View allAll Photos Tagged extented
The Bernina Range is a mountain range in the Alps of eastern Switzerland and northern Italy. It is considered to be part of the Rhaetian Alps within the Central Eastern Alps. It is one of the highest ranges of the Alps, covered with many glaciers. Piz Bernina (4,049 m), its highest peak, is the most easterly four thousand-metre peak in the Alps. Though Bernina’s glaciers have retreated over the last centuries, the sheer extent of these rivers of ice remains a distinctive feature of the entire range.
I decided for this hiking loop (solo) having a few spare days at the beginning of July; beautiful scenery, lack of crowds (compared to Tour of Mont Blanc), and relative proximity to Prague were the key factors of this decision. I went as light as possible, opting thus to mountain huts and not carrying much food. As the result, I hiked the whole 130km-long circuit in 5 days, averaging slightly less than 30km per day - quite a portion also given the elevation, however still perfectly possible for an average (solo) hiker with some decent experience.
Surprisingly, this has been my first time in the Alps (in summer). Have to say I like the area, though it may get crowded unpleasantly. The huts are often spectacularly located and the scenery tends to be breathtaking.
-----
During the third day on the trail, I hiked from Rifugio Marinelli Bombardieri to the beautifully located Rifugio Bignami across the spectacular Bocchetta di Caspoggio pass (2983m), and then across the Somdoss settlement to the lovely small village of Cavaglia where I spent the night.
Britney Spears and her posse arrive at Johnny Rockets in Calabasas where britney has stains on her pants, an ill fitting bra and some new hair extentions. At least she is trynig to pull it together even though she is eating junk food! September 9, 2010 X17online.com exclusive
Urban extents illustrate the shape and area of urbanized places. Urbanized localities are defined as places with with 5,000 or more inhabitants that are delineated by stable night-time lights. For poorly lit areas, alternate sources are used to estimate the extent of cities.
The greatest week in golf is here and SI.com has the breakdown to prepare you.With the Masters Live Stream 2019 Bosses set to start Thursday weve positioned each golfer in the field from to the least extent liable to win to most.
John Deere Great boss has missed 13 of 18 cuts since his triumph
including eight straight to begin 2019.Sweetswinging 2008 victor parts
his time among playing and commentating nowadays.Difficult to trust hes
solitary 39 years old.Won the primary occasion of the fold over season
Safeway Open however has battled since missing the cut in every one of
his last six begins.
While he isnt the top pick there will be a lot of eyeballs per normal on Tiger Woods at Augusta National.Tiger hasnt won a green coat since 2005 yet hes prowled on leaderboards as of late and has completed T8 or better in 13 of his 18 proficient Experts begin.He has a reasonable opportunity to win regardless of whether the current years field is bizarrely stacked with top players riding hot hands.
With respect to the remainder of the players there are a few major names slanting upward and descending driving enthusiastically this week including the scorching Rory McIrloy the as yet sputtering Jordan Spieth.SI.com will have the majority of the 2019 Experts inclusion you need yet to kick the week off we should jump into the rankings.
The 1991 Experts Champion hasnt made the cut at Augusta since 2008 and is a consolidated 111 over standard in his last 10 Bosses starts.Twotime significant victor won the green coat in 88 and stays dynamic on the PGA Visit Champions.Has an amazing eight top10s at Augusta incorporating the green coat in 94 and 99.
Booked his ticket to Augusta by means of a sprinter up completion at the 2018 U.S.Beginner however the UCLA sophomore hasnt completed superior to T10 in any school occasion this year.Played collegiately at UNC at that point went through three years on smaller than expected visits before taking work at a venture firm.Won 2018 U.S.MidAm to get into the field and plans on turning proficient again after the mid year.
The 2003 hero has played in five Web.com Visit occasions this season MCT41T35MCMC apparently with an eye toward preparing himself for the senior circuit.Graduated Arkansas the previous summer at that point won the Latin American Beginner to get into the field.The Mexico local is No.70 on the planet novice rankings.His contribute to win in 1987 is a standout amongst the most celebrated shots in Experts history and hes stunningly made three of the last five cuts.
The 2016 New kid on the block of the Year from Argentina positions eleventh in strokes increased moving toward the green however 191st in strokes picked up around the green..Winner of a year agos RBC Legacy positions 206th out of 215 qualifying players in strokes picked up overall.Twotime real champ is in the most recent year of his fiveyear Bosses exception for winning the 2014 U.S.Open which he won by eight.It was additionally his keep going triumph on any visit.
The Masters Opening Ceremony 2019
Reddishbrown junior the No.45 beginner on the planet turned into the primary South African to win the English Novice in 52 years last summer.The 2009 champ was positioned No.273 when he lost a playoff to Adam Scott in 2013 so an out of the blue run isnt thoroughly out of the cards.Youngest player in the field who earned a welcome by winning the AsiaPacific Beginner is the worlds No.7 beginner.
Looking back his triumph at the 2000 Experts shielded Tiger from finishing the Stupendous Hammer.Had a reasonable opportunity to end up most established victor in PGA Visit history finally months Honda Exemplary completing three strokes off the lead.Only top 10 since winning the Sony Open in 2018 win came at the constrained field Guard Competition of Heroes in January.
The 2009 English Open victor will be back at Augusta out of the blue since 2014 by method for his T4 complete finally years PGA Title.Has missed his last three cuts.Pulled off the greatest surprise of the period when as the world No.417 he beat Phil Mickelson to win the Desert Exemplary.Has missed eight of 12 cuts on the season.
Number:
171659
Date created:
1928
Extent:
1 photographic print : gelatin silver ; 8 x 10 in.
Rights:
Photograph is subject to copyright restrictions. Contact the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives for reproduction permissions.
Subjects:
Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing--People
Martin, Mildred Angle
Beckwith, Ann Totman
Bennett, Annie Caroline
Black, Alice L.
Ogden, Marcella Bladen
Boek, Mildred Carolyne
Boryer, Margaret G.
Brown, Helene D.
Copeland, Jean Brown
Pease, Anna Sherman Brush
Campbell, Catherine K.
Gilliam, Caroline Ciaburri
Conzelman, Marion G.
Jones, Doris Creighton
Darlington, Thelma C.
Billotti, Margaret Edgett
Lewis, Lois Falconer
Fischer, Charlotte M.
Flood, Kathryn
Marchetti, Catherine Fopeano
Perry, Kathleen Gallison
Jackson, Golda Gaunt
Griffiths, Margaret Hamilton
Bladen, Ina Heilman
Matttingly, Pauline Heitmuller
Hyder, Kate
Righter, Marion Irr
Tinker, Grace James
Young, Iva Kelley
Fuller, Marion Kenney
Wingate, Kathleen King
Lindholm, Hazel Kinsell
Kiser, Madge
Duckett, Carolyn Knorr
Lyons, Vera Kurtz
Halle, Margaret Leiter
Quinlan, Dixie Mason
McFadden, Ruth A.
McMahon, Cecilia A.
Miller, Pearl Estelle
Minteer, Ruth
Robinson, Martha M.
Moulton, Dorothy Lorraine
Fatherree, Elizabeth Nelson
Nelson, Martina
Howard, Alice Claire Nordin
Fleming, Pearl Peterson
Kolodny, Ellen Plass
Platz, Valborg D.
Forman, May Reece
Wilson, Dorothy Rook
Cobb, Mary Ruth Rupert
Engle, Rose Savage
Ladew, Riekchen Schmid
Wachtel, Margaret Selby
Oldham, Sara Seward
Peirce, Ruth Smith
Farah, Mary Elizabeth Stanwood
Stecker, Pauline L.
Thayer, Juanita B.
Traux, Leona Irene
Josey, Norma Vanderlip
Whittaker, Mary Ann
DeFoe, Violet Widenmyer
Terani, Marguerite Yost
Lawler, Elsie M.
Moran, Elizabeth S.
Nursing students--Maryland--Baltimore--1920-1930
Nurses--Maryland--Baltimore--1920-1930
Graduation ceremonies--Maryland--Baltimore--1920-1930
Portrait photographs
Group portraits
Notes: Photographer unknown.
Britney Spears and her posse arrive at Johnny Rockets in Calabasas where britney has stains on her pants, an ill fitting bra and some new hair extentions. At least she is trynig to pull it together even though she is eating junk food! September 9, 2010 X17online.com exclusive
Statement of Significance
The story of quartz mining on Victoria Hill lies at the heart of Bendigo's historical status as the world's richest and deepest reefing field. Gold was discovered on Victoria Hill in 1854, and by early 1855 claims had been taken up over its entire extent. Shafts were first worked by windlass, whip or whim, and primitive crushing batteries were in operation. By 1861, Victoria Hill had yielded at least 1,200,000oz in gold.
One of the early claims on Victoria Hill was owned by Prussian immigrants, Christopher Ballerstedt and his son Theodore. In 1854, they bought a claim on the hill for £80, to which they subsequently added other claims, and from the quartz veins (called spurs), worked both by shafts and a large open cut, obtained gold worth nearly £200,000. Christopher Ballerstedt was dubbed 'Father of the Hill' and has been credited as the first to debunk the theory at that time prevalent on the Bendigo field, that the gold content of reefs would diminish at depth. As his shafts plunged below the 200-foot level, the quartz remained rich in gold. His success inspired others, and so led the way to Bendigo's later status as the world's deepest and richest goldfield.
The Ballerstedts built Bendigo's grandest mansion, Fortuna. Theodore continued to work Victoria Hill after his father's death, but in 1871, convinced that his claim was exhausted, he sold both mine and mansion to George Lansell for £60,000. Lansell's mine on Victoria Hill was called the 180, and operated under his ownership until his death in 1906. The mine supplied the initial wealth that made Lansell Bendigo's 'Quartz King'. George Lansell was such a force in Bendigo's mining history that his death was cited as one of the reasons for the decline of Bendigo as a quartz mining centre,
The Victoria Hill Quartz Gold Mines are of historical, archaeological and scientific importance to the State of Victoria.
The Victoria Hill Quartz Gold Mines are historically significant as the symbolic heart of Bendigo's famous goldfield. The mines are linked to nineteenth-century individuals (Christopher Ballerstedt and George Lansell) who played prominent roles in the evolution of Bendigo. Both men's fortunes and their influence on Bendigo, originated from mining operations carried out on the hill.
The Victoria Hill Quartz Gold Mines are historically and scientifically important as characteristic examples of an important form of gold mining. Gold mining sites are of crucial importance for the pivotal role they have played since 1851 in the development of Victoria. As well as being a significant producer of Victoria's nineteenth century wealth, quartz mining, with its intensive reliance on machinery, played an important role in the development of Victorian manufacturing industry. The Victoria Hill Quartz Gold Mines are important as a manifestation of this aspect of gold mining.
The Victoria Hill Quartz Gold Mines are scientifically important, as they contain relics span nearly sixty years of mining (1854 to 1913), documenting the richest and most significant years of Bendigo's world-famous quartz mining industry. Enhancing the significance of the place are relics from the Victoria Quartz Company operations, including, at 4,870 feet, the world's deepest nineteenth-century gold mining shaft. As a postscript to the chronology of gold mining is the surviving crushing machinery (formerly part of the Bendigo Crushing Works) which was erected near the foundations of Lansell's 180 mine in 1932, to crush quartz for nearby mines. The place has a potential to yield artefacts and evidence which will be able to provide significant information about the technological history of gold mining.
[Source: Victorian Heritage Register]
Number:
174205
Date created:
1924
Extent:
1 photographic print : gelatin silver ; 6.5 x 9.5 in.
Back row: 1) L. Spessard; 2) H. Larson; 3) R. Taylor; 4) M. Salter; 5) F. Robinson; 6) D. MacLurg; 7) G. Hay; 8) H. Schumacher; 9) P. Hall; 10) M. Edward; 11) N. Fields; 12) F. Rolnick; 13) M. Everett; 14) K. Firor; 15) H. Branham; 16) R. doran; 17) M. Grover; 18) E. Hill; 19) S. Boyle; 20) F. Johnson; 21) G. Benson; 22) M. Lewis; 23) R. Pierce; 24) L. Nelson; 25) A. Johnson; 26) R. Stein; 27) L. Boczkowski; 28) F. Lowry; 29) J. McDougall; 30) A. Johnston; 31) L. Terry; 32) E. Prewitt; 33) M. Davis; 34) A. Lamar; 35) B. Kelisky. Second row: 1) K. Barker; 2) H. Schutt; 3) K. Childs; 4) M. Burks; 5) A. Clark; 6) M. Banks; 7) M. Cleland;8) E. Coulter; 9) R. Morgan; 10) M. Botsford; 11) C. Weymouth; 12) E. Bowers; 13) M. Reeks; 14) J. Paterson. Front row: 1) M. Ahlstrom; 2) H. Feeley; 3) N. Anderson; 4) E. Andrew; 5) D. Austin; 6) Miss Lawler; 7) M. Woods; 8) E. Wilson; 9) C. Wangen; 10) M. Walthaur.
Rights:
Photograph is subject to copyright restrictions. Contact the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives for reproduction permissions.
Subjects:
Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing--People
Ahlstrom, Marion L.
Alyea, Nancy Anderson
Rollins, Elizabeth Andrew
Austin, Della D.
Banks, Margaret E.
Schilling, Kate Barker
Penn, Gertrude Benson
Boczkowski, Louise M.
Botsford, Margaret S.
Glynn, Estelle Bowers
Wade, S. Kathleen Boyle
Hampton, Helen Branham
Haggarty, Marion Burks
Childs, Katherine
Clark, Alice M.
Gillaspy, Mary Cleland
Martin, Elizabeth Coulter
Hamilton, Merle Davis
Doran, Ruth
Edwards, Marion J.
Anderson, Mildred Everett
Feeley, Helen Frances
Cole, Nancy Fields
Cope, A. Kathryn Firor
Grover, Mabel E.
Hall, Pearl L.
Hillman, Eula Hill
Leadbetter, Alice C. Johnson
Rodebaugh, Frances Johnson
Johnston, Alice A.
Olch, Beth Kelisky
Lamar, Anna Baker
Larson, Hilda O.
Lewis, Marion M. Lewis
Lowry, Florence May
Jensen, Deborah MacLurg
Ghormley, Jean McDougall
Morgan, Ruth
Nelson, L. Mathilda
Paterson, Jean McDonald
Cheape, Ruth Pierce
Shands, Elizabeth Prewitt
McCormick, Mary Reeks
Baker, Frances Robinson
Rolnick, Frances
Bardin, E. Marion Salter
Schumacher, Helen
Schutt, Helen M.
Spessard, Lottie M.
Stein, Ruth
Taylor, Ruth
Knowles, Margaret Terry
Walthour, Mary J.
Wangen, Clare M. J.
Weymouth, Clarice V.
Wilson, Edith
Hess, Mildred Woods
Lawler, Elsie M.
Nursing students--Maryland--Baltimore--1920-1930
Nurses--Maryland--Baltimore--1920-1930
Graduation ceremonies--Maryland--Baltimore--1920-1930
Portrait photographs
Group portraits
Notes: Photographer unknown.
Construction of the present cathedral
On 10 June 1194, another fire caused extensive damage to Fulbert's cathedral. The true extent of the damage is unknown, though the fact that the lead cames holding the west windows together survived the conflagration intact suggests contemporary accounts of the terrible devastation may have been exaggerated. Either way, the opportunity was taken to begin a complete rebuilding of the choir and nave in the latest style. The undamaged western towers and façade were incorporated into the new works, as was the earlier crypt, effectively limiting the designers of the new building to the same general plan as its predecessor. In fact the present building is only marginally longer than Fulbert's cathedral.
One of the unusual features of Chartres cathedral is the speed with which it was built – a factor which helped contribute to the consistency of its design. Even though there were innumerable changes to the details, the plan remains remarkably consistent. The major change occurred six years after work began when the seven deep chapels around the choir opening off a single ambulatory were turned into shallow recesses opening off a double-aisled ambulatory.[11]
Australian architectural historian John James, who made a detailed study of the cathedral, has estimated that there were about 300 men working on the site at any one time, although it has to be acknowledged that our knowledge of working practices at this time is somewhat limited. Normally medieval churches were built from east to west so that the choir could be completed first and put into use (with a temporary wall sealing off the west end) while the crossing and nave were completed. Canon Delaporte argued that building work started at the crossing and proceeded outwards from there,[12] but the evidence in the stonework itself is unequivocal, especially within the level of the triforium: the nave was at all times more advanced than ambulatory bays of the choir, and this has been confirmed by dendrochronology.
The history of the cathedral has been plagued by more theories than any other, a singular problem for those attempting to discover the truth. For example Louis Grodecki argued that the lateral doors of the transept portals were cut through the walls at a later date,[13] and van der Meulan that they had wanted to rebuild the western portals (then only 50 years old).[14] None of these theories refer back to the actual stonework, and it is only when you have done so, as John James did exhaustively in 1969, that you realize that the construction process was in fact simple and logical.
It is important to remember that the builders were not working on a clean site but would have had to clear back the rubble and surviving parts of the old church as they built the new. Nevertheless, work progressed rapidly. The south porch with most of its sculpture was installed by 1210, and by 1215 the north porch had been completed and the western rose installed.[15] The nave high vaults were erected in the 1220s, the canons moved into their new stalls in 1221 under a temporary roof at the level of the clerestory, and the transept roses were erected over the subsequent two decades. The high vaults over the choir were not built until the last years of the 1250s, as has just been discovered.[16] The cathedral was then dedicated in 1260 by King Louis whose coat of arms was painted over the apsidal boss.
Each arm of the transept was originally meant to support two towers, two more were to flank the choir, and there was to have been a central lantern over the crossing – nine towers in all. Plans for a crossing tower were abandoned in 1221 and the crossing was vaulted over. Work on the remaining six towers continued at a slower pace for some decades, until it was decided to leave them without spires (as at Laon Cathedral and elsewhere). The cathedral was consecrated in 1260, in the presence of King Louis IX.
The Karpas Peninsula is a long, finger-like peninsula that is one of the most prominent geographical features of the island of Cyprus. Its farthest extent is Cape Apostolos Andreas, and its major population centre is the town of Rizokarpaso (Greek: Ριζοκάρπασο; Turkish: Dipkarpaz). The peninsula de facto forms the İskele District of Northern Cyprus, while de jure it lies in the Famagusta District of the Republic of Cyprus.
It covers an area of 898 km2, making up 27% of the territory of Northern Cyprus. It is much less densely populated than the average of Northern Cyprus, with a population density of 26 people per km2 in 2010. The town of Trikomo (İskele), the district capital, is considered to be the "gateway" and the geographical starting point of the peninsula, along with the neighboring village of Bogazi (Boğaz). Apart from Trikomo, the most important towns and municipalities in the area are Yialousa, Galateia, Rizokarpaso, Komi Kebir and Akanthou.
The peninsula hosts a number of historical sites such as Kantara Castle and Apostolos Andreas Monastery, as well as the ruins of Agia Trias Basilica and the ancient cities of Karpasia and Aphendrika among numerous others.
There are more than 46 sandy beaches in the peninsula, which are the primary Eastern Mediterranean nesting grounds for the loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas). The Golden Beach is situated around 15 km from the town of Rizokarpaso and is considered one of the finest and most remote beaches of Cyprus. It is one of the least tourist-frequented beaches in the island. The Karpas Peninsula is home to the Karpas donkey, known as a symbol of Cyprus; there are campaigns carried out jointly by Turkish and Greek Cypriots to conserve the rare donkeys of the peninsula.
Most of the activities in the Karpas Peninsula are related to agriculture, fishing, hunting, and some to micro-tourism. Local farmers take advantage of this natural environment to grow different fruits and vegetables mostly as sub-subsistence farming (although for local commerce too). The region is mostly known for its karpuz (Turkish for "watermelon"). Several tourist businesses can be found in the town of Rizokarpaso. These are generally restaurants serving traditional Turkish-Cypriot Cuisine, including meze.
Due to its geographical position, the Karpas Peninsula is somewhat protected from human interference. This makes it a pristine natural environment, home to many inland and marine species. When hunting season starts, the Karpas's forests are a popular location to go hunting for partridges. Meanwhile, the coastal region, with its clear waters, moderate northern currents, and rocky bottom with cave-like structures, is home to two of the most highly valued fish species: the orfoz (dusky grouper) and lahos (Epinepheluses). The price per kilogram of each species ranges from 35-80 Turkish lira, depending on the location and the season. However, fishing rates in the Karpas region and most of North Cyprus dramatically decreased last century because of the use of dynamite. This is why the Zafer Burunu (the tip of the peninsula) is now a protected natural heritage area, where marine species are slowly recovering to healthy population parameters.
Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognised only by Turkey, and its territory is considered by all other states to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.
A coup d'état in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.
Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government, while the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union as a whole, and the international community regard it as an occupation force. This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.
Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential, democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector. The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s, with the GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s, but is held back by an international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus by the Republic of Cyprus. The official language is Turkish, with a distinct local dialect being spoken. The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni Muslims, while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular. Northern Cyprus is an observer state of ECO and OIC under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", PACE under the name "Turkish Cypriot Community", and Organization of Turkic States with its own name.
Several distinct periods of Cypriot intercommunal violence involving the two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, marked mid-20th century Cyprus. These included the Cyprus Emergency of 1955–59 during British rule, the post-independence Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, and the Cyprus crisis of 1967. Hostilities culminated in the 1974 de facto division of the island along the Green Line following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The region has been relatively peaceful since then, but the Cyprus dispute has continued, with various attempts to solve it diplomatically having been generally unsuccessful.
Cyprus, an island lying in the eastern Mediterranean, hosted a population of Greeks and Turks (four-fifths and one-fifth, respectively), who lived under British rule in the late nineteenth-century and the first half of the twentieth-century. Christian Orthodox Church of Cyprus played a prominent political role among the Greek Cypriot community, a privilege that it acquired during the Ottoman Empire with the employment of the millet system, which gave the archbishop an unofficial ethnarch status.
The repeated rejections by the British of Greek Cypriot demands for enosis, union with Greece, led to armed resistance, organised by the National Organization of Cypriot Struggle, or EOKA. EOKA, led by the Greek-Cypriot commander George Grivas, systematically targeted British colonial authorities. One of the effects of EOKA's campaign was to alter the Turkish position from demanding full reincorporation into Turkey to a demand for taksim (partition). EOKA's mission and activities caused a "Cretan syndrome" (see Turkish Resistance Organisation) within the Turkish Cypriot community, as its members feared that they would be forced to leave the island in such a case as had been the case with Cretan Turks. As such, they preferred the continuation of British colonial rule and then taksim, the division of the island. Due to the Turkish Cypriots' support for the British, EOKA's leader, Georgios Grivas, declared them to be enemies. The fact that the Turks were a minority was, according to Nihat Erim, to be addressed by the transfer of thousands of Turks from mainland Turkey so that Greek Cypriots would cease to be the majority. When Erim visited Cyprus as the Turkish representative, he was advised by Field Marshal Sir John Harding, the then Governor of Cyprus, that Turkey should send educated Turks to settle in Cyprus.
Turkey actively promoted the idea that on the island of Cyprus two distinctive communities existed, and sidestepped its former claim that "the people of Cyprus were all Turkish subjects". In doing so, Turkey's aim to have self-determination of two to-be equal communities in effect led to de jure partition of the island.[citation needed] This could be justified to the international community against the will of the majority Greek population of the island. Dr. Fazil Küçük in 1954 had already proposed Cyprus be divided in two at the 35° parallel.
Lindley Dan, from Notre Dame University, spotted the roots of intercommunal violence to different visions among the two communities of Cyprus (enosis for Greek Cypriots, taksim for Turkish Cypriots). Also, Lindlay wrote that "the merging of church, schools/education, and politics in divisive and nationalistic ways" had played a crucial role in creation of havoc in Cyprus' history. Attalides Michael also pointed to the opposing nationalisms as the cause of the Cyprus problem.
By the mid-1950's, the "Cyprus is Turkish" party, movement, and slogan gained force in both Cyprus and Turkey. In a 1954 editorial, Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Fazil Kuchuk expressed the sentiment that the Turkish youth had grown up with the idea that "as soon as Great Britain leaves the island, it will be taken over by the Turks", and that "Turkey cannot tolerate otherwise". This perspective contributed to the willingness of Turkish Cypriots to align themselves with the British, who started recruiting Turkish Cypriots into the police force that patrolled Cyprus to fight EOKA, a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that sought to rid the island of British rule.
EOKA targeted colonial authorities, including police, but Georgios Grivas, the leader of EOKA, did not initially wish to open up a new front by fighting Turkish Cypriots and reassured them that EOKA would not harm their people. In 1956, some Turkish Cypriot policemen were killed by EOKA members and this provoked some intercommunal violence in the spring and summer, but these attacks on policemen were not motivated by the fact that they were Turkish Cypriots.
However, in January 1957, Grivas changed his policy as his forces in the mountains became increasingly pressured by the British Crown forces. In order to divert the attention of the Crown forces, EOKA members started to target Turkish Cypriot policemen intentionally in the towns, so that Turkish Cypriots would riot against the Greek Cypriots and the security forces would have to be diverted to the towns to restore order. The killing of a Turkish Cypriot policeman on 19 January, when a power station was bombed, and the injury of three others, provoked three days of intercommunal violence in Nicosia. The two communities targeted each other in reprisals, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed and the British Army was deployed in the streets. Greek Cypriot stores were burned and their neighbourhoods attacked. Following the events, the Greek Cypriot leadership spread the propaganda that the riots had merely been an act of Turkish Cypriot aggression. Such events created chaos and drove the communities apart both in Cyprus and in Turkey.
On 22 October 1957 Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot replaced Sir John Harding as the British Governor of Cyprus. Foot suggested five to seven years of self-government before any final decision. His plan rejected both enosis and taksim. The Turkish Cypriot response to this plan was a series of anti-British demonstrations in Nicosia on 27 and 28 January 1958 rejecting the proposed plan because the plan did not include partition. The British then withdrew the plan.
In 1957, Black Gang, a Turkish Cypriot pro-taksim paramilitary organisation, was formed to patrol a Turkish Cypriot enclave, the Tahtakale district of Nicosia, against activities of EOKA. The organisation later attempted to grow into a national scale, but failed to gain public support.
By 1958, signs of dissatisfaction with the British increased on both sides, with a group of Turkish Cypriots forming Volkan (later renamed to the Turkish Resistance Organisation) paramilitary group to promote partition and the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as dictated by the Menderes plan. Volkan initially consisted of roughly 100 members, with the stated aim of raising awareness in Turkey of the Cyprus issue and courting military training and support for Turkish Cypriot fighters from the Turkish government.
In June 1958, the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, was expected to propose a plan to resolve the Cyprus issue. In light of the new development, the Turks rioted in Nicosia to promote the idea that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could not live together and therefore any plan that did not include partition would not be viable. This violence was soon followed by bombing, Greek Cypriot deaths and looting of Greek Cypriot-owned shops and houses. Greek and Turkish Cypriots started to flee mixed population villages where they were a minority in search of safety. This was effectively the beginning of the segregation of the two communities. On 7 June 1958, a bomb exploded at the entrance of the Turkish Embassy in Cyprus. Following the bombing, Turkish Cypriots looted Greek Cypriot properties. On 26 June 1984, the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, admitted on British channel ITV that the bomb was placed by the Turks themselves in order to create tension. On 9 January 1995, Rauf Denktaş repeated his claim to the famous Turkish newspaper Milliyet in Turkey.
The crisis reached a climax on 12 June 1958, when eight Greeks, out of an armed group of thirty five arrested by soldiers of the Royal Horse Guards on suspicion of preparing an attack on the Turkish quarter of Skylloura, were killed in a suspected attack by Turkish Cypriot locals, near the village of Geunyeli, having been ordered to walk back to their village of Kondemenos.
After the EOKA campaign had begun, the British government successfully began to turn the Cyprus issue from a British colonial problem into a Greek-Turkish issue. British diplomacy exerted backstage influence on the Adnan Menderes government, with the aim of making Turkey active in Cyprus. For the British, the attempt had a twofold objective. The EOKA campaign would be silenced as quickly as possible, and Turkish Cypriots would not side with Greek Cypriots against the British colonial claims over the island, which would thus remain under the British. The Turkish Cypriot leadership visited Menderes to discuss the Cyprus issue. When asked how the Turkish Cypriots should respond to the Greek Cypriot claim of enosis, Menderes replied: "You should go to the British foreign minister and request the status quo be prolonged, Cyprus to remain as a British colony". When the Turkish Cypriots visited the British Foreign Secretary and requested for Cyprus to remain a colony, he replied: "You should not be asking for colonialism at this day and age, you should be asking for Cyprus be returned to Turkey, its former owner".
As Turkish Cypriots began to look to Turkey for protection, Greek Cypriots soon understood that enosis was extremely unlikely. The Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios III, now set independence for the island as his objective.
Britain resolved to solve the dispute by creating an independent Cyprus. In 1959, all involved parties signed the Zurich Agreements: Britain, Turkey, Greece, and the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders, Makarios and Dr. Fazil Kucuk, respectively. The new constitution drew heavily on the ethnic composition of the island. The President would be a Greek Cypriot, and the Vice-President a Turkish Cypriot with an equal veto. The contribution to the public service would be set at a ratio of 70:30, and the Supreme Court would consist of an equal number of judges from both communities as well as an independent judge who was not Greek, Turkish or British. The Zurich Agreements were supplemented by a number of treaties. The Treaty of Guarantee stated that secession or union with any state was forbidden, and that Greece, Turkey and Britain would be given guarantor status to intervene if that was violated. The Treaty of Alliance allowed for two small Greek and Turkish military contingents to be stationed on the island, and the Treaty of Establishment gave Britain sovereignty over two bases in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
On 15 August 1960, the Colony of Cyprus became fully independent as the Republic of Cyprus. The new republic remained within the Commonwealth of Nations.
The new constitution brought dissatisfaction to Greek Cypriots, who felt it to be highly unjust for them for historical, demographic and contributional reasons. Although 80% of the island's population were Greek Cypriots and these indigenous people had lived on the island for thousands of years and paid 94% of taxes, the new constitution was giving the 17% of the population that was Turkish Cypriots, who paid 6% of taxes, around 30% of government jobs and 40% of national security jobs.
Within three years tensions between the two communities in administrative affairs began to show. In particular disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. A constitutional court ruled in 1963 Makarios had failed to uphold article 173 of the constitution which called for the establishment of separate municipalities for Turkish Cypriots. Makarios subsequently declared his intention to ignore the judgement, resulting in the West German judge resigning from his position. Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the constitution, which would have had the effect of resolving most of the issues in the Greek Cypriot favour. Under the proposals, the President and Vice-President would lose their veto, the separate municipalities as sought after by the Turkish Cypriots would be abandoned, the need for separate majorities by both communities in passing legislation would be discarded and the civil service contribution would be set at actual population ratios (82:18) instead of the slightly higher figure for Turkish Cypriots.
The intention behind the amendments has long been called into question. The Akritas plan, written in the height of the constitutional dispute by the Greek Cypriot interior minister Polycarpos Georkadjis, called for the removal of undesirable elements of the constitution so as to allow power-sharing to work. The plan envisaged a swift retaliatory attack on Turkish Cypriot strongholds should Turkish Cypriots resort to violence to resist the measures, stating "In the event of a planned or staged Turkish attack, it is imperative to overcome it by force in the shortest possible time, because if we succeed in gaining command of the situation (in one or two days), no outside, intervention would be either justified or possible." Whether Makarios's proposals were part of the Akritas plan is unclear, however it remains that sentiment towards enosis had not completely disappeared with independence. Makarios described independence as "a step on the road to enosis".[31] Preparations for conflict were not entirely absent from Turkish Cypriots either, with right wing elements still believing taksim (partition) the best safeguard against enosis.
Greek Cypriots however believe the amendments were a necessity stemming from a perceived attempt by Turkish Cypriots to frustrate the working of government. Turkish Cypriots saw it as a means to reduce their status within the state from one of co-founder to that of minority, seeing it as a first step towards enosis. The security situation deteriorated rapidly.
Main articles: Bloody Christmas (1963) and Battle of Tillyria
An armed conflict was triggered after December 21, 1963, a period remembered by Turkish Cypriots as Bloody Christmas, when a Greek Cypriot policemen that had been called to help deal with a taxi driver refusing officers already on the scene access to check the identification documents of his customers, took out his gun upon arrival and shot and killed the taxi driver and his partner. Eric Solsten summarised the events as follows: "a Greek Cypriot police patrol, ostensibly checking identification documents, stopped a Turkish Cypriot couple on the edge of the Turkish quarter. A hostile crowd gathered, shots were fired, and two Turkish Cypriots were killed."
In the morning after the shooting, crowds gathered in protest in Northern Nicosia, likely encouraged by the TMT, without incident. On the evening of the 22nd, gunfire broke out, communication lines to the Turkish neighbourhoods were cut, and the Greek Cypriot police occupied the nearby airport. On the 23rd, a ceasefire was negotiated, but did not hold. Fighting, including automatic weapons fire, between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and militias increased in Nicosia and Larnaca. A force of Greek Cypriot irregulars led by Nikos Sampson entered the Nicosia suburb of Omorphita and engaged in heavy firing on armed, as well as by some accounts unarmed, Turkish Cypriots. The Omorphita clash has been described by Turkish Cypriots as a massacre, while this view has generally not been acknowledged by Greek Cypriots.
Further ceasefires were arranged between the two sides, but also failed. By Christmas Eve, the 24th, Britain, Greece, and Turkey had joined talks, with all sides calling for a truce. On Christmas day, Turkish fighter jets overflew Nicosia in a show of support. Finally it was agreed to allow a force of 2,700 British soldiers to help enforce a ceasefire. In the next days, a "buffer zone" was created in Nicosia, and a British officer marked a line on a map with green ink, separating the two sides of the city, which was the beginning of the "Green Line". Fighting continued across the island for the next several weeks.
In total 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the violence. 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 103-109 villages fled and were displaced into enclaves and thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses were ransacked or completely destroyed.
Contemporary newspapers also reported on the forceful exodus of the Turkish Cypriots from their homes. According to The Times in 1964, threats, shootings and attempts of arson were committed against the Turkish Cypriots to force them out of their homes. The Daily Express wrote that "25,000 Turks have already been forced to leave their homes". The Guardian reported a massacre of Turks at Limassol on 16 February 1964.
Turkey had by now readied its fleet and its fighter jets appeared over Nicosia. Turkey was dissuaded from direct involvement by the creation of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964. Despite the negotiated ceasefire in Nicosia, attacks on the Turkish Cypriot persisted, particularly in Limassol. Concerned about the possibility of a Turkish invasion, Makarios undertook the creation of a Greek Cypriot conscript-based army called the "National Guard". A general from Greece took charge of the army, whilst a further 20,000 well-equipped officers and men were smuggled from Greece into Cyprus. Turkey threatened to intervene once more, but was prevented by a strongly worded letter from the American President Lyndon B. Johnson, anxious to avoid a conflict between NATO allies Greece and Turkey at the height of the Cold War.
Turkish Cypriots had by now established an important bridgehead at Kokkina, provided with arms, volunteers and materials from Turkey and abroad. Seeing this incursion of foreign weapons and troops as a major threat, the Cypriot government invited George Grivas to return from Greece as commander of the Greek troops on the island and launch a major attack on the bridgehead. Turkey retaliated by dispatching its fighter jets to bomb Greek positions, causing Makarios to threaten an attack on every Turkish Cypriot village on the island if the bombings did not cease. The conflict had now drawn in Greece and Turkey, with both countries amassing troops on their Thracian borders. Efforts at mediation by Dean Acheson, a former U.S. Secretary of State, and UN-appointed mediator Galo Plaza had failed, all the while the division of the two communities becoming more apparent. Greek Cypriot forces were estimated at some 30,000, including the National Guard and the large contingent from Greece. Defending the Turkish Cypriot enclaves was a force of approximately 5,000 irregulars, led by a Turkish colonel, but lacking the equipment and organisation of the Greek forces.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1964, U Thant, reported the damage during the conflicts:
UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting.
The situation worsened in 1967, when a military junta overthrew the democratically elected government of Greece, and began applying pressure on Makarios to achieve enosis. Makarios, not wishing to become part of a military dictatorship or trigger a Turkish invasion, began to distance himself from the goal of enosis. This caused tensions with the junta in Greece as well as George Grivas in Cyprus. Grivas's control over the National Guard and Greek contingent was seen as a threat to Makarios's position, who now feared a possible coup.[citation needed] The National Guard and Cyprus Police began patrolling the Turkish Cypriot enclaves of Ayios Theodoros and Kophinou, and on November 15 engaged in heavy fighting with the Turkish Cypriots.
By the time of his withdrawal 26 Turkish Cypriots had been killed. Turkey replied with an ultimatum demanding that Grivas be removed from the island, that the troops smuggled from Greece in excess of the limits of the Treaty of Alliance be removed, and that the economic blockades on the Turkish Cypriot enclaves be lifted. Grivas was recalled by the Athens Junta and the 12,000 Greek troops were withdrawn. Makarios now attempted to consolidate his position by reducing the number of National Guard troops, and by creating a paramilitary force loyal to Cypriot independence. In 1968, acknowledging that enosis was now all but impossible, Makarios stated, "A solution by necessity must be sought within the limits of what is feasible which does not always coincide with the limits of what is desirable."
After 1967 tensions between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots subsided. Instead, the main source of tension on the island came from factions within the Greek Cypriot community. Although Makarios had effectively abandoned enosis in favour of an 'attainable solution', many others continued to believe that the only legitimate political aspiration for Greek Cypriots was union with Greece.
On his arrival, Grivas began by establishing a nationalist paramilitary group known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B or EOKA-B), drawing comparisons with the EOKA struggle for enosis under the British colonial administration of the 1950s.
The military junta in Athens saw Makarios as an obstacle. Makarios's failure to disband the National Guard, whose officer class was dominated by mainland Greeks, had meant the junta had practical control over the Cypriot military establishment, leaving Makarios isolated and a vulnerable target.
During the first Turkish invasion, Turkish troops invaded Cyprus territory on 20 July 1974, invoking its rights under the Treaty of Guarantee. This expansion of Turkish-occupied zone violated International Law as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Turkish troops managed to capture 3% of the island which was accompanied by the burning of the Turkish Cypriot quarter, as well as the raping and killing of women and children. A temporary cease-fire followed which was mitigated by the UN Security Council. Subsequently, the Greek military Junta collapsed on July 23, 1974, and peace talks commenced in which a democratic government was installed. The Resolution 353 was broken after Turkey attacked a second time and managed to get a hold of 37% of Cyprus territory. The Island of Cyprus was appointed a Buffer Zone by the United Nations, which divided the island into two zones through the 'Green Line' and put an end to the Turkish invasion. Although Turkey announced that the occupied areas of Cyprus to be called the Federated Turkish State in 1975, it is not legitimised on a worldwide political scale. The United Nations called for the international recognition of independence for the Republic of Cyprus in the Security Council Resolution 367.
In the years after the Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus one can observe a history of failed talks between the two parties. The 1983 declaration of the independent Turkish Republic of Cyprus resulted in a rise of inter-communal tensions and made it increasingly hard to find mutual understanding. With Cyprus' interest of a possible EU membership and a new UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 1997 new hopes arose for a fresh start. International involvement from sides of the US and UK, wanting a solution to the Cyprus dispute prior to the EU accession led to political pressures for new talks. The believe that an accession without a solution would threaten Greek-Turkish relations and acknowledge the partition of the island would direct the coming negotiations.
Over the course of two years a concrete plan, the Annan plan was formulated. In 2004 the fifth version agreed upon from both sides and with the endorsement of Turkey, US, UK and EU then was presented to the public and was given a referendum in both Cypriot communities to assure the legitimisation of the resolution. The Turkish Cypriots voted with 65% for the plan, however the Greek Cypriots voted with a 76% majority against. The Annan plan contained multiple important topics. Firstly it established a confederation of two separate states called the United Cyprus Republic. Both communities would have autonomous states combined under one unified government. The members of parliament would be chosen according to the percentage in population numbers to ensure a just involvement from both communities. The paper proposed a demilitarisation of the island over the next years. Furthermore it agreed upon a number of 45000 Turkish settlers that could remain on the island. These settlers became a very important issue concerning peace talks. Originally the Turkish government encouraged Turks to settle in Cyprus providing transfer and property, to establish a counterpart to the Greek Cypriot population due to their 1 to 5 minority. With the economic situation many Turkish-Cypriot decided to leave the island, however their departure is made up by incoming Turkish settlers leaving the population ratio between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots stable. However all these points where criticised and as seen in the vote rejected mainly by the Greek Cypriots. These name the dissolution of the „Republic of Cyprus", economic consequences of a reunion and the remaining Turkish settlers as reason. Many claim that the plan was indeed drawing more from Turkish-Cypriot demands then Greek-Cypriot interests. Taking in consideration that the US wanted to keep Turkey as a strategic partner in future Middle Eastern conflicts.
A week after the failed referendum the Republic of Cyprus joined the EU. In multiple instances the EU tried to promote trade with Northern Cyprus but without internationally recognised ports this spiked a grand debate. Both side endure their intention of negotiations, however without the prospect of any new compromises or agreements the UN is unwilling to start the process again. Since 2004 negotiations took place in numbers but without any results, both sides are strongly holding on to their position without an agreeable solution in sight that would suit both parties.
Tibletalech Kifle, Health Extention worker, 25 and Yenesew Achenif, nurse are pictured in the Wonchet health Post in rural Bahir Dar. The two gave a breifing on the operations of the health post to the UNICEF Canada team that made a feild visit on 5 Feb 2014. ©UNICEF Ethiopia/2015/Abubeker
Number:
171615
Date created:
1923
Extent:
1 photographic print : gelatin silver ; 7 x 10 in.
Front row: 1) A. Gramlich; 2) J. Balfour; 3) E. Smale; 4) R. Cleland; 5) H. Garrigues; 6) G. Kyles; 7) A. Hall; 8) A. Ruge; 9) H. Douw; 10) M. Wright; 11) M. Hazlewood; 12) E. Stearns; 13) H. Bedinger; 14) E. Hinves; 15) E. Meyers; 16) D. Armstrong; 17) P. Crossley; 18) R. Sterling; 19) M. Busby. Second row: 1) H. Quinn; 2) C. Timberman; 3) H. Giddings; 4) Miss Lawler; 5) L. Helbig; 6) M. Lewis; 7) M. Gonyeau; 8) L. Bodurtha; 9) M. Sprague; 10) L. Garey. Third row: 1) F. Scott; 2) M. Fahey; 3) A. Bryce; 4) M. Mays; 5) M. Scott; 6) A. Laird. Fourth row: 1) E. Hussey; 2) L. Hafer; 3) L. Muller; 4) A. McKinnon; 5) N. Cox; 6) E. MacChesney; 7) V. Dunbar; 8) S.Danford. Back row: 1) R. Talbott; 2) R. Swanson; 3) N. Austin; 4) H. Rogers; 5) D. Gager; 6) L. Shangraw; 7) M. White; 8) D. Robinson; 9) I. Collings; 10) M. Black; 11) G. Rood; 12) E. Montgomery; 13) L. McMahon.
Rights:
Photograph is subject to copyright restrictions. Contact the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives for reproduction permissions.
Subjects:
Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing--People
Clark, Dora Armstrong
Fifield, Naomi Austin
Keefer, Jean Balfour
Bedinger, Hennrietta L.
Ester, Lois Bodurtha
Black, Marjorie O.
Felty, Alice Bryce
Shaffer, Mabel Busby
Cleland, Ruth
Collings, Ida A.
Hare, Nannie Cox
Crossley, Phoebe C.
Neuhart, Sarah Danford
Richards, Helen Douw
Dunbar, Virginia
Fahey, Mary A.
Gager, Theodora H.
Garey, Vashti Louise
Rogers, Margaret (Marguerite) Garrigues
Giddings, Helen
Gonyeau, Mildred E.
Anderson, Alice Gramlich
Lewis, Lorena Hafer
Truax, Alice Hall
Hazlewood, Marjorie
Helbig, Lillian
Hinves, Edith
Hussey, Elma J.
Kyles, Georgia
Laird, Agnes
Lewis, Martha K.
Cugle, Emma MacChesney
Lonergan, Margaret Mays
Ritchie, Anna McKinnon
McMahon, Margaret Leona
Keeler, Esther Montgomery
Muller, Louise M.
Snoke, Edna Myers
Quinn, Hannah M.
Thompson, Dorothy Robinson
Rogers, Helen Margaret
Rood, Grace M.
Ruge, Ann E.
Murray, Florence Scott
Scott, Mary B.
Johnston, Lucille E
Allen, Erma Smale
Sprague, Marion B.
Stearns, Elinor
Kerr, Ruth Sterling
McNulty, Ruth Swanson
Talbott, Rebecca
Timberman, Charlotte A.
White, Mary W.
Ritchie, Margaret Wright
Lawler, Elsie M.
Nursing students--Maryland--Baltimore--1920-1930
Nurses--Maryland--Baltimore--1920-1930
Graduation ceremonies--Maryland--Baltimore--1920-1930
Portrait photographs
Group portraits
Notes: Photographer unknown.
Construction of the present cathedral
On 10 June 1194, another fire caused extensive damage to Fulbert's cathedral. The true extent of the damage is unknown, though the fact that the lead cames holding the west windows together survived the conflagration intact suggests contemporary accounts of the terrible devastation may have been exaggerated. Either way, the opportunity was taken to begin a complete rebuilding of the choir and nave in the latest style. The undamaged western towers and façade were incorporated into the new works, as was the earlier crypt, effectively limiting the designers of the new building to the same general plan as its predecessor. In fact the present building is only marginally longer than Fulbert's cathedral.
One of the unusual features of Chartres cathedral is the speed with which it was built – a factor which helped contribute to the consistency of its design. Even though there were innumerable changes to the details, the plan remains remarkably consistent. The major change occurred six years after work began when the seven deep chapels around the choir opening off a single ambulatory were turned into shallow recesses opening off a double-aisled ambulatory.[11]
Australian architectural historian John James, who made a detailed study of the cathedral, has estimated that there were about 300 men working on the site at any one time, although it has to be acknowledged that our knowledge of working practices at this time is somewhat limited. Normally medieval churches were built from east to west so that the choir could be completed first and put into use (with a temporary wall sealing off the west end) while the crossing and nave were completed. Canon Delaporte argued that building work started at the crossing and proceeded outwards from there,[12] but the evidence in the stonework itself is unequivocal, especially within the level of the triforium: the nave was at all times more advanced than ambulatory bays of the choir, and this has been confirmed by dendrochronology.
The history of the cathedral has been plagued by more theories than any other, a singular problem for those attempting to discover the truth. For example Louis Grodecki argued that the lateral doors of the transept portals were cut through the walls at a later date,[13] and van der Meulan that they had wanted to rebuild the western portals (then only 50 years old).[14] None of these theories refer back to the actual stonework, and it is only when you have done so, as John James did exhaustively in 1969, that you realize that the construction process was in fact simple and logical.
It is important to remember that the builders were not working on a clean site but would have had to clear back the rubble and surviving parts of the old church as they built the new. Nevertheless, work progressed rapidly. The south porch with most of its sculpture was installed by 1210, and by 1215 the north porch had been completed and the western rose installed.[15] The nave high vaults were erected in the 1220s, the canons moved into their new stalls in 1221 under a temporary roof at the level of the clerestory, and the transept roses were erected over the subsequent two decades. The high vaults over the choir were not built until the last years of the 1250s, as has just been discovered.[16] The cathedral was then dedicated in 1260 by King Louis whose coat of arms was painted over the apsidal boss.
Each arm of the transept was originally meant to support two towers, two more were to flank the choir, and there was to have been a central lantern over the crossing – nine towers in all. Plans for a crossing tower were abandoned in 1221 and the crossing was vaulted over. Work on the remaining six towers continued at a slower pace for some decades, until it was decided to leave them without spires (as at Laon Cathedral and elsewhere). The cathedral was consecrated in 1260, in the presence of King Louis IX.
Since the times of the Babenberg to 1850, the territorial extent of the City of Vienna remained virtually unchanged, so that also until 1850 the story of the inner city with the history of the city is identical. Only with the introduction of the municipal districts 1 to 8 on March 6, 1850 the former City of Vienna was turned into the 1st district of Vienna, the "Inner City".
Still in 1857 the "city" has been extended to the spaces of the fortifications, the town moat and the glacis, that were designated for urban development. Of the bastions few remains have been preserved to this day: Parts of Mölkerbastei, of the Augustinerbastei at the Albertina, the Coburgbastei and the Dominikanerbastei. The glacis, the free area outside the city walls, in former times as well as the bastions a popular promenade ground was quickly developed - with the exception of Josefstädter Glacis between the Castle gate and the Schotten gate that still for over a decade has been used as exercise and parade ground.
On the site of the former fortification complex the ring road was built. In its course emerged a chain of representative public buildings, as whose first one the Court Opera was completed in 1869. However, the construction of the ring road was not made in one go; its last section could only be tackled after the demolition of Franz Joseph's barracks at Stubenring in 1898. In addition to the large public buildings - Opera, Burgtheater, Parliament, University, Museums, Stock Exchange, etc. - built the high nobility and the upper middle class along the boulevard their ring street palaces "Ringstraßenpalais". The already 1862 completed and in 1945 destroyed court Heinrichhof opposite the Opera was the first ever major construction of Ring street era.
Remarkably enough, arose at the Ring road no religious building, apart from the Votive Church, which has already been built earlier and no longer belongs to the 1st District.
Given the huge construction project of the Ring road one easily forgets the massive construction activity, in the 19th century also changing the internal parts of the district. By doing so, towards the preservation of the existing city image, which had evolved over time, no consideration was given, and culturally and historically unique buildings fell victim to the pickaxe. So was in 1825 the Katzensteigtor (Cat path gate) (Seitenstetten alley 6) demolished, still stemming from the 12th century. All still existing Gothic town towers but one (in the courtyard of the house FIeischmarkt/Meat market 9) had been removed, but also entire complexes of buildings were demolished, so in 1821/22 the old court Passauer Hof below Mary on the Strand, the court Federlhof 1845, the old court Lazenhof 1852. The ditch in 1840 in the West was deprived of its ending, in 1866 in the East, with the result that the old elephant house was razed. The complex of the Brandstätte (Fire site) was totally remodeled in 1874-75, the Minorite monastery demolished, the area of the Civil hospital in 1882/83 anew parcelled out. The built here court Philipphof was hit in 1945 by a bomb and in the course of this died over 50 people.
Consequently, the representative old housing stock of Inner City, apart from a number but extremely remarkable noble palace, is greatly reduced. On the other hand, especially from the 19th century a sufficient number of impressive buildings have been preserved.
Today, the 1st district is primarily an office, business and shopping district: because of its numerous attractions, it is also the destination of swarms of foreign tourists. The street Kärntner Straße is one of the most popular shopping and strolling streets of Vienna, a considerable contribution was provided through the creation of a pedestrian zone (1971). The city center which was already in danger to become deserted as a pure business district after work hours, since the opening of the first pedestrian zone and the opening of various restaurants in the northern part of the center, the so-called "Bermuda Triangle", has a very active nightlife.
Seit den Zeiten der Babenberger bis 1850 blieb der territoriale Umfang der Stadt Wien praktisch unverändert, sodass auch bis 1850 die Geschichte der Inneren Stadt mit der Geschichte der Stadt ident ist. Erst mit der Einführung der Gemeindebezirke 1 bis 8 am 6. März 1850 wurde aus der bisherigen Stadt Wien der 1. Wiener Gemeindebezirk, die „Innere Stadt".
Noch 1857 wurde die "Stadt" um die zur Verbauung freigegebenen Flächen der Befestigungsanlagen, des Stadtgrabens und des Glacis erweitert. Von den Basteien haben sich bis heute geringe Reste erhalten: Teile der Mölkerbastei, der Augustinerbastei bei der Albertina, der Coburgbastei und der Dominikanerbastei. Das Glacis, die freie Fläche vor den Stadtmauern, ehedem ebenso wie die Basteien ein beliebter Promenadengrund, wurde rasch verbaut - mit Ausnahme des Josefstädter Glacis zwischen Burg- und Schottentor, das noch über ein Jahrzehnt als Exerzier- und Paradeplatz benutzt wurde.
Auf dem Gelände der einstigen Befestigungsanlagen wurde die Ringstraße errichtet. in ihrem Verlauf entstand eine Kette repräsentativer öffentlicher Gebäude, als deren erstes 1869 die Hofoper fertiggestellt wurde. Gleichwohl erfolgte der Bau der Ringstraße nicht in einem Zug; ihr letzter Abschnitt konnte erst nach dem Abbruch der Franz-Josephs-Kaserne am Stubenring 1898 in Angriff genommen werden. Neben den großen öffentlichen Gebäuden - Oper, Burgtheater, Parlament, Universität, Museen, Börse usw. - errichteten der Hochadel und das Großbürgertum entlang der Prachtstraße ihre "Ringstraßenpalais". Der bereits 1862 fertiggestellte, 1945 zerstörte Heinrichhof gegenüber der Oper war überhaupt der erste Großbau der Ringstraßenära.
Bemerkenswerterweise entstand an der Ringstraße kein Sakralbau, sieht man von der Votivkirche ab, die jedoch bereits etwas früher errichtet wurde und nicht mehr zum 1. Bezirk gehört.
Angesichts des Riesenbauprojektes der Ringstraße vergisst man gerne auf die gewaltige Bautätigkeit, die im 19. Jahrhundert auch die Innenteile des Bezirkes veränderte. Dabei wurde auf die Erhaltung des gewachsenen Stadtbildes so gut wie keine Rücksicht genommen, und kulturhistorisch einmalige Bauwerke fielen der Spitzhacke zum Opfer. So wurde 1825 das Katzensteigtor (Seitenstettengasse 6) abgerissen, das noch aus dem 12. Jahrhundert stammte. Alle noch bestehenden gotischen Stadttürme bis auf einen (im Hof des Hauses FIeischmarkt 9) wurden abgetragen, aber auch ganze Baukomplexe wurden demoliert, so 1821/22 der alte Passauer Hof unterhalb Maria am Gestade, der Federlhof 1845, der alte Lazenhof 1852. Der Graben wurde 1840 im Westen seines Abschlusses beraubt, 1866 im Osten, wobei das alte Elefantenhaus geschleift wurde. Der Komplex der Brandstätte wurde 1874/75 total umgestaltet, das Minoritenkloster abgetragen, das Areal des Bürgerspitals 1882/83 neu parzelliert. Der hier gebaute Philipphof wurde 1945 von einer Bombe getroffen und es starben dabei über 50 Menschen.
So kommt es, dass der repräsentative alte Hausbestand der Inneren Stadt, von einer Reihe allerdings äußerst bemerkenswerter Adelspalais abgesehen, sehr reduziert ist. Andererseits haben sich gerade aus dem 19. Jahrhundert eine genügende Anzahl eindrucksvoller Bauten erhalten.
Heute ist der 1. Bezirk vor allem ein Büro-, Geschäfts- und Einkaufsbezirk: er ist wegen seiner zahlreichen Sehenswürdigkeiten auch Ziel von Scharen ausländischer Touristen. Die Kärntner Straße ist eine der beliebtesten Einkaufs- und Bummelstraßen Wiens, wozu vor allem die Einrichtung einer Fußgängerzone (1971) wesentlich beitrug. Die Innenstadt, die schon in Gefahr stand, als reines Büroviertel nach Geschäftsschluss zu veröden, weist seit der Eröffnung der ersten Fußgängerzone und der Eröffnung diverser Lokale im nördlichen Teil des Zentrums, dem sogenannten „Bermudadreieck“ ein sehr aktives Nachtleben auf.
www.stadt-wien.at/wien/wiener-bezirke/1-bezirk-innere-sta...
Number:
171769
Date created:
1935
Extent:
1 photographic print : gelatin silver ; 7 x 10 in.
Front row (seated): 1) H. Rogers; 2) L. Fisk; 3) K. Glasgow; 4) G. Shumate; 5) G. Boore; 6) E. Elder; 7) M. Fox; (standing): 8) C. Banwarth; 9) Miss Lawler; 10) G. Gleitsman; (seated) 11) I. Casto ; 12) A. Warder; 13) E. Stuart; 14) M. Deal; 15) L. Smith; 16) M. Evans; 17) L. Wallis. Second row: 1) E. Cassady; 2) A. Engle; 3) E. McMahon; 4) V. Arnold; 5) J. Hirshey; 6) G. Richardson; 7) U. Anderson; 8) L. Brayton. Third row: 1) F. Erwin; 2) A. Myers; 3) V. Clark; 4) F. Faith; 5) A. James; 6) H. Quirin. Fourth row: (standing, left) 1) L. Shroeder; 2) D. Perkins; 3) K. Collins; 4) C. King; (center) 5) ___; 6) M. Platt; 7) N. Hutchison; 8) A. Hendershott; 9) E. Cody; 10) M. Cox; (standing, right) 11) R. McDaniel; 12) K. Rogers; 13) M. Ravenscroft; 14) J. Besemer. Fifth row: 1) K. Hodges; 2) A. Christie; 3) E. Coleman; 4) M. Tamblyn; 5) S. Fryer; 6) ___; 7) S. Day; 8) ___. Sixth row: 1) H. Gillespie; 2) R. Rothenburger; 3) A. Stevens; 4) H. Roush; 5) N. Sternat.
Rights:
Photograph is subject to copyright restrictions. Contact the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives for reproduction permissions.
Subjects:
Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing--People
Anderson, Ursula M.
Arnold, Virginia
Salmon, Calista Hummel, Jane Besemer
Boore, G. Alice
Brayton, Margaret L.
Baylor, Eleanor Cassidy
Casto, Mornia Irene
Christie, Ann B.
Clark, Velma M.
Tether, Esther Cody
Gill, Eleanor Coleman
Harrison, Katharine Collins
Owen, Mary Claire Cox
Poole, Sara Day
MacCarthy, Margie Deal
Elder, Elizabeth J.
Engel, Mary Alice
Erwin, Florence Somers
Evans, Margaret C.
Faith, Frances M.
Fisk, Lillian M
Fox, Marian
Crystal, Carolyn Fryer
Burris, Helen Gillespie
Sturgis, Katharine Glasgow
Gleitsman, Gladys M.
Wright, Ann Hendershott
Sharp, Katherine Hodges
Keefer, Nina Belle Hutchinson
Herriman, Alice James
DeKruif, Cecille King
Legters, Elva McMahon
Gabel, Anna C. Myers
Newcomb, Dorothy Perkins
Simpson, Nora Platt
Shaw, Helen Quirin (-Mar 1969)
Briggs, Madge Ravenscroft
Richardson, Genevieve
Moorman, Kathleen Rogers
Owen, Helen Rogers
Hotz, Rachel Rothenburger
Fletcher, Helen Roush
Parske, Loretta Schroeder
McNealy, Gladys Shumate
Smith, Louise C.
Sternat, Naomi E.
Stevenson, Alice Stevens
Beavin, Edna Stuart
Tamblyn, Margaret Errol
Wallis, Lucille
Warder, Anna Mary
Nursing students--Maryland--Baltimore--1930-1940
Nurses--Maryland--Baltimore--1930-1940
Graduation ceremonies--Maryland--Baltimore--1930-1940
Portrait photographs
Group portraits
Notes: Photographer unknown.
Urban extents illustrate the shape and area of urbanized places. Urbanized localities are defined as places with with 5,000 or more inhabitants that are delineated by stable night-time lights. For poorly lit areas, alternate sources are used to estimate the extent of cities.
There are two separate parks which may be related but in general most tourist guides are unaware of this fact to the extent that some claim that Anna Livia is located in the park beside the the Museum Luas Tram Stop.
The major park, the one normally associated with the museum, is officially the Croppies Acre 1798 Memorial Park while the smaller park featuring Anna Livia and a small pond is the Croppies Memorial Park. The distinction is important because the larger park has been closed to the public for extended periods.
For many years due to anti-social behaviour, mainly drugs related, the major memorial park was off-limits to the public. There was also problems with homeless people occupying parts of the park. Even today, there was a tent towards one corner of the park. One cannot blame the homeless for taking advantage of the available space.
On Tuesday, 14th June at 2:00 p.m. the Croppies Acre 1798 Memorial Park, Wolfe Tone Quay, Dublin 7 was once again open to the public but I did not get a chance to visit until today. Having been conditioned to the park being always closed I found the fact that the gates were partly opened a little bit unsettling and as I was the only person [if one ignores the tent and one person who left immediately I arrived] in the park I was a bit worried that an official might come along and lock the gates without informing me. This has happened to me in the past elsewhere.
Following discussions in 2013 with the Office of Public Works it was agreed that the management of the 4.3 acre Park would transfer from the Office of Public Works to Dublin City Council.
Dublin City Council’s Parks and Landscape Services have carried out an extensive works programme to upgrade the park and make it more accessible for the citizens of Dublin and visitors to the city.
The works include a new circulatory path system, upgrading of the existing pedestrian gates and the provision of a new pedestrian gate at the south west end of the park. Existing memorial structures have been upgraded and general landscape improvement works have been carried out. The total cost of the works, were in the order of €120,000.
To be fair the park was in excellent condition when I visited today but the presence of a tent was a bit worrying as was the careless attitude to properly opening the gates.
The name ‘Croppy’ was used in Ireland in the 1790s and was a reference to the rebels who closely cropped their hair to mimic the French Revolutionaries of the period who cut their hair in contrast to the aristocracy who wore powdered wigs.
Historically the Croppies Acre was located on land under common pasturage and part of what was termed ‘Oxmantown Green’.
In the 17th century, a portion was later presented to the Viceroy, the Duke of Ormond to build a palace, however this was never built and the site was sold to the City Authorities for a Barracks. Built in 1704, it served as a military base for 250 years, it was formally the Royal Barracks and later Collins Barracks.
The Esplanade where the Croppies Acre is located today was fully constructed by the 1850s, complete with boundary walls and ornate railings. During the Great Famine, the Esplanade was the site of a food kitchen. By the 1900s, the land was levelled to form two football pitches for the military. In 1997, the Decorative Arts Section of the National Museum was opened in Collins Barracks and the Memorial Park was subsequently designed and laid out in 1998.
The extent of the wear and tear the chapel has suffered is all too apparent in this photo. Amazingly, the angels don't look too bad, and maintain their reverent posture.
For now.
To what extent can we prepare for the global shifts reshaping our world? How should we respond to digitalisation, urbanisation, resource scarcity and economic power shifts? Will futureproofing today make for a better tomorrow? The Megatrends session explored global macroeconomic and geostrategic forces that are shaping the region and our world in significant ways. It was recorded before a live audience who asked questions directly to the panelists, and was later transmitted for the EBRD podcast series. This panel aimed to expose the depth and complexity of these Megatrends which will require innovative and collaborative solutions at the local, national, regional and international levels. With the help of five well-known thought leaders, the session discussed the major trends, their drivers, opportunities and risks, as well as explored what actions might help to manage the waves of disruptive transitions.
Moderator
Jonathan Charles
Managing Director, Communications, EBRD
Speakers
Neil Buckley
Chief Leader Writer, Financial Times Ltd.
Sergei Guriev
Chief Economist, EBRD
Tim Judah
Reporter, The Economist / Fellow at IWM - Institute for Human Sciences
Alexia Latortue
Managing Director, Corporate Strategy, EBRD
Kerrie Law
Associate, Corporate Strategy, EBRD
Number:
171836
Date created:
1946
Extent:
1 photographic print : gelatin silver ; 7 x 8.5 in.
Front row: 1) D. Ford; 2) G. Anderson; 3) P. McMillan; 4) K. Van Dyke; 5) D. Stewart; 6) M. Sauer; 7) S. Carton; 8) M. Collins; 9) E. Weller; 10) M. Wright. Second row: 1) R. Pinneo; 2) M. Sherk; 3) I. Hudelson; 4) M. Stack; 5) V.A. Pfitsch; 6) M. Noah; 7) C. Moore; 8) D. Livingston. Third row: 1) N. Dry; 2) N. Goulet; 3) V. Combs; 4) P. Brezina; 5) M. Kirk; 6) P. Dunbar. Fourth row: 1) H. Waples; 2) A. Holleman; 3) S. Bangs; 4) E. Gardner; 5) H. Tappan. Fifth row: 1) C. Knevels; 2) M. Myler; 3) J. Maddy; 4) J. Mumma; 5) B. Victor. Sixth row: 1) M.L. Clementson; 2) M. Reynolds; 3) H. Pullen; 4) M. Webb.
Rights:
Photograph is subject to copyright restrictions. Contact the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives for reproduction permissions.
Subjects:
Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing--People
Osgood, Gretchen Anderson
Pielou, Peggy Madelyn Brezina
Carton, Sarah E.
Clementson, Mary Louise Porter
Boice, Mary Collins
Combs, Velma Jean
Horine, Norma Dry
Dunbar, Patricia
Krieger, Dorothy Ford
Goulet, Nancy W.
Hudleson, Irene
Gartner, Marjorie Kirk
Knevels, Carol L.
Livingstone, Doris
Alexander, Emma Jean Maddy
Vincenti, Patricia McMillan
Drew, Jean Mumma
Brumfield, Mary Mylor
Noah, Marjorie Demonbruen
Hamilton, Virginia Adele Pfitsch
Pullen, Harriet A.
Reynolds, Mary Frances J.
Sauer, Margery
Duncan, Margaret Sherk
Riddle, Miriam Stack
Earnest, Doris Stewart
Hine, Helen Tappan
Van Dyke, Marie Katrina
Drucker, Barbara Victor
Achelis, Hester Waples
Bergold, Mona Jean Webb
Rainey, Mary A. Wright
Weller, Elizabeth J.
Pinneo, Rose
Roberts, Constance (Connie)
McKey, Adele
Dinehart, Sarah Bangs
Foote, Eleanor Gardner
Nursing students--Maryland--Baltimore--1940-1950
Nurses--Maryland--Baltimore--1940-1950
Graduation ceremonies--Maryland--Baltimore--1940-1950
Portrait photographs
Group portraits
Notes: Photographer unknown.
Sintayehu Berre, Mother, 35, Alemlgen Zewdu, Son, 6 and Tirumar Zewdu, Daughter, 6 are pictured during a visit to a model household in the Wonchet health extention program on 5 Feb 2015. Health extension workers and
household head gave a briefing about model household in health extension program package and benefit to the family. ©UNICEF Ethiopia/2015/Abubeker
To some extent I have ignored Harold's Cross except for my visits to Mount Jerome Cemetery.
While travelling on the 16 bus today I overheard a group of young American visitors saying that Harold's Cross and nearby was the cool area of Dublin as it is now a hotspot for cafes and restaurants and they also mentioned the Harold's Cross Festival which includes everything from table quizzes to writing workshops and much to do in Harold's Cross Park. As a result of this conversation I decide to get off the bus and visit the park ... I always carry a very small Sony RX0 camera in my pocket.
This 1.25 hectare (3 acres) park was developed in 1894 by the Rathmines / Rathgar Commissioners and officially opened on May 1st 1894. The site of the park was used as commonage from medieval times. Designed by William Sheppard and Sons, “specialists in new parks and dripping pools” and costing £700 to construct, the park is essentially Victorian with a mixture of formal and natural styles. Dublin City Council took over the park in 1934 and has developed flower gardens and a play area while retaining the original design.
There are historical signs in the park explaining the parks history.
Couldn't help making a snapshot, while sitting behind Eckart Wintzen's desk in his wonderful office.
Just one week after uploading this picture Eckart Wintzen unexpectedly died. I put a little reminder for myself of meeting him over at:
Puri is a city and a Municipality of Odisha. It is the district headquarters of Puri district, Odisha, eastern India. It is situated on the Bay of Bengal, 60 kilometres south of the state capital of Bhubaneswar. It is also known as Jagannath Puri after the 12th-century Jagannath Temple located in the city. It is one of the original Char Dham pilgrimage sites for Indian Hindus.
Puri was known by several names from the ancient times to the present, and locally called as Badadeula. Puri and the Jagannath Temple were invaded 18 times by Hindu and Muslim rulers, starting from the 4th century to the start of the 19th century with the objective of looting the treasures of the temple. Odisha, including Puri and its temple, were under the British Raj from 1803 till India attained independence in August 1947. Even though princely states do not exist in independent India, the heirs of the Gajapati Dynasty of Khurda still perform the ritual duties of the temple. The temple town has many Hindu religious maths or monasteries.
The economy of Puri town is dependent on the religious importance of the Jagannath Temple to the extent of nearly 80%. The festivals which contribute to the economy are the 24 held every year in the temple complex, including 13 major festivals; Ratha Yatra and its related festivals are the most important which are attended by millions of people every year. Sand art and applique art are some of the important crafts of the city. Puri is one of the 12 heritage cities chosen by the Government of India for holistic development.
GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
GEOGRAPHY
Puri, located on the east coast of India on the Bay of Bengal, is in the center of the district of the same name. It is delimited by the Bay of Bengal on the south east, the Mauza Sipaurubilla on the west, Mauz Gopinathpur in the north and Mauza Balukhand in the east. It is within the 67 kilometres coastal stretch of sandy beaches that extends between Chilika Lake and the south of Puri city. However, the administrative jurisdiction of the Puri Municipality extends over an area of 16.3268 square kilometres spread over 30 wards, which includes a shore line of 5 kilometres.
Puri is in the coastal delta of the Mahanadi River on the shores of the Bay of Bengal. In the ancient days it was near to Sisupalgarh (Ashokan Tosali) when the land was drained by a tributary of the River Bhargavi, a branch of the Mahanadi River, which underwent a meandering course creating many arteries altering the estuary, and formed many sand hills. These sand hills could not be "cut through" by the streams. Because of the sand hills, the Bhargavi River flowing to the south of Puri, moved away towards the Chilika Lake. This shift also resulted in the creation of two lagoons known as Sar and Samang on the eastern and northern parts of Puri respectively. Sar lagoon has a length of 8.0 km in an east-west direction and has a width of 3.2 km in north-south direction. The river estuary has a shallow depth of 1.5 m only and the process of siltation is continuing. According to a 15th-century chronicle the stream that flowed at the base of the Blue Mountain or Neelachal was used as the foundation or high plinth of the present temple which was then known as Purushottama, the Supreme Being. A 16th century chronicle attributes filling up of the bed of the river which flowed through the present Grand Road, during the reign of King Narasimha II (1278–1308).
CLIMATE
According to the Köppen and Geiger the climate of Puri is classified Aw. The city has moderate and tropical climate. Humidity is fairly high throughout the year. The temperature during summer touches a maximum of 36 °C and during winter it is 17 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1,337 millimetres and the average annual temperature is 26.9 °C.
HISTORY
NAMES IN HISTORY
Puri, the holy land of Lord Jaganath, also known popularly as Badadeula in local usage, has many ancient names in the Hindu scriptures such as the Rigveda, Matsya purana, Brahma Purana, Narada Purana, Padma Purana, Skanda Purana, Kapila samhita and Niladrimahodaya. In the Rigveda, in particular, it is mentioned as a place called Purushamandama-grama meaning the place where the Creator deity of the world – Supreme Divinity deified on altar or mandapa was venerated near the coast and prayers offered with vedic hymns. Over time the name got changed to Purushottama Puri and further shortened to Puri and the Purusha became Jagannatha. Close to this place sages like Bhrigu, Atri and Markandeya had their hermitage. Its name is mentioned, conforming to the deity worshipped, as Srikshetra, Purusottama Dhāma, Purusottama Kshetra, Purusottama Puri and Jagannath Puri. Puri is however, a common usage now. It is also known the geographical features of its siting as Shankhakshetra (layout of the town is in the form of a conch shell.), Neelāchala ("blue mountain" a terminology used to name very large sand lagoon over which the temple was built but this name is not in vogue), Neelāchalakshetra, Neelādri, The word 'Puri' in Sanskrit means "town", or 'city' and is cognate with polis in Greek.
Another ancient name is Charita as identified by Cunningham which was later spelled as Che-li-ta-lo by Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang.When the present temple was built by the Ganga king Chodangadev in the 11th and 12th centuries it was called Purushottamkshetra. However, the Moghuls, the Marathas and early British rulers called it Purushottama-chhatar or just Chhatar. In Akbar's Ain-i-Akbari and subsequent Muslim historical records it was known as Purushottama. In the Sanskrit drama authored by Murari Mishra in the 8th century it is referred as Purushottama only. It was only after twelfth century Puri came to be known by the shortened form of Jagannatha Puri, named after the deity or in a short form as Puri. In some records pertaining to the British rule, the word 'Jagannath' was used for Puri. It is the only shrine in India, where Radha, along with Lakshmi, Saraswati, Durga, Bhudevi, Sati, Parvati, and Shakti abodes with Krishna, also known as Jagannath.
ANCIENT PERIOD
According to the chronicle Madala Panji, in 318 the priests and servitors of the temple spirited away the idols to escape the wrath of the Rashtrakuta King Rakatavahu. The temple's ancient historical records also finds mention in the Brahma Purana and Skanda Purana as having been built by the king Indradyumna of Ujjayani.
According to W.J. Wilkinson, in Puri, Buddhism was once a well established practice but later Buddhists were persecuted and Brahmanism became the order of the religious practice in the town; the Buddha deity in now worshipped by the Hindus as Jagannatha. It is also said that some relics of Buddha were placed inside the idol of Jagannath which the Brahmins claimed were the bones of Krishna. Even during Ashoka’s reign in 240 BC Odisha was a Buddhist center and that a tribe known as Lohabahu (barbarians from outside Odisha) converted to Buddhism and built a temple with an idol of Buddha which is now worshipped as Jagannatha. It is also said that Lohabahu deposited some Buddha relics in the precincts of the temple.
Construction of the Jagannatha Temple started in 1136 and completed towards the later part of the 12th century. The King of the Ganga dynasty, Anangabhima dedicated his kingdom to the God, then known as the Purushottam-Jagannatha and resolved that from then on he and his descendants would rule under "divine order as Jagannatha's sons and vassals". Even though princely states do not exist in independent India, the heirs of the Gajapati dynasty of Khurda still perform the ritual duties of the temple; the king formally sweeps the road in front of the chariots before the start of the Rathayatra.
MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN PERIODS
History of the temple is the history of the town of Puri, which was invaded 18 times during its history to plunder the treasures of the Jagannath Puri temple. The first invasion was in the 8th century by Rastrakuta king Govinda-III (AD 798–814) and the last was in 1881 by the followers of Alekh Religion who did not recognize Jagannath worship. In between, from the 1205 onward there were many invasions of the city and its temple by Muslims of the Afghans and Moghuls descent, known as Yavanas or foreigners; they had mounted attacks to ransack the wealth of the temple rather than for religious reasons. In most of these invasions the idols were taken to safe places by the priests and the servitors of the temple. Destruction of the temple was prevented by timely resistance or surrender by the kings of the region. However, the treasures of the temple were repeatedly looted. Puri is the site of the Govardhana matha, one of the four cardinal institutions established by Adi Shankaracharya, when he visited Puri in 810 and since then it has become an important dham (divine centre) for the Hindus; the others being those at Sringeri, Dwaraka and Jyotirmath. The matha is headed by Jagatguru Shankarachrya. The significance of the four dhams is that the Lord Vishnu takes his dinner at Puri, has his bath at Rameshwaram, spends the night at Dwarka and does penance at Badrinath.
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu of Bengal who established the Bhakti movements of India in the sixteenth century, now known by the name the Hare Krishna movement, spent many years as a devotee of Jagannatha at Puri; he is said to have merged his "corporal self" with the deity. There is also a matha of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu here.
In the 17th century for the sailors sailing on the east coast of India, the landmark was the temple located in a plaza in the centre of the town which they called the "White Pagoda" while the Konark Sun Temple, 60 kilometres away to the east of Puri, was known as the "Black Pagoda".
The iconographic representation of the images in the Jagannath temple are believed to be the forms derived from the worship made by the tribal groups of Sabaras belonging to northern Odisha. These images are replaced at regular intervals as the wood deteriorates. This replacement is a special event carried out ritulistically by special group of carpenters.
The town has many Mathas (Monasteries of the various Hindu sects). Among the important mathas is the Emar Matha founded by the Tamil Vaishnav Saint Ramanujacharya in the 12th century AD. At present this matha is located in front of Simhadvara across the eastern corner of the Jagannath Temple is reported to have been built in the 16th century during the reign of Suryavamsi Gajapati. The matha was in the news recently for the large cache of 522 silver slabs unearthded from a closed room.
The British conquered Orissa in 1803 and recognizing the importance of the Jagannatha Temple in the life of the people of the state they initially placed an official to look after the temple's affairs and later declared it a district with the same name.
MODERN HISTORY
In 1906, Sri Yukteswar an exponent of Kriya Yoga, a resident of Puri, established an ashram in the sea-side town of Puri, naming it "Kararashram" as a spiritual training center. He died on 9 March 1936 and his body is buried in the garden of the ashram.
The city is the site of the former summer residence of British Raj built in 1913–14 during the era of governors, the Raj Bhavan.
For the people of Puri Lord Jagannath, visualized as Lord Krishna, is synonymous with their city. They believe that the Jagannatha looks after the welfare of the state. However, after the incident of the partial collapse of the Jagannatha Temple, the Amalaka part of the tower on 14 June 1990 people became apprehensive and thought it was not a good omen for the welfare of the State of Odisha. The replacement of the fallen stone by another of the same size and weight (seven tons) had to be done only in the an early morning hours after the gods had woken up after a good nights sleep which was done on 28 February 1991.
Puri has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of the Indian Government. It is one of 12 the heritage cities chosen with "focus on holistic development" to be implemented in 27 months by end of March 2017.
Non-Hindus are not permitted to enter the shrines but are allowed to view the temple and the proceedings from the roof of the Raghunandan library within the precincts of the temple for a small donation.
DEMOGRAPHICS
As of 2001 India census, Puri city, an urban Agglomeration governed by Municipal Corporation in Orissa state, had a population of 157,610 which increased to 200,564 in 2011. Males, 104,086, females, 96,478, children under 6 years of age, 18,471. The sex ratio is 927 females to 1000 males. Puri has an average literacy rate of 88.03 percent (91.38 percent males and 84.43 percent females). Religion-wise data is not reported.
ECONOMY
The economy of Puri is dependent on tourism to the extent of about 80%. The temple is the focal point of the entire area of the town and provides major employment to the people of the town. Agricultural production of rice, ghee, vegetables and so forth of the region meets the huge requirements of the temple, with many settlements aroiund the town exclusively catering to the other religious paraphernalia of the temple. The temple administration employs 6,000 men to perform the rituals. The temple also provides economic sustenance to 20,000 people belonging to 36 orders and 97 classes. The kitchen of the temple which is said to be the largest in the world employs 400 cooks.
CITY MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE
Puri Municipality, Puri Konark Development Authority, Public Health Engineering Organisastion, Orissa Water Supply Sewerage Board are some of the principal organizations that are devolved with the responsibility of providing for all the urban needs of civic amenities such as water supply, sewerage, waste management, street lighting, and infrastructure of roads. The major activity which puts maximum presuure on these organizations is the annual event of the Ratha Yatra held for 10 days during July when more than a million people attend the grand event. This event involves to a very large extent the development activities such as infrastructure and amenities to the pilgrims, apart from security to the pilgrims.
The civic administration of Puri is the responsibility of the Puri Municipality which came into existence in 1864 in the name of Puri Improvement Trust which got converted into Puri Municipality in 1881. After India's independence in 1947, Orissa Municipal Act-1950 was promulgated entrusting the administration of the city to the Puri Municipality. This body is represented by elected representative with a Chairperson and councilors representing the 30 wards within the municipal limits.
LANDMARKS
JAGANNATH TEMPLE AT PURI
The Temple of Jagannath at Puri is one of the major Hindu temples built in the Kalinga style of architecture, in respect of its plan, front view and structural detailing. It is one of the Pancharatha (Five chariots) type consisting of two anurathas, two konakas and one ratha with well-developed pagas. Vimana or Deula is the sanctum sanctorum where the triad (three) deities are deified on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls), and over which is the temple tower, known as the rekha deula; the latter is built over a rectangular base of the pidha temples as its roof is made up of pidhas that are sequentially arranged horizontal platforms built in descending order forming a pyramidal shape. The mandapa in front of the sanctum sanctorum is known as Jagamohana where devotees assemble to offer worship. The temple tower with a spire rises to a height of 58 m in height and a flag is unfurled above it fixed over a wheel (chakra). Within the temple complex is the Nata Mandir, a large hall where Garuda stamba (pillar). Chaitanya Mahaprabhu used to stand here and pray. In the interior of the Bhoga Mantap, adjoining the Nata mandir, there is profusion of decorations of sculptures and paintings which narrate the story of Lord Krishna. The temple is built on an elevated platform (of about 39,000 m2 area), 20 ft above the adjoining area. The temple rises to a height of 214 ft above the road level. The temple complex covers an area of 4,3 ha. There is double walled enclosure, rectangular in shape (rising to a height of 20 ft) surrounding the temple complex of which the outer wall is known as Meghanada Prachira, measuring 200 by 192 metres. The inner walled enclosure, known as Kurmabedha. measures 126m x 95m. There are four entry gates (in four cardinal directions to the temple located at the center of the walls in the four directions of the outer circle. These are: the eastern gate called Singhadwara (Lions Gate), the southern gate known as Ashwa Dwara (Horse Gate), the western gate called the Vyaghra Dwara (Tigers Gate) or the Khanja Gate, and the northern gate called the Hathi Dwara or (elephant gate). The four gates symbolize the four fundamental principles of Dharma (right conduct), Jnana (knowledge), Vairagya (renunciation) and Aishwarya (prosperity). The gates are crowned with pyramid shapes structures. There is stone pillar in front of the Singhadwara called the Aruna Stambha {Solar Pillar}, 11 metres in height with 16 faces, made of chlorite stone, at the top of which is mounted an elegant statue of Arun (Sun) in a prayer mode. This pillar was shifted from the Konarak Sun temple. All the gates are decorated with guardian statues in the form of lion, horse mounted men, tigers and elephants in the name and order of the gates. A pillar made of fossilized wood is used for placing lamps as offering. The Lion Gate (Singhadwara) is the main gate to the temple, which guarded by two guardian deities Jaya and Vijaya. The main gates is ascended through 22 steps known as Baisi Pahaca which are revered as it is said to possess "spiritual animation". Children are made to roll down these steps from top to bottom to bring them spiritual happiness. After entering the temple on the left hand side there is huge kitchen where food is prepared in hygienic conditions in huge quantities that it is termed as "the biggest hotel of the world".
The legend says that King Indradyumma was directed by Lord Jagannath in a dream to build a temple for him and he built it as directed. However, according to historical records the temple was started some time during the 12th century by King Chodaganga of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. It was however completed by his descendant, Anangabhima Deva, in the 12th century. The wooden images of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra were then deified here. The temple was under the control of the Hindu rulers up to 1558. Then, when Orissa was occupied by the Afghan Nawab of Bengal, it was brought under the control of the Afghan General Kalapahad. Following the defeat of the Afghan king by Raja Mansingh, the General of Mughal emperor Akbar, the temple became a part of the Mughal empire till 1751 AD. Subsequently it was under the control of the Marathas till 1803. Then, when British Raj took over Orissa, the Puri Raja was entrusted with its to management until 1947.
The triad of images in the temple are of Jagannatha, personifying Lord Krishna, Balabhadra, his older brother, and Subhadra his younger sister, which are made of wood (neem) in an unfinished form. The stumps of wood which form the images of the brothers have human arms and that of Subhadra does not have any arms. The heads are large and un-carved and are painted. The faces are made distinct with the large circular shaped eyes.
THE PANCHA TIRTHA OF PURI
Hindus consider it essential to bathe in the Pancha Tirtha or the five sacred bathing spots of Puri, India, to complete a pilgrimage to Puri. The five sacred water bodies are the Indradyumana Tank, the Rohini Kunda, the Markandeya Tank, Swetaganga Tank, and the The Sea also called the Mahodadhi is considered a sacred bathing spot in the Swargadwar area. These tanks have perennial sources of supply in the form of rain water and ground water.
GUNDICHA TEMPLE
Known as the Garden House of Jagannath, the Gundicha temple stands in the centre of a beautiful garden, surrounded by compound walls on all sides. It lies at a distance of about 3 kilometres to the north east of the Jagannath Temple. The two temples are located at the two ends of the Bada Danda (Grand Avenue) which is the pathway for the Rath Yatra. According to a legend, Gundicha was the wife of King Indradyumna who originally built the Jagannath temple.
The temple is built using light-grey sandstone and architecturally, it exemplifies typical Kalinga temple architecture in the Deula style. The complex comprises four components: vimana (tower structure containing the sanctum), jagamohana (assembly hall), nata-mandapa (festival hall) and bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings). There is also a kitchen connected by a small passage. The temple is set within a garden, and is known as "God's Summer Garden Retreat" or garden house of Jagannath. The entire complex, including garden, is surrounded by a wall which measures 131 m × 98 m with height of 6.1 m.
Except for the 9-day Rath Yatra when triad images are worshipped in Gundicha Temple, the rest of the year it remains unoccupied. Tourists can visit the temple after paying an entry fee. Foreigners (prohibited entry in the main temple) are allowed inside this temple during this period. The temple is under the Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri – the governing body of the main temple. A small band of servitors maintain the temple.
SWARGADWAR
Swargadwar is the name given to the cremation ground or burning ghat which is located on the shores of the sea were thousands of dead bodies of Hindus are brought from faraway places to cremate. It is a belief that the Chitanya Mahaparabhu disppaeread from this Swargadwar about 500 years back.
BEACH
The beach at Puri known as the "Ballighai beach} is 8 km away at the mouth of Nunai River from the town and is fringed by casurian trees. It has golden yellow sand and has pleasant sunshine. Sunrise and sunset are pleasant scenic attractions here. Waves break in at the beach which is long and wide.
DISTRICT MUSEUM
The Puri district museum is located on the station road where the exhibits are of different types of garments worn by Lord Jagannath, local sculptures, patachitra (traditional, cloth-based scroll painting) and ancient Palm-leaf manuscripts and local craft work.
RAGHUNANDANA LIBRARY
Raghunandana Library is located in the Emmra matha complex (opposite Simhadwara or Lion gate, the main entrance gate). The Jagannatha Aitihasika Gavesana Samiti (Jagannatha Historical Center) is also located here. The library contains ancient palm leaf manuscripts of Jagannatha, His cult and the history of the city. From the roof of the library one gets a picturesque view of the temple complex.
FESTIVALS OF PURI
Puri witnesses 24 festivals every year, of which 13 are major festivals. The most important of these is the Rath Yatra or the Car festival held in the month June–July which is attended by more than 1 million people.
RATH YATRA AT PURI
The Jagannath triad are usually worshiped in the sanctum of the temple at Puri, but once during the month of Asadha (Rainy Season of Orissa, usually falling in month of June or July), they are brought out onto the Bada Danda (main street of Puri) and travel 3 kilometrer to the Shri Gundicha Temple, in huge chariots (ratha), allowing the public to have darśana (Holy view). This festival is known as Rath Yatra, meaning the journey (yatra) of the chariots (ratha). The yatra starts, according to Hindu calendar Asadha Sukla Dwitiya )the second day of bright fortnight of Asadha (June–July) every year.
Historically, the ruling Ganga dynasty instituted the Rath Yatra at the completion of the great temple around 1150 AD. This festival was one of those Hindu festivals that was reported to the Western world very early. In his own account of 1321, Odoric reported how the people put the "idols" on chariots, and the King and Queen and all the people drew them from the "church" with song and music.
The Rathas are huge wheeled wooden structures, which are built anew every year and are pulled by the devotees. The chariot for Jagannath is about 14 m high and 35 feet square and takes about 2 months to construct. Th chariot is mounted with 16 wheels, each of 2.1 m diameter. The carvings in the front of the chariot has four wooden horses drawn by Maruti. On its other three faces the wooden carvings are Rama, Surya and Vishnu. The chariot is known as Nandi Ghosha. The roof of the chariot is covered with yellow and golden coloured cloth. The next chariot is that of Balabhadra which is 13 m in height fitted with 14 wheels. The chariot is carved with Satyaki as the charioteer. The carvings on this chariot also include images of Narasimha and Rudra as Jagannath's companions. The next chariot in the order is that of Subhadra, which is 13 m in height supported on 12 wheels, roof covered in black and red colour cloth and the chariot is known as Darpa-Dalaan. The charioteer carved is Arjuna. Other images carved on the chariot are that of Vana Durga, Tara Devi and Chandi Devi. The artists and painters of Puri decorate the cars and paint flower petals and other designs on the wheels, the wood-carved charioteer and horses, and the inverted lotuses on the wall behind the throne. The huge chariots of Jagannath pulled during Rath Yatra is the etymological origin of the English word Juggernaut. The Ratha-Yatra is also termed as the Shri Gundicha yatra and Ghosha yatra
CHHERA PAHARA
The Chhera Pahara is a significant ritual associated with the Ratha-Yatra. During the festival, the Gajapati King wears the outfit of a sweeper and sweeps all around the deities and chariots in the Chera Pahara (sweeping with water) ritual. The Gajapati King cleanses the road before the chariots with a gold-handled broom and sprinkles sandalwood water and powder with utmost devotion. As per the custom, although the Gajapati King has been considered the most exalted person in the Kalingan kingdom, he still renders the menial service to Jagannath. This ritual signified that under the lordship of Jagannath, there is no distinction between the powerful sovereign Gajapati King and the most humble devotee.
CHADAN YATRA
In Akshaya Tritiya every year the Chandan Yatra festival marks the commencement of the construction of the Chariots of the Rath Yatra. It also marks the celebration of the Hindu new year.
SNANA YATRA
On the Purnima day in the month of Jyestha (June) the triad images of the Jagannath temple are ceremonially bathed and decorated every year on the occasion of Snana Yatra. Water for the bath is taken in 108 pots from the Suna kuan (meaning: "golden well") located near the northern gate of the temple. Water is drawn from this well only once in a year for the sole purpose of this religious bath of the deities. After the bath the triad images are dressed in the fashion of the elephant god, Ganesha. Later during the night the original triad images are taken out in a procession back to the main temple but kept at a place known as Anasara pindi. After this the Jhulana Yatra is when proxy images of the deities are taken out in a grand procession for 21 days, cruised over boats in the Narmada tank.
ANAVASARA OR ANASARA
Anasara literally means vacation. Every year, the triad images without the Sudarshan after the holy Snana Yatra are taken to a secret altar named Anavasara Ghar Palso known as "Anasara pindi} where they remain for the next dark fortnight (Krishna paksha). Hence devotees are not allowed to view them. Instead of this devotees go to nearby place Brahmagiri to see their beloved lord in the form of four handed form Alarnath a form of Vishnu. Then people get the first glimpse of lord on the day before Rath Yatra, which is called Navayouvana. It is said that the gods suffer from fever after taking ritual detailed bath and they are treated by the special servants named, Daitapatis for 15 days. Daitapatis perform special niti (rite) known as Netrotchhaba (a rite of painting the eyes of the triad). During this period cooked food is not offered to the deities.
NAVA KALEVARA
One of the most grandiloquent events associated with the Lord Jagannath, Naba Kalabera takes place when one lunar month of Ashadha is followed by another lunar month of Aashadha, called Adhika Masa (extra month). This can take place in 8, 12 or even 18 years. Literally meaning the "New Body" (Nava = New, Kalevar = Body), the festival is witnessed by as millions of people and the budget for this event exceeds $500,000. The event involves installation of new images in the temple and burial of the old ones in the temple premises at Koili Vaikuntha. The idols that were worshipped in the temple, installed in the year 1996, were replaced by specially made new images made of neem wood during Nabakalebara 2015 ceremony held during July 2015. More than 3 million devotees were expected to visit the temple during the Nabakalebara 2015 held in July.
SUNA BESHA
Suna Bhesha also known as Raja or Rajadhiraja bhesha or Raja Bhesha, is an event when the triad images of the Jagannath Temple are adorned with gold jewelry. This event is observed 5 times during a year. It is commonly observed on Magha Purnima (January), Bahuda Ekadashi also known as Asadha Ekadashi (July), Dashahara (Vijyadashami) (October), Karthik Purnima (November), and Pousa Purnima (December). While one such Suna Bhesha event is observed on Bahuda Ekadashi during the Rath Yatra on the chariots placed at the lion's gate or the Singhdwar; the other four Bheshas' are observed inside the temple on the Ratna Singhasana (gem studded altar). On this occasion gold plates are decorated over the hands and feet of Jagannath and Balabhadra; Jagannath is also adorned with a Chakra (disc) made of gold on the right hand while a silver conch adorns the left hand. However, Balabhadra is decorated with a plough made of gold on the left hand while a golden mace adorns his right hand.
NILADRI BIJE
Celebrated on Asadha Trayodashi. It marks the end of the 12 days Ratha yatra. The large wooden images of the triad of gods are moved from the chariots and then carried to the sanctum sanctorum, swaying rhythmically, a ritual which is known as pahandi.
SAHI YATRA
Considered the world's biggest open-air theatre, the Sahi yatra is an 11 day long traditional cultural theatre festival or folk drama which begins on Ram Navami and ending in Rama avishke (Sanskrit:anointing) every year. The festival includes plays depicting various scenes from the Ramayan. The residents of various localities or Sahis are entrusted the task of performing the drama at the street corners.
TRANSPORT
Earlier when roads did not exist people walked or travelled by animal drawn vehicles or carriages along beaten tracks. Up to Calcutta travel was by riverine craft along the Ganges and then by foot or carriages to Puri. It was only during the Maratha rule that the popular Jagannath Sadak (Road) was built around 1790. The East India Company laid the rail track from Calcutta to Puri which became operational in 1898. Puri is now well connected by rail, road and air services. A broad gauge railway line of the South Eastern Railways connects with Puri and Khurda is an important Railway junction. By rail it is about 499 kilometres away from Calcutta and 468 kilometres from Vishakhapatnam. Road network includes NH 203 that links the town with Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha which is about 60 kilometres away. NH 203 B connects the town with Satapada via Brahmagiri. Marine drive which is part of NH 203 A connects Puri with Konark. The nearest airport is at Bhubaneswar, about 60 kilometres away from Puri. Puri railway station is among the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railways.
ARTS AND CRAFTS
SAND ART
Sand art is a special art form that is created on the beaches of the sea coast of Puri. The art form is attributed to Balaram Das, a poet who lived in the 14th century. He started crafting the sand art forms of the triad deities of the Jagannath Temple at the Puri beach. Now sculptures in sand of various gods and famous people are created by amateur artists which are temporal in nature as they get washed away by waves. This is an art form which has gained international fame in recent years. One of the well known sand artist is Sudarshan Patnaik. He has established the Golden Sand Art Institute in 1995 at the beach to provide training to students interested in this art form.
APPLIQUE ART
Applique art work, which is a stitching based craft, unlike embroidery, which was pioneered by the Hatta Maharana of Pipili is widely used in Puri, both for decoration of the deities but also for sale. His family members are employed as darjis or tailors or sebaks by the Maharaja of Puri who prepare articles for decorating the deities in the temple for various festivals and religious ceremonies. These applique works are brightly coloured and patterned fabric in the form of canopies, umbrellas, drapery, carry bags, flags, coberings of dummy horses and cows, and other household textiles which are marketed in Puri. The cloth used are in dark colours of red, black, yellow, green, blue and turquoise blue.
CULTURE
Cultural activities, apart from religiuos festivals, held annually are: The Puri Beach Festival held between 5 and 9 November and the Shreeksherta Utsav held from 20 December to 2 January where cultural programmes include unique sand art, display of local and traditional handicrafts and food festival. In addition cultural programmes are held every Saturday for two hours on in second Saturday of the moth at the district Collector's Conference Hall near Sea Beach Polic Station. Apart from Odissi dance, Odiya music, folk dances, and cultural programmes are part of this event. Odishi dance is the cultural heritage of Puri. This dance form originated in Puri in the dances performed Devadasis (Maharis) attached to the Jagannath temple who performed dances in the Natamantapa of the temple to please the deities. Though the devadadsi practice has been discontinued, the dance form has become modern and classical and is widely popular, and many of the Odishi virtuoso artists and gurus (teachers) are from Puri.
EDUCATION
SOME OF THE EDUCATIONNAL INSTITUTIONS IN PURI
- Ghanashyama Hemalata Institute of Technology and Management
- Gangadhar Mohapatra Law College, established in 1981[84]
- Extension Unit of Regional Research Institute of Homoeopathy; Puri under Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH), New Delhi established in March 2006
- Sri Jagannath Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya, established in July 1981
- The Industrial Training Institute, a Premier Technical Institution to provide education in skilled, committed & talented technicians, established in 1966 of the Government of India
PURI PEOPLE
Gopabandhu Das
Acharya Harihar
Nilakantha Das
Kelucharan Mohapatra
Pankaj Charan Das
Manasi Pradhan
Raghunath Mohapatra
Sudarshan Patnaik
Biswanath Sahinayak
Rituraj Mohanty
WIKIPEDIA
Masscara D.E với công thức đặc biệt 2 đầu cho bạn một bộ my hoàn hảo, tự nhiên, ko dính bết. Đầu dưỡng mi màu trắng với Ceramide R chứa những dưỡng chất tự nhiên tác động linh hoạt, có tác dụng nuôi dưỡng và làm mi dài tự nhiên. Đầu chải mi còn lại được thiết kế đặc biệt giúp phân tách các sợi mi, đồng thời làm dài mi.
Urban extents illustrate the shape and area of urbanized places. Urbanized localities are defined as places with with 5,000 or more inhabitants that are delineated by stable night-time lights. For poorly lit areas, alternate sources are used to estimate the extent of cities.
Aluminium bodied, custom-built camera for 127 format relying to large extent on the mechanics of a Foth Derby.
Used were the Foth Anastigmat f2.5/50mm lens and focussing helical, the strut and bellows system and the cloth focal plane shutter unit with speed settings of B, 1/25, 1/50, 1/75, 1/100, 1/200, and 1/500. The camera also utilises the notched pressure plate with the two red windows from a Foth Derby 2A/2.5.
The unit is hard to date. It clearly utilises components drawn from a Foth Derby 2A which was introduced in 1932 and which was replaced in 1935 by the Forth Derby 3 (which had two green and two red oval windows on the back).
Note the absence of a viewfinder, the presence of an accessory shoe (presumably to fit a removable rangefinder?), and the addition of a larger shutter adjustment knob shaped from the brass fitting of a Bausch & Lomb Optical Com. Rapid Rectilinear lens. The camera has a has a snap-on back lid and the unit is overall is VERY WELL machined.
It is unclear whether this camera is a prototype of some sort, or whether this is a highly skilled personal modification. The fact that pencil-writing on the inside of the fully removable back lid states "winding end" is not necessarily indicative that it was a British-made unit (although it was acquired from the UK).
© Dirk HR Spennemann 2012, All Rights Reserved.
"The American Cemetery at Colleville-sur- Mer is situated on the top of the cliff overlooking the famous Omaha Beach. The cemetery, 172 acres in extent, is one of fourteen American World War II Cemeteries constructed on foreign soil. Beyond the reception building, you will see a magnificent semi-circular memorial. Centered in the open arc of the memorial is a bronze statue which represents “The Spirit of American Youth rising from the waves”. In the extension of the ornamental lake there is a central path leading to the 10 grave plots where 9 387 soldiers are buried among which are 4 women and 307 unknown soldiers.
The crosses are oriented Westwards, towards their native land. The precisely aligned headstones against the immaculately maintained emerald green lawn and the omnipresence of the sea convey an unforgettable feeling of peace and serenity. At the crossing of the main paths laid in the form of a Latin Cross, the Chapel shelters a black marble altar on which is the inscription : “I give them eternal life and they shall never perish”. In the garden of the missing located behind the memorial is a semi-circular wall containing the names of 1 557 missing in the region.
The little haven of verdure invites you to meditation and memory. The Normandy American Cemetery is maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC), an independent agency created in 1923 by the Congress of the United States of America and attached to the executive branch of the US Gouvernment. The Commission is responsible for commemorating the services and achievements of the United States Armed Forces through the execution of suitable memory shrines, for designing, constructing, operating and maintaining permanent US military cemeteries and memorials in foreign countries. No one enters the Colleville Cemetery by chance, it must be a voluntary process. The visitor prepares himself to penetrate with attention and contemplation a piece of United States in France."
www.musee-memorial-omaha.com/en/partenaire/american-cemet...
www.abmc.gov/cemeteries-memorials/europe/normandy-america...
"Located between Arromanches and Grandcamp Maisy, on the Normandy coast, the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial is a haven of peace which encourages contemplation. Here, in a beautifully green space perched upon a cliff overlooking Omaha Beach, about 10,000 perfectly aligned white crosses point towards America. In fact, within 173 acres, the cemetery of Omaha gives a home to the fallen American soldiers who sacrificed their lives in the name of freedom during World War II, namely the first episode of the battle of Normandy, “Operation Overlord” which commenced on 6th June 1944.
As well as this cemetery, the Omaha Beach site – a codename for one of the 5 ally landing sectors – is home to a semi-circle memorial, where at the centre is a bronze statue titled The Spirit of American Youth Rising from the Waves. A chapel and orientation table stand just a stone’s throw away, pointing towards the beaches where the allied forces landed in 1944. Discover the museum here which puts into perspective the daily life of these soldiers in France, who fought for liberty. Film, reconstitutions, uniform collections, weapons and vehicles will throw you into the heart of the history of the Normandy landings.
Outside of Omaha Beach, the landing beaches of Sword Beach, Juno Beach, Gold Beach and Utah Beach were the centre stage for the largest airborne military operation in history. Amongst these places of remembrance, Omaha Beach is the place where The Allies lost the majority of their troops. It is also a small corner of America on French turf: given to the US, these Normand territories are managed by the American Battle Monuments Commission."
us.france.fr/en/discover/normandy-visit-omaha-beach-ameri...
The edge of the solar system - The Sun is in the center, surrounded by the orbits of the planets, including Pluto.
From IBEX mission lithograph www.ibex.swri.edu/planetaria/IBEX_lithograph.pdf
Tibletalech Kifle, Health Extention worker, 25 is pictured giving a tour of the Wonchet health Post and surrounding areas on 5 Feb 2015. She gave a tour to the visiting UNICEF Canada staff that were visiting the operations of Bahir Dar. ©UNICEF Ethiopia/2015/Abubeker
"The American Cemetery at Colleville-sur- Mer is situated on the top of the cliff overlooking the famous Omaha Beach. The cemetery, 172 acres in extent, is one of fourteen American World War II Cemeteries constructed on foreign soil. Beyond the reception building, you will see a magnificent semi-circular memorial. Centered in the open arc of the memorial is a bronze statue which represents “The Spirit of American Youth rising from the waves”. In the extension of the ornamental lake there is a central path leading to the 10 grave plots where 9 387 soldiers are buried among which are 4 women and 307 unknown soldiers.
The crosses are oriented Westwards, towards their native land. The precisely aligned headstones against the immaculately maintained emerald green lawn and the omnipresence of the sea convey an unforgettable feeling of peace and serenity. At the crossing of the main paths laid in the form of a Latin Cross, the Chapel shelters a black marble altar on which is the inscription : “I give them eternal life and they shall never perish”. In the garden of the missing located behind the memorial is a semi-circular wall containing the names of 1 557 missing in the region.
The little haven of verdure invites you to meditation and memory. The Normandy American Cemetery is maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC), an independent agency created in 1923 by the Congress of the United States of America and attached to the executive branch of the US Gouvernment. The Commission is responsible for commemorating the services and achievements of the United States Armed Forces through the execution of suitable memory shrines, for designing, constructing, operating and maintaining permanent US military cemeteries and memorials in foreign countries. No one enters the Colleville Cemetery by chance, it must be a voluntary process. The visitor prepares himself to penetrate with attention and contemplation a piece of United States in France."
www.musee-memorial-omaha.com/en/partenaire/american-cemet...
www.abmc.gov/cemeteries-memorials/europe/normandy-america...
"Located between Arromanches and Grandcamp Maisy, on the Normandy coast, the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial is a haven of peace which encourages contemplation. Here, in a beautifully green space perched upon a cliff overlooking Omaha Beach, about 10,000 perfectly aligned white crosses point towards America. In fact, within 173 acres, the cemetery of Omaha gives a home to the fallen American soldiers who sacrificed their lives in the name of freedom during World War II, namely the first episode of the battle of Normandy, “Operation Overlord” which commenced on 6th June 1944.
As well as this cemetery, the Omaha Beach site – a codename for one of the 5 ally landing sectors – is home to a semi-circle memorial, where at the centre is a bronze statue titled The Spirit of American Youth Rising from the Waves. A chapel and orientation table stand just a stone’s throw away, pointing towards the beaches where the allied forces landed in 1944. Discover the museum here which puts into perspective the daily life of these soldiers in France, who fought for liberty. Film, reconstitutions, uniform collections, weapons and vehicles will throw you into the heart of the history of the Normandy landings.
Outside of Omaha Beach, the landing beaches of Sword Beach, Juno Beach, Gold Beach and Utah Beach were the centre stage for the largest airborne military operation in history. Amongst these places of remembrance, Omaha Beach is the place where The Allies lost the majority of their troops. It is also a small corner of America on French turf: given to the US, these Normand territories are managed by the American Battle Monuments Commission."
us.france.fr/en/discover/normandy-visit-omaha-beach-ameri...
On the 7th June 2023, the long awaited Newhaven extention opened adding around 3 miles of new track and 8 extra stops to the network.
The existing line from York Place was extended, with that stop being closed in favour of the new Picardy Place stop a bit further down the road. Trams then follow Leith Walk all the way to the foot before serving the Ocean Terminal and finishing at Newhaven.
This extension, like most parts of the tramway, was quite controversial. For many years, various bits of Leith Walk were ripped up to lay tracks and the opening was postponed by a few months due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The line itself is very smooth and for a first ride, I was quite impressed! The ticket inspector was very friendly too which is always nice to see on public transport! There was quite a fair load up until Leith and even after then, there were still a good deal of passengers riding to the terminus. "Build it and they will come" has proven yet again that public transport infrastructure is worth investing in!
I think now, Edinburgh should have a crack at building a system similar to that of Crossrail and the London Overground... There are plenty of disused rail alignments about and still plenty of districts without a rail service!
Anyways, enough waffling!
Dk Red Line: Extent of GPRC control, 2017-2020: the addition of large amounts of US Army Troops, and US Navy Carrier Battlegroups in the Region halted the Chinese advance across Asia and through the South Pacific towards Australia and New Zealand.
Blue Line: Extent of Coalition (US, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, RP, Hindu Republic, and European Federation) Control, 2021-2025: The influx of US and other allied troops eventually allowed for the invasion of the GPRC itself.
Brown Line: Extent of Hindu Republic control in 2020, though officially a member of the Coalition, the Hindu Republic found itself fighting alone for much of the war, the Hindu Republic was destroyed after a Chinese Nuclear Strike on its major cities, killing almost a ninth of the world's population.
Red Line: Chinese, Eurasian, and CS counter-attack on Coalition-occupied territory, 2025, was pushed back by a sudden earthquake that seemed to come in the Coalition's favor.
The extent to which The Shard dominates the skyline of south east London is evident in this shot, taken from the Viewing Level (10th floor) of Switch House, Tate Modern. The once dominant Guy's Tower seems much diminished even after external refurbishment in the relatively recent past. On a dull day, the many towers of Docklands seem also of less significance. Giving a voice to the past, Southwark Cathedral can be seen centre left and, to the left of the distinctive No. 1 London Bridge, HMS Belfast. Some way in front of The Shard is an inevitable crane and another can be seen behind the adjacent News Building. The skyline in the view north and north east from this vantage point, already scarred by the incoherence of recent additions, is horribly blighted by cranes almost too numerous to count.
200_2_P1150501E
The Cromwell Museum Huntingdon Cambridgeshire, contains collections exploring the life of Oliver Cromwell and to a lesser extent his son Richard Cromwell. Oliver Cromwell was born in Huntingdon in 1599 and lived there for more than half his life. The museum is located in the former grammar school building in which Cromwell received his early education from c1610. (also the diarist Samuel Pepys)
The building has fragments of the medieval infirmary hall of the Hospital of St John the Baptist (c1170-90) which was an almshouse for the poor founded by David Earl of Huntingdon. Keeping to an Augustinian rule, the masters of the hospital were appointed by the mayor and burgesses of the town until the suppression of chantries and hospitals in 1547.
Vested in the corporation of the town, the hospital building then became the Grammar School being extensively modified and shortened. The building was remodelled and partially rebuilt in 1863, and then heavily restored in 1878 by architect Robert Hutchinson at a cost of £900 paid for by the dramatist Dion Boucicault in memory of his son, killed in the Abbots Ripton rail accident of 1876. The school closed in 1896
The building had been encased in brick and when this was removed a blocked Romanesque doorway was discovered. www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/U3g2Ce The exterior has a bellcote, 5 decorative arches on its west front and 2 bays of the hall's nave and aisles
Following a temporary exhibition in 1958 to mark the anniversary of Cromwell's death, Huntingdonshire CC it was decided that the vacant grammar school would be a suitable location for a museum which opened in 1962 .
The Laxminarayan Temple, also known as the Birla Mandir is a Hindu temple up to large extent dedicated to Laxminarayan in Delhi, India. Laxminarayan usually refers to Vishnu, Preserver in the Trimurti, also known as Narayan, when he is with his consort Lakshmi. The temple, inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi, was built by Jugal Kishore Birla from 1933 and 1939. The side temples are dedicated to Shiva, Krishna and Buddha.
It was the first large Hindu temple built in Delhi. The temple is spread over 7.5 acres, adorned with many shrines, fountains, and a large garden with Hindu and Nationalistic sculptures, and also houses Geeta Bhawan for discourses. The temple is one of the major attractions of Delhi and attracts thousands of devotees on the festivals of Janmashtami and Diwali.
HISTORY
The construction of temple dedicated to Laxmi Narayana started in 1933, built by industrialist and philanthropist, Baldeo Das Birla and his son Jugal Kishore Birla of Birla family, thus, the temple is also known as Birla Temple. The foundation stone of the temple was laid by Maharaj Udaybhanu Singh. The temple was built under guidance of Pandit Vishwanath Shastri. The concluding ceremony and Yagna was performed by Swami Keshwa Nandji. The famous temple is accredited to have been inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1939. At that time, Mahatma Gandhi kept a condition that the temple would not be restricted to the upper-caste Hindus and people from every caste would be allowed inside.
This is the first of a series of temples built by the Birlas in many cities of India, which are also often called Birla Temple.
ARCHITECTURE
Its architect was Sris Chandra Chatterjee, a leading proponent of the "Modern Indian Architecture Movement." The architecture was influenced heavily by the principles of the Swadeshi movement of the early twentieth century and the canonical texts used. The movement did not reject the incorporation of new construction ideas and technologies. Chatterjee extensively used modern materials in his buildings. The three-storied temple is built in the northern or Nagara style of temple architecture. The entire temple is adorned with carvings depicting the scenes from golden yuga of the present universe cycle. More than hundred skilled artisans from Benares, headed by Acharya Vishvanath Shastri, carved the icons of the temple. The highest shikhara of the temple above the sanctum sanctorum is about 160 feet high. The temple faces the east and is situated on a high plinth. The shrine is adorned with fresco paintings depicting his life and work. The icons of the temple are in marble brought from Jaipur. Kota stone from Makarana, Agra, Kota, and Jaisalmer was used in the construction of the temple premises. The Geeta Bhawan to the north of the temple is dedicated to Lord Krishna. Artificial landscape and cascading waterfalls add to the beauty of the temple.
TEMPLE
The main temple houses statues of Lord Narayan and Goddess Lakshmi. There are other small shrines dedicated to Lord Shiva, Lord Ganesha and Hanuman. There is also a shrine dedicated to Lord Buddha. The left side temple shikhar (dome) houses Devi Durga, the goddess of Shakti, the power. The temple is spread over an area of 30,000 m2 approximately and the built up area is 2,100 m2.
LOCATION
The temple is located on the Mandir Marg, situated west of the Connaught Place in New Delhi. The temple is easily accessible from the city by local buses, taxis and auto-rickshaws. Nearest Delhi Metro station is R. K. Ashram Marg metro station, located about 2 km away. Also on the same road lies the New Delhi Kalibari.
WIKIPEDIA
There are two separate parks which may be related but in general most tourist guides are unaware of this fact to the extent that some claim that Anna Livia is located in the park beside the the Museum Luas Tram Stop.
The major park, the one normally associated with the museum, is officially the Croppies Acre 1798 Memorial Park while the smaller park featuring Anna Livia and a small pond is the Croppies Memorial Park. The distinction is important because the larger park has been closed to the public for extended periods.
For many years due to anti-social behaviour, mainly drugs related, the major memorial park was off-limits to the public. There was also problems with homeless people occupying parts of the park. Even today, there was a tent towards one corner of the park. One cannot blame the homeless for taking advantage of the available space.
On Tuesday, 14th June at 2:00 p.m. the Croppies Acre 1798 Memorial Park, Wolfe Tone Quay, Dublin 7 was once again open to the public but I did not get a chance to visit until today. Having been conditioned to the park being always closed I found the fact that the gates were partly opened a little bit unsettling and as I was the only person [if one ignores the tent and one person who left immediately I arrived] in the park I was a bit worried that an official might come along and lock the gates without informing me. This has happened to me in the past elsewhere.
Following discussions in 2013 with the Office of Public Works it was agreed that the management of the 4.3 acre Park would transfer from the Office of Public Works to Dublin City Council.
Dublin City Council’s Parks and Landscape Services have carried out an extensive works programme to upgrade the park and make it more accessible for the citizens of Dublin and visitors to the city.
The works include a new circulatory path system, upgrading of the existing pedestrian gates and the provision of a new pedestrian gate at the south west end of the park. Existing memorial structures have been upgraded and general landscape improvement works have been carried out. The total cost of the works, were in the order of €120,000.
To be fair the park was in excellent condition when I visited today but the presence of a tent was a bit worrying as was the careless attitude to properly opening the gates.
The name ‘Croppy’ was used in Ireland in the 1790s and was a reference to the rebels who closely cropped their hair to mimic the French Revolutionaries of the period who cut their hair in contrast to the aristocracy who wore powdered wigs.
Historically the Croppies Acre was located on land under common pasturage and part of what was termed ‘Oxmantown Green’.
In the 17th century, a portion was later presented to the Viceroy, the Duke of Ormond to build a palace, however this was never built and the site was sold to the City Authorities for a Barracks. Built in 1704, it served as a military base for 250 years, it was formally the Royal Barracks and later Collins Barracks.
The Esplanade where the Croppies Acre is located today was fully constructed by the 1850s, complete with boundary walls and ornate railings. During the Great Famine, the Esplanade was the site of a food kitchen. By the 1900s, the land was levelled to form two football pitches for the military. In 1997, the Decorative Arts Section of the National Museum was opened in Collins Barracks and the Memorial Park was subsequently designed and laid out in 1998.
Aluminium bodied, custom-built camera for 127 format relying to large extent on the mechanics of a Foth Derby.
Used were the Foth Anastigmat f2.5/50mm lens and focussing helical, the strut and bellows system and the cloth focal plane shutter unit with speed settings of B, 1/25, 1/50, 1/75, 1/100, 1/200, and 1/500. The camera also utilises the notched pressure plate with the two red windows from a Foth Derby 2A/2.5.
The unit is hard to date. It clearly utilises components drawn from a Foth Derby 2A which was introduced in 1932 and which was replaced in 1935 by the Forth Derby 3 (which had two green and two red oval windows on the back).
Note the absence of a viewfinder, the presence of an accessory shoe (presumably to fit a removable rangefinder?), and the addition of a larger shutter adjustment knob shaped from the brass fitting of a Bausch & Lomb Optical Com. Rapid Rectilinear lens. The camera has a has a snap-on back lid and the unit is overall is VERY WELL machined.
It is unclear whether this camera is a prototype of some sort, or whether this is a highly skilled personal modification. The fact that pencil-writing on the inside of the fully removable back lid states "winding end" is not necessarily indicative that it was a British-made unit (although it was acquired from the UK).
© Dirk HR Spennemann 2012, All Rights Reserved.
Whilst the rest of the world has been sleeping through the harsh winter of snow and disruptions, the hardy members of the Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway have been busy little bees. In one of the most exposed areas in Wales and certainly on any Heritage Railway in this country, they have been busy constructing and laying the new extention line to Blaenavon Big Pit Coal Museum. And it's been laid in it's entirity. All credit to the members on this achievement. This view shows the new extention line to the right and the main running line to Blaenavon High Level to the left.
Tibletalech Kifle, Health Extention worker, 25 is pictured giving a tour of the Wonchet health Post and surrounding areas on 5 Feb 2015. She gave a tour to the visiting UNICEF Canada staff that were visiting the operations of Bahir Dar. ©UNICEF Ethiopia/2015/Abubeker
hard working at weekend #eyelashes #extention #beauty #makeup #leemee #inhomeservice #sacramento #Davis #individuallashes #natural #cheapprice .#individual #lashes lovely customer today in Sacramento . call me to make appt curl 15, thickness 0.15
alleyway connecting the Thames path to London Bridge station. liked the dark textures and emphasised by underexposing by a few stops.
The extent of the infill north of Privett Tunnel. The entire cutting from here, all the way to the station has been backfilled with who knows what. There are a couple of ventilation ducts in the backfill, so it may well have been converted into a tip after closure. It was common practice in the 1960's to use redundant railway cuttings as a convenient way of rubbish disposal.
Memorial Day 2012: Private Sadao Munemori and A Request for Hollywood
jimmiebjr | May 28, 2012 | Reply
Sadao Munemori was a hero, who loved his country to an extent we can not measure. He was American, born in Glendale, CA to parents who immigrated from Japan in the 1920s. When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, Munemori’s family were sent to the Manzanar internment camp. Munemori didn’t become bitter. He wanted to fight. He was already a member of the Army — he had joined before Pearl Harbor — but because of his heritage, he was assigned to be a translator. Like I said, he wanted to fight, so he made trouble, just enough to get assigned to a combat unit, the 442nd Regimental Combat Team of the 100th Infantry Brigade . Munemori was eventually sent as a replacement to Italy, where his team, which motto is “Go For Broke”, was already in combat in Italy.
In 1945, the 442nd was part of a spearhead of an attack on the “Gothic Line”, a fortification in the Apennines Mountains the Germans had built over 9 months with the work of some 15,000 Italian slave laborers. It was the last, big push into the German homeland, the blow that could break the Nazis if it was successful. From here, I’ll go to Wikipedia for the narrative.
In front of the 442nd lay mountains code-named Georgia, Florida, Ohio 1, Ohio 2, Ohio 3, Monte Cerrata, Monte Folgorita, Monte Belvedere, Moente Carchio, and Monte Altissimo. These objectives hinged on surprising the Germans. The 100th went after Georgia Hill and the 3rd Battalion attacked Mount Folgorita. On April 3 the 442nd moved into position under the cover of nightfall to hide from the Germans who had good sight lines from their location on the mountains. The next day the 442nd waited. At 0500 the following morning they were ready to strike. A little over 30 minutes later objectives Georgia and Mount Folgorita were taken, cracking the Gothic Line. They achieved surprise and forced the enemy to retreat. After counterattacking, the Germans were defeated. During this time, 2nd Battalion was moving into position at Mount Belvedere, which overlooked Massa and the Frigido River.
The 442nd made a continuous push against the German Army and objectives began to fall: Ohio 1, 2, and 3, Mount Belvedere on April 6 by 2nd Battalion, Montignoso April 8 by 3rd Battalion, Mount Brugiana on April 11 by 2nd Battalion, Carrara by 3rd Battalion on April 11, and Ortonovo by the 100th on April 15. The 442 turned a surprise diversionary attack into an all-out offensive. The advance came so quickly that supply units had a hard time keeping up.
The attack pushed the Germans off the mountains and through the Po River Valley. The war ended in Italy about two weeks later and the Nazi war machine surrendered unconditionally shortly thereafter.
Private Murimori and his fellows were on Monte Folgorita, pinned down by German machine gun fire. He took charge after his squad leader was gunned down. I’ll now turn the narrative over to his Medal of Honor citation.
He fought with great gallantry and intrepidity near Seravezza, Italy. When his unit was pinned down by grazing fire from the enemy’s strong mountain defense and command of the squad devolved on him with the wounding of its regular leader, he made frontal, l-man attacks through direct fire and knocked out 2 machineguns with grenades Withdrawing under murderous fire and showers of grenades from other enemy emplacements, he had nearly reached a shell crater occupied by 2 of his men when an unexploded grenade bounced on his helmet and rolled toward his helpless comrades. He arose into the withering fire, dived for the missile and smothered its blast with his body. By his swift, supremely heroic action Pfc. Munemori saved 2 of his men at the cost of his own life and did much to clear the path for his company’s victorious advance.
Pfc. Munemori was, until the year 2000, the only soldier born in America of Japanese immigrant parents to be awarded the Medal of Honor.
I appreciate George Johnston and Investors Business Daily who told us Pfc. Munemori’s story. I’d like to see more stories like his. It would be a very good idea (and good business) if Hollywood built on the successes they made with movies like We Were Soldiers and miniseries like Band of Brothers and discovered more stories of real American heroism.
Earlier today, on Twitter, I said I’d like to see a Band Of Brothers style series made about units in Korea and Vietnam. I’m very sure an enterprising producer could find stories of heroism and humanity and bring them to the big screen and our televisions in fairly short order. It’s not like there’s a paucity of such stories. Unfortunately, too many in Hollywood share a mind with MS-NBC’s Chris Hayes, whose lips stumble over “hero” as if he had just discovered the word existed. There are some, though, who could pull off those new projects, though, and I’d be willing to help them get them done any way I can. History slips away from us very easily. It would be a good idea to capture these tales of true heroism for posterity while we still can.