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" The Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial, 50.5 acres in extent, is situated in a beautiful wooded area. The cemetery was established on December 29, 1944 by the 609th Quartermaster Company of the U.S. Third Army while Allied Forces were stemming the enemy's desperate Ardennes Offensive, one of the critical battles of World War II. The city of Luxembourg served as headquarters for Gen. George S. Patton's U.S. Third Army. Gen. Patton is buried here.
Not far from the cemetery entrance stands the white stone chapel, set on a wide circular platform surrounded by woods. It is embellished with sculpture in bronze and stone, a stained glass window with American unit insignia, and a mosaic ceiling. Flanking the chapel at a lower level are two large stone pylons upon which are maps made of various inlaid granites, with inscriptions recalling the achievements of the American armed forces in this region. On the same pylons are inscribed the names of 371 of the missing. Rosettes mark the names of those since recovered and identified.
Sloping gently downhill from the memorial is the burial area containing 5,076 of our military dead, many of whom lost their lives in the Battle of the Bulge and in the advance to the Rhine River. Their headstones follow graceful curves; trees, fountains and flower beds contribute to the dignity of the ensemble.
The cemetery is open daily to the public from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., except December 25 and January 1. It is open on host country holidays. When the cemetery is open to the public, a staff member is on duty in the visitor building to answer questions and escort relatives to grave and memorial sites. "
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Zehara Ali Ahemed Helth extention worker. Assayita Henele woreda mother to mother consultation on infant and young child feeding program (IYCF) .©UNICEF Ethiopia/2014/Tsegaye
The end of rail operations in Armidale yard where beyond, plants are thriving on the one time Main Northern Line.
060972 23 Feb 2013
Number:
171840
Date created:
1948
Extent:
1 photographic print : gelatin silver ; 7 x 10 in.
Front row: 1) W. Ginter; 2) S. Harro; 3) J. Perry; 4) J. Kalbaugh; 5) M. Pittman; 6) G. Cameron; 7) J. Garrison; 8) K. Snyder. Second row: 1) B. Ingraham; 2) M. Baker; 3) B. Weimer; 4) C. Howl; 5) H. McDonald; 6) M. Short; 7) F. Gobillot. Third row: 1) E. Yphantis; 2) M. Mein; 3) M. Wiley; 4) Miss Wolf; 5) J. Shuchowsky; 6) D. Ingram; 7) M. King. Fourth row: 1) T. Bell; 2) M. Powell; 3) A. Moore; 4) J. Wheaton.
Rights:
Photograph is subject to copyright restrictions. Contact the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives for reproduction permissions.
Subjects:
Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing--People
Fischer, Beulah Allman
Bachenberg, Marjorie Baker
Danielson, Theresa Bell
Bidwell, Gertrude Marie
Calnan, Margaret M.
Cameron, Graycie Marie
Camiolo, Mary T.
Lanier, Sallie Cook
Turk, Jacqueline (Jackie) Dole
Faust, Rebecca L.
Baker, Elizabeth Gahagan
Trolinger, Mary Jane Garrison
McLiverty, Marian Garvin
Vlahakis, Wanda Ginter
Loughrin, Florence Gobillot
Smith, Elsbeth Graf
Griffin, Patricia
Bettencourt, Harriet Hammond
Harro, Sara M.
Egenes, Dorothy Hastings
Haugh, R. Miriam
Sanders, Charlotte Howl
Ingraham, Blanche
Kalbaugh, M. Jane
King, Marion L.
Krause, Lizzie Mae Young
Lauder, Catherine F.
Jennison, Mary Lowe
McDonald, Helen Margaret
da Costa, Margaret Mein
Gugerty, Helen Merrill
Reither, Avis W. Moore
Parker, Natalie
Perry, Janice Ruth
Pitotti, Rena
Munson, Mercedes Pittman
Powell, Mary Hester
Reuss, Sarah M.
Rosenfeld, Ethel H. Beall
Harper, Dorothy Samuel
Shea, Virginia T.
Sheriff, Mary E.
Spencer, Mary Short
Dunn, Joan Shuchowsky
Snyder, Katie Lee
Smith, Jane Stilwell
Sullivan, Mary Frances
Thompson, Monica
Towsend, Alice H.
Vernon, Amelia Wallace
Hurst, Barbara Weimer
Blank, Jean Wheaton
Wiley, Mary Ellen
Cadden, Mary Florence Williams
Wilson, Maude Elizabeth
Ruben, Ruth Wilson
Wyckoff, Elizabeth (Betty)
Yphantis, Electra Sonia
Wolf, Anna
Nursing students--Maryland--Baltimore--1940-1950
Nurses--Maryland--Baltimore--1940-1950
Graduation ceremonies--Maryland--Baltimore--1940-1950
Portrait photographs
Group portraits
Notes: Photographer unknown.
Britney Spears and her posse arrive at Johnny Rockets in Calabasas where britney has stains on her pants, an ill fitting bra and some new hair extentions. At least she is trynig to pull it together even though she is eating junk food! September 9, 2010 X17online.com exclusive
•Title: The Song of the Vowels
•Collection: Campus Artifacts, Art & Memorabilia
•Creator(s): Lipchitz, Jacques (French sculptor, 1891-1973, active in the United States) Male
•Date: 1962; 1931-1932
•Acquisition Date: 1962
•Culture: French
•Style/Period: Cubism
•Work Type: Outdoor Sculpture;
•Materials/Techniques: Bronze
•Extent: 10 Feet Including Base
•Description: “The Song of the Vowels. Gift of Harold D. Uris and Percy Uris 1962.” Artist J. Lipchitz. Between Uris Library and John M. Olin Library.
•Artist Biography: Jacob Lipchitz (1891-1973) was born Chaim Jacob Lipchitz in Druskininkai, Lithuania, and later became a French citizen.
•Donor: Uris, Harold David, 1905-1982; Uris, Percy, 1899-1971
•Repository: Cornell Library
•Repository Location: Between Uris and Olin Libraries, Cornell University
Restored and revitalized, Song of the Vowels enjoys a newly-designed setting on the plaza between Olin and Uris libraries. Cornell University acquired the sculpture in 1962. Since that time, Song of the Vowels has been a fixture on the south end of Cornell’s Arts Quad, and a favorite gathering spot.
Sculptor Jacques Lipchitz created Song of the Vowels in 1931, and had it cast in a limited edition of seven copies, of which Cornell’s is the fifth. Other copies may now be found at Princeton University, UCLA, Stanford University, at Nelson Rockefeller’s Kykuit Gardens and at museums of modern art in Europe.
Born in Lithuania as Chaim Jacob Lipchitz, the artist spent much of his early career in Paris, working alongside Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque as a leader of the Cubist movement. The Cubistic attributes of his style are perhaps better displayed in the Bather, produced between 1923 and 1925, and also owned by the Cornell University Library.
Lipchitz’s Bather is a monumental study of geometric forms and intersecting planes that pivot around a central axis: the human bather’s torso. Bather was one of the last pieces Lipchitz created that can be considered strictly Cubist. Although his debt to Cubism is always apparent in his work, Lipchitz also drew inspiration from mythology, fantasy, and emotion to create expressive sculptural works. Song of the Vowels, created a few years later, represents a significantly different stage in Lipchitz’s oeuvre. While Bather is calm and carefully measured, Song of the Vowels is animated and energetic.
Lipchitz explained his inspiration for Song of the Vowels this way:
I had been commissioned to make a garden statue for Madame de Maudrot for her house at Le Pradet, in the south of France, designed by Le Corbusier. I was entranced by the location, a vineyard with mountains at the background, and since I was still obsessed with the idea of the harp, I decided to attempt a monument suggesting the power of man over nature. I had read somewhere about a papyrus discovered in Egypt having to do with a prayer that was a song composed only of vowels and designed to subdue the forces of nature … I cannot explain why the image of the harp and the Song of the Vowels should have come together except that both of them were in my mind at the same moment.
The design for Olin Library included a small sculpture court in an exterior alcove on the eastern side of the first floor, visible from the main reference area through a glass wall. As the building of Olin Library was nearing completion in 1961, a committee was charged with selecting sculpture for both the Olin Library sculpture court, and for the plaza between Olin and Uris libraries. The committee’s goal was to find modern sculpture of international renown. In January 1962, a major exhibition of Jacques Lipchitz sculpture came to Cornell’s Andrew Dickson White Museum of Art. With urging from art professor Jack Squier, the committee recommended the acquisition of Jacques Lipchitz’s work. Trustee Harold D. Uris, Class of 1925, and his brother, Percy, generously provided funds for both sculptures. Bather was installed in June of 1962, while Song of the Vowels came to its home at Cornell in October of the same year. Olin’s sculpture court has been replaced by a corridor that links Olin Library with the underground Carl A. Kroch Library, which opened in 1992.
After nearly 50 years as a landmark on the Cornell campus, concerns for the preservation and maintenance of Song of the Vowels led to an examination of the physical structure. Small holes had developed and were allowing moisture to penetrate the bronze and compromise the structure, so the sculpture was sent to the Williamstown Art Conservation Center for expert scientific analysis and conservation treatment. The planned return of Song of the Vowels provided an excellent opportunity to redesign the plaza between Uris and Olin Libraries, and landscape architect John Ullberg was hired to re-conceptualize the installation. He created a communal space that focuses attention on the sculpture, placed atop a limestone pedestal in a plaza that incorporates granite pavers, stone benches and new landscaping. The restored sculpture has now come back to its home, where it is appreciated by a new generation of Cornellians.
The Bather, too, has a new location. It now stands near the entrance to Olin Library, within sight of Song of the Vowels.
Since the times of the Babenberg to 1850, the territorial extent of the City of Vienna remained virtually unchanged, so that also until 1850 the story of the inner city with the history of the city is identical. Only with the introduction of the municipal districts 1 to 8 on March 6, 1850 the former City of Vienna was turned into the 1st district of Vienna, the "Inner City".
Still in 1857 the "city" has been extended to the spaces of the fortifications, the town moat and the glacis, that were designated for urban development. Of the bastions few remains have been preserved to this day: Parts of Mölkerbastei, of the Augustinerbastei at the Albertina, the Coburgbastei and the Dominikanerbastei. The glacis, the free area outside the city walls, in former times as well as the bastions a popular promenade ground was quickly developed - with the exception of Josefstädter Glacis between the Castle gate and the Schotten gate that still for over a decade has been used as exercise and parade ground.
On the site of the former fortification complex the ring road was built. In its course emerged a chain of representative public buildings, as whose first one the Court Opera was completed in 1869. However, the construction of the ring road was not made in one go; its last section could only be tackled after the demolition of Franz Joseph's barracks at Stubenring in 1898. In addition to the large public buildings - Opera, Burgtheater, Parliament, University, Museums, Stock Exchange, etc. - built the high nobility and the upper middle class along the boulevard their ring street palaces "Ringstraßenpalais". The already 1862 completed and in 1945 destroyed court Heinrichhof opposite the Opera was the first ever major construction of Ring street era.
Remarkably enough, arose at the Ring road no religious building, apart from the Votive Church, which has already been built earlier and no longer belongs to the 1st District.
Given the huge construction project of the Ring road one easily forgets the massive construction activity, in the 19th century also changing the internal parts of the district. By doing so, towards the preservation of the existing city image, which had evolved over time, no consideration was given, and culturally and historically unique buildings fell victim to the pickaxe. So was in 1825 the Katzensteigtor (Cat path gate) (Seitenstetten alley 6) demolished, still stemming from the 12th century. All still existing Gothic town towers but one (in the courtyard of the house FIeischmarkt/Meat market 9) had been removed, but also entire complexes of buildings were demolished, so in 1821/22 the old court Passauer Hof below Mary on the Strand, the court Federlhof 1845, the old court Lazenhof 1852. The ditch in 1840 in the West was deprived of its ending, in 1866 in the East, with the result that the old elephant house was razed. The complex of the Brandstätte (Fire site) was totally remodeled in 1874-75, the Minorite monastery demolished, the area of the Civil hospital in 1882/83 anew parcelled out. The built here court Philipphof was hit in 1945 by a bomb and in the course of this died over 50 people.
Consequently, the representative old housing stock of Inner City, apart from a number but extremely remarkable noble palace, is greatly reduced. On the other hand, especially from the 19th century a sufficient number of impressive buildings have been preserved.
Today, the 1st district is primarily an office, business and shopping district: because of its numerous attractions, it is also the destination of swarms of foreign tourists. The street Kärntner Straße is one of the most popular shopping and strolling streets of Vienna, a considerable contribution was provided through the creation of a pedestrian zone (1971). The city center which was already in danger to become deserted as a pure business district after work hours, since the opening of the first pedestrian zone and the opening of various restaurants in the northern part of the center, the so-called "Bermuda Triangle", has a very active nightlife.
Seit den Zeiten der Babenberger bis 1850 blieb der territoriale Umfang der Stadt Wien praktisch unverändert, sodass auch bis 1850 die Geschichte der Inneren Stadt mit der Geschichte der Stadt ident ist. Erst mit der Einführung der Gemeindebezirke 1 bis 8 am 6. März 1850 wurde aus der bisherigen Stadt Wien der 1. Wiener Gemeindebezirk, die „Innere Stadt".
Noch 1857 wurde die "Stadt" um die zur Verbauung freigegebenen Flächen der Befestigungsanlagen, des Stadtgrabens und des Glacis erweitert. Von den Basteien haben sich bis heute geringe Reste erhalten: Teile der Mölkerbastei, der Augustinerbastei bei der Albertina, der Coburgbastei und der Dominikanerbastei. Das Glacis, die freie Fläche vor den Stadtmauern, ehedem ebenso wie die Basteien ein beliebter Promenadengrund, wurde rasch verbaut - mit Ausnahme des Josefstädter Glacis zwischen Burg- und Schottentor, das noch über ein Jahrzehnt als Exerzier- und Paradeplatz benutzt wurde.
Auf dem Gelände der einstigen Befestigungsanlagen wurde die Ringstraße errichtet. in ihrem Verlauf entstand eine Kette repräsentativer öffentlicher Gebäude, als deren erstes 1869 die Hofoper fertiggestellt wurde. Gleichwohl erfolgte der Bau der Ringstraße nicht in einem Zug; ihr letzter Abschnitt konnte erst nach dem Abbruch der Franz-Josephs-Kaserne am Stubenring 1898 in Angriff genommen werden. Neben den großen öffentlichen Gebäuden - Oper, Burgtheater, Parlament, Universität, Museen, Börse usw. - errichteten der Hochadel und das Großbürgertum entlang der Prachtstraße ihre "Ringstraßenpalais". Der bereits 1862 fertiggestellte, 1945 zerstörte Heinrichhof gegenüber der Oper war überhaupt der erste Großbau der Ringstraßenära.
Bemerkenswerterweise entstand an der Ringstraße kein Sakralbau, sieht man von der Votivkirche ab, die jedoch bereits etwas früher errichtet wurde und nicht mehr zum 1. Bezirk gehört.
Angesichts des Riesenbauprojektes der Ringstraße vergisst man gerne auf die gewaltige Bautätigkeit, die im 19. Jahrhundert auch die Innenteile des Bezirkes veränderte. Dabei wurde auf die Erhaltung des gewachsenen Stadtbildes so gut wie keine Rücksicht genommen, und kulturhistorisch einmalige Bauwerke fielen der Spitzhacke zum Opfer. So wurde 1825 das Katzensteigtor (Seitenstettengasse 6) abgerissen, das noch aus dem 12. Jahrhundert stammte. Alle noch bestehenden gotischen Stadttürme bis auf einen (im Hof des Hauses FIeischmarkt 9) wurden abgetragen, aber auch ganze Baukomplexe wurden demoliert, so 1821/22 der alte Passauer Hof unterhalb Maria am Gestade, der Federlhof 1845, der alte Lazenhof 1852. Der Graben wurde 1840 im Westen seines Abschlusses beraubt, 1866 im Osten, wobei das alte Elefantenhaus geschleift wurde. Der Komplex der Brandstätte wurde 1874/75 total umgestaltet, das Minoritenkloster abgetragen, das Areal des Bürgerspitals 1882/83 neu parzelliert. Der hier gebaute Philipphof wurde 1945 von einer Bombe getroffen und es starben dabei über 50 Menschen.
So kommt es, dass der repräsentative alte Hausbestand der Inneren Stadt, von einer Reihe allerdings äußerst bemerkenswerter Adelspalais abgesehen, sehr reduziert ist. Andererseits haben sich gerade aus dem 19. Jahrhundert eine genügende Anzahl eindrucksvoller Bauten erhalten.
Heute ist der 1. Bezirk vor allem ein Büro-, Geschäfts- und Einkaufsbezirk: er ist wegen seiner zahlreichen Sehenswürdigkeiten auch Ziel von Scharen ausländischer Touristen. Die Kärntner Straße ist eine der beliebtesten Einkaufs- und Bummelstraßen Wiens, wozu vor allem die Einrichtung einer Fußgängerzone (1971) wesentlich beitrug. Die Innenstadt, die schon in Gefahr stand, als reines Büroviertel nach Geschäftsschluss zu veröden, weist seit der Eröffnung der ersten Fußgängerzone und der Eröffnung diverser Lokale im nördlichen Teil des Zentrums, dem sogenannten „Bermudadreieck“ ein sehr aktives Nachtleben auf.
www.stadt-wien.at/wien/wiener-bezirke/1-bezirk-innere-sta...
Extent of food losses and waste for each commodity (English language infographics)
More information: www.fao.org/save-food/savefood/en/
Number:
171778
Date created:
1938
Extent:
1 photographic print : gelatin silver ; 6.5 x 9.5 in.
Front row: 1) J. Bowes; 2) H. Fisher; 3) H. Runion; 4) Miss Lawler; 5) L. Hayward; 6) R. York; 7) L. Hooker. Second row: 1) D. Dell; 2) S. Fauerman; 3) A. Zeren; 4) L. Turk; 5) F. Armin; 6) E. Graber; 7) S. Oiness; 8) S. Chase; 9) M. Swan; 10) V. Morre. Third row: 1) D. Jeter; 2) E. Baker; 3) H. Cornelius; 4) C. Van Landingham; 5) E. Worthington; 6) D. Lindsay; 7) V. McCormick; 8) C. Kalhoefer; 9) A. Buchman. Fourth row: 1) E. McLaughlin; 2) L. Davis; 3) B. Moore; 4) H. Bestul; 5) R. Sylvester; 6) F. Hock; 7) D. Bromwell; 8) S. Norwood; 9) E. Spahr; 10) M. Wilcoxen. Fifth row: 1) S. Gallion; 2) K. Knowlton; 3) M. Fink; 4) P. Dull; 5) N. Gordon; 6) J. McClung; 7) E. Hess; 8) E. Minter; 9) A. Shade.
Rights:
Photograph is subject to copyright restrictions. Contact the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives for reproduction permissions.
Subjects:
Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing--People
Maxwell, Frances Armin
Baker, Evelyn I.
Bestul, Harriet R.
Hale, Jean Bowes
Boyd, Dorothea Bramwell
Doyle, Anna Buchman
Chase, Susanna L.
Thorwarth, Helen Cornelius
Smee, Lois Davis
Dell, Dorothy June
Kirn, Pauline Dull
Faverman, Sophia
La Rochelle, Malda Fink
Walker, Helen Fischer
Dyer, Sarah Gallion
Dameron, Nancy Gordon
Underwood, Edith Graber
Hack, Florence
Burgess, Louise Hayward
Casale, Elaine Hess
Hooker, Louise
Jeter, E. Deborah
Searles, Clara Kalhoefer
Stephens, Katrina Knowlton
Kellog, Dorothy Lindsey
Nesbitt, Eugenia McClung
McCormick, Virginia
Wallis, G. Eileen McLaughlin
Class, Elizabeth Minter
Moore, Bertha L.
Moore, Virginia
Norwood, Selma R.
Oiness, Sylvia M.
Woolsey, Harriet Runion
Pile, Janet Stulz
Prior, Ruth Sylvester
Shade, Hazel A.
Spahr, Effie Mildred
Campbell, Mary Alison Swan
Turk, Lilly
Triplett, Charlotte Van Landingham
Wilcoxon, L. Marvine
Worthingotn ,Elinor
Hough, Rose York
Zeron, Adele
Lawler, Elsie M.
Nursing students--Maryland--Baltimore--1930-1940
Nurses--Maryland--Baltimore--1930-1940
Graduation ceremonies--Maryland--Baltimore--1930-1940
Portrait photographs
Group portraits
Notes: Photographer unknown.
The extent of my traditional clothing for mass. Peranakan ladies (nonyas) wear these beautiful hand-beaded with their flowery sarong kebayas. The patterns are various - flowers, animals, fish (goldfish), geometric patterns etc. I bought this pair in Malacca for a princely sum, certainly more than I would have paid normally for a pair of shoes, but nonetheless for a more reasonable price compared to similar shoes in Singapore. The work is also very fine, with small beads and a lot of detail in the flowers - look at the many shades of purple in the large flowers.
I don't have a kebaya, so I wear these with whatever matches. definitely not the well-dressed nonya :-)
Whilst the rest of the world has been sleeping through the harsh winter of snow and disruptions, the hardy members of the Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway have been busy little bees. In one of the most exposed areas in Wales and certainly on any Heritage Railway in this country, they have been busy constructing and laying the new extention line to Blaenavon Big Pit Coal Museum. And it's been laid in it's entirity. All credit to the members on this achievement. This view shows the new extention line to the left, viewed looking up toward Furnace Sidings Station. The main running line to Bleanavon High Level station is to the right.
'This picture gives some idea of the enormous extent of the Four Courts buildings, one of the architectural features of the city. In this great fire, judgments in important suits, appeals, titles to property, and will and probate matter of enormous value perished. A front view of the buildings as they stood before Wednesday, 5th July last, afforded no adequate idea of their extent and commodiousness. There were buildings at the rear, facing Greek Street, and the Police Courts, which were a veritable hive of business. Here were situated the Probate Court, the Land Court, the Land Registry (a new building), the Bankruptcy Court and Bankruptcy offices, and the Taxing Master's offices, jurors' waiting rooms, the solicitor's building and library, rooms in which barristers and solicitors consulted with their clients, a spacious restaurant, and numerous other apartments. Apart from the block of buildings which contained the courts and offices above mentioned, there was a specially constructed building for the safe-keeping of the public records. It was not safe enough, however, to preserve its contents'. ('Ireland's Tragic Week', p. 5)
Read more about 'The Civil War In Dublin' | Copyright notice.
Brent Eleigh, Suffolk
During the restoration of the interior of the Church in February 1960, and when the walls were being scraped down, traces of colour were found of the original plaster, together with fragments of Wall Paintings. Members of the Wall Painting Committee of the Central Council for the Care of Churches inspected them and asked for them to be uncovered in order to find out their extent.
Over the Vestry door and behind the Royal Arms were the remains of a painting of St Christopher. The wall surface was so bad and the painting so damaged, that it was found to be not worth preserving.
On the North Wall, to the left of the War Memorial tablet, a prayer or text was uncovered. Only a few words and letters are legible but it has been left uncovered.
The major paintings are on the East Wall of the Church, though those to the north and south of the East Window were much damaged when the window was constructed in about 1857. Prior to this there was no East window, as the old library was built against the outside of the East Wall.
This series, one of the most important in England, was discovered in 1960, uncovered and consolidated by Mrs Eve Baker. ARCA. There are three paintings and their relationship to one another is not too easy to work out.
Behind the altar is the only medieval wall-painted altar-piece in situ in England. It consists of the
Crucifixion with the Virgin and St John, the three figures painted with grace and simplicity in red earth colours against a plain earth background, the whole outlined by a rectangular frame. The survival of this image, virtually intact and in particular the completeness even of the three faces is a marvel. The
14th c. to which this painting belongs, was the last period when high quality might be expected even in country churches. The figures are among the most beautiful surviving from that time.
When the panelling was removed from the wall, a text from St John (John 6.55) was found painted in black and white over the whole of the original Reredos. Through the painting of the text shadowy figures could be seen underneath it; and when the text was removed this lovely painting came to light. Photographs of the text have been taken as a record The remains of the black and white border of the text can be seen at the top of the Reredos painting.
To the north of the altar are the outlines of two kneeling and censing angels, once in attendance upon a carved figure, doubtless of the Virgin and Child, for which the space for the pedestal and the place where the lower part of the figure touched the wall, are voided in the otherwise uniform background. This was a uniform turquoise, which survives where applique gilt stars protected it.
Elsewhere it has darkened, not in the post Reformation period centuries, but during the more than 200 Medieval years when it was exposed to, above all, candle grease. The stars would have been torn off when the whole wall was whitewashed at the Reformation. It might be possible to restore the blue to its original colour but, in that case, the stars would no longer show and the angels would be much less evident. It is likely that this scheme is earlier than the altar piece in the middle. The blue background appears to extend further than the altar pieces border. In any case, the appearance of the angels with their concave faces and extremely angular wrists depends upon the convention established in the second half of the 13th century.
To the South of the altar is the most fragmentary, but, perhaps the most important painting of the three. lt represrents a most unusual version of the Harrowing of Hell. Christ, bearing the Vexillum is stretching out his hand in the usual way to pull Adam and his companions from Hell. The hands and one of the feet of Adam, and the edge of what may be Adam's halo, with which he is commonly adorned, can be made out. Trees, a bird and so on around the Christ and above Hell's mouth can be discovered. There are three features of great iconographic interest:
(1) The blood flows from the side of Christ. The intention of this motive is perfectly comprehensible in this context- by his blood are the dead saved. It could not be imagined in a representation of the Nole me Tangere. It might be possible in a Doubting Thomas but, in that case, there would not be the indications of the outside world which normally accompany a Harrowing of
(2) Christ treads on Adam's foot.
(3) The donor of the picture, a tonsured priest, appears in the lower south corner of the picture. He has an inscription reading: +RICA and beside him is wine barrel or jar. The Lombardic script of the inscription suggests a latish C13th date which is, in this case, certain, since the further leg of Adam is now covered by the frame of the central subject. That central subject is certainly C14th, so this must have been a generation old and no longer valued when it was obscured, Little though there is of it now, there can be no doubt the figure of Christ was once of very high quality.
stepneyrobarts.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/brent-eleigh-suffol...
Number:
171545
Date created:
1912
Extent:
1 photographic print : gelatin silver ; 7 x 9.5 in.
Back row: 1) A. Brown; 2) B. Hoiles; 3) A. Pike; 4) L. Tooker; 5) A. Reardon; 6) N. Wilkins; 7) R. Shantz; 8) V. Trentle; 9) K. Gerber. Third row: 1) M. Flint; 2) W. Robinson; 3) D. Yeates; 4) M. smwthurst; 5) Miss ____; 6) Miss Kennedy; 7) H. Troxell; 8) G. Barclay; 9) G. Martin; 10) M. Bentley; 11) N. Pottenger. Second row: 1) J. Frazer; 2) I. Tabb; 3) J. Groves; 4) A. MacDonald; 5) Miss Thomas; 6) Miss Lawler; 7) Miss Taylor; 8) C. Craigen; 9) N. Nixdorff; 10) H. Crowther; 11) E. Adams. Front row: 1) E. Cloud; 2) H. Stokes; 3) E. Wilson; 4) I. Meyers; 5) J. Lord; 6) K. Olmsted; 7) E. Jones; 8) A. Abele.
Rights:
Photograph is subject to copyright restrictions. Contact the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives for reproduction permissions.
Subjects:
Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing--People
Abele, Adelaide
Adams, Emma M.
Moore, Grace Barclay
Wilson, Mildred Bentley
Brown, Alfreda
Cloud, Ellen B.
Craigen, Claire R. P.
Crowther, Helen H.
Acker, Mary Flint
Frazer, Josephine Morris
Gerber, Kitty
Graham, Jessie Groves
Hoiles, Bee S.
Hutchins, Marie
Specht, Ethel L. Jones
Lord, Jeanette Williams
MacDonald, Anna (Anne) Eleanor
Horrax, Geraldine Martin
Meyers, I. Alberta
Coghlan, Natalie Nixdorff
Olmsted, Katherine
Pike, Ada W.
Maxwell, Nell Pottenger
Wells, Adelaide Reardon
Robinson, Winifred E.
Shantz, Rosalind M.
Smethurst, Mary Gibbs
Stokes, Harmina
Tabb, Irene
Tooker, Lucy A.
McClure, Helen Troxell
Wilkins, Nellie P.
Christian, Elizabeth Wilson
Yates, Daphne
Lawler, Elsie M.
Taylor, Effie J.
Kent, Elizabeth A. Thomas
Kennedy, Loula
Nursing students--Maryland--Baltimore--1910-1920
Nurses--Maryland--Baltimore--1910-1920
Graduation ceremonies--Maryland--Baltimore--1910-1920
Portrait photographs
Group portraits
Notes: Photographer unknown.
Urban extents illustrate the shape and area of urbanized places. Urbanized localities are defined as places with with 5,000 or more inhabitants that are delineated by stable night-time lights. For poorly lit areas, alternate sources are used to estimate the extent of cities.
Extent of food losses and waste for each commodity (English language infographics)
More information: www.fao.org/save-food/savefood/en/
Britney Spears and her posse arrive at Johnny Rockets in Calabasas where britney has stains on her pants, an ill fitting bra and some new hair extentions. At least she is trynig to pull it together even though she is eating junk food! September 9, 2010 X17online.com exclusive
Number:
171832
Date created:
1945
Extent:
1 photographic print : gelatin silver ; 8 x 10 in.
Rights:
Photograph is subject to copyright restrictions. Contact the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives for reproduction permissions.
Subjects:
Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing--People
Aufhauser, Trude R.
Bailey, Mary V. C.
Feldman, Bertha Bodenheimer
Millard, Ethel (Betty) Brewton
Rice, Eloise Brinkman
McMahon, Mary Burr
Weston, Barbara Buzby
Walter, Marian Capwell
Karing, Hilda Conaway
Marquardt, Ann G. Derr
Repp, Betty
Flowers, C. Juanita Bays
Frellson, Mary E.
Miller, Mary Louise Frock
Geiss, Marjorie B.
Humer, Lorraine Harris
Neal, Ruth Hauser
Hendrick, Elizabeth Beavers
Vestal, Maybelle Hockett
Hunter, Grace
Fonde, Edith Jensen
Simpson, Rebecca Johnson
White, Geraldine (Gerry) Jordan
Aaber, Hazel King
Hinshaw, Alice Larson
MacKenzie, Violet Mae
McCleary, Nan Brown
Moore, Jennie C. (12 Jan 1924-)
Winter, Virginia Moore
Wildermann, Joan Mundus
Karlsson, Doris Nelson
Corbett, Edith Osborn
Pinneo, Lily
Poling, E. Jane
Bengtson, Gertrude Raab
Turnquist, June Schamell
McAnerney, Doris Sinclair
Solenberger, Peggy
McMickle, Lois Southwood
Spring, Faye E.
Lynch, Alice Swanson
Hillman, Virginia Swindler
Talbott, Jane C.
Penn, Phyllis Tuller
Tunner, Madelyn J.
Redd, Rika Vandenberg
Van Sickle, Ruth Elizabeth
Hubinger, Phyllis Wakeman
Toman, Susanne Weidler
Wennick, Marian L.
White, Betty Yates
Wooddy, Clara Gertrude
Wright, C. Lucille (Lucy)
Wright, Mary Elizabeth
Nursing students--Maryland--Baltimore--1940-1950
Nurses--Maryland--Baltimore--1940-1950
Graduation ceremonies--Maryland--Baltimore--1940-1950
Portrait photographs
Group portraits
Notes: Photographer unknown.
[UPDATE]
Dublin City Council (DCC) yesterday informed Luas about the extent and consequences of the structural damage caused to the fire damaged buildings adjacent to the Red Line Luas tracks on Benburb Street, Dublin 7.
DCC's Consultant Structural Engineer confirmed that the buildings are unstable and it is not possible to secure the buildings as they had originally planned.
Furthermore DCC informed Luas that it will be Friday 23rd March or indeed Monday March 26th before Luas can resume a full Red Line service.
[UPDATE]
At a meeting this morning, Tuesday March 20th, Dublin City Council, Buildings Department confirmed work had commenced on the site and a progress meeting will be held at 4pm on Wednesday March 21st. Following this meeting Luas will update passengers on the service for the rest of the week.
I had a discussion with an official at a Luas today and he indicated that it could take until Friday before the service is restored. However, everyone was trying their best to restore service by Thursday.
====================================
Red Line Service Tuesday March 20th 2012: Please note the Red Line will operate between Tallaght/ Saggart and Heuston Stop only. There will be no service from Heuston to the city centre. The frequency will change also, 7 - 10 minutes in the peak. 15- 20 minutes off peak. Luas passengers are therefore advised to leave extra time to travel. Luas tickets are valid on Dublin Bus.
Monday March 19th: Please be advised the Luas Red Line service is currently running between Tallaght/Saggart and Blackhorse Stop only. As a result there is no tram service between Blackhorse Stop and the city centre.
This service disruption is due to a fire in the city centre on Saturday morning March 17th on Queen Street.
Luas has been requested to turn off the power to the overhead lines in the affected area as buildings in the immediate vicinity of the track need to be protected and or demolished and a safety cordon is in operation.
لاتنسوا التزام الرئيس قانونيا واحترامة للقانون والدستور .SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 2012
Mursi between international acceptance and among Islamic reference.
President Mursi humanly and regardless of their religion Islamic man loved by all to the extent that his opponents also love him .. Authorized man acceptable, also see him internally that sort Fund ie it elected by the people internally .. but talk comes through the reservation world and this explained Finally, through the recent events to the effects of the film offending Islam and president's remarks Mursi and interview those statements universally kind of fear of what is brought by the growth of the Islamic movement states revolutions Arab Spring .. and here we say when he met the clergy world-wide meeting on the background of so-called dialogue of religions and resulted from the results met the audience attic a peaceful coexistence between countries of the world and respect for religions of peoples to each other without exposure to the rituals of one of one of the rituals and worship different peoples for worship others .. no freedom of beliefs .. and if it was said by the West to designate religious extremism or terrorism فمردود it also within the West itself and what happened from the events in Norway to address Christian man to kill more than seventy spirit and Nbaraih Court has reasons of that psychopath this unfortunate very unfortunate in what logic and any custom Away law be Nbaraih man killed more than seventy spirit innocent without his fault Aogerm do that heinous crime in the other Nbaraih arbitrator .. I want to say and the other as they call our Egyptian vernacular that such phenomena exist in all countries of the world and Aacol because he linked CONNECT religion Aoaqidh or religion As I said before and I as a Muslim I condemn what happened Balnroih and affected so heavily influenced by a human being regardless of belief or to convert to a religion never but ماأريد to say is that religion is for God and the world for all without link up or contraindications Hrasah a Mainade by Islam Kmatkd religion and land are all human beings live faithful cooperation and love for architecture to land Mainade expe President Mohamed Morsi, which his reference Islamic counted for him to not take attic man Friendly and loving in all his speeches find that the feelings of humanity flowing from verbal lying nascent peace for everyone and fear stemming from the phenomenon of phobias Islam must fall back in the presence of Mercy as head of the largest Muslim country in the Middle East and that his hand only Labida contain bogeyman Iran to the West .. only one who can contain genie Iranian and lured him pretext of love in Islam and is the specter of war and Nazeera for the world should be to the world and particularly the State of America to extend the fledgling with confidence and love of President Meyers and dealing with the treatment of a friend and ally and away from the manifestations of apathy Egyptian-American relationship for the benefit of the world.
Britney Spears and her posse arrive at Johnny Rockets in Calabasas where britney has stains on her pants, an ill fitting bra and some new hair extentions. At least she is trynig to pull it together even though she is eating junk food! September 9, 2010 X17online.com exclusive
There are two separate parks which may be related but in general most tourist guides are unaware of this fact to the extent that some claim that Anna Livia is located in the park beside the the Museum Luas Tram Stop.
The major park, the one normally associated with the museum, is officially the Croppies Acre 1798 Memorial Park while the smaller park featuring Anna Livia and a small pond is the Croppies Memorial Park. The distinction is important because the larger park has been closed to the public for extended periods.
For many years due to anti-social behaviour, mainly drugs related, the major memorial park was off-limits to the public. There was also problems with homeless people occupying parts of the park. Even today, there was a tent towards one corner of the park. One cannot blame the homeless for taking advantage of the available space.
On Tuesday, 14th June at 2:00 p.m. the Croppies Acre 1798 Memorial Park, Wolfe Tone Quay, Dublin 7 was once again open to the public but I did not get a chance to visit until today. Having been conditioned to the park being always closed I found the fact that the gates were partly opened a little bit unsettling and as I was the only person [if one ignores the tent and one person who left immediately I arrived] in the park I was a bit worried that an official might come along and lock the gates without informing me. This has happened to me in the past elsewhere.
Following discussions in 2013 with the Office of Public Works it was agreed that the management of the 4.3 acre Park would transfer from the Office of Public Works to Dublin City Council.
Dublin City Council’s Parks and Landscape Services have carried out an extensive works programme to upgrade the park and make it more accessible for the citizens of Dublin and visitors to the city.
The works include a new circulatory path system, upgrading of the existing pedestrian gates and the provision of a new pedestrian gate at the south west end of the park. Existing memorial structures have been upgraded and general landscape improvement works have been carried out. The total cost of the works, were in the order of €120,000.
To be fair the park was in excellent condition when I visited today but the presence of a tent was a bit worrying as was the careless attitude to properly opening the gates.
The name ‘Croppy’ was used in Ireland in the 1790s and was a reference to the rebels who closely cropped their hair to mimic the French Revolutionaries of the period who cut their hair in contrast to the aristocracy who wore powdered wigs.
Historically the Croppies Acre was located on land under common pasturage and part of what was termed ‘Oxmantown Green’.
In the 17th century, a portion was later presented to the Viceroy, the Duke of Ormond to build a palace, however this was never built and the site was sold to the City Authorities for a Barracks. Built in 1704, it served as a military base for 250 years, it was formally the Royal Barracks and later Collins Barracks.
The Esplanade where the Croppies Acre is located today was fully constructed by the 1850s, complete with boundary walls and ornate railings. During the Great Famine, the Esplanade was the site of a food kitchen. By the 1900s, the land was levelled to form two football pitches for the military. In 1997, the Decorative Arts Section of the National Museum was opened in Collins Barracks and the Memorial Park was subsequently designed and laid out in 1998.
"The American Cemetery at Colleville-sur- Mer is situated on the top of the cliff overlooking the famous Omaha Beach. The cemetery, 172 acres in extent, is one of fourteen American World War II Cemeteries constructed on foreign soil. Beyond the reception building, you will see a magnificent semi-circular memorial. Centered in the open arc of the memorial is a bronze statue which represents “The Spirit of American Youth rising from the waves”. In the extension of the ornamental lake there is a central path leading to the 10 grave plots where 9 387 soldiers are buried among which are 4 women and 307 unknown soldiers.
The crosses are oriented Westwards, towards their native land. The precisely aligned headstones against the immaculately maintained emerald green lawn and the omnipresence of the sea convey an unforgettable feeling of peace and serenity. At the crossing of the main paths laid in the form of a Latin Cross, the Chapel shelters a black marble altar on which is the inscription : “I give them eternal life and they shall never perish”. In the garden of the missing located behind the memorial is a semi-circular wall containing the names of 1 557 missing in the region.
The little haven of verdure invites you to meditation and memory. The Normandy American Cemetery is maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC), an independent agency created in 1923 by the Congress of the United States of America and attached to the executive branch of the US Gouvernment. The Commission is responsible for commemorating the services and achievements of the United States Armed Forces through the execution of suitable memory shrines, for designing, constructing, operating and maintaining permanent US military cemeteries and memorials in foreign countries. No one enters the Colleville Cemetery by chance, it must be a voluntary process. The visitor prepares himself to penetrate with attention and contemplation a piece of United States in France."
www.musee-memorial-omaha.com/en/partenaire/american-cemet...
www.abmc.gov/cemeteries-memorials/europe/normandy-america...
"Located between Arromanches and Grandcamp Maisy, on the Normandy coast, the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial is a haven of peace which encourages contemplation. Here, in a beautifully green space perched upon a cliff overlooking Omaha Beach, about 10,000 perfectly aligned white crosses point towards America. In fact, within 173 acres, the cemetery of Omaha gives a home to the fallen American soldiers who sacrificed their lives in the name of freedom during World War II, namely the first episode of the battle of Normandy, “Operation Overlord” which commenced on 6th June 1944.
As well as this cemetery, the Omaha Beach site – a codename for one of the 5 ally landing sectors – is home to a semi-circle memorial, where at the centre is a bronze statue titled The Spirit of American Youth Rising from the Waves. A chapel and orientation table stand just a stone’s throw away, pointing towards the beaches where the allied forces landed in 1944. Discover the museum here which puts into perspective the daily life of these soldiers in France, who fought for liberty. Film, reconstitutions, uniform collections, weapons and vehicles will throw you into the heart of the history of the Normandy landings.
Outside of Omaha Beach, the landing beaches of Sword Beach, Juno Beach, Gold Beach and Utah Beach were the centre stage for the largest airborne military operation in history. Amongst these places of remembrance, Omaha Beach is the place where The Allies lost the majority of their troops. It is also a small corner of America on French turf: given to the US, these Normand territories are managed by the American Battle Monuments Commission."
us.france.fr/en/discover/normandy-visit-omaha-beach-ameri...
Since the times of the Babenberg to 1850, the territorial extent of the City of Vienna remained virtually unchanged, so that also until 1850 the story of the inner city with the history of the city is identical. Only with the introduction of the municipal districts 1 to 8 on March 6, 1850 the former City of Vienna was turned into the 1st district of Vienna, the "Inner City".
Still in 1857 the "city" has been extended to the spaces of the fortifications, the town moat and the glacis, that were designated for urban development. Of the bastions few remains have been preserved to this day: Parts of Mölkerbastei, of the Augustinerbastei at the Albertina, the Coburgbastei and the Dominikanerbastei. The glacis, the free area outside the city walls, in former times as well as the bastions a popular promenade ground was quickly developed - with the exception of Josefstädter Glacis between the Castle gate and the Schotten gate that still for over a decade has been used as exercise and parade ground.
On the site of the former fortification complex the ring road was built. In its course emerged a chain of representative public buildings, as whose first one the Court Opera was completed in 1869. However, the construction of the ring road was not made in one go; its last section could only be tackled after the demolition of Franz Joseph's barracks at Stubenring in 1898. In addition to the large public buildings - Opera, Burgtheater, Parliament, University, Museums, Stock Exchange, etc. - built the high nobility and the upper middle class along the boulevard their ring street palaces "Ringstraßenpalais". The already 1862 completed and in 1945 destroyed court Heinrichhof opposite the Opera was the first ever major construction of Ring street era.
Remarkably enough, arose at the Ring road no religious building, apart from the Votive Church, which has already been built earlier and no longer belongs to the 1st District.
Given the huge construction project of the Ring road one easily forgets the massive construction activity, in the 19th century also changing the internal parts of the district. By doing so, towards the preservation of the existing city image, which had evolved over time, no consideration was given, and culturally and historically unique buildings fell victim to the pickaxe. So was in 1825 the Katzensteigtor (Cat path gate) (Seitenstetten alley 6) demolished, still stemming from the 12th century. All still existing Gothic town towers but one (in the courtyard of the house FIeischmarkt/Meat market 9) had been removed, but also entire complexes of buildings were demolished, so in 1821/22 the old court Passauer Hof below Mary on the Strand, the court Federlhof 1845, the old court Lazenhof 1852. The ditch in 1840 in the West was deprived of its ending, in 1866 in the East, with the result that the old elephant house was razed. The complex of the Brandstätte (Fire site) was totally remodeled in 1874-75, the Minorite monastery demolished, the area of the Civil hospital in 1882/83 anew parcelled out. The built here court Philipphof was hit in 1945 by a bomb and in the course of this died over 50 people.
Consequently, the representative old housing stock of Inner City, apart from a number but extremely remarkable noble palace, is greatly reduced. On the other hand, especially from the 19th century a sufficient number of impressive buildings have been preserved.
Today, the 1st district is primarily an office, business and shopping district: because of its numerous attractions, it is also the destination of swarms of foreign tourists. The street Kärntner Straße is one of the most popular shopping and strolling streets of Vienna, a considerable contribution was provided through the creation of a pedestrian zone (1971). The city center which was already in danger to become deserted as a pure business district after work hours, since the opening of the first pedestrian zone and the opening of various restaurants in the northern part of the center, the so-called "Bermuda Triangle", has a very active nightlife.
Seit den Zeiten der Babenberger bis 1850 blieb der territoriale Umfang der Stadt Wien praktisch unverändert, sodass auch bis 1850 die Geschichte der Inneren Stadt mit der Geschichte der Stadt ident ist. Erst mit der Einführung der Gemeindebezirke 1 bis 8 am 6. März 1850 wurde aus der bisherigen Stadt Wien der 1. Wiener Gemeindebezirk, die „Innere Stadt".
Noch 1857 wurde die "Stadt" um die zur Verbauung freigegebenen Flächen der Befestigungsanlagen, des Stadtgrabens und des Glacis erweitert. Von den Basteien haben sich bis heute geringe Reste erhalten: Teile der Mölkerbastei, der Augustinerbastei bei der Albertina, der Coburgbastei und der Dominikanerbastei. Das Glacis, die freie Fläche vor den Stadtmauern, ehedem ebenso wie die Basteien ein beliebter Promenadengrund, wurde rasch verbaut - mit Ausnahme des Josefstädter Glacis zwischen Burg- und Schottentor, das noch über ein Jahrzehnt als Exerzier- und Paradeplatz benutzt wurde.
Auf dem Gelände der einstigen Befestigungsanlagen wurde die Ringstraße errichtet. in ihrem Verlauf entstand eine Kette repräsentativer öffentlicher Gebäude, als deren erstes 1869 die Hofoper fertiggestellt wurde. Gleichwohl erfolgte der Bau der Ringstraße nicht in einem Zug; ihr letzter Abschnitt konnte erst nach dem Abbruch der Franz-Josephs-Kaserne am Stubenring 1898 in Angriff genommen werden. Neben den großen öffentlichen Gebäuden - Oper, Burgtheater, Parlament, Universität, Museen, Börse usw. - errichteten der Hochadel und das Großbürgertum entlang der Prachtstraße ihre "Ringstraßenpalais". Der bereits 1862 fertiggestellte, 1945 zerstörte Heinrichhof gegenüber der Oper war überhaupt der erste Großbau der Ringstraßenära.
Bemerkenswerterweise entstand an der Ringstraße kein Sakralbau, sieht man von der Votivkirche ab, die jedoch bereits etwas früher errichtet wurde und nicht mehr zum 1. Bezirk gehört.
Angesichts des Riesenbauprojektes der Ringstraße vergisst man gerne auf die gewaltige Bautätigkeit, die im 19. Jahrhundert auch die Innenteile des Bezirkes veränderte. Dabei wurde auf die Erhaltung des gewachsenen Stadtbildes so gut wie keine Rücksicht genommen, und kulturhistorisch einmalige Bauwerke fielen der Spitzhacke zum Opfer. So wurde 1825 das Katzensteigtor (Seitenstettengasse 6) abgerissen, das noch aus dem 12. Jahrhundert stammte. Alle noch bestehenden gotischen Stadttürme bis auf einen (im Hof des Hauses FIeischmarkt 9) wurden abgetragen, aber auch ganze Baukomplexe wurden demoliert, so 1821/22 der alte Passauer Hof unterhalb Maria am Gestade, der Federlhof 1845, der alte Lazenhof 1852. Der Graben wurde 1840 im Westen seines Abschlusses beraubt, 1866 im Osten, wobei das alte Elefantenhaus geschleift wurde. Der Komplex der Brandstätte wurde 1874/75 total umgestaltet, das Minoritenkloster abgetragen, das Areal des Bürgerspitals 1882/83 neu parzelliert. Der hier gebaute Philipphof wurde 1945 von einer Bombe getroffen und es starben dabei über 50 Menschen.
So kommt es, dass der repräsentative alte Hausbestand der Inneren Stadt, von einer Reihe allerdings äußerst bemerkenswerter Adelspalais abgesehen, sehr reduziert ist. Andererseits haben sich gerade aus dem 19. Jahrhundert eine genügende Anzahl eindrucksvoller Bauten erhalten.
Heute ist der 1. Bezirk vor allem ein Büro-, Geschäfts- und Einkaufsbezirk: er ist wegen seiner zahlreichen Sehenswürdigkeiten auch Ziel von Scharen ausländischer Touristen. Die Kärntner Straße ist eine der beliebtesten Einkaufs- und Bummelstraßen Wiens, wozu vor allem die Einrichtung einer Fußgängerzone (1971) wesentlich beitrug. Die Innenstadt, die schon in Gefahr stand, als reines Büroviertel nach Geschäftsschluss zu veröden, weist seit der Eröffnung der ersten Fußgängerzone und der Eröffnung diverser Lokale im nördlichen Teil des Zentrums, dem sogenannten „Bermudadreieck“ ein sehr aktives Nachtleben auf.
www.stadt-wien.at/wien/wiener-bezirke/1-bezirk-innere-sta...
Lionel Messi, who has captivated and to a large extent dominated global soccer for a generation, declared on Wednesday that the next stop in his glittering playing career would be the United States.In an interview with two Spanish sports news outlets, Messi confirmed that he planned to sign a contract with Inter Miami, the M.L.S. team partially owned by David Beckham. He declined an offer to play in Saudi Arabia, which pays him to promote tourism in the kingdom and is seeking to build its national league by signing international stars.“I made the decision that I am going to go to Miami,” Messi told Sport and Mundo Deportivo. “I still haven’t closed it 100 percent. I’m missing some things, but we decided to continue the path.”M.L.S. acknowledged Messi’s decision in a statement, saying, “We look forward to welcoming one of the greatest soccer players of all time to our league,” but noted no deal had been completed. The league’s social media channels, meanwhile, were far less equivocating: The official M.L.S. account declared flatly that Messi was coming.The finest player of his generation, and quite possibly the best of all time, Messi would arrive in M.L.S. having received every conceivable honor at the club and international levels: league titles in Spain and France; four Champions League trophies with Barcelona; and the Copa América and, last December, the World Cup with Argentina.His
nbmsports.com/lionel-messi-soccers-most-coveted-free-agen...
Construction of the present cathedral
On 10 June 1194, another fire caused extensive damage to Fulbert's cathedral. The true extent of the damage is unknown, though the fact that the lead cames holding the west windows together survived the conflagration intact suggests contemporary accounts of the terrible devastation may have been exaggerated. Either way, the opportunity was taken to begin a complete rebuilding of the choir and nave in the latest style. The undamaged western towers and façade were incorporated into the new works, as was the earlier crypt, effectively limiting the designers of the new building to the same general plan as its predecessor. In fact the present building is only marginally longer than Fulbert's cathedral.
One of the unusual features of Chartres cathedral is the speed with which it was built – a factor which helped contribute to the consistency of its design. Even though there were innumerable changes to the details, the plan remains remarkably consistent. The major change occurred six years after work began when the seven deep chapels around the choir opening off a single ambulatory were turned into shallow recesses opening off a double-aisled ambulatory.[11]
Australian architectural historian John James, who made a detailed study of the cathedral, has estimated that there were about 300 men working on the site at any one time, although it has to be acknowledged that our knowledge of working practices at this time is somewhat limited. Normally medieval churches were built from east to west so that the choir could be completed first and put into use (with a temporary wall sealing off the west end) while the crossing and nave were completed. Canon Delaporte argued that building work started at the crossing and proceeded outwards from there,[12] but the evidence in the stonework itself is unequivocal, especially within the level of the triforium: the nave was at all times more advanced than ambulatory bays of the choir, and this has been confirmed by dendrochronology.
The history of the cathedral has been plagued by more theories than any other, a singular problem for those attempting to discover the truth. For example Louis Grodecki argued that the lateral doors of the transept portals were cut through the walls at a later date,[13] and van der Meulan that they had wanted to rebuild the western portals (then only 50 years old).[14] None of these theories refer back to the actual stonework, and it is only when you have done so, as John James did exhaustively in 1969, that you realize that the construction process was in fact simple and logical.
It is important to remember that the builders were not working on a clean site but would have had to clear back the rubble and surviving parts of the old church as they built the new. Nevertheless, work progressed rapidly. The south porch with most of its sculpture was installed by 1210, and by 1215 the north porch had been completed and the western rose installed.[15] The nave high vaults were erected in the 1220s, the canons moved into their new stalls in 1221 under a temporary roof at the level of the clerestory, and the transept roses were erected over the subsequent two decades. The high vaults over the choir were not built until the last years of the 1250s, as has just been discovered.[16] The cathedral was then dedicated in 1260 by King Louis whose coat of arms was painted over the apsidal boss.
Each arm of the transept was originally meant to support two towers, two more were to flank the choir, and there was to have been a central lantern over the crossing – nine towers in all. Plans for a crossing tower were abandoned in 1221 and the crossing was vaulted over. Work on the remaining six towers continued at a slower pace for some decades, until it was decided to leave them without spires (as at Laon Cathedral and elsewhere). The cathedral was consecrated in 1260, in the presence of King Louis IX.
40mm on my 17-40mm lens with 12mm+20mm+36mm extension tubes, focal point almost touching the lens.
around 2x macro.
Seems like the biggest magnification results from using a wider angle and bringing the lens up as close to the subject as possible instead of a longer lens but having to place the subject further away.
Number:
174211
Date created:
1941
Extent:
1 photographic print : gelatin silver ; 13.5 x 9.5 in.
Rights:
Photograph is subject to copyright restrictions. Contact the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives for reproduction permissions.
Subjects:
Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing--People
Abernathy, E. Frances
Anderson, Dorothy E.
Ave, Frances M.
Rheb, Jennie Baker
Bowman, Katherine Benica
Betz, Natalie Gwendolyn Bramberg
Reynolds, Madeleine Briscoe
Brooks, Ernelle
Soules, Irene Chitsey
Radeck, Martha Jean Cook
Shogry, Rachel Cook
Wessel, Margaret Dawson
Bounds, Rosanna Deaderick
Elder, Emily M.
Farr, Mary
Hays, Norma George
Grant, Nellie
Gravatt, Nelle (Nell)
Greenfield, Ruth Lucille
O'Donnell, Elizabeth Hammond
Hampton, Elizabeth
Good, Jean Hays
Heinly, Candace
Wessel, Helen Hershey
Zettle, Mary Hoover
Ricketson, Alma Huth
Stalker, Zelpha Irwin
Bell, Mary Keeler
Melvin, Virginia Brown Lester
Stilwell, Loretta Long
Lowe, Marie L.
Scott, Marion Lowe
Krall, Nonie Lynch
Bush, Catherine Lyon
Spelsberg, Mary Ellen Margeson
Mathias, Genevra E.
Sherman, Martyne McComb
McDavid, Louise S.
McQuade, Anne Marie
Olsen, Shirley
Gustafson, Elizabeth Peery
Malouf, Ausdrig Piranian
Eastman, Amity Porter
Moore, Ruth Reynolds
Lobo, Magdalene Roller
Suwall, Madeline Sattler
Sheehan, Jane F.
Innui, Beulah Sheetz
Creter, Julia Smith
Sulli, Catherine G.
Marsteller, Virginia Taylor
Pastore, Evelyn M. Thomson
Seaman, Florence Watson
Wickham, Frances
Greeves, Dorothy Woodward
Wright, A. Elizabeth
Young, Elsie J.
Worthington, Dorothy Ross
King, Augusta Browder
Nursing students--Maryland--Baltimore--1940-1950
Nurses--Maryland--Baltimore--1940-1950
Portrait photographs
Group portraits
Notes: Photographer unknown.
There are two separate parks which may be related but in general most tourist guides are unaware of this fact to the extent that some claim that Anna Livia is located in the park beside the the Museum Luas Tram Stop.
The major park, the one normally associated with the museum, is officially the Croppies Acre 1798 Memorial Park while the smaller park featuring Anna Livia and a small pond is the Croppies Memorial Park. The distinction is important because the larger park has been closed to the public for extended periods.
For many years due to anti-social behaviour, mainly drugs related, the major memorial park was off-limits to the public. There was also problems with homeless people occupying parts of the park. Even today, there was a tent towards one corner of the park. One cannot blame the homeless for taking advantage of the available space.
On Tuesday, 14th June at 2:00 p.m. the Croppies Acre 1798 Memorial Park, Wolfe Tone Quay, Dublin 7 was once again open to the public but I did not get a chance to visit until today. Having been conditioned to the park being always closed I found the fact that the gates were partly opened a little bit unsettling and as I was the only person [if one ignores the tent and one person who left immediately I arrived] in the park I was a bit worried that an official might come along and lock the gates without informing me. This has happened to me in the past elsewhere.
Following discussions in 2013 with the Office of Public Works it was agreed that the management of the 4.3 acre Park would transfer from the Office of Public Works to Dublin City Council.
Dublin City Council’s Parks and Landscape Services have carried out an extensive works programme to upgrade the park and make it more accessible for the citizens of Dublin and visitors to the city.
The works include a new circulatory path system, upgrading of the existing pedestrian gates and the provision of a new pedestrian gate at the south west end of the park. Existing memorial structures have been upgraded and general landscape improvement works have been carried out. The total cost of the works, were in the order of €120,000.
To be fair the park was in excellent condition when I visited today but the presence of a tent was a bit worrying as was the careless attitude to properly opening the gates.
The name ‘Croppy’ was used in Ireland in the 1790s and was a reference to the rebels who closely cropped their hair to mimic the French Revolutionaries of the period who cut their hair in contrast to the aristocracy who wore powdered wigs.
Historically the Croppies Acre was located on land under common pasturage and part of what was termed ‘Oxmantown Green’.
In the 17th century, a portion was later presented to the Viceroy, the Duke of Ormond to build a palace, however this was never built and the site was sold to the City Authorities for a Barracks. Built in 1704, it served as a military base for 250 years, it was formally the Royal Barracks and later Collins Barracks.
The Esplanade where the Croppies Acre is located today was fully constructed by the 1850s, complete with boundary walls and ornate railings. During the Great Famine, the Esplanade was the site of a food kitchen. By the 1900s, the land was levelled to form two football pitches for the military. In 1997, the Decorative Arts Section of the National Museum was opened in Collins Barracks and the Memorial Park was subsequently designed and laid out in 1998.
Britney Spears and her posse arrive at Johnny Rockets in Calabasas where britney has stains on her pants, an ill fitting bra and some new hair extentions. At least she is trynig to pull it together even though she is eating junk food! September 9, 2010 X17online.com exclusive
Urban extents illustrate the shape and area of urbanized places. Urbanized localities are defined as places with with 5,000 or more inhabitants that are delineated by stable night-time lights. For poorly lit areas, alternate sources are used to estimate the extent of cities.
Urban extents illustrate the shape and area of urbanized places. Urbanized localities are defined as places with with 5,000 or more inhabitants that are delineated by stable night-time lights. For poorly lit areas, alternate sources are used to estimate the extent of cities.
Urban extents illustrate the shape and area of urbanized places. Urbanized localities are defined as places with with 5,000 or more inhabitants that are delineated by stable night-time lights. For poorly lit areas, alternate sources are used to estimate the extent of cities.
The greatest week in golf is here and SI.com has the breakdown to prepare you.With the Masters Live Stream 2019 Bosses set to start Thursday weve positioned each golfer in the field from to the least extent liable to win to most.
John Deere Great boss has missed 13 of 18 cuts since his triumph
including eight straight to begin 2019.Sweetswinging 2008 victor parts
his time among playing and commentating nowadays.Difficult to trust hes
solitary 39 years old.Won the primary occasion of the fold over season
Safeway Open however has battled since missing the cut in every one of
his last six begins.
While he isnt the top pick there will be a lot of eyeballs per normal on Tiger Woods at Augusta National.Tiger hasnt won a green coat since 2005 yet hes prowled on leaderboards as of late and has completed T8 or better in 13 of his 18 proficient Experts begin.He has a reasonable opportunity to win regardless of whether the current years field is bizarrely stacked with top players riding hot hands.
With respect to the remainder of the players there are a few major names slanting upward and descending driving enthusiastically this week including the scorching Rory McIrloy the as yet sputtering Jordan Spieth.SI.com will have the majority of the 2019 Experts inclusion you need yet to kick the week off we should jump into the rankings.
The 1991 Experts Champion hasnt made the cut at Augusta since 2008 and is a consolidated 111 over standard in his last 10 Bosses starts.Twotime significant victor won the green coat in 88 and stays dynamic on the PGA Visit Champions.Has an amazing eight top10s at Augusta incorporating the green coat in 94 and 99.
Booked his ticket to Augusta by means of a sprinter up completion at the 2018 U.S.Beginner however the UCLA sophomore hasnt completed superior to T10 in any school occasion this year.Played collegiately at UNC at that point went through three years on smaller than expected visits before taking work at a venture firm.Won 2018 U.S.MidAm to get into the field and plans on turning proficient again after the mid year.
The 2003 hero has played in five Web.com Visit occasions this season MCT41T35MCMC apparently with an eye toward preparing himself for the senior circuit.Graduated Arkansas the previous summer at that point won the Latin American Beginner to get into the field.The Mexico local is No.70 on the planet novice rankings.His contribute to win in 1987 is a standout amongst the most celebrated shots in Experts history and hes stunningly made three of the last five cuts.
The 2016 New kid on the block of the Year from Argentina positions eleventh in strokes increased moving toward the green however 191st in strokes picked up around the green..Winner of a year agos RBC Legacy positions 206th out of 215 qualifying players in strokes picked up overall.Twotime real champ is in the most recent year of his fiveyear Bosses exception for winning the 2014 U.S.Open which he won by eight.It was additionally his keep going triumph on any visit.
The Masters Opening Ceremony 2019
Reddishbrown junior the No.45 beginner on the planet turned into the primary South African to win the English Novice in 52 years last summer.The 2009 champ was positioned No.273 when he lost a playoff to Adam Scott in 2013 so an out of the blue run isnt thoroughly out of the cards.Youngest player in the field who earned a welcome by winning the AsiaPacific Beginner is the worlds No.7 beginner.
Looking back his triumph at the 2000 Experts shielded Tiger from finishing the Stupendous Hammer.Had a reasonable opportunity to end up most established victor in PGA Visit history finally months Honda Exemplary completing three strokes off the lead.Only top 10 since winning the Sony Open in 2018 win came at the constrained field Guard Competition of Heroes in January.
The 2009 English Open victor will be back at Augusta out of the blue since 2014 by method for his T4 complete finally years PGA Title.Has missed his last three cuts.Pulled off the greatest surprise of the period when as the world No.417 he beat Phil Mickelson to win the Desert Exemplary.Has missed eight of 12 cuts on the season.
A banana is an edible fruit, botanically a berry, produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa. (In some countries, bananas used for cooking may be called plantains.) The fruit is variable in size, color and firmness, but is usually elongated and curved, with soft flesh rich in starch covered with a rind which may be green, yellow, red, purple, or brown when ripe. The fruits grow in clusters hanging from the top of the plant. Almost all modern edible parthenocarpic (seedless) bananas come from two wild species – Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. The scientific names of most cultivated bananas are Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana, and Musa × paradisiaca for the hybrid Musa acuminata × M. balbisiana, depending on their genomic constitution. The old scientific name Musa sapientum is no longer used.
Musa species are native to tropical Indomalaya and Australia, and are likely to have been first domesticated in Papua New Guinea. They are grown in at least 107 countries, primarily for their fruit, and to a lesser extent to make fiber, banana wine and banana beer and as ornamental plants.
Worldwide, there is no sharp distinction between "bananas" and "plantains". Especially in the Americas and Europe, "banana" usually refers to soft, sweet, dessert bananas, particularly those of the Cavendish group, which are the main exports from banana-growing countries. By contrast, Musa cultivars with firmer, starchier fruit are called "plantains". In other regions, such as Southeast Asia, many more kinds of banana are grown and eaten, so the simple two-fold distinction is not useful and is not made in local languages.
The term "banana" is also used as the common name for the plants which produce the fruit. This can extend to other members of the genus Musa like the scarlet banana (Musa coccinea), pink banana (Musa velutina) and the Fe'i bananas. It can also refer to members of the genus Ensete, like the snow banana (Ensete glaucum) and the economically important false banana (Ensete ventricosum). Both genera are classified under the banana family, Musaceae.
DESCRIPTION
The banana plant is the largest herbaceous flowering plant. All the above-ground parts of a banana plant grow from a structure usually called a "corm". Plants are normally tall and fairly sturdy, and are often mistaken for trees, but what appears to be a trunk is actually a "false stem" or pseudostem. Bananas grow in a wide variety of soils, as long as the soil is at least 60 cm deep, has good drainage and is not compacted. The leaves of banana plants are composed of a "stalk" (petiole) and a blade (lamina). The base of the petiole widens to form a sheath; the tightly packed sheaths make up the pseudostem, which is all that supports the plant. The edges of the sheath meet when it is first produced, making it tubular. As new growth occurs in the centre of the pseudostem the edges are forced apart. Cultivated banana plants vary in height depending on the variety and growing conditions. Most are around 5 m tall, with a range from 'Dwarf Cavendish' plants at around 3 m to 'Gros Michel' at 7 m or more. Leaves are spirally arranged and may grow 2.7 metres long and 60 cm wide. They are easily torn by the wind, resulting in the familiar frond look.
When a banana plant is mature, the corm stops producing new leaves and begins to form a flower spike or inflorescence. A stem develops which grows up inside the pseudostem, carrying the immature inflorescence until eventually it emerges at the top. Each pseudostem normally produces a single inflorescence, also known as the "banana heart". (More are sometimes produced; an exceptional plant in the Philippines produced five.) After fruiting, the pseudostem dies, but offshoots will normally have developed from the base, so that the plant as a whole is perennial. In the plantation system of cultivation, only one of the offshoots will be allowed to develop in order to maintain spacing. The inflorescence contains many bracts (sometimes incorrectly referred to as petals) between rows of flowers. The female flowers (which can develop into fruit) appear in rows further up the stem (closer to the leaves) from the rows of male flowers. The ovary is inferior, meaning that the tiny petals and other flower parts appear at the tip of the ovary.
The banana fruits develop from the banana heart, in a large hanging cluster, made up of tiers (called "hands"), with up to 20 fruit to a tier. The hanging cluster is known as a bunch, comprising 3–20 tiers, or commercially as a "banana stem", and can weigh 30–50 kilograms. Individual banana fruits (commonly known as a banana or "finger") average 125 grams, of which approximately 75% is water and 25% dry matter.
The fruit has been described as a "leathery berry". There is a protective outer layer (a peel or skin) with numerous long, thin strings (the phloem bundles), which run lengthwise between the skin and the edible inner portion. The inner part of the common yellow dessert variety can be split lengthwise into three sections that correspond to the inner portions of the three carpels by manually deforming the unopened fruit. In cultivated varieties, the seeds are diminished nearly to non-existence; their remnants are tiny black specks in the interior of the fruit.
Bananas are naturally slightly radioactive, more so than most other fruits, because of their potassium content and the small amounts of the isotope potassium-40 found in naturally occurring potassium. The banana equivalent dose of radiation is sometimes used in nuclear communication to compare radiation levels and exposures.
ETYMOLOGY
The word banana is thought to be of West African origin, possibly from the Wolof word banaana, and passed into English via Spanish or Portuguese.
TAXONOMY
The genus Musa was created by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The name may be derived from Antonius Musa, physician to the Emperor Augustus, or Linnaeus may have adapted the Arabic word for banana, mauz. Musa is in the family Musaceae. The APG III system assigns Musaceae to the order Zingiberales, part of the commelinid clade of the monocotyledonous flowering plants. Some 70 species of Musa were recognized by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families as of January 2013; several produce edible fruit, while others are cultivated as ornamentals.
The classification of cultivated bananas has long been a problematic issue for taxonomists. Linnaeus originally placed bananas into two species based only on their uses as food: Musa sapientum for dessert bananas and Musa paradisiaca for plantains. Subsequently further species names were added. However, this approach proved inadequate to address the sheer number of cultivars existing in the primary center of diversity of the genus, Southeast Asia. Many of these cultivars were given names which proved to be synonyms.
In a series of papers published in 1947 onwards, Ernest Cheesman showed that Linnaeus's Musa sapientum and Musa paradisiaca were actually cultivars and descendants of two wild seed-producing species, Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana, both first described by Luigi Aloysius Colla. He recommended the abolition of Linnaeus's species in favor of reclassifying bananas according to three morphologically distinct groups of cultivars – those primarily exhibiting the botanical characteristics of Musa balbisiana, those primarily exhibiting the botanical characteristics of Musa acuminata, and those with characteristics that are the combination of the two. Researchers Norman Simmonds and Ken Shepherd proposed a genome-based nomenclature system in 1955. This system eliminated almost all the difficulties and inconsistencies of the earlier classification of bananas based on assigning scientific names to cultivated varieties. Despite this, the original names are still recognized by some authorities today, leading to confusion.
The currently accepted scientific names for most groups of cultivated bananas are Musa acuminata Colla and Musa balbisiana Colla for the ancestral species, and Musa × paradisiaca L. for the hybrid M. acuminata × M. balbisiana.
Synonyms of M. × paradisica include:
A large number of subspecific and varietial names of M. × paradisiaca, including M. p. subsp. sapientum (L.) Kuntze
Musa × dacca Horan.
Musa × sapidisiaca K.C.Jacob, nom. superfl.
Musa × sapientum L., and a large number of its varietal names, including M. × sapientum var. paradisiaca (L.) Baker, nom. illeg.
Generally, modern classifications of banana cultivars follow Simmonds and Shepherd's system. Cultivars are placed in groups based on the number of chromosomes they have and which species they are derived from. Thus the Latundan banana is placed in the AAB Group, showing that it is a triploid derived from both M. acuminata (A) and M. balbisiana (B). For a list of the cultivars classified under this system see List of banana cultivars.
In 2012, a team of scientists announced they had achieved a draft sequence of the genome of Musa acuminata.
BANANAS & PLANTAINS
In regions such as North America and Europe, Musa fruits offered for sale can be divided into "bananas" and "plantains", based on their intended use as food. Thus the banana producer and distributor Chiquita produces publicity material for the American market which says that "a plantain is not a banana". The stated differences are that plantains are more starchy and less sweet; they are eaten cooked rather than raw; they have thicker skin, which may be green, yellow or black; and they can be used at any stage of ripeness. Linnaeus made the same distinction between plantains and bananas when first naming two "species" of Musa. Members of the "plantain subgroup" of banana cultivars, most important as food in West Africa and Latin America, correspond to the Chiquita description, having long pointed fruit. They are described by Ploetz et al. as "true" plantains, distinct from other cooking bananas. The cooking bananas of East Africa belong to a different group, the East African Highland bananas, so would not qualify as "true" plantains on this definition.
An alternative approach divides bananas into dessert bananas and cooking bananas, with plantains being one of the subgroups of cooking bananas. Triploid cultivars derived solely from M. acuminata are examples of "dessert bananas", whereas triploid cultivars derived from the hybrid between M. acuminata and M. balbinosa (in particular the plantain subgroup of the AAB Group) are "plantains". Small farmers in Colombia grow a much wider range of cultivars than large commercial plantations. A study of these cultivars showed that they could be placed into at least three groups based on their characteristics: dessert bananas, non-plantain cooking bananas, and plantains, although there were overlaps between dessert and cooking bananas.
In Southeast Asia – the center of diversity for bananas, both wild and cultivated – the distinction between "bananas" and "plantains" does not work, according to Valmayor et al. Many bananas are used both raw and cooked. There are starchy cooking bananas which are smaller than those eaten raw. The range of colors, sizes and shapes is far wider than in those grown or sold in Africa, Europe or the Americas.[35] Southeast Asian languages do not make the distinction between "bananas" and "plantains" that is made in English (and Spanish). Thus both Cavendish cultivars, the classic yellow dessert bananas, and Saba cultivars, used mainly for cooking, are called pisang in Malaysia and Indonesia, kluai in Thailand and chuoi in Vietnam. Fe'i bananas, grown and eaten in the islands of the Pacific, are derived from entirely different wild species than traditional bananas and plantains. Most Fe'i bananas are cooked, but Karat bananas, which are short and squat with bright red skins, very different from the usual yellow dessert bananas, are eaten raw.
In summary, in commerce in Europe and the Americas (although not in small-scale cultivation), it is possible to distinguish between "bananas", which are eaten raw, and "plantains", which are cooked. In other regions of the world, particularly India, Southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific, there are many more kinds of banana and the two-fold distinction is not useful and not made in local languages. Plantains are one of many kinds of cooking bananas, which are not always distinct from dessert bananas.
HISTORICAL CULTIVATION
Farmers in Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea first domesticated bananas. Recent archaeological and palaeoenvironmental evidence at Kuk Swamp in the Western Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea suggests that banana cultivation there goes back to at least 5000 BCE, and possibly to 8000 BCE. It is likely that other species were later and independently domesticated elsewhere in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia is the region of primary diversity of the banana. Areas of secondary diversity are found in Africa, indicating a long history of banana cultivation in the region.
Phytolith discoveries in Cameroon dating to the first millennium BCE triggered an as yet unresolved debate about the date of first cultivation in Africa. There is linguistic evidence that bananas were known in Madagascar around that time. The earliest prior evidence indicates that cultivation dates to no earlier than late 6th century CE. It is likely, however, that bananas were brought at least to Madagascar if not to the East African coast during the phase of Malagasy colonization of the island from South East Asia c. 400 CE.
The banana may also have been present in isolated locations elsewhere in the Middle East on the eve of Islam. The spread of Islam was followed by far-reaching diffusion. There are numerous references to it in Islamic texts (such as poems and hadiths) beginning in the 9th century. By the 10th century the banana appears in texts from Palestine and Egypt. From there it diffused into North Africa and Muslim Iberia. During the medieval ages, bananas from Granada were considered among the best in the Arab world. In 650, Islamic conquerors brought the banana to Palestine. Today, banana consumption increases significantly in Islamic countries during Ramadan, the month of daylight fasting.
Bananas were certainly grown in the Christian Kingdom of Cyprus by the late medieval period. Writing in 1458, the Italian traveller and writer Gabriele Capodilista wrote favourably of the extensive farm produce of the estates at Episkopi, near modern day Limassol, including the region's banana plantations.
Bananas were introduced to the Americas by Portuguese sailors who brought the fruits from West Africa in the 16th century.
Many wild banana species as well as cultivars exist in extraordinary diversity in New Guinea, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, and the Philippines.
There are fuzzy bananas whose skins are bubblegum pink; green-and-white striped bananas with pulp the color of orange sherbet; bananas that, when cooked, taste like strawberries. The Double Mahoi plant can produce two bunches at once. The Chinese name of the aromatic Go San Heong banana means 'You can smell it from the next mountain.' The fingers on one banana plant grow fused; another produces bunches of a thousand fingers, each only an inch long.
—Mike Peed, The New Yorker
In 1999 archaeologists in London discovered what they believed to be the oldest banana in the UK, in a Tudor rubbish tip.
PLANTATION CULTIVATION IN THE CARIBBEAN,
CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA
In the 15th and 16th centuries, Portuguese colonists started banana plantations in the Atlantic Islands, Brazil, and western Africa. North Americans began consuming bananas on a small scale at very high prices shortly after the Civil War, though it was only in the 1880s that it became more widespread. As late as the Victorian Era, bananas were not widely known in Europe, although they were available. Jules Verne introduces bananas to his readers with detailed descriptions in Around the World in Eighty Days (1872).
The earliest modern plantations originated in Jamaica and the related Western Caribbean Zone, including most of Central America. It involved the combination of modern transportation networks of steamships and railroads with the development of refrigeration that allowed bananas to have more time between harvesting and ripening. North America shippers like Lorenzo Dow Baker and Andrew Preston, the founders of the Boston Fruit Company started this process in the 1870s, but railroad builders like Minor C Keith also participated, eventually culminating in the multi-national giant corporations like today's Chiquita Brands International and Dole. These companies were monopolistic, vertically integrated (meaning they controlled growing, processing, shipping and marketing) and usually used political manipulation to build enclave economies (economies that were internally self-sufficient, virtually tax exempt, and export oriented that contribute very little to the host economy). Their political maneuvers, which gave rise to the term Banana republic for states like Honduras and Guatemala, included working with local elites and their rivalries to influence politics or playing the international interests of the United States, especially during the Cold War, to keep the political climate favorable to their interests.
PEASANT CULTIVATION FOR EXPORT IN THE CARIBBEAN
The vast majority of the world's bananas today are cultivated for family consumption or for sale on local markets. India is the world leader in this sort of production, but many other Asian and African countries where climate and soil conditions allow cultivation also host large populations of banana growers who sell at least some of their crop.
There are peasant sector banana growers who produce for the world market in the Caribbean, however. The Windward Islands are notable for the growing, largely of Cavendish bananas, for an international market, generally in Europe but also in North America. In the Caribbean, and especially in Dominica where this sort of cultivation is widespread, holdings are in the 1–2 acre range. In many cases the farmer earns additional money from other crops, from engaging in labor outside the farm, and from a share of the earnings of relatives living overseas. This style of cultivation often was popular in the islands as bananas required little labor input and brought welcome extra income. Banana crops are vulnerable to destruction by high winds, such as tropical storms or cyclones.
After the signing of the NAFTA agreements in the 1990s, however, the tide turned against peasant producers. Their costs of production were relatively high and the ending of favorable tariff and other supports, especially in the European Economic Community, made it difficult for peasant producers to compete with the bananas grown on large plantations by the well capitalized firms like Chiquita and Dole. Not only did the large companies have access to cheap labor in the areas they worked, but they were better able to afford modern agronomic advances such as fertilization. The "dollar banana" produced by these concerns made the profit margins for peasant bananas unsustainable.
Caribbean countries have sought to redress this problem by providing government supported agronomic services and helping to organize producers' cooperatives. They have also been supporters of the Fair Trade movement which seeks to balance the inequities in the world trade in commodities.
EAST AFRICA
Most farms supply local consumption. Cooking bananas represent a major food source and a major income source for smallhold farmers. In east Africa, highland bananas are of greatest importance as a staple food crop. In countries such as Uganda, Burundi, and Rwanda per capita consumption has been estimated at 45 kilograms per year, the highest in the world.
MODERN CULTIVATION
All widely cultivated bananas today descend from the two wild bananas Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. While the original wild bananas contained large seeds, diploid or polyploid cultivars (some being hybrids) with tiny seeds are preferred for human raw fruit consumption. These are propagated asexually from offshoots. The plant is allowed to produce two shoots at a time; a larger one for immediate fruiting and a smaller "sucker" or "follower" to produce fruit in 6–8 months. The life of a banana plantation is 25 years or longer, during which time the individual stools or planting sites may move slightly from their original positions as lateral rhizome formation dictates.
Cultivated bananas are parthenocarpic, i.e. the flesh of the fruit swells and ripens without its seeds being fertilized and developing. Lacking viable seeds, propagation typically involves farmers removing and transplanting part of the underground stem (called a corm). Usually this is done by carefully removing a sucker (a vertical shoot that develops from the base of the banana pseudostem) with some roots intact. However, small sympodial corms, representing not yet elongated suckers, are easier to transplant and can be left out of the ground for up to two weeks; they require minimal care and can be shipped in bulk.It is not necessary to include the corm or root structure to propagate bananas; severed suckers without root material can be propagated in damp sand, although this takes somewhat longer.In some countries, commercial propagation occurs by means of tissue culture. This method is preferred since it ensures disease-free planting material. When using vegetative parts such as suckers for propagation, there is a risk of transmitting diseases (especially the devastating Panama disease).As a non-seasonal crop, bananas are available fresh year-round.
CAVENDISH
In global commerce in 2009, by far the most important cultivars belonged to the triploid AAA group of Musa acuminata, commonly referred to as Cavendish group bananas. They accounted for the majority of banana exports, despite only coming into existence in 1836. The cultivars Dwarf Cavendish and Grand Nain (Chiquita Banana) gained popularity in the 1950s after the previous mass-produced cultivar, Gros Michel (also an AAA group cultivar), became commercially unviable due to Panama disease, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum which attacks the roots of the banana plant. Cavendish cultivars are resistant to the Panama Disease but in 2013 there were fears that the Black Sigatoka fungus would in turn make Cavendish bananas unviable.
Ease of transport and shelf life rather than superior taste make the Dwarf Cavendish the main export banana.
Even though it is no longer viable for large scale cultivation, Gros Michel is not extinct and is still grown in areas where Panama disease is not found. Likewise, Dwarf Cavendish and Grand Nain are in no danger of extinction, but they may leave supermarket shelves if disease makes it impossible to supply the global market. It is unclear if any existing cultivar can replace Cavendish bananas, so various hybridisation and genetic engineering programs are attempting to create a disease-resistant, mass-market banana.
RIPENING
Export bananas are picked green, and ripen in special rooms upon arrival in the destination country. These rooms are air-tight and filled with ethylene gas to induce ripening. The vivid yellow color consumers normally associate with supermarket bananas is, in fact, caused by the artificial ripening process. Flavor and texture are also affected by ripening temperature. Bananas are refrigerated to between 13.5 and 15 °C during transport. At lower temperatures, ripening permanently stalls, and the bananas turn gray as cell walls break down. The skin of ripe bananas quickly blackens in the 4 °C environment of a domestic refrigerator, although the fruit inside remains unaffected.
"Tree-ripened" Cavendish bananas have a greenish-yellow appearance which changes to a brownish-yellow as they ripen further. Although both flavor and texture of tree-ripened bananas is generally regarded as superior to any type of green-picked fruit, this reduces shelf life to only 7–10 days.Bananas can be ordered by the retailer "ungassed" (i.e. not treated with ethylene), and may show up at the supermarket fully green. Guineos verdes (green bananas) that have not been gassed will never fully ripen before becoming rotten. Instead of fresh eating, these bananas are best suited to cooking, as seen in Mexican culinary dishes.A 2008 study reported that ripe bananas fluoresce when exposed to ultraviolet light. This property is attributed to the degradation of chlorophyll leading to the accumulation of a fluorescent product in the skin of the fruit. The chlorophyll breakdown product is stabilized by a propionate ester group. Banana-plant leaves also fluoresce in the same way. Green bananas do not fluoresce. The study suggested that this allows animals which can see light in the ultraviolet spectrum (tetrachromats and pentachromats) to more easily detect ripened bananas.
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bananas must be transported over long distances from the tropics to world markets. To obtain maximum shelf life, harvest comes before the fruit is mature. The fruit requires careful handling, rapid transport to ports, cooling, and refrigerated shipping. The goal is to prevent the bananas from producing their natural ripening agent, ethylene. This technology allows storage and transport for 3–4 weeks at 13 °C. On arrival, bananas are held at about 17 °C and treated with a low concentration of ethylene. After a few days, the fruit begins to ripen and is distributed for final sale. Unripe bananas can not be held in home refrigerators because they suffer from the cold. Ripe bananas can be held for a few days at home. If bananas are too green, they can be put in a brown paper bag with an apple or tomato overnight to speed up the ripening process.
Carbon dioxide (which bananas produce) and ethylene absorbents extend fruit life even at high temperatures. This effect can be exploited by packing banana in a polyethylene bag and including an ethylene absorbent, e.g., potassium permanganate, on an inert carrier. The bag is then sealed with a band or string. This treatment has been shown to more than double lifespans up to 3–4 weeks without the need for refrigeration.
FRUIT
Bananas are a staple starch for many tropical populations. Depending upon cultivar and ripeness, the flesh can vary in taste from starchy to sweet, and texture from firm to mushy. Both the skin and inner part can be eaten raw or cooked. The primary component of the aroma of fresh bananas is isoamyl acetate (also known as banana oil), which, along with several other compounds such as butyl acetate and isobutyl acetate, is a significant contributor to banana flavor.
During the ripening process, bananas produce the gas ethylene, which acts as a plant hormone and indirectly affects the flavor. Among other things, ethylene stimulates the formation of amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch into sugar, influencing the taste of bananas. The greener, less ripe bananas contain higher levels of starch and, consequently, have a "starchier" taste. On the other hand, yellow bananas taste sweeter due to higher sugar concentrations. Furthermore, ethylene signals the production of pectinase, an enzyme which breaks down the pectin between the cells of the banana, causing the banana to soften as it ripens.
Bananas are eaten deep fried, baked in their skin in a split bamboo, or steamed in glutinous rice wrapped in a banana leaf. Bananas can be made into jam. Banana pancakes are popular amongst backpackers and other travelers in South Asia and Southeast Asia. This has elicited the expression Banana Pancake Trail for those places in Asia that cater to this group of travelers. Banana chips are a snack produced from sliced dehydrated or fried banana or plantain, which have a dark brown color and an intense banana taste. Dried bananas are also ground to make banana flour. Extracting juice is difficult, because when a banana is compressed, it simply turns to pulp. Bananas feature prominently in Philippine cuisine, being part of traditional dishes and desserts like maruya, turrón, and halo-halo or saba con yelo. Most of these dishes use the Saba or Cardaba banana cultivar. Bananas are also commonly used in cuisine in the South-Indian state of Kerala, where they are steamed (puzhungiyathu), made into curries, fried into chips (upperi) or fried in batter (pazhampori). Pisang goreng, bananas fried with batter similar to the Filipino maruya or Kerala pazhampori, is a popular dessert in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. A similar dish is known in the United Kingdom and United States as banana fritters.
Plantains are used in various stews and curries or cooked, baked or mashed in much the same way as potatoes, such as the Pazham Pachadi prepared in Kerala.
Seeded bananas (Musa balbisiana), one of the forerunners of the common domesticated banana, are sold in markets in Indonesia.
FLOWER
Banana hearts are used as a vegetable in South Asian and Southeast Asian cuisine, either raw or steamed with dips or cooked in soups, curries and fried foods. The flavor resembles that of artichoke. As with artichokes, both the fleshy part of the bracts and the heart are edible.
LEAVES
Banana leaves are large, flexible, and waterproof. They are often used as ecologically friendly disposable food containers or as "plates" in South Asia and several Southeast Asian countries. In Indonesian cuisine, banana leaf is employed in cooking method called pepes and botok; the banana leaf packages containing food ingredients and spices are cooked on steam, in boiled water or grilled on charcoal. In the South Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala in every occasion the food must be served in a banana leaf and as a part of the food a banana is served. Steamed with dishes they impart a subtle sweet flavor. They often serve as a wrapping for grilling food. The leaves contain the juices, protect food from burning and add a subtle flavor. In Tamil Nadu (India) leaves are fully dried and used as packing material for food stuffs and also making cups to hold liquid foods. In Central American countries, banana leaves are often used as wrappers for tamales.
TRUNK
The tender core of the banana plant's trunk is also used in South Asian and Southeast Asian cuisine, and notably in the Burmese dish mohinga.
FIBER
TEXTILES
The banana plant has long been a source of fiber for high quality textiles. In Japan, banana cultivation for clothing and household use dates back to at least the 13th century. In the Japanese system, leaves and shoots are cut from the plant periodically to ensure softness. Harvested shoots are first boiled in lye to prepare fibers for yarn-making. These banana shoots produce fibers of varying degrees of softness, yielding yarns and textiles with differing qualities for specific uses. For example, the outermost fibers of the shoots are the coarsest, and are suitable for tablecloths, while the softest innermost fibers are desirable for kimono and kamishimo. This traditional Japanese cloth-making process requires many steps, all performed by hand.
In a Nepalese system the trunk is harvested instead, and small pieces are subjected to a softening process, mechanical fiber extraction, bleaching and drying. After that, the fibers are sent to the Kathmandu Valley for use in rugs with a silk-like texture. These banana fiber rugs are woven by traditional Nepalese hand-knotting methods, and are sold RugMark certified.
In South Indian state of Tamil Nadu after harvesting for fruit the trunk (outer layer of the shoot) is made into fine thread used in making of flower garlands instead of thread.
PAPER
Banana fiber is used in the production of banana paper. Banana paper is made from two different parts: the bark of the banana plant, mainly used for artistic purposes, or from the fibers of the stem and non-usable fruits. The paper is either hand-made or by industrial process.
WIKIPEDIA
Number:
171659
Date created:
1928
Extent:
1 photographic print : gelatin silver ; 8 x 10 in.
Rights:
Photograph is subject to copyright restrictions. Contact the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives for reproduction permissions.
Subjects:
Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing--People
Martin, Mildred Angle
Beckwith, Ann Totman
Bennett, Annie Caroline
Black, Alice L.
Ogden, Marcella Bladen
Boek, Mildred Carolyne
Boryer, Margaret G.
Brown, Helene D.
Copeland, Jean Brown
Pease, Anna Sherman Brush
Campbell, Catherine K.
Gilliam, Caroline Ciaburri
Conzelman, Marion G.
Jones, Doris Creighton
Darlington, Thelma C.
Billotti, Margaret Edgett
Lewis, Lois Falconer
Fischer, Charlotte M.
Flood, Kathryn
Marchetti, Catherine Fopeano
Perry, Kathleen Gallison
Jackson, Golda Gaunt
Griffiths, Margaret Hamilton
Bladen, Ina Heilman
Matttingly, Pauline Heitmuller
Hyder, Kate
Righter, Marion Irr
Tinker, Grace James
Young, Iva Kelley
Fuller, Marion Kenney
Wingate, Kathleen King
Lindholm, Hazel Kinsell
Kiser, Madge
Duckett, Carolyn Knorr
Lyons, Vera Kurtz
Halle, Margaret Leiter
Quinlan, Dixie Mason
McFadden, Ruth A.
McMahon, Cecilia A.
Miller, Pearl Estelle
Minteer, Ruth
Robinson, Martha M.
Moulton, Dorothy Lorraine
Fatherree, Elizabeth Nelson
Nelson, Martina
Howard, Alice Claire Nordin
Fleming, Pearl Peterson
Kolodny, Ellen Plass
Platz, Valborg D.
Forman, May Reece
Wilson, Dorothy Rook
Cobb, Mary Ruth Rupert
Engle, Rose Savage
Ladew, Riekchen Schmid
Wachtel, Margaret Selby
Oldham, Sara Seward
Peirce, Ruth Smith
Farah, Mary Elizabeth Stanwood
Stecker, Pauline L.
Thayer, Juanita B.
Traux, Leona Irene
Josey, Norma Vanderlip
Whittaker, Mary Ann
DeFoe, Violet Widenmyer
Terani, Marguerite Yost
Lawler, Elsie M.
Moran, Elizabeth S.
Nursing students--Maryland--Baltimore--1920-1930
Nurses--Maryland--Baltimore--1920-1930
Graduation ceremonies--Maryland--Baltimore--1920-1930
Portrait photographs
Group portraits
Notes: Photographer unknown.
Britney Spears and her posse arrive at Johnny Rockets in Calabasas where britney has stains on her pants, an ill fitting bra and some new hair extentions. At least she is trynig to pull it together even though she is eating junk food! September 9, 2010 X17online.com exclusive
Construction of the present cathedral
On 10 June 1194, another fire caused extensive damage to Fulbert's cathedral. The true extent of the damage is unknown, though the fact that the lead cames holding the west windows together survived the conflagration intact suggests contemporary accounts of the terrible devastation may have been exaggerated. Either way, the opportunity was taken to begin a complete rebuilding of the choir and nave in the latest style. The undamaged western towers and façade were incorporated into the new works, as was the earlier crypt, effectively limiting the designers of the new building to the same general plan as its predecessor. In fact the present building is only marginally longer than Fulbert's cathedral.
One of the unusual features of Chartres cathedral is the speed with which it was built – a factor which helped contribute to the consistency of its design. Even though there were innumerable changes to the details, the plan remains remarkably consistent. The major change occurred six years after work began when the seven deep chapels around the choir opening off a single ambulatory were turned into shallow recesses opening off a double-aisled ambulatory.[11]
Australian architectural historian John James, who made a detailed study of the cathedral, has estimated that there were about 300 men working on the site at any one time, although it has to be acknowledged that our knowledge of working practices at this time is somewhat limited. Normally medieval churches were built from east to west so that the choir could be completed first and put into use (with a temporary wall sealing off the west end) while the crossing and nave were completed. Canon Delaporte argued that building work started at the crossing and proceeded outwards from there,[12] but the evidence in the stonework itself is unequivocal, especially within the level of the triforium: the nave was at all times more advanced than ambulatory bays of the choir, and this has been confirmed by dendrochronology.
The history of the cathedral has been plagued by more theories than any other, a singular problem for those attempting to discover the truth. For example Louis Grodecki argued that the lateral doors of the transept portals were cut through the walls at a later date,[13] and van der Meulan that they had wanted to rebuild the western portals (then only 50 years old).[14] None of these theories refer back to the actual stonework, and it is only when you have done so, as John James did exhaustively in 1969, that you realize that the construction process was in fact simple and logical.
It is important to remember that the builders were not working on a clean site but would have had to clear back the rubble and surviving parts of the old church as they built the new. Nevertheless, work progressed rapidly. The south porch with most of its sculpture was installed by 1210, and by 1215 the north porch had been completed and the western rose installed.[15] The nave high vaults were erected in the 1220s, the canons moved into their new stalls in 1221 under a temporary roof at the level of the clerestory, and the transept roses were erected over the subsequent two decades. The high vaults over the choir were not built until the last years of the 1250s, as has just been discovered.[16] The cathedral was then dedicated in 1260 by King Louis whose coat of arms was painted over the apsidal boss.
Each arm of the transept was originally meant to support two towers, two more were to flank the choir, and there was to have been a central lantern over the crossing – nine towers in all. Plans for a crossing tower were abandoned in 1221 and the crossing was vaulted over. Work on the remaining six towers continued at a slower pace for some decades, until it was decided to leave them without spires (as at Laon Cathedral and elsewhere). The cathedral was consecrated in 1260, in the presence of King Louis IX.
The Karpas Peninsula is a long, finger-like peninsula that is one of the most prominent geographical features of the island of Cyprus. Its farthest extent is Cape Apostolos Andreas, and its major population centre is the town of Rizokarpaso (Greek: Ριζοκάρπασο; Turkish: Dipkarpaz). The peninsula de facto forms the İskele District of Northern Cyprus, while de jure it lies in the Famagusta District of the Republic of Cyprus.
It covers an area of 898 km2, making up 27% of the territory of Northern Cyprus. It is much less densely populated than the average of Northern Cyprus, with a population density of 26 people per km2 in 2010. The town of Trikomo (İskele), the district capital, is considered to be the "gateway" and the geographical starting point of the peninsula, along with the neighboring village of Bogazi (Boğaz). Apart from Trikomo, the most important towns and municipalities in the area are Yialousa, Galateia, Rizokarpaso, Komi Kebir and Akanthou.
The peninsula hosts a number of historical sites such as Kantara Castle and Apostolos Andreas Monastery, as well as the ruins of Agia Trias Basilica and the ancient cities of Karpasia and Aphendrika among numerous others.
There are more than 46 sandy beaches in the peninsula, which are the primary Eastern Mediterranean nesting grounds for the loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas). The Golden Beach is situated around 15 km from the town of Rizokarpaso and is considered one of the finest and most remote beaches of Cyprus. It is one of the least tourist-frequented beaches in the island. The Karpas Peninsula is home to the Karpas donkey, known as a symbol of Cyprus; there are campaigns carried out jointly by Turkish and Greek Cypriots to conserve the rare donkeys of the peninsula.
Most of the activities in the Karpas Peninsula are related to agriculture, fishing, hunting, and some to micro-tourism. Local farmers take advantage of this natural environment to grow different fruits and vegetables mostly as sub-subsistence farming (although for local commerce too). The region is mostly known for its karpuz (Turkish for "watermelon"). Several tourist businesses can be found in the town of Rizokarpaso. These are generally restaurants serving traditional Turkish-Cypriot Cuisine, including meze.
Due to its geographical position, the Karpas Peninsula is somewhat protected from human interference. This makes it a pristine natural environment, home to many inland and marine species. When hunting season starts, the Karpas's forests are a popular location to go hunting for partridges. Meanwhile, the coastal region, with its clear waters, moderate northern currents, and rocky bottom with cave-like structures, is home to two of the most highly valued fish species: the orfoz (dusky grouper) and lahos (Epinepheluses). The price per kilogram of each species ranges from 35-80 Turkish lira, depending on the location and the season. However, fishing rates in the Karpas region and most of North Cyprus dramatically decreased last century because of the use of dynamite. This is why the Zafer Burunu (the tip of the peninsula) is now a protected natural heritage area, where marine species are slowly recovering to healthy population parameters.
Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognised only by Turkey, and its territory is considered by all other states to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.
A coup d'état in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.
Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government, while the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union as a whole, and the international community regard it as an occupation force. This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.
Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential, democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector. The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s, with the GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s, but is held back by an international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus by the Republic of Cyprus. The official language is Turkish, with a distinct local dialect being spoken. The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni Muslims, while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular. Northern Cyprus is an observer state of ECO and OIC under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", PACE under the name "Turkish Cypriot Community", and Organization of Turkic States with its own name.
Several distinct periods of Cypriot intercommunal violence involving the two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, marked mid-20th century Cyprus. These included the Cyprus Emergency of 1955–59 during British rule, the post-independence Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, and the Cyprus crisis of 1967. Hostilities culminated in the 1974 de facto division of the island along the Green Line following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The region has been relatively peaceful since then, but the Cyprus dispute has continued, with various attempts to solve it diplomatically having been generally unsuccessful.
Cyprus, an island lying in the eastern Mediterranean, hosted a population of Greeks and Turks (four-fifths and one-fifth, respectively), who lived under British rule in the late nineteenth-century and the first half of the twentieth-century. Christian Orthodox Church of Cyprus played a prominent political role among the Greek Cypriot community, a privilege that it acquired during the Ottoman Empire with the employment of the millet system, which gave the archbishop an unofficial ethnarch status.
The repeated rejections by the British of Greek Cypriot demands for enosis, union with Greece, led to armed resistance, organised by the National Organization of Cypriot Struggle, or EOKA. EOKA, led by the Greek-Cypriot commander George Grivas, systematically targeted British colonial authorities. One of the effects of EOKA's campaign was to alter the Turkish position from demanding full reincorporation into Turkey to a demand for taksim (partition). EOKA's mission and activities caused a "Cretan syndrome" (see Turkish Resistance Organisation) within the Turkish Cypriot community, as its members feared that they would be forced to leave the island in such a case as had been the case with Cretan Turks. As such, they preferred the continuation of British colonial rule and then taksim, the division of the island. Due to the Turkish Cypriots' support for the British, EOKA's leader, Georgios Grivas, declared them to be enemies. The fact that the Turks were a minority was, according to Nihat Erim, to be addressed by the transfer of thousands of Turks from mainland Turkey so that Greek Cypriots would cease to be the majority. When Erim visited Cyprus as the Turkish representative, he was advised by Field Marshal Sir John Harding, the then Governor of Cyprus, that Turkey should send educated Turks to settle in Cyprus.
Turkey actively promoted the idea that on the island of Cyprus two distinctive communities existed, and sidestepped its former claim that "the people of Cyprus were all Turkish subjects". In doing so, Turkey's aim to have self-determination of two to-be equal communities in effect led to de jure partition of the island.[citation needed] This could be justified to the international community against the will of the majority Greek population of the island. Dr. Fazil Küçük in 1954 had already proposed Cyprus be divided in two at the 35° parallel.
Lindley Dan, from Notre Dame University, spotted the roots of intercommunal violence to different visions among the two communities of Cyprus (enosis for Greek Cypriots, taksim for Turkish Cypriots). Also, Lindlay wrote that "the merging of church, schools/education, and politics in divisive and nationalistic ways" had played a crucial role in creation of havoc in Cyprus' history. Attalides Michael also pointed to the opposing nationalisms as the cause of the Cyprus problem.
By the mid-1950's, the "Cyprus is Turkish" party, movement, and slogan gained force in both Cyprus and Turkey. In a 1954 editorial, Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Fazil Kuchuk expressed the sentiment that the Turkish youth had grown up with the idea that "as soon as Great Britain leaves the island, it will be taken over by the Turks", and that "Turkey cannot tolerate otherwise". This perspective contributed to the willingness of Turkish Cypriots to align themselves with the British, who started recruiting Turkish Cypriots into the police force that patrolled Cyprus to fight EOKA, a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that sought to rid the island of British rule.
EOKA targeted colonial authorities, including police, but Georgios Grivas, the leader of EOKA, did not initially wish to open up a new front by fighting Turkish Cypriots and reassured them that EOKA would not harm their people. In 1956, some Turkish Cypriot policemen were killed by EOKA members and this provoked some intercommunal violence in the spring and summer, but these attacks on policemen were not motivated by the fact that they were Turkish Cypriots.
However, in January 1957, Grivas changed his policy as his forces in the mountains became increasingly pressured by the British Crown forces. In order to divert the attention of the Crown forces, EOKA members started to target Turkish Cypriot policemen intentionally in the towns, so that Turkish Cypriots would riot against the Greek Cypriots and the security forces would have to be diverted to the towns to restore order. The killing of a Turkish Cypriot policeman on 19 January, when a power station was bombed, and the injury of three others, provoked three days of intercommunal violence in Nicosia. The two communities targeted each other in reprisals, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed and the British Army was deployed in the streets. Greek Cypriot stores were burned and their neighbourhoods attacked. Following the events, the Greek Cypriot leadership spread the propaganda that the riots had merely been an act of Turkish Cypriot aggression. Such events created chaos and drove the communities apart both in Cyprus and in Turkey.
On 22 October 1957 Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot replaced Sir John Harding as the British Governor of Cyprus. Foot suggested five to seven years of self-government before any final decision. His plan rejected both enosis and taksim. The Turkish Cypriot response to this plan was a series of anti-British demonstrations in Nicosia on 27 and 28 January 1958 rejecting the proposed plan because the plan did not include partition. The British then withdrew the plan.
In 1957, Black Gang, a Turkish Cypriot pro-taksim paramilitary organisation, was formed to patrol a Turkish Cypriot enclave, the Tahtakale district of Nicosia, against activities of EOKA. The organisation later attempted to grow into a national scale, but failed to gain public support.
By 1958, signs of dissatisfaction with the British increased on both sides, with a group of Turkish Cypriots forming Volkan (later renamed to the Turkish Resistance Organisation) paramilitary group to promote partition and the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as dictated by the Menderes plan. Volkan initially consisted of roughly 100 members, with the stated aim of raising awareness in Turkey of the Cyprus issue and courting military training and support for Turkish Cypriot fighters from the Turkish government.
In June 1958, the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, was expected to propose a plan to resolve the Cyprus issue. In light of the new development, the Turks rioted in Nicosia to promote the idea that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could not live together and therefore any plan that did not include partition would not be viable. This violence was soon followed by bombing, Greek Cypriot deaths and looting of Greek Cypriot-owned shops and houses. Greek and Turkish Cypriots started to flee mixed population villages where they were a minority in search of safety. This was effectively the beginning of the segregation of the two communities. On 7 June 1958, a bomb exploded at the entrance of the Turkish Embassy in Cyprus. Following the bombing, Turkish Cypriots looted Greek Cypriot properties. On 26 June 1984, the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, admitted on British channel ITV that the bomb was placed by the Turks themselves in order to create tension. On 9 January 1995, Rauf Denktaş repeated his claim to the famous Turkish newspaper Milliyet in Turkey.
The crisis reached a climax on 12 June 1958, when eight Greeks, out of an armed group of thirty five arrested by soldiers of the Royal Horse Guards on suspicion of preparing an attack on the Turkish quarter of Skylloura, were killed in a suspected attack by Turkish Cypriot locals, near the village of Geunyeli, having been ordered to walk back to their village of Kondemenos.
After the EOKA campaign had begun, the British government successfully began to turn the Cyprus issue from a British colonial problem into a Greek-Turkish issue. British diplomacy exerted backstage influence on the Adnan Menderes government, with the aim of making Turkey active in Cyprus. For the British, the attempt had a twofold objective. The EOKA campaign would be silenced as quickly as possible, and Turkish Cypriots would not side with Greek Cypriots against the British colonial claims over the island, which would thus remain under the British. The Turkish Cypriot leadership visited Menderes to discuss the Cyprus issue. When asked how the Turkish Cypriots should respond to the Greek Cypriot claim of enosis, Menderes replied: "You should go to the British foreign minister and request the status quo be prolonged, Cyprus to remain as a British colony". When the Turkish Cypriots visited the British Foreign Secretary and requested for Cyprus to remain a colony, he replied: "You should not be asking for colonialism at this day and age, you should be asking for Cyprus be returned to Turkey, its former owner".
As Turkish Cypriots began to look to Turkey for protection, Greek Cypriots soon understood that enosis was extremely unlikely. The Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios III, now set independence for the island as his objective.
Britain resolved to solve the dispute by creating an independent Cyprus. In 1959, all involved parties signed the Zurich Agreements: Britain, Turkey, Greece, and the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders, Makarios and Dr. Fazil Kucuk, respectively. The new constitution drew heavily on the ethnic composition of the island. The President would be a Greek Cypriot, and the Vice-President a Turkish Cypriot with an equal veto. The contribution to the public service would be set at a ratio of 70:30, and the Supreme Court would consist of an equal number of judges from both communities as well as an independent judge who was not Greek, Turkish or British. The Zurich Agreements were supplemented by a number of treaties. The Treaty of Guarantee stated that secession or union with any state was forbidden, and that Greece, Turkey and Britain would be given guarantor status to intervene if that was violated. The Treaty of Alliance allowed for two small Greek and Turkish military contingents to be stationed on the island, and the Treaty of Establishment gave Britain sovereignty over two bases in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
On 15 August 1960, the Colony of Cyprus became fully independent as the Republic of Cyprus. The new republic remained within the Commonwealth of Nations.
The new constitution brought dissatisfaction to Greek Cypriots, who felt it to be highly unjust for them for historical, demographic and contributional reasons. Although 80% of the island's population were Greek Cypriots and these indigenous people had lived on the island for thousands of years and paid 94% of taxes, the new constitution was giving the 17% of the population that was Turkish Cypriots, who paid 6% of taxes, around 30% of government jobs and 40% of national security jobs.
Within three years tensions between the two communities in administrative affairs began to show. In particular disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. A constitutional court ruled in 1963 Makarios had failed to uphold article 173 of the constitution which called for the establishment of separate municipalities for Turkish Cypriots. Makarios subsequently declared his intention to ignore the judgement, resulting in the West German judge resigning from his position. Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the constitution, which would have had the effect of resolving most of the issues in the Greek Cypriot favour. Under the proposals, the President and Vice-President would lose their veto, the separate municipalities as sought after by the Turkish Cypriots would be abandoned, the need for separate majorities by both communities in passing legislation would be discarded and the civil service contribution would be set at actual population ratios (82:18) instead of the slightly higher figure for Turkish Cypriots.
The intention behind the amendments has long been called into question. The Akritas plan, written in the height of the constitutional dispute by the Greek Cypriot interior minister Polycarpos Georkadjis, called for the removal of undesirable elements of the constitution so as to allow power-sharing to work. The plan envisaged a swift retaliatory attack on Turkish Cypriot strongholds should Turkish Cypriots resort to violence to resist the measures, stating "In the event of a planned or staged Turkish attack, it is imperative to overcome it by force in the shortest possible time, because if we succeed in gaining command of the situation (in one or two days), no outside, intervention would be either justified or possible." Whether Makarios's proposals were part of the Akritas plan is unclear, however it remains that sentiment towards enosis had not completely disappeared with independence. Makarios described independence as "a step on the road to enosis".[31] Preparations for conflict were not entirely absent from Turkish Cypriots either, with right wing elements still believing taksim (partition) the best safeguard against enosis.
Greek Cypriots however believe the amendments were a necessity stemming from a perceived attempt by Turkish Cypriots to frustrate the working of government. Turkish Cypriots saw it as a means to reduce their status within the state from one of co-founder to that of minority, seeing it as a first step towards enosis. The security situation deteriorated rapidly.
Main articles: Bloody Christmas (1963) and Battle of Tillyria
An armed conflict was triggered after December 21, 1963, a period remembered by Turkish Cypriots as Bloody Christmas, when a Greek Cypriot policemen that had been called to help deal with a taxi driver refusing officers already on the scene access to check the identification documents of his customers, took out his gun upon arrival and shot and killed the taxi driver and his partner. Eric Solsten summarised the events as follows: "a Greek Cypriot police patrol, ostensibly checking identification documents, stopped a Turkish Cypriot couple on the edge of the Turkish quarter. A hostile crowd gathered, shots were fired, and two Turkish Cypriots were killed."
In the morning after the shooting, crowds gathered in protest in Northern Nicosia, likely encouraged by the TMT, without incident. On the evening of the 22nd, gunfire broke out, communication lines to the Turkish neighbourhoods were cut, and the Greek Cypriot police occupied the nearby airport. On the 23rd, a ceasefire was negotiated, but did not hold. Fighting, including automatic weapons fire, between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and militias increased in Nicosia and Larnaca. A force of Greek Cypriot irregulars led by Nikos Sampson entered the Nicosia suburb of Omorphita and engaged in heavy firing on armed, as well as by some accounts unarmed, Turkish Cypriots. The Omorphita clash has been described by Turkish Cypriots as a massacre, while this view has generally not been acknowledged by Greek Cypriots.
Further ceasefires were arranged between the two sides, but also failed. By Christmas Eve, the 24th, Britain, Greece, and Turkey had joined talks, with all sides calling for a truce. On Christmas day, Turkish fighter jets overflew Nicosia in a show of support. Finally it was agreed to allow a force of 2,700 British soldiers to help enforce a ceasefire. In the next days, a "buffer zone" was created in Nicosia, and a British officer marked a line on a map with green ink, separating the two sides of the city, which was the beginning of the "Green Line". Fighting continued across the island for the next several weeks.
In total 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the violence. 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 103-109 villages fled and were displaced into enclaves and thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses were ransacked or completely destroyed.
Contemporary newspapers also reported on the forceful exodus of the Turkish Cypriots from their homes. According to The Times in 1964, threats, shootings and attempts of arson were committed against the Turkish Cypriots to force them out of their homes. The Daily Express wrote that "25,000 Turks have already been forced to leave their homes". The Guardian reported a massacre of Turks at Limassol on 16 February 1964.
Turkey had by now readied its fleet and its fighter jets appeared over Nicosia. Turkey was dissuaded from direct involvement by the creation of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964. Despite the negotiated ceasefire in Nicosia, attacks on the Turkish Cypriot persisted, particularly in Limassol. Concerned about the possibility of a Turkish invasion, Makarios undertook the creation of a Greek Cypriot conscript-based army called the "National Guard". A general from Greece took charge of the army, whilst a further 20,000 well-equipped officers and men were smuggled from Greece into Cyprus. Turkey threatened to intervene once more, but was prevented by a strongly worded letter from the American President Lyndon B. Johnson, anxious to avoid a conflict between NATO allies Greece and Turkey at the height of the Cold War.
Turkish Cypriots had by now established an important bridgehead at Kokkina, provided with arms, volunteers and materials from Turkey and abroad. Seeing this incursion of foreign weapons and troops as a major threat, the Cypriot government invited George Grivas to return from Greece as commander of the Greek troops on the island and launch a major attack on the bridgehead. Turkey retaliated by dispatching its fighter jets to bomb Greek positions, causing Makarios to threaten an attack on every Turkish Cypriot village on the island if the bombings did not cease. The conflict had now drawn in Greece and Turkey, with both countries amassing troops on their Thracian borders. Efforts at mediation by Dean Acheson, a former U.S. Secretary of State, and UN-appointed mediator Galo Plaza had failed, all the while the division of the two communities becoming more apparent. Greek Cypriot forces were estimated at some 30,000, including the National Guard and the large contingent from Greece. Defending the Turkish Cypriot enclaves was a force of approximately 5,000 irregulars, led by a Turkish colonel, but lacking the equipment and organisation of the Greek forces.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1964, U Thant, reported the damage during the conflicts:
UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting.
The situation worsened in 1967, when a military junta overthrew the democratically elected government of Greece, and began applying pressure on Makarios to achieve enosis. Makarios, not wishing to become part of a military dictatorship or trigger a Turkish invasion, began to distance himself from the goal of enosis. This caused tensions with the junta in Greece as well as George Grivas in Cyprus. Grivas's control over the National Guard and Greek contingent was seen as a threat to Makarios's position, who now feared a possible coup.[citation needed] The National Guard and Cyprus Police began patrolling the Turkish Cypriot enclaves of Ayios Theodoros and Kophinou, and on November 15 engaged in heavy fighting with the Turkish Cypriots.
By the time of his withdrawal 26 Turkish Cypriots had been killed. Turkey replied with an ultimatum demanding that Grivas be removed from the island, that the troops smuggled from Greece in excess of the limits of the Treaty of Alliance be removed, and that the economic blockades on the Turkish Cypriot enclaves be lifted. Grivas was recalled by the Athens Junta and the 12,000 Greek troops were withdrawn. Makarios now attempted to consolidate his position by reducing the number of National Guard troops, and by creating a paramilitary force loyal to Cypriot independence. In 1968, acknowledging that enosis was now all but impossible, Makarios stated, "A solution by necessity must be sought within the limits of what is feasible which does not always coincide with the limits of what is desirable."
After 1967 tensions between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots subsided. Instead, the main source of tension on the island came from factions within the Greek Cypriot community. Although Makarios had effectively abandoned enosis in favour of an 'attainable solution', many others continued to believe that the only legitimate political aspiration for Greek Cypriots was union with Greece.
On his arrival, Grivas began by establishing a nationalist paramilitary group known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B or EOKA-B), drawing comparisons with the EOKA struggle for enosis under the British colonial administration of the 1950s.
The military junta in Athens saw Makarios as an obstacle. Makarios's failure to disband the National Guard, whose officer class was dominated by mainland Greeks, had meant the junta had practical control over the Cypriot military establishment, leaving Makarios isolated and a vulnerable target.
During the first Turkish invasion, Turkish troops invaded Cyprus territory on 20 July 1974, invoking its rights under the Treaty of Guarantee. This expansion of Turkish-occupied zone violated International Law as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Turkish troops managed to capture 3% of the island which was accompanied by the burning of the Turkish Cypriot quarter, as well as the raping and killing of women and children. A temporary cease-fire followed which was mitigated by the UN Security Council. Subsequently, the Greek military Junta collapsed on July 23, 1974, and peace talks commenced in which a democratic government was installed. The Resolution 353 was broken after Turkey attacked a second time and managed to get a hold of 37% of Cyprus territory. The Island of Cyprus was appointed a Buffer Zone by the United Nations, which divided the island into two zones through the 'Green Line' and put an end to the Turkish invasion. Although Turkey announced that the occupied areas of Cyprus to be called the Federated Turkish State in 1975, it is not legitimised on a worldwide political scale. The United Nations called for the international recognition of independence for the Republic of Cyprus in the Security Council Resolution 367.
In the years after the Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus one can observe a history of failed talks between the two parties. The 1983 declaration of the independent Turkish Republic of Cyprus resulted in a rise of inter-communal tensions and made it increasingly hard to find mutual understanding. With Cyprus' interest of a possible EU membership and a new UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 1997 new hopes arose for a fresh start. International involvement from sides of the US and UK, wanting a solution to the Cyprus dispute prior to the EU accession led to political pressures for new talks. The believe that an accession without a solution would threaten Greek-Turkish relations and acknowledge the partition of the island would direct the coming negotiations.
Over the course of two years a concrete plan, the Annan plan was formulated. In 2004 the fifth version agreed upon from both sides and with the endorsement of Turkey, US, UK and EU then was presented to the public and was given a referendum in both Cypriot communities to assure the legitimisation of the resolution. The Turkish Cypriots voted with 65% for the plan, however the Greek Cypriots voted with a 76% majority against. The Annan plan contained multiple important topics. Firstly it established a confederation of two separate states called the United Cyprus Republic. Both communities would have autonomous states combined under one unified government. The members of parliament would be chosen according to the percentage in population numbers to ensure a just involvement from both communities. The paper proposed a demilitarisation of the island over the next years. Furthermore it agreed upon a number of 45000 Turkish settlers that could remain on the island. These settlers became a very important issue concerning peace talks. Originally the Turkish government encouraged Turks to settle in Cyprus providing transfer and property, to establish a counterpart to the Greek Cypriot population due to their 1 to 5 minority. With the economic situation many Turkish-Cypriot decided to leave the island, however their departure is made up by incoming Turkish settlers leaving the population ratio between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots stable. However all these points where criticised and as seen in the vote rejected mainly by the Greek Cypriots. These name the dissolution of the „Republic of Cyprus", economic consequences of a reunion and the remaining Turkish settlers as reason. Many claim that the plan was indeed drawing more from Turkish-Cypriot demands then Greek-Cypriot interests. Taking in consideration that the US wanted to keep Turkey as a strategic partner in future Middle Eastern conflicts.
A week after the failed referendum the Republic of Cyprus joined the EU. In multiple instances the EU tried to promote trade with Northern Cyprus but without internationally recognised ports this spiked a grand debate. Both side endure their intention of negotiations, however without the prospect of any new compromises or agreements the UN is unwilling to start the process again. Since 2004 negotiations took place in numbers but without any results, both sides are strongly holding on to their position without an agreeable solution in sight that would suit both parties.
Tibletalech Kifle, Health Extention worker, 25 and Yenesew Achenif, nurse are pictured in the Wonchet health Post in rural Bahir Dar. The two gave a breifing on the operations of the health post to the UNICEF Canada team that made a feild visit on 5 Feb 2014. ©UNICEF Ethiopia/2015/Abubeker
Number:
171615
Date created:
1923
Extent:
1 photographic print : gelatin silver ; 7 x 10 in.
Front row: 1) A. Gramlich; 2) J. Balfour; 3) E. Smale; 4) R. Cleland; 5) H. Garrigues; 6) G. Kyles; 7) A. Hall; 8) A. Ruge; 9) H. Douw; 10) M. Wright; 11) M. Hazlewood; 12) E. Stearns; 13) H. Bedinger; 14) E. Hinves; 15) E. Meyers; 16) D. Armstrong; 17) P. Crossley; 18) R. Sterling; 19) M. Busby. Second row: 1) H. Quinn; 2) C. Timberman; 3) H. Giddings; 4) Miss Lawler; 5) L. Helbig; 6) M. Lewis; 7) M. Gonyeau; 8) L. Bodurtha; 9) M. Sprague; 10) L. Garey. Third row: 1) F. Scott; 2) M. Fahey; 3) A. Bryce; 4) M. Mays; 5) M. Scott; 6) A. Laird. Fourth row: 1) E. Hussey; 2) L. Hafer; 3) L. Muller; 4) A. McKinnon; 5) N. Cox; 6) E. MacChesney; 7) V. Dunbar; 8) S.Danford. Back row: 1) R. Talbott; 2) R. Swanson; 3) N. Austin; 4) H. Rogers; 5) D. Gager; 6) L. Shangraw; 7) M. White; 8) D. Robinson; 9) I. Collings; 10) M. Black; 11) G. Rood; 12) E. Montgomery; 13) L. McMahon.
Rights:
Photograph is subject to copyright restrictions. Contact the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives for reproduction permissions.
Subjects:
Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing--People
Clark, Dora Armstrong
Fifield, Naomi Austin
Keefer, Jean Balfour
Bedinger, Hennrietta L.
Ester, Lois Bodurtha
Black, Marjorie O.
Felty, Alice Bryce
Shaffer, Mabel Busby
Cleland, Ruth
Collings, Ida A.
Hare, Nannie Cox
Crossley, Phoebe C.
Neuhart, Sarah Danford
Richards, Helen Douw
Dunbar, Virginia
Fahey, Mary A.
Gager, Theodora H.
Garey, Vashti Louise
Rogers, Margaret (Marguerite) Garrigues
Giddings, Helen
Gonyeau, Mildred E.
Anderson, Alice Gramlich
Lewis, Lorena Hafer
Truax, Alice Hall
Hazlewood, Marjorie
Helbig, Lillian
Hinves, Edith
Hussey, Elma J.
Kyles, Georgia
Laird, Agnes
Lewis, Martha K.
Cugle, Emma MacChesney
Lonergan, Margaret Mays
Ritchie, Anna McKinnon
McMahon, Margaret Leona
Keeler, Esther Montgomery
Muller, Louise M.
Snoke, Edna Myers
Quinn, Hannah M.
Thompson, Dorothy Robinson
Rogers, Helen Margaret
Rood, Grace M.
Ruge, Ann E.
Murray, Florence Scott
Scott, Mary B.
Johnston, Lucille E
Allen, Erma Smale
Sprague, Marion B.
Stearns, Elinor
Kerr, Ruth Sterling
McNulty, Ruth Swanson
Talbott, Rebecca
Timberman, Charlotte A.
White, Mary W.
Ritchie, Margaret Wright
Lawler, Elsie M.
Nursing students--Maryland--Baltimore--1920-1930
Nurses--Maryland--Baltimore--1920-1930
Graduation ceremonies--Maryland--Baltimore--1920-1930
Portrait photographs
Group portraits
Notes: Photographer unknown.
My photography reflects my personality and what I believe in, to an extent. I'm a person who really enjoys nature, however I like to pick out the more minor details in nature that people don’t really notice. Ever since I was younger I have always liked taking pictures of people, but I really enjoyed taking pictures outside in nature. Along with taking pictures of nature, I really like taking pictures of people because I believe one picture, especially of a person, could mean many different things to many different people. I am also very intrigued by people and how they act. Usually when I take photos, I don’t go outside saying, Ok I am going to take pictures of this, this, and this, I usually just go out with my camera and take pictures of wherever my eye leads me first, then continue from there. I feel like the way I take photos is pretty good, because if you just go out planning to take pictures of one thing, you could pass up hundreds of better shots of different things. However I sometimes find myself getting distracted and have to put myself back on track.
When we were told to take a self portrait picture, at first i was very unsure of how i could sum up my whole personality in just one picture. Im someone who is very into fashion, however i love to lounge around in yoga pants and a tee shirt. Not to mention, unless im going to school, i cant leave my house without makeup. I feel like this picture does a good job summing up me, because i was in one of my chill modes with my outfit, however my hair and makeup still had to be perfect.
Construction of the present cathedral
On 10 June 1194, another fire caused extensive damage to Fulbert's cathedral. The true extent of the damage is unknown, though the fact that the lead cames holding the west windows together survived the conflagration intact suggests contemporary accounts of the terrible devastation may have been exaggerated. Either way, the opportunity was taken to begin a complete rebuilding of the choir and nave in the latest style. The undamaged western towers and façade were incorporated into the new works, as was the earlier crypt, effectively limiting the designers of the new building to the same general plan as its predecessor. In fact the present building is only marginally longer than Fulbert's cathedral.
One of the unusual features of Chartres cathedral is the speed with which it was built – a factor which helped contribute to the consistency of its design. Even though there were innumerable changes to the details, the plan remains remarkably consistent. The major change occurred six years after work began when the seven deep chapels around the choir opening off a single ambulatory were turned into shallow recesses opening off a double-aisled ambulatory.[11]
Australian architectural historian John James, who made a detailed study of the cathedral, has estimated that there were about 300 men working on the site at any one time, although it has to be acknowledged that our knowledge of working practices at this time is somewhat limited. Normally medieval churches were built from east to west so that the choir could be completed first and put into use (with a temporary wall sealing off the west end) while the crossing and nave were completed. Canon Delaporte argued that building work started at the crossing and proceeded outwards from there,[12] but the evidence in the stonework itself is unequivocal, especially within the level of the triforium: the nave was at all times more advanced than ambulatory bays of the choir, and this has been confirmed by dendrochronology.
The history of the cathedral has been plagued by more theories than any other, a singular problem for those attempting to discover the truth. For example Louis Grodecki argued that the lateral doors of the transept portals were cut through the walls at a later date,[13] and van der Meulan that they had wanted to rebuild the western portals (then only 50 years old).[14] None of these theories refer back to the actual stonework, and it is only when you have done so, as John James did exhaustively in 1969, that you realize that the construction process was in fact simple and logical.
It is important to remember that the builders were not working on a clean site but would have had to clear back the rubble and surviving parts of the old church as they built the new. Nevertheless, work progressed rapidly. The south porch with most of its sculpture was installed by 1210, and by 1215 the north porch had been completed and the western rose installed.[15] The nave high vaults were erected in the 1220s, the canons moved into their new stalls in 1221 under a temporary roof at the level of the clerestory, and the transept roses were erected over the subsequent two decades. The high vaults over the choir were not built until the last years of the 1250s, as has just been discovered.[16] The cathedral was then dedicated in 1260 by King Louis whose coat of arms was painted over the apsidal boss.
Each arm of the transept was originally meant to support two towers, two more were to flank the choir, and there was to have been a central lantern over the crossing – nine towers in all. Plans for a crossing tower were abandoned in 1221 and the crossing was vaulted over. Work on the remaining six towers continued at a slower pace for some decades, until it was decided to leave them without spires (as at Laon Cathedral and elsewhere). The cathedral was consecrated in 1260, in the presence of King Louis IX.
Number:
171769
Date created:
1935
Extent:
1 photographic print : gelatin silver ; 7 x 10 in.
Front row (seated): 1) H. Rogers; 2) L. Fisk; 3) K. Glasgow; 4) G. Shumate; 5) G. Boore; 6) E. Elder; 7) M. Fox; (standing): 8) C. Banwarth; 9) Miss Lawler; 10) G. Gleitsman; (seated) 11) I. Casto ; 12) A. Warder; 13) E. Stuart; 14) M. Deal; 15) L. Smith; 16) M. Evans; 17) L. Wallis. Second row: 1) E. Cassady; 2) A. Engle; 3) E. McMahon; 4) V. Arnold; 5) J. Hirshey; 6) G. Richardson; 7) U. Anderson; 8) L. Brayton. Third row: 1) F. Erwin; 2) A. Myers; 3) V. Clark; 4) F. Faith; 5) A. James; 6) H. Quirin. Fourth row: (standing, left) 1) L. Shroeder; 2) D. Perkins; 3) K. Collins; 4) C. King; (center) 5) ___; 6) M. Platt; 7) N. Hutchison; 8) A. Hendershott; 9) E. Cody; 10) M. Cox; (standing, right) 11) R. McDaniel; 12) K. Rogers; 13) M. Ravenscroft; 14) J. Besemer. Fifth row: 1) K. Hodges; 2) A. Christie; 3) E. Coleman; 4) M. Tamblyn; 5) S. Fryer; 6) ___; 7) S. Day; 8) ___. Sixth row: 1) H. Gillespie; 2) R. Rothenburger; 3) A. Stevens; 4) H. Roush; 5) N. Sternat.
Rights:
Photograph is subject to copyright restrictions. Contact the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives for reproduction permissions.
Subjects:
Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing--People
Anderson, Ursula M.
Arnold, Virginia
Salmon, Calista Hummel, Jane Besemer
Boore, G. Alice
Brayton, Margaret L.
Baylor, Eleanor Cassidy
Casto, Mornia Irene
Christie, Ann B.
Clark, Velma M.
Tether, Esther Cody
Gill, Eleanor Coleman
Harrison, Katharine Collins
Owen, Mary Claire Cox
Poole, Sara Day
MacCarthy, Margie Deal
Elder, Elizabeth J.
Engel, Mary Alice
Erwin, Florence Somers
Evans, Margaret C.
Faith, Frances M.
Fisk, Lillian M
Fox, Marian
Crystal, Carolyn Fryer
Burris, Helen Gillespie
Sturgis, Katharine Glasgow
Gleitsman, Gladys M.
Wright, Ann Hendershott
Sharp, Katherine Hodges
Keefer, Nina Belle Hutchinson
Herriman, Alice James
DeKruif, Cecille King
Legters, Elva McMahon
Gabel, Anna C. Myers
Newcomb, Dorothy Perkins
Simpson, Nora Platt
Shaw, Helen Quirin (-Mar 1969)
Briggs, Madge Ravenscroft
Richardson, Genevieve
Moorman, Kathleen Rogers
Owen, Helen Rogers
Hotz, Rachel Rothenburger
Fletcher, Helen Roush
Parske, Loretta Schroeder
McNealy, Gladys Shumate
Smith, Louise C.
Sternat, Naomi E.
Stevenson, Alice Stevens
Beavin, Edna Stuart
Tamblyn, Margaret Errol
Wallis, Lucille
Warder, Anna Mary
Nursing students--Maryland--Baltimore--1930-1940
Nurses--Maryland--Baltimore--1930-1940
Graduation ceremonies--Maryland--Baltimore--1930-1940
Portrait photographs
Group portraits
Notes: Photographer unknown.