight. During the first week spent with her newborn, the mother becomes receptive. She will be impregnated by the bull, which control the harem. Implantation of the embryo will occur 3 months later, in March-April. During the reproductive period, the best males copulate with several tens females. To do so, males have to stay ashore without feeding in order to keep their territory and their harem. In mid-January, when the last females have been fecundated, males leave at sea to feed. Some of them will come back later in March-April for the moult. The other ones will stay at sea and will come back on Coney Island only in next November. After fecundation, the mother goes at sea for her first meal. At sea, mothers feed on clams, crabs, shrimps, fish (herring, anchovy, Pollock, capelin etc.) and squids. When she is back, the mother recovers her pups at the beach she left them. Suckling occurs after auditive and olfactory recognition had occured. In March-April, the dark brown fur is totally replaced by an adult-like light brownish grey fur during the moult that lasts 1-2 months. This new fur is composed by 2 layers. Externally, the guard fur is composed by flat hairs that recover themselves when wet. By doing so, they make a water-proof barrier for the under fur. The underfur retains air when the seal is dry. Because of isolating properties of the air, the underfur is the insulating system of the fur. In March-April, the fur of adults is partially replaced. First reproduction occurs at 1-yr old in females. Males are physiologically matures at 1 year old but socially matures at +2 years old.
NOTE: The name of Coney Island is commonly thought to be derived from the Dutch Konijn Eylandt or Rabbit Island as apparently the 17th century European settlers noted many rabbits running amuck on the island.
www.takeshiyamada.weebly.com/performances.html
www.takeshiyamada.weebly.com/sea-rabbit-center.html
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For any questions, please email contact Takeshi Yamada, Art & Rogue Taxidermy, Museum of World Wonders, official website. www.takeshiyamada.weebly.com/
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For any questions, please contact Dr. Takeshi Yamada. His email address is posted in the chapter page (the last page or the first page).
(Updated April 7, 2015)
'Endangered and Extinct' by creative recycling artist Val Hunt, an exhibition at Gloucester Cathedral, Saturday 26 September-Sunday 1 November 2020 in the Cloisters
From the Cathedral's website:
"This exhibition presents a subtle message about recycling and preservation, raising awareness of why the creatures on show are endangered or extinct...
Having worked for the past 29 years as a professional maker, Val Hunt continues to be amazed at the versatility of creative recycling. There is an enormous variety of discarded material just waiting to be reconstructed and given a new identity, especially Val's favourite material of drinks can metal. Intricate constructions and interesting textures are key elements found in her work, humour is also an added ingredient whenever possible.
Through experimentation, ingenuity and skill her work is always changing as she discovers new techniques and ways of constructing recycled materials to signal a new meaning. Her works recycles a diverse selection of throwaway material, from these she creates a fascinating selection of large and small sculptural pieces which are both appealing and informative.
Despite her use of manufactured materials, her main inspiration comes from the natural world. Val has a special interest in endangered and extinct species and most of her work reflects this. She makes animals, exotic birds, dinosaurs, insects and species of flora all on the edge or now extinct.
The increasing awareness of the effects of pollution, climate change, plastic in the Ocean and environment destruction on the habitat have influenced Val's work. She now dedicates her making to highlighting the plight of species that are on the edge or gone forever in her touring educational exhibition 'Endangered and Extinct'...
Val's work has been shown in exhibitions around the UK, Denmark, Japan, United Emirates, USA and toured overseas with the British Council. She has work in many permanent collections."
Today was Live Earth .. The polar bear is practically extinct and a good example of things going wrong with the environment ... Only to be seen alive caged in a zoo ..
CABALLO FÓSIL SUDAMERICANO ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Cavalo fóssil sulamericano - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Skull of Southamerican extinct Horse ...........................
†Hippidion (= †Hippidium)
Orden: Perissodactyla (Perisodáctilos) ... Familia: Equidae (Équidos)
Ejemplar que vivió hace 10.000 años en Luján,
provincia de Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA.
Hippidion es un género de equinos primitivos, endémico de América del Sur, encontrado desde el Plioceno tardío en sedimentos de la edad mamífero Uquiense, en la localidad de Uquía, Jujuy, Argentina.
Desciende de equinos que formaron parte del grupo de mamíferos invasores que ingresaron a la América del Sur sobre el final del Terciario, como consecuencia del levantamiento del istmo de Panamá, que generó la conexión entre ambas Américas a través de este "puente panameño", acontecimiento ocurrido aproximadamente unos 3 millones de años antesdel presente, y que unió definitivamente las faunas de América del Norte con las del Sur.
Se distingue por la retracción de la hendidura nasal hasta el nivel de M2 o posterior a M3.
Como resultado de esta retracción, el nasal se estrecha y se alarga formando una especie de estilete.
Esto afecta la conformación del cráneo donde, debido a la retracción de la hendidura nasal, los huesos nasales se proyectan libremente formando una visera o saliente pronunciada.
Por otra parte, es notable la conformación de las extremidades, proporcionalmente cortas y anchas, que le confieren al animal un aspecto macizo y robusto que el caballo doméstico.
Con un peso cercano a los 400 kilos.
Un gran número de sus restos se hallaron en sitios arqueológicos, y se corroboró su utilización como fuente de alimento, aunque este caballo primitivo no llegó a ser domesticado por los aborígenes.
Estos paleoindios convivieron con los équidos durante 4.000 años, cazándolos tan intensamente que las especies no soportaron semejante presión de captura y terminaron por extinguirse.
En la Argentina fueron abundantes, especialmente en las pampas, pero cubrieron casi todo el país y sus vecinos, habitando incluso en el altiplano andino o puneño, siendo encontrado en ambientes por sobre los 4.000 metros, por ejemplo en el Salar del Surire, en el sector altiplánico chileno.
El género †Hippidion está compuesto por tres especies:
Hippidion saldiasi Roth, 1899 (= Onohippidium saldiasi)
Es la especie más pequeña y robusta del género.
Estaba adaptada a condiciones ambientales extremas, vivió en épocas recientes (13.000 a 8.000 años antes del presente) en la Región Patagónica argentina, y sectores limítrofes del sur de Chile; y tal vez, también en la Puna jujeña.
Hippidion principale (Lund,1845)
Esta es la especie que caracteriza al género, descripta en base a restos encontrados el la localidad brasileña de Lagoa Santa.
Es la especie más grande del género.
Fue encontrado también en Tarija Bolivia (los mayores de la especie); en Buenos Aires Argentina; Chacabuco Chile; y en el departamento Artigas del Uruguay (los menores de la especie).
Entre las especies que han entrado en su sinonimia se encuentran: Hippidion chilensis, Hippidion bonaerense, y Onohippidium munizi.
Hippidion devillei (Gervais, 1855)
Es una especie de tamaño intermedio entre las otras dos.
Se distingue por la retracción de la escotadura nasal a nivel del mesostilo del M2.
El perfil es convexo, sin inflexión naso-frontal.
Fue encontrada primeramente en Tarija Bolivia; en la quebrada de Humahuaca Jujuy, y en Buenos Aires Argentina, con ejemplares algo distintos, y un poco mayores.
También se encontró en la localidad de Tirapata, en el Perú.
Entre las especies que han entrado en su sinonimia se encuentran: Hippidion bolivianum, Hypohippidion humahuaquense, Onohippidium devillei, y Onohippidium peruanum.
La provincia de Buenos Aires fue el hábitat de, por lo menos dos especies:
Hippidion principale ; vivia en el Lujanense (Pleistoceno tardío al Holoceno temprano), encontrado en: Lobería, Mercedes, Arroyo Seco, etc.
Hippidion devillei ; era un equino abundante en el Ensenadense (Pleistoceno temprano), encontrado en: Olivos, Puerto de La Plata, etc.
( 1 de febrero de 2010 )
Museo de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia,
ciudad de Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA.
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ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTERA: ROMA METRO C - "ROME JOURNAL, Unearthed in Rome’s New Subway: Extinct Elephants and Persian Peach Pit - Next Stop, First Century, on a Subway Line Tunneling Through Eras." The New York Times (December 19, 2017), p. A11; & THE CBS EVENING NEWS | NEW YORK (17 JUNE 2017).
Foto: The excavation site of what will be the last stop along Rome’s new subway line, at the Forum. The stop was moved from its original location at Piazza Venezia after important artifacts were discovered. Credit Nadia Shira Cohen for The New York Times (December 19, 2017), p. A11.
ROME JOURNAL. Unearthed in Rome’s New Subway: Extinct Elephants and Persian Peach Pits. The New York Times (December 19, 2017).
ROME — The ancient Romans were celebrated for their engineering feats: roads that helped expand an empire; aqueducts that quenched throngs and supplied lavish fountains; monumental bridges, some of which are still in use today.
So it seems apt that a modern engineering achievement — the construction of a new subway line in the city — has given archaeologists a unique opportunity to study this ancient world in extraordinary detail.
“This subway has provided a wealth of knowledge about the city that no other operation could have duplicated,” said Rossella Rea, the archaeologist who has overseen the project since planning for the subway line began in the 1990s.
The new route, Line C, will link the city center to an area to the east of Rome, beyond the city limits, connecting a series of fairly recently developed and heavily populated suburbs. The hope is that the line, whose first 13 stations were opened in 2014, will alleviate some of Rome’s famously chronic traffic chaos.
In living cities, archaeologists typically get to muck around underground during the construction of parking lots, with digs up to 26 feet below ground. With its subway lines traveling at nearly 100 feet below ground, Line C has given archaeologists access to artifacts dating as far back as the Paleolithic era.
“We haven’t done anything so extensive or gone so deeply” for years, Ms. Rea said.
As tens of thousands of cubic meters of earth has been moved during the line’s decade-long construction, each unearthed artifact — marble capitals and mosaics, and even remains of long-ago leftover meals and the ruins of 19th-century villas — has been painstakingly documented, cataloged and extracted. Some will go on show once a proper exhibition space is found. Some more monumental finds will be recomposed to be admired in situ.
“We’ve found enough materials to fill a warehouse” in a Roman suburb where they are being studied, said Francesco Prosperetti, a special superintendent with archaeological oversight.
The excavations also turned up ancient structures.
A huge public building known as the Auditoria, dating to Hadrian’s time in the second century, came to light under the central Piazza Venezia during an exploratory phase. Archaeologists believe the two-story building was Rome’s first university, used for cultural events and lessons. Today the square is a busy crossroad for traffic and tourists.
Another significant find was a military barracks from the second century, found during the construction of the Amba Aradam station, which is expected to open in 2022. The dig exposed a long central corridor opening onto 39 rooms — some decorated with simple black and white mosaic floors and simply frescoed walls — which archaeologists hypothesize were soldiers’ dormitories. They formed part of a large structure, though the full size of the barracks is unknown.
Even as the excavation has led to several unexpected finds, archaeologists bristle at being blamed for the delays that have marred the subway line’s construction.
The project’s overall costs have come under criticism, and there are judicial investigations of some changes to the original project that led to delays in construction and raised the costs.
But with Rome’s ingrained traffic woes — according to one report, the city’s residents lose a collective 135 million hours a year in traffic — an extensive subway network is widely seen as a necessary goal.
At the San Giovanni station, which is expected to open early next year, archaeologists found bits of ancient capitals, decorative marble elements, petrified peach pits from ancient Persian cuttings and 16th-century terra-cotta plates from a nearby hospital.
Some of these artifacts have been put on exhibit at the station, the first to showcase its buried past with display cases, videos and tall panels providing a fast-track historical journey from prehistoric to modern times, with a focus on the ancient republican and imperial city.
“We wanted to give a sense of the archaeological study, tell the story of this place, allowing the passenger to travel through time,” Mr. Prosperetti said.
It’s a marked change from other stations in Rome’s subway system that are mostly devoid of ornamentation, when they aren’t outright grungy. Naples, by contrast, has been featuring renowned contemporary artists in its subway system to create what one critic described as a “catacomb of beauty.”
When the station was opened to the public for one day last April, the response was overwhelming, a sign that Romans are keen to rediscover their past. More people visited the station that day than the Colosseum, one of Rome’s biggest tourist draws. The difference was that whereas the Colosseum draws foreigners, “here they were all Italian,” said Ms. Rea, who was present on that day.
The wall decorations at San Giovanni also evoke some extinct denizens of the area, like the Elephas antiquus, the straight-tusked pachyderm that lived here during the Middle and Late Pleistocene. Remains of this extinct species were found during the disruptive construction of Via dei Fori Imperiali, the broad avenue through the Forums that Mussolini built in the 1930s.
Such discoveries, and their preservation, were not always the norm when Rome’s other two subway lines were built in the mid- and later 20th century. A certain amount of documentation exists from the Line B excavations, Ms. Rea noted, “but we don’t have anything from Line A.”
A glimpse of what may have been lost underground was captured by the imagination of the director Federico Fellini, whose 1972 film “Roma” includes a segment about the building of the subway in which roomfuls of frescoes disintegrate when they are exposed to air. Watching that fictitious scene was “traumatizing” for legions of archaeologists, said Simona Morretta, the state archaeologist responsible for two sites along the new subway line.
At one of the sites last December, Ms. Morretta came across tracts of one of Rome’s oldest aqueducts, which is now being studied. It is thought to be either the Aqua Appia from the end of the fourth century B.C. or the Anio Vetus from about four decades later. “In any case it’s one the first public works fundamental for Rome,” she said.
And while digging a shaft to protect the Aurelian Walls, between the San Giovanni and Amba Aradam stations, her team found a decorated domus — which Italian newspapers described as a “mini Pompeii” — that had been destroyed by a fire.
On a recent sunny morning she showed off a series of ceramic tiles found with a stamp indicating that they had been made in A.D. 123. “We’re certain to find something new,” she said.
Fonte | source:
-- "ROME JOURNAL, Unearthed in Rome’s New Subway: Extinct Elephants and Persian Peach Pit - Next Stop, First Century, on a Subway Line Tunneling Through Eras." The New York Times (December 19, 2017), p. A11.
www.nytimes.com/2017/12/18/world/europe/rome-subway-archa...
A version of this article appears in print on December 19, 2017, on Page A11 of the New York edition with the headline: "Next Stop, First Century, on a Subway Line Tunneling Through Eras."
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s.v.,
-- ROMA ARCHEOLOGIA e RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA: ROME - THE NEW SAN GIOVANNI METRO STATION - Rome's subway station is also museum filled with ancient history. THE CBS EVENING NEWS | NEW YORK (17 JUNE 2017) VIDEO. 03:03.
BIG 5. Elephant. Hluhluwe–Imfolozi Park. South Africa. Dec/2019
Elephant
Elephants are large mammals of the family Elephantidae and the order Proboscidea. Three species are currently recognised: the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), the African forest elephant (L. cyclotis), and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Elephants are scattered throughout sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Elephantidae is the only surviving family of the order Proboscidea; other, now extinct, members of the order include deinotheres, gomphotheres, mammoths, and mastodons.
All elephants have several distinctive features, the most notable of which is a long trunk (also called a proboscis), used for many purposes, particularly breathing, lifting water, and grasping objects. Their incisors grow into tusks, which can serve as weapons and as tools for moving objects and digging. Elephants' large ear flaps help to control their body temperature. Their pillar-like legs can carry their great weight. African elephants have larger ears and concave backs while Asian elephants have smaller ears and convex or level backs.
Elephants are herbivorous and can be found in different habitats including savannahs, forests, deserts, and marshes. They prefer to stay near water. They are considered to be a keystone species due to their impact on their environments. Other animals tend to keep their distance from elephants while predators, such as lions, tigers, hyenas, and any wild dogs, usually target only young elephants (or "calves"). Elephants have a fission–fusion society in which multiple family groups come together to socialise. Females ("cows") tend to live in family groups, which can consist of one female with her calves or several related females with offspring. The groups are led by an individual known as the matriarch, often the oldest cow.
Males ("bulls") leave their family groups when they reach puberty and may live alone or with other males. Adult bulls mostly interact with family groups when looking for a mate and enter a state of increased testosterone and aggression known as musth, which helps them gain dominance and reproductive success. Calves are the centre of attention in their family groups and rely on their mothers for as long as three years. Elephants can live up to 70 years in the wild. They communicate by touch, sight, smell, and sound; elephants use infrasound, and seismic communication over long distances. Elephant intelligence has been compared with that of primates and cetaceans. They appear to have self-awareness and show empathyfor dying or dead individuals of their kind.
Source: Wikipedia
Elefante
Os elefantes são animais herbívoros, alimentando-se de ervas, gramíneas, frutas e folhas de árvores. Dado o seu tamanho, um elefante adulto pode ingerir entre 70 a 150 kg de alimentos por dia. As fêmeas vivem em manadas de 10 a 15 animais, lideradas por uma matriarca, compostas por várias reprodutoras e crias de variadas idades. O período de gestação das fêmeas é longo (20 a 22 meses), assim como o desenvolvimento do animal que leva anos a atingir a idade adulta. Os filhotes podem nascer com 90 kg. Os machos adolescentes tendem a viver em pequenos bandos e os machos adultos isolados, encontrando-se com as fêmeas apenas no período reprodutivo.
Devido ao seu porte, os elefantes têm poucos predadores. Exercem uma forte influência sobre as savanas, pois mantêm árvores e arbustos sob controle, permitindo que pastagens dominem o ambiente. Eles vivem cerca de 60 anos e morrem quando seus molares caem, impedindo que se alimentem de plantas.
Os elefantes-africanos são maiores que as variedades asiáticas e têm orelhas mais desenvolvidas, uma adaptação que permite libertar calor em condições de altas temperaturas. Outra diferença importante é a ausência de presas de marfim nas fêmeas dos elefantes asiáticos.
Durante a época de acasalamento, o aumento da produção de testosterona deixa os elefantes extremamente agressivos, fazendo-os atacar até humanos. Acidentes com elefantes utilizados em rituais geralmente são causados por esse motivo. Cerca de 400 humanos são mortos por elefantes a cada ano.
Elefante é o termo genérico e popular pelo qual são denominados os membros da família Elephantidae, um grupo de mamíferos proboscídeoselefantídeos, de grande porte, do qual há três espécies no mundo atual, duas africanas (Loxodonta sp.) e uma asiática (Elephas sp.). Há ainda os mamutes (Mammuthus sp.), hoje extintos. Até recentemente, acreditava-se que havia apenas duas espécies vivas de elefantes, o elefante-africano e o elefante-asiático, uma espécie menor. Entretanto, estudos recentes de DNA sugerem que havia, na verdade, duas espécies de elefante-africano: Loxodonta africana, da savana, e Loxodonta cyclotis, que vive nas florestas. Os elefantes são os maiores animais terrestres da actualidade, com a massa entre 4 a 6 toneladas e medindo em média quatro metros de altura, podem levantar até 10.000 kg. As suas características mais distintivas são as presas de marfim
Fonte: Wikipedia
Hluhluwe–Imfolozi Park
Hluhluwe–Imfolozi Park, formerly Hluhluwe–Umfolozi Game Reserve, is the oldest proclaimed nature reserve in Africa. It consists of 960 km² (96,000 ha) of hilly topography 280 kilometres (170 mi) north of Durban in central KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa and is known for its rich wildlife and conservation efforts. The park is the only state-run park in KwaZulu-Natal where each of the big five game animals can be found
Due to conservation efforts, the park in 2008 had the largest population of white rhino in the world
Umfolozi
This area is situated between the two Umfolozi Rivers where they divide into the Mfolozi emnyama ('Black Umfolozi') to the north and the Mfolozi emhlophe ('White Umfolozi') to the south. This area is to the south of the park and is generally hot in summer, and mild to cool in winter, although cold spells do occur. The topography in the Umfolozi section ranges from the lowlands of the Umfolozi River beds to steep hilly country, which includes some wide and deep valleys. Habitats in this area are primarily grasslands, which extend into acacia savannah and woodlands.
Hluhluwe
The Hluhluwe region has hilly topography where altitudes range from 80 to 540 metres (260 to 1,770 ft) above sea level. The high ridges support coastal scarp forests in a well-watered region with valley bushveld at lower levels. The north of the park is more rugged and mountainous with forests and grasslands and is known as the Hluhluwe area,[3] while the Umfolozi area is found to the south near the Black and White Umfolozi rivers where there is open savannah.
Source: Wikipedia
Parque Hluhluwe–Imfolozi
O Parque Hluhluwe – Imfolozi, anteriormente Reserva de Caça Hluhluwe – Umfolozi, é a mais antiga reserva natural proclamada da África. Consiste em 960 km² (96.000 ha) de topografia montanhosa a 280 quilômetros (170 milhas) ao norte de Durban, no centro de KwaZulu-Natal, África do Sul e é conhecida por seus ricos esforços de vida selvagem e conservação. O parque é o único parque estatal em KwaZulu-Natal, onde cada um dos cinco grandes animais de caça pode ser encontrado.
Devido aos esforços de conservação, o parque em 2008 teve a maior população de rinocerontes brancos do mundo
Umfolozi
Essa área está situada entre os dois rios Umfolozi, onde se dividem no Mfolozi emnyama ('Black Umfolozi') ao norte e o Mfolozi emhlophe ('White Umfolozi') ao sul. Essa área fica ao sul do parque e geralmente é quente no verão, e temperatura amena no inverno, embora ocorram períodos de frio. A topografia na seção de Umfolozi varia desde as planícies do leito do rio Umfolozi até a região montanhosa íngreme, que inclui alguns vales largos e profundos. Os habitats nesta área são principalmente pradarias, que se estendem até a savana de acácias e bosques.
Hluhluwe
A região de Hluhluwe possui topografia montanhosa, onde as altitudes variam de 80 a 540 metros (260 a 1.770 pés) acima do nível do mar. As altas cordilheiras sustentam florestas costeiras escarpadas em uma região bem regada, com vales em níveis mais baixos. O norte do parque é mais acidentado e montanhoso, com florestas e campos e é conhecido como a área de Hluhluwe, enquanto a área de Umfolozi fica ao sul, perto dos rios Umfolozi, onde há savanas abertas.
Fonte: Wikipedia (tradução livre)
Trumpeter swans don't get their name for nothing. If there was sound to this photo you would hear a loud noise that sounds just like someone blowing a loud blast on a trumpet (not very musically, at that). These swans were once nearly extinct but have made a comeback. The Kellogg Bird Sanctuary has a good sized population of the. You can easily tell them from the more common mute swan because their beaks are all black. Mute swans have orange on their beaks.