Since the times of the Babenberg to 1850, the territorial extent of the City of Vienna remained virtually unchanged, so that also until 1850 the story of the inner city with the history of the city is identical. Only with the introduction of the municipal districts 1 to 8 on March 6, 1850 the former City of Vienna was turned into the 1st district of Vienna, the "Inner City".

Still in 1857 the "city" has been extended to the spaces of the fortifications, the town moat and the glacis, that were designated for urban development. Of the bastions few remains have been preserved to this day: Parts of Mölkerbastei, of the Augustinerbastei at the Albertina, the Coburgbastei and the Dominikanerbastei. The glacis, the free area outside the city walls, in former times as well as the bastions a popular promenade ground was quickly developed - with the exception of Josefstädter Glacis between the Castle gate and the Schotten gate that still for over a decade has been used as exercise and parade ground.

On the site of the former fortification complex the ring road was built. In its course emerged a chain of representative public buildings, as whose first one the Court Opera was completed in 1869. However, the construction of the ring road was not made in one go; its last section could only be tackled after the demolition of Franz Joseph's barracks at Stubenring in 1898. In addition to the large public buildings - Opera, Burgtheater, Parliament, University, Museums, Stock Exchange, etc. - built the high nobility and the upper middle class along the boulevard their ring street palaces "Ringstraßenpalais". The already 1862 completed and in 1945 destroyed court Heinrichhof opposite the Opera was the first ever major construction of Ring street era.

Remarkably enough, arose at the Ring road no religious building, apart from the Votive Church, which has already been built earlier and no longer belongs to the 1st District.

Given the huge construction project of the Ring road one easily forgets the massive construction activity, in the 19th century also changing the internal parts of the district. By doing so, towards the preservation of the existing city image, which had evolved over time, no consideration was given, and culturally and historically unique buildings fell victim to the pickaxe. So was in 1825 the Katzensteigtor (Cat path gate) (Seitenstetten alley 6) demolished, still stemming from the 12th century. All still existing Gothic town towers but one (in the courtyard of the house FIeischmarkt/Meat market 9) had been removed, but also entire complexes of buildings were demolished, so in 1821/22 the old court Passauer Hof below Mary on the Strand, the court Federlhof 1845, the old court Lazenhof 1852. The ditch in 1840 in the West was deprived of its ending, in 1866 in the East, with the result that the old elephant house was razed. The complex of the Brandstätte (Fire site) was totally remodeled in 1874-75, the Minorite monastery demolished, the area of the Civil hospital in 1882/83 anew parcelled out. The built here court Philipphof was hit in 1945 by a bomb and in the course of this died over 50 people.

Consequently, the representative old housing stock of Inner City, apart from a number but extremely remarkable noble palace, is greatly reduced. On the other hand, especially from the 19th century a sufficient number of impressive buildings have been preserved.

Today, the 1st district is primarily an office, business and shopping district: because of its numerous attractions, it is also the destination of swarms of foreign tourists. The street Kärntner Straße is one of the most popular shopping and strolling streets of Vienna, a considerable contribution was provided through the creation of a pedestrian zone (1971). The city center which was already in danger to become deserted as a pure business district after work hours, since the opening of the first pedestrian zone and the opening of various restaurants in the northern part of the center, the so-called "Bermuda Triangle", has a very active nightlife.

Seit den Zeiten der Babenberger bis 1850 blieb der territoriale Umfang der Stadt Wien praktisch unverändert, sodass auch bis 1850 die Geschichte der Inneren Stadt mit der Geschichte der Stadt ident ist. Erst mit der Einführung der Gemeindebezirke 1 bis 8 am 6. März 1850 wurde aus der bisherigen Stadt Wien der 1. Wiener Gemeindebezirk, die „Innere Stadt".

Noch 1857 wurde die "Stadt" um die zur Verbauung freigegebenen Flächen der Befestigungsanlagen, des Stadtgrabens und des Glacis erweitert. Von den Basteien haben sich bis heute geringe Reste erhalten: Teile der Mölkerbastei, der Augustinerbastei bei der Albertina, der Coburgbastei und der Dominikanerbastei. Das Glacis, die freie Fläche vor den Stadtmauern, ehedem ebenso wie die Basteien ein beliebter Promenadengrund, wurde rasch verbaut - mit Ausnahme des Josefstädter Glacis zwischen Burg- und Schottentor, das noch über ein Jahrzehnt als Exerzier- und Paradeplatz benutzt wurde.

Auf dem Gelände der einstigen Befestigungsanlagen wurde die Ringstraße errichtet. in ihrem Verlauf entstand eine Kette repräsentativer öffentlicher Gebäude, als deren erstes 1869 die Hofoper fertiggestellt wurde. Gleichwohl erfolgte der Bau der Ringstraße nicht in einem Zug; ihr letzter Abschnitt konnte erst nach dem Abbruch der Franz-Josephs-Kaserne am Stubenring 1898 in Angriff genommen werden. Neben den großen öffentlichen Gebäuden - Oper, Burgtheater, Parlament, Universität, Museen, Börse usw. - errichteten der Hochadel und das Großbürgertum entlang der Prachtstraße ihre "Ringstraßenpalais". Der bereits 1862 fertiggestellte, 1945 zerstörte Heinrichhof gegenüber der Oper war überhaupt der erste Großbau der Ringstraßenära.

Bemerkenswerterweise entstand an der Ringstraße kein Sakralbau, sieht man von der Votivkirche ab, die jedoch bereits etwas früher errichtet wurde und nicht mehr zum 1. Bezirk gehört.

Angesichts des Riesenbauprojektes der Ringstraße vergisst man gerne auf die gewaltige Bautätigkeit, die im 19. Jahrhundert auch die Innenteile des Bezirkes veränderte. Dabei wurde auf die Erhaltung des gewachsenen Stadtbildes so gut wie keine Rücksicht genommen, und kulturhistorisch einmalige Bauwerke fielen der Spitzhacke zum Opfer. So wurde 1825 das Katzensteigtor (Seitenstettengasse 6) abgerissen, das noch aus dem 12. Jahrhundert stammte. Alle noch bestehenden gotischen Stadttürme bis auf einen (im Hof des Hauses FIeischmarkt 9) wurden abgetragen, aber auch ganze Baukomplexe wurden demoliert, so 1821/22 der alte Passauer Hof unterhalb Maria am Gestade, der Federlhof 1845, der alte Lazenhof 1852. Der Graben wurde 1840 im Westen seines Abschlusses beraubt, 1866 im Osten, wobei das alte Elefantenhaus geschleift wurde. Der Komplex der Brandstätte wurde 1874/75 total umgestaltet, das Minoritenkloster abgetragen, das Areal des Bürgerspitals 1882/83 neu parzelliert. Der hier gebaute Philipphof wurde 1945 von einer Bombe getroffen und es starben dabei über 50 Menschen.

So kommt es, dass der repräsentative alte Hausbestand der Inneren Stadt, von einer Reihe allerdings äußerst bemerkenswerter Adelspalais abgesehen, sehr reduziert ist. Andererseits haben sich gerade aus dem 19. Jahrhundert eine genügende Anzahl eindrucksvoller Bauten erhalten.

Heute ist der 1. Bezirk vor allem ein Büro-, Geschäfts- und Einkaufsbezirk: er ist wegen seiner zahlreichen Sehenswürdigkeiten auch Ziel von Scharen ausländischer Touristen. Die Kärntner Straße ist eine der beliebtesten Einkaufs- und Bummelstraßen Wiens, wozu vor allem die Einrichtung einer Fußgängerzone (1971) wesentlich beitrug. Die Innenstadt, die schon in Gefahr stand, als reines Büroviertel nach Geschäftsschluss zu veröden, weist seit der Eröffnung der ersten Fußgängerzone und der Eröffnung diverser Lokale im nördlichen Teil des Zentrums, dem sogenannten „Bermudadreieck“ ein sehr aktives Nachtleben auf.

www.stadt-wien.at/wien/wiener-bezirke/1-bezirk-innere-sta...

Image available for purchase from www.ballaratheritage.com.au

Victorian Heritage Register information

Extent of Registration

1. All the buildings marked as follows on Diagram 2098 held by the Executive Director

B1 Bathhouse consisting of the original bathhouse (1895), brick extension (1922) and brick chimney (1936)

B2 Pavilion and Kiosk (1907, 1939)

B3 Sound Shell (1971)

B4 Caretaker's Cottage (early 20th Century)

2. All of the structures marked as follows on Diagram 2098 held by the Executive Director

S1 Soda Spring

S2 Locarno Spring

S3 Sulphur Spring

3. The tree marked as follows on Diagram 2098 held by the Executive Director

T1 Sequioadendron giganteum

4. All the land marked L1 on Diagram 2098 held by the Executive Director including Hepburn Springs Mineral Reserve Crown Land Parcel P109606, Mineral Springs and Public Park Reserve Crown Land Parcel P109666 and Hepburn Springs Spa Complex Parcel 31D24

Statement of Significance

What is significant?

The Hepburn Springs Mineral Reserve is approximately 30 hectares of public land adjacent to Hepburn Springs township that includes the Hepburn Mineral Springs Spa Complex. The reserve contains a series of mineral springs that have been in continuous public use for drinking and bathing since the mid-19th century are the best known of the large concentration of more than 100 mineral springs in Victoria's Central Highlands first systematically inventoried by the Geological Survey of Victoria in 1910 under Director of E.J. Dunn (1904 - 1912). A reserve of 0.5 hectares was first created on the site in 1868 to protect the springs from surrounding gold mining activities. The extent of the reserve was increased to its present size in the early 20th century as a result of local pressure for protection of the mineral springs local pressure and on the recommendation of Dunn that a network of Mineral Springs Reserves of standard size be established throughout Victoria.

Although the local community, in particular the Swiss-Italian migrants, had regularly used the springs since at least the 1870s, it was the construction of the rail line to nearby Daylesford in 1880 that markedly increased the accessibility of the springs to tourists who came in increasing numbers to 'take the waters'. By the 1890s a bath house had been established at the springs offering a range of hydrotherapies, reflecting the popularity of health tourism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The popularity of the Springs continued through the first decades of the 20th century and into the inter-war years, but declined rapidly after the Second World War. In the 1980s resurgence in the popularity of the Hepburn Mineral Springs led to substantial renovation of the spa bath house. The Reserve continues to be a major Victorian tourist destination.

The topography of the Reserve is dominated by a gully, through which Spring Creek runs and along which the Reserves' three main springs, the Soda, Locarno and Sulphur springs are located. The springs have been modified over time, with infrastructure in place from the early 20th century to permit water to be collected by efficient and sanitary means for use in the bath house and for drinking. The Locarno Spring, identified in 1914 and named in honour of a prominent Swiss-Italian community member, is permanently set aside for public use. Members of the local Swiss community were also responsible for construction of the swimming pool on Spring Creek in the south of the reserve in the late 1920s (H1865).

The landscape, once reflecting mining activities, is now a picturesque combination of regrowth native vegetation and exotic trees on the higher land while along the creek are cultivated parklands of lawn, exotic deciduous trees and conifers and ornamental plantings and paving, much of which is Castlemaine slate. Many of the exotic trees were planted by local communities in an effort to beautify the reserve, provide shade in summer and create a landscape reminiscent of European spa centres. The main lawn area or Picnic Park, is dominated by a single Sierra Redwood (Sequioadentrum giganteum) specimen planted in 1901 to commemorate Federation.

Within the garden landscape along the creek are a number of buildings associated with the recreational use of the mineral springs since late 19th century including the only extant 19th century mineral springs bathhouse in Victoria. This brick building was erected in 1895 and extended in the 1920s with the addition of further baths and waiting room (1922) followed by a boiler house. This structure continued in use until the late 1980s when major renovations and additions were undertaken creating the Hepburn Springs Spa Complex in which external fabric of the original bath house and 1920s extension was retained along with a brick chimney from the boiler house. To the south of the bath house a timber pavilion was erected in 1897 to provide shelter for visitors. This was replaced in 1908 by the extant Edwardian red brick hexagonal pavilion in which community dances and other social functions were held in the inter-war period and which continues to serve as a shelter for visitors. An adjoining kiosk, also in red brick was added on the north side of the pavilion in 1939.

There are a number of other buildings in the Reserve including the caretakers cottage, a single storey weatherboard cottage probably dating to the early 20th century, and the Sound Shell, a small concrete block structure in the Picnic Park erected in 1971 by the Hepburn Springs Progress Association to provide an open air performance space.

How is it significant?

The Hepburn Mineral Springs Reserve is of historic, social, aesthetic and scientific significance to the State of Victoria

Why is it Significant?

Hepburn Springs Mineral Reserve is of historical significance as an intact and authentic expression of 19th and early 20th century nature and health tourism in Victoria, made popular through the development of the country rail network and also reflected in the construction of the Mount Buffalo Chalet in 1910 (H0901) and development of the Buchan Caves Reserve in the first decades of the 20th century (H1978). The rapid rise in the popularity of the Hepburn Springs Mineral Reserve in the late 19th century was specifically related to the then popular belief in the recuperative and invigorating powers of 'taking the waters'.

The Hepburn Mineral Springs Reserve is of historic significance as the best known and most popular of Victoria's mineral springs, in continuous use since at least the 1870s. Hepburn Springs is the only mineral spa development with a surviving 19th century bath house.

Hepburn Mineral Springs Reserve is of scientific significance for the geological feature of the mineral springs themselves, each of which has a unique chemical composition, and for the Reserve's association with the establishment of the network of Mineral Reserves in Victoria in the early 20th century through the Geological Survey of Victoria and its Director E. J Dunn (1904 - 1912).

The Hepburn Mineral Springs Reserve is of aesthetic significance as a constructed picturesque and evocative cultural landscape combining exotic, European, plantings with indigenous vegetation, exhibiting a high degree of authenticity especially in the largely intact pavilion and surviving fabric of the 19th century bath house set amid the garden landscape.

Hepburn Springs Mineral Reserve is of social significance to the people of Victoria as a highly popular place of recreation and source of mineral water for public use.

Hepburn Springs Mineral Reserve is of social significance for its association with European migrant communities in Victoria, in particular the Swiss-Italian community who recognised the therapeutic value of the springs in the 19th century, who continue to have a strong attachment to the place and who contribute to the conservation of the springs through community action.

Format:

Still image

Extent:

1 photoprint.

NLM Unique ID:

101399859

NLM Image ID:

A04649

Permanent Link:

resource.nlm.nih.gov/101399859

This is my first attempt at macro shooting with a set of Phottix Extension Tubes... I tried stacking all three tubes on a 50mm f/1.8 but that gave me unusable DOF so I settled for using only the 36mm tube on a Nikkor 105mm DC f/2.0... It did not get me the ultra macro close-ups but gave enough working space and acceptable DOF... Phottix Extention Tubes highly recommended for people who don't or can't buy a dedicated micro/macro lens !

back in 2005 this is where Prince Charles and Camilla had their civil wedding

According to the Heritage Gateway, this building is called The Town Hall. It is a Grade I listed building. It is more well known as the Guildhall.

It was designed by Sir Christopher Wren, and it possibly dates to 1686. The ground floor is stone, it has some Doric columns between openings, supporting entablature with curved frieze, which is carried around the building. The upper part is brick with stone entablature. It has 3 arched openings on the south front and Corinthium pilasters on the upper part. The south front has a statue of Prince George of Denmark. The north front a statue of Queen Anne. The building was extended with two bays in 1829, repeating the general pattern of the old building.

The Town Hall, Windsor - Heritage Gateway

minolta SRT101

MC TELE ROKKOR-QF 200mm f3.5 + extention tube

MLK Extention Photos by Trevor Wrayton VDOT

Urban extents illustrate the shape and area of urbanized places. Urbanized localities are defined as places with with 5,000 or more inhabitants that are delineated by stable night-time lights. For poorly lit areas, alternate sources are used to estimate the extent of cities.

Title: The Dais Delhi

Date: [c.1860-1880]

Extent: 1 photograph: b&w ; (21x27.5cm)

Notes: From a two album set of souvenir photographs from a voyage to and tour of duty in India.

Format: Photograph

Rights Info: No known restrictions on access

Repository: Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada, M5S 1A5, library.utoronto.ca/fisher

Part of: MS Coll. 292 Gilpin-Brown, Edward papers.

Finding Aid located at: www.library.utoronto.ca/fisher/collections/findaids/gilpi...

The Laxminarayan Temple, also known as the Birla Mandir is a Hindu temple up to large extent dedicated to Laxminarayan in Delhi, India. Laxminarayan usually refers to Vishnu, Preserver in the Trimurti, also known as Narayan, when he is with his consort Lakshmi. The temple, inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi, was built by Jugal Kishore Birla from 1933 and 1939. The side temples are dedicated to Shiva, Krishna and Buddha.

It was the first large Hindu temple built in Delhi. The temple is spread over 7.5 acres, adorned with many shrines, fountains, and a large garden with Hindu and Nationalistic sculptures, and also houses Geeta Bhawan for discourses. The temple is one of the major attractions of Delhi and attracts thousands of devotees on the festivals of Janmashtami and Diwali.

HISTORY

The construction of temple dedicated to Laxmi Narayana started in 1933, built by industrialist and philanthropist, Baldeo Das Birla and his son Jugal Kishore Birla of Birla family, thus, the temple is also known as Birla Temple. The foundation stone of the temple was laid by Maharaj Udaybhanu Singh. The temple was built under guidance of Pandit Vishwanath Shastri. The concluding ceremony and Yagna was performed by Swami Keshwa Nandji. The famous temple is accredited to have been inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1939. At that time, Mahatma Gandhi kept a condition that the temple would not be restricted to the upper-caste Hindus and people from every caste would be allowed inside.

This is the first of a series of temples built by the Birlas in many cities of India, which are also often called Birla Temple.

ARCHITECTURE

Its architect was Sris Chandra Chatterjee, a leading proponent of the "Modern Indian Architecture Movement." The architecture was influenced heavily by the principles of the Swadeshi movement of the early twentieth century and the canonical texts used. The movement did not reject the incorporation of new construction ideas and technologies. Chatterjee extensively used modern materials in his buildings. The three-storied temple is built in the northern or Nagara style of temple architecture. The entire temple is adorned with carvings depicting the scenes from golden yuga of the present universe cycle. More than hundred skilled artisans from Benares, headed by Acharya Vishvanath Shastri, carved the icons of the temple. The highest shikhara of the temple above the sanctum sanctorum is about 160 feet high. The temple faces the east and is situated on a high plinth. The shrine is adorned with fresco paintings depicting his life and work. The icons of the temple are in marble brought from Jaipur. Kota stone from Makarana, Agra, Kota, and Jaisalmer was used in the construction of the temple premises. The Geeta Bhawan to the north of the temple is dedicated to Lord Krishna. Artificial landscape and cascading waterfalls add to the beauty of the temple.

TEMPLE

The main temple houses statues of Lord Narayan and Goddess Lakshmi. There are other small shrines dedicated to Lord Shiva, Lord Ganesha and Hanuman. There is also a shrine dedicated to Lord Buddha. The left side temple shikhar (dome) houses Devi Durga, the goddess of Shakti, the power. The temple is spread over an area of 30,000 m2 approximately and the built up area is 2,100 m2.

LOCATION

The temple is located on the Mandir Marg, situated west of the Connaught Place in New Delhi. The temple is easily accessible from the city by local buses, taxis and auto-rickshaws. Nearest Delhi Metro station is R. K. Ashram Marg metro station, located about 2 km away. Also on the same road lies the New Delhi Kalibari.

WIKIPEDIA

Völklinger Hütte

taken with Argus Sandmar 1:4,5 / 35mm, extention helicoid and Sony A7

Extent of works being undertaken within the Backwater Channel.

MLK Extention Photos by Trevor Wrayton VDOT

The wonderfulness of pink hair and hats......

Thank you to James for making me look so amazing!! And Andy for taking two hours out of your life to out the extentions in!

Zehara Ali Ahemed Helth extention worker. Assayita Henele woreda mother to mother consultation on infant and young child feeding program (IYCF) .©UNICEF Ethiopia/2014/Tsegaye

"To a certain extent Brooklyn will always be Brooklyn, but times change and people change. Back in the days when my parents were growing up, people respected the cops for the most part. You respected the people on your block and were friendly with all the neighbours. Anytime you saw an old lady walking with groceries on your block, you stopped playing and helped them out or you would shovel the snow in front of their house for them. There was a certain level of respect and pride which I think a lot of people lack today." - Tommy Rebel

www.inqmnd.ca/site/#tableOfContents-features_8

Photos by: Greg Washington

Interview by: Avi Friedman

Number:

171792

Date created:

1939

Extent:

1 photographic print : gelatin silver ; 7.5 x 9.5 in.

Rights:

Photograph is subject to copyright restrictions. Contact the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives for reproduction permissions.

Subjects:

Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing--People

Woodruff, Harriet Baker

Rathbun, Jane Beckwith

Bonney, Virginia L.

Dyer, Dorothy Camlin

Wynes, Dora Comstock

Crabbe, Hazel Ethel

Morey, Pauline Decker

Hughes, Wanema Dickey

Donnell, Annie Mary

Eckles, Jean Frances

Graefe, Eva Lucille

Guggolz, Muriel E.

Hartung, Linda

Henderson, Carolyn L.

Hotz, Lillie C.

Price, Ruth Houser

Espy, Janet Kane

Montgomery, Frances King

Oguss, Louise Kirn

Eadie, Margery Ladd

Livingston, Mildred Ruth

Manfreda, Emma

Clements, Mildred Mawhinney

Long, Grace Mayo

Hampton, Winifred Miller

Tice, Charlotte Overly

Davidheiser, Olivia Pereira

Tilden, Georgia Prichard

Raquet, Violet M.

Riblet, Marjorie

Johnson, Irene Rockwood

Harris, Kathleen Salle

Wickerham, Josephine Sheets

Shields, Ada K.

Silva, Jane Simons

Ayres, Ethel Shuler Smith

Benton, Florence Smith

Strachan, Marion I.

Herbert, Gertrude Ulbrich

Muir, Frieda Vennum

White, Bernice

Edlavitch, Mary W. L. Wochley

Lawler, Elsie M.

Nursing students--Maryland--Baltimore--1930-1940

Nurses--Maryland--Baltimore--1930-1940

Graduation ceremonies--Maryland--Baltimore--1930-1940

Portrait photographs

Group portraits

Notes: Photographer unknown.

Peel back the right side rubber to the extent illustrated (you don't have to remove the piece completely).

Hi Everyone ,

The photo was taken in the garden area kenyamukan , Sangatta city , ID .

Maybe if you googling on the map , this location has not been detected . But it's not a big deal .

This is the second shot since 01-01-2014 . I tried to fill my spare time with shot macros .

A ascidians are the type robberfly, live in grasslands .

The leaves reeds are preferred .

The plants are very itchy if exposed skin , especially if we are currently sweating . wooww , , ,

The shot of the whole body . which aims to eliminate the assumption of some people who thought that I shot Robberfly earlier with a way to catch it , pinned , and then shot him . With other words I conceptualize this shot .

Not ...!

It was not me ! Really ! I'm not as mean as they think . Catch , pinning , and shoot .

Clearly visible in this picture there is no clamping element.

I use a Canon EOS 50D , 50mm II Lens F / 1.8 Right at F/14 and additional attributes that Extention Tube.

I'm very careful approaching these animals .

Slowly I lift the front of the lens to the eye . up to a distance of about 10cm . Then I push the shutter of the camera.

additional information :

a few months ago I made ​​a video when I shoot this animal.

in the Video certainly no element of violence Capture and pinning .

And in the video, ranging from the introduction of tools Complete , shooting and appointment process results .

If any of you are interested , I would be glad if you send me an email at Flickrmail .

Hopefully this picture can be entertaining and useful bit of information .

Bangun Usahari

This memorial illustrates the extent of infant mortality which was commonplace in the late 19th Century.

Daniel and Sarah Marshall had 12 children and 6 of them are remembered here.

Daniel was born in Elton on 20 October 1822. He was accidentally shot dead at Trogues ( a farm on the Winster/Wensley boundary) on 27 May 1867. In the Burial Register is a note made by the Vicar to the effect that he left a widow and 8 children and that "a handsome subscription has been raised for him."

Sarah Marshall was born Sarah Jackson in Winster on 19 February 1819. She died on 20 July 1890. The Vicar also left a note in the burial register that she died of dropsy.

Amongst their children was Albert Marshall, the Winster photographer and stationer - many examples of Albert's work adorn this site. Click on this link to see Albert's Obituary following his death in 1918.

farm4.static.flickr.com/3054/2867414727_db59de9828_o.jpg

Then click on this link to see Albert's memorial also in the churchyard.

farm4.static.flickr.com/3056/2978409683_8d50c9d7ab_b.jpg

The children mentioned on this memorial are:

Adeline born 1845 and died 15 April 1850.

Maria born April 1850 and died 12 March 1851.

James Jackson born 6 May 1851 and died 8 March 1852.

James born 6 April 1852 and died 2 January 1853.

Henry born 1847 and died 31 December 1910.

Adeline born 22 September 1865 and died 9 February 1932

This is Grave B6/17 in the south-west part of the churchyard.

Photograph by Michael Greatorex

20 February 2009.

Urban extents illustrate the shape and area of urbanized places. Urbanized localities are defined as places with with 5,000 or more inhabitants that are delineated by stable night-time lights. For poorly lit areas, alternate sources are used to estimate the extent of cities.

What do i indicate by "mingle to your hearts extent? If you wish success in your current opportunity or business then you will should get out there and take action. Get out of the residence and start speaking to people and making connections. You are not a magnet on automobile pilot! If your business is the type that depends on social interactions and prodding people to buy your product then I have some ideas to help you get what you wish in this neighborhood marketing post. It takes motivation but I'm here to help you through it.

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Local Marketing is easy but still requires work

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The best ways to get up to 25 Voice posts Daily using Neighborhood Marketing

Do you wish to discover the best ways to get up to 25 voice-mails (leads) daily using neighborhood marketing? We will be using something called Attraction Marketing in this process using drop cards and bandit signs. Bandit signs are similar to realtor signs and those big yellow ones you see on the side of the road with black lettering. They are a great tool for recruiting locally. One amazing thing about bandit signs is they are cheap! Set up your voicemail with an 800 or 888 number and you're ready to rock and roll. One more option is to get a neighborhood google voice number.

Local Marketing and Meet-up groups

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If your business is the type that depends on social interactions and prodding people to buy your product then I have some ideas to help you get what you wish in this neighborhood marketing post. If you wish to prosper in your network marketing business then you will need to add some form of neighborhood marketing techniques.

You will fulfill the most successful business owners and the highest paid network marketers who sometimes use neighborhood marketing leads to generate leads. One more great neighborhood marketing method to get leads for you business is making use of the power of meet-up groups. Join and attend existing meet-up groups related to networking, internet marketing, home based business, investing and anything else related to you business. workwithjohnwhite.com/local-marketing/

Satellite imagery showing extent of tar sands mining operations in Alberta, Canada in 2008 relative to area of Washington, DC.

MLK Extention Photos by Trevor Wrayton VDOT

Zehara Ali Ahemed Helth extention worker. Assayita Henele woreda mother to mother consultation on infant and young child feeding program (IYCF) .©UNICEF Ethiopia/2014/Tsegaye

Since the times of the Babenberg to 1850, the territorial extent of the City of Vienna remained virtually unchanged, so that also until 1850 the story of the inner city with the history of the city is identical. Only with the introduction of the municipal districts 1 to 8 on March 6, 1850 the former City of Vienna was turned into the 1st district of Vienna, the "Inner City".

Still in 1857 the "city" has been extended to the spaces of the fortifications, the town moat and the glacis, that were designated for urban development. Of the bastions few remains have been preserved to this day: Parts of Mölkerbastei, of the Augustinerbastei at the Albertina, the Coburgbastei and the Dominikanerbastei. The glacis, the free area outside the city walls, in former times as well as the bastions a popular promenade ground was quickly developed - with the exception of Josefstädter Glacis between the Castle gate and the Schotten gate that still for over a decade has been used as exercise and parade ground.

On the site of the former fortification complex the ring road was built. In its course emerged a chain of representative public buildings, as whose first one the Court Opera was completed in 1869. However, the construction of the ring road was not made in one go; its last section could only be tackled after the demolition of Franz Joseph's barracks at Stubenring in 1898. In addition to the large public buildings - Opera, Burgtheater, Parliament, University, Museums, Stock Exchange, etc. - built the high nobility and the upper middle class along the boulevard their ring street palaces "Ringstraßenpalais". The already 1862 completed and in 1945 destroyed court Heinrichhof opposite the Opera was the first ever major construction of Ring street era.

Remarkably enough, arose at the Ring road no religious building, apart from the Votive Church, which has already been built earlier and no longer belongs to the 1st District.

Given the huge construction project of the Ring road one easily forgets the massive construction activity, in the 19th century also changing the internal parts of the district. By doing so, towards the preservation of the existing city image, which had evolved over time, no consideration was given, and culturally and historically unique buildings fell victim to the pickaxe. So was in 1825 the Katzensteigtor (Cat path gate) (Seitenstetten alley 6) demolished, still stemming from the 12th century. All still existing Gothic town towers but one (in the courtyard of the house FIeischmarkt/Meat market 9) had been removed, but also entire complexes of buildings were demolished, so in 1821/22 the old court Passauer Hof below Mary on the Strand, the court Federlhof 1845, the old court Lazenhof 1852. The ditch in 1840 in the West was deprived of its ending, in 1866 in the East, with the result that the old elephant house was razed. The complex of the Brandstätte (Fire site) was totally remodeled in 1874-75, the Minorite monastery demolished, the area of the Civil hospital in 1882/83 anew parcelled out. The built here court Philipphof was hit in 1945 by a bomb and in the course of this died over 50 people.

Consequently, the representative old housing stock of Inner City, apart from a number but extremely remarkable noble palace, is greatly reduced. On the other hand, especially from the 19th century a sufficient number of impressive buildings have been preserved.

Today, the 1st district is primarily an office, business and shopping district: because of its numerous attractions, it is also the destination of swarms of foreign tourists. The street Kärntner Straße is one of the most popular shopping and strolling streets of Vienna, a considerable contribution was provided through the creation of a pedestrian zone (1971). The city center which was already in danger to become deserted as a pure business district after work hours, since the opening of the first pedestrian zone and the opening of various restaurants in the northern part of the center, the so-called "Bermuda Triangle", has a very active nightlife.

Seit den Zeiten der Babenberger bis 1850 blieb der territoriale Umfang der Stadt Wien praktisch unverändert, sodass auch bis 1850 die Geschichte der Inneren Stadt mit der Geschichte der Stadt ident ist. Erst mit der Einführung der Gemeindebezirke 1 bis 8 am 6. März 1850 wurde aus der bisherigen Stadt Wien der 1. Wiener Gemeindebezirk, die „Innere Stadt".

Noch 1857 wurde die "Stadt" um die zur Verbauung freigegebenen Flächen der Befestigungsanlagen, des Stadtgrabens und des Glacis erweitert. Von den Basteien haben sich bis heute geringe Reste erhalten: Teile der Mölkerbastei, der Augustinerbastei bei der Albertina, der Coburgbastei und der Dominikanerbastei. Das Glacis, die freie Fläche vor den Stadtmauern, ehedem ebenso wie die Basteien ein beliebter Promenadengrund, wurde rasch verbaut - mit Ausnahme des Josefstädter Glacis zwischen Burg- und Schottentor, das noch über ein Jahrzehnt als Exerzier- und Paradeplatz benutzt wurde.

Auf dem Gelände der einstigen Befestigungsanlagen wurde die Ringstraße errichtet. in ihrem Verlauf entstand eine Kette repräsentativer öffentlicher Gebäude, als deren erstes 1869 die Hofoper fertiggestellt wurde. Gleichwohl erfolgte der Bau der Ringstraße nicht in einem Zug; ihr letzter Abschnitt konnte erst nach dem Abbruch der Franz-Josephs-Kaserne am Stubenring 1898 in Angriff genommen werden. Neben den großen öffentlichen Gebäuden - Oper, Burgtheater, Parlament, Universität, Museen, Börse usw. - errichteten der Hochadel und das Großbürgertum entlang der Prachtstraße ihre "Ringstraßenpalais". Der bereits 1862 fertiggestellte, 1945 zerstörte Heinrichhof gegenüber der Oper war überhaupt der erste Großbau der Ringstraßenära.

Bemerkenswerterweise entstand an der Ringstraße kein Sakralbau, sieht man von der Votivkirche ab, die jedoch bereits etwas früher errichtet wurde und nicht mehr zum 1. Bezirk gehört.

Angesichts des Riesenbauprojektes der Ringstraße vergisst man gerne auf die gewaltige Bautätigkeit, die im 19. Jahrhundert auch die Innenteile des Bezirkes veränderte. Dabei wurde auf die Erhaltung des gewachsenen Stadtbildes so gut wie keine Rücksicht genommen, und kulturhistorisch einmalige Bauwerke fielen der Spitzhacke zum Opfer. So wurde 1825 das Katzensteigtor (Seitenstettengasse 6) abgerissen, das noch aus dem 12. Jahrhundert stammte. Alle noch bestehenden gotischen Stadttürme bis auf einen (im Hof des Hauses FIeischmarkt 9) wurden abgetragen, aber auch ganze Baukomplexe wurden demoliert, so 1821/22 der alte Passauer Hof unterhalb Maria am Gestade, der Federlhof 1845, der alte Lazenhof 1852. Der Graben wurde 1840 im Westen seines Abschlusses beraubt, 1866 im Osten, wobei das alte Elefantenhaus geschleift wurde. Der Komplex der Brandstätte wurde 1874/75 total umgestaltet, das Minoritenkloster abgetragen, das Areal des Bürgerspitals 1882/83 neu parzelliert. Der hier gebaute Philipphof wurde 1945 von einer Bombe getroffen und es starben dabei über 50 Menschen.

So kommt es, dass der repräsentative alte Hausbestand der Inneren Stadt, von einer Reihe allerdings äußerst bemerkenswerter Adelspalais abgesehen, sehr reduziert ist. Andererseits haben sich gerade aus dem 19. Jahrhundert eine genügende Anzahl eindrucksvoller Bauten erhalten.

Heute ist der 1. Bezirk vor allem ein Büro-, Geschäfts- und Einkaufsbezirk: er ist wegen seiner zahlreichen Sehenswürdigkeiten auch Ziel von Scharen ausländischer Touristen. Die Kärntner Straße ist eine der beliebtesten Einkaufs- und Bummelstraßen Wiens, wozu vor allem die Einrichtung einer Fußgängerzone (1971) wesentlich beitrug. Die Innenstadt, die schon in Gefahr stand, als reines Büroviertel nach Geschäftsschluss zu veröden, weist seit der Eröffnung der ersten Fußgängerzone und der Eröffnung diverser Lokale im nördlichen Teil des Zentrums, dem sogenannten „Bermudadreieck“ ein sehr aktives Nachtleben auf.

www.stadt-wien.at/wien/wiener-bezirke/1-bezirk-innere-sta...

Fork-tailed Woodnymph

A text, in english, from Birdlife International:

Justification

This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence 30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern.

Taxonomic source(s)

del Hoyo, J.; Collar, N. J.; Christie, D. A.; Elliott, A.; Fishpool, L. D. C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International.

SACC. 2006. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: #http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.html#.

Population justification

The global population size has not been quantified, but this species is described as 'common' (Stotz et al. (1996).

Trend justification

This species is suspected to lose 15.9-17.6% of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations (12 years) based on a model of Amazonian deforestation (Soares-Filho et al. 2006, Bird et al. 2011). It is therefore suspected to decline by <25% over three generations.

References

Stotz, D. F.; Fitzpatrick, J. W.; Parker, T. A.; Moskovits, D. K. 1996. Neotropical birds: ecology and conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Further web sources of information

Explore HBW Alive for further information on this species

Search for photos and videos,and hear sounds of this species from the Internet Bird Collection

Text account compilers

Ekstrom, J., Butchart, S.

IUCN Red List evaluators

Butchart, S., Symes, A.

Recommended citation

BirdLife International (2015) Species factsheet: Thalurania furcata. Downloaded from www.birdlife.org on 14/12/2015. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2015) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from www.birdlife.org on 14/12/2015.

This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000) Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004) Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.

To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife

To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.

Beija-flor-tesoura-verde

Texto, em português, da WikiAves:

O beija-flor-tesoura-verde é uma ave da ordem dos Apodiformes, da família Trochilidae.

Também é conhecido como beija-flor-de-barriga-violeta. No livro Aves do Brasil, edição Pantanal e Cerrado, consta como beija-flor-de-ventre-roxo.

Seu nome significa: do (grego) thalos = criança, descendente de; e ouranos céu, celeste, referente ao azul do céu; e do (latim) furcata, furcatus = bifurcada. ⇒ Pássaro filho do azul celeste com cauda bifurcada.

Mede cerca de 9,7 cm de comprimento. Macho com partes superiores esverdeadas, garganta verde-metálica, peito e barriga azul-violeta-brilhante; fêmea com as partes inferiores cinza.

Possui doze subespécies:

Thalurania furcata furcata (Gmelin, 1788) - ocorre no extremo Leste da Venezuela, Guianas e Norte do Brasil, ao norte do Rio Amazonas;

Thalurania furcata refulgens (Gould, 1853) - ocorre no Nordeste da Venezuela, na Península de Paría e na Serra de Cumaná;

Thalurania furcata fissilis (Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902) - ocorre no Leste da Venezuela, e na região adjacente no extremo Oeste da Guiana e Nordeste do Brasil;

Thalurania furcata nigrofasciata (Gould, 1846) - ocorre do Sudoeste da Colômbia até o extremo Sul da Venezuela e Noroeste do Brasil;

Thalurania furcata viridipectus (Gould, 1848) - ocorre do Leste da Cordilheira dos Andes na Leste da Colômbia até o Nordeste do Peru;

Thalurania furcata jelskii (Taczanowski, 1874) - ocorre na região tropical Leste do Peru e na região adjacente no Brasil;

Thalurania furcata simoni (Hellmayr, 1906) - ocorre na Amazônia ao Sul do Rio Amazonas no extremo Leste do Peru e no Oeste do Brasil;

Thalurania furcata balzani (Simon, 1896) - ocorre na região Norte e Central do Brasil ao sul do Rio Amazonas;

Thalurania furcata furcatoides (Gould, 1861) - ocorre no baixo Rio Amazonas, na região Leste do Brasil ao Sul do Rio Amazonas;

Thalurania furcata boliviana (Boucard, 1894) - ocorre nos sopés da Cordilheira dos Andes no Sudeste do Peru e no Nordeste da Bolívia;

Thalurania furcata baeri (Hellmayr, 1907) - ocorre da região Central e Nordeste do Brasil até o Sudeste da Bolívia e no Norte da Argentina;

Thalurania furcata eriphile (Lesson, 1832) - ocorre do Sudeste do Brasil, Leste do Paraguai até o Nordeste da Argentina, na região de Misiones.

Alimenta-se em flores à pouca altura, buscando também insetos na vegetação ou capturando-os no ar.

Faz ninho em forma de taça profunda, preso por teias de aranha a forquilhas ou pequenos ramos, a cerca de 2 m de altura. Põe 2 ovos brancos. Os filhotes deixam o ninho após 18 a 24 dias.

Comum no sub-bosque de florestas altas, capoeiras e florestas de várzea. Vive solitário, defendendo seu território de maneira agressiva.

Distribuição Geográfica:

Quase todo o Brasil, da Amazônia ao Paraná. Encontrado também do México à Bolívia, Paraguai e Argentina.

Referências:

Portal Brasil 500 Pássaros, Beija-flor-tesoura-verde - Disponível em webserver.eln.gov.br/Pass500/BIRDS/1birds/p159.htm Acesso em 09 mai. 2009

CLEMENTS, J. F.; The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. Cornell: Cornell University Press, 2005.

Classificação Científica

Reino: Animalia

Filo: Chordata

Classe: Aves

Ordem: Apodiformes

Família: Trochilidae

Vigors, 1825

Subfamília: Trochilinae

Vigors, 1825

Espécie: T. furcata

Nome Científico

Thalurania furcata

(Gmelin, 1788)

Nome em Inglês

Fork-tailed Woodnymph

Estado de Conservação

(IUCN 3.1)

Pouco Preocupante

To some extent, the Convention in New York was a cover for a secret mission to Berlin, where we trolled a naive East German sensei for his folding-edge curved surface research. After Mélisande deftly dispatched a Stasi agent with a medical-grade bone folder, we escaped through Checkpoint Charlie, dressed as Oktoberfest beermaidens.

(Okay, this was really taken on 53rd Street, between 5th and Madison Avenues. But I'm pretty sure I was dressed as an Oktoberfest beermaiden at the time.)

Since the times of the Babenberg to 1850, the territorial extent of the City of Vienna remained virtually unchanged, so that also until 1850 the story of the inner city with the history of the city is identical. Only with the introduction of the municipal districts 1 to 8 on March 6, 1850 the former City of Vienna was turned into the 1st district of Vienna, the "Inner City".

Still in 1857 the "city" has been extended to the spaces of the fortifications, the town moat and the glacis, that were designated for urban development. Of the bastions few remains have been preserved to this day: Parts of Mölkerbastei, of the Augustinerbastei at the Albertina, the Coburgbastei and the Dominikanerbastei. The glacis, the free area outside the city walls, in former times as well as the bastions a popular promenade ground was quickly developed - with the exception of Josefstädter Glacis between the Castle gate and the Schotten gate that still for over a decade has been used as exercise and parade ground.

On the site of the former fortification complex the ring road was built. In its course emerged a chain of representative public buildings, as whose first one the Court Opera was completed in 1869. However, the construction of the ring road was not made in one go; its last section could only be tackled after the demolition of Franz Joseph's barracks at Stubenring in 1898. In addition to the large public buildings - Opera, Burgtheater, Parliament, University, Museums, Stock Exchange, etc. - built the high nobility and the upper middle class along the boulevard their ring street palaces "Ringstraßenpalais". The already 1862 completed and in 1945 destroyed court Heinrichhof opposite the Opera was the first ever major construction of Ring street era.

Remarkably enough, arose at the Ring road no religious building, apart from the Votive Church, which has already been built earlier and no longer belongs to the 1st District.

Given the huge construction project of the Ring road one easily forgets the massive construction activity, in the 19th century also changing the internal parts of the district. By doing so, towards the preservation of the existing city image, which had evolved over time, no consideration was given, and culturally and historically unique buildings fell victim to the pickaxe. So was in 1825 the Katzensteigtor (Cat path gate) (Seitenstetten alley 6) demolished, still stemming from the 12th century. All still existing Gothic town towers but one (in the courtyard of the house FIeischmarkt/Meat market 9) had been removed, but also entire complexes of buildings were demolished, so in 1821/22 the old court Passauer Hof below Mary on the Strand, the court Federlhof 1845, the old court Lazenhof 1852. The ditch in 1840 in the West was deprived of its ending, in 1866 in the East, with the result that the old elephant house was razed. The complex of the Brandstätte (Fire site) was totally remodeled in 1874-75, the Minorite monastery demolished, the area of the Civil hospital in 1882/83 anew parcelled out. The built here court Philipphof was hit in 1945 by a bomb and in the course of this died over 50 people.

Consequently, the representative old housing stock of Inner City, apart from a number but extremely remarkable noble palace, is greatly reduced. On the other hand, especially from the 19th century a sufficient number of impressive buildings have been preserved.

Today, the 1st district is primarily an office, business and shopping district: because of its numerous attractions, it is also the destination of swarms of foreign tourists. The street Kärntner Straße is one of the most popular shopping and strolling streets of Vienna, a considerable contribution was provided through the creation of a pedestrian zone (1971). The city center which was already in danger to become deserted as a pure business district after work hours, since the opening of the first pedestrian zone and the opening of various restaurants in the northern part of the center, the so-called "Bermuda Triangle", has a very active nightlife.

Seit den Zeiten der Babenberger bis 1850 blieb der territoriale Umfang der Stadt Wien praktisch unverändert, sodass auch bis 1850 die Geschichte der Inneren Stadt mit der Geschichte der Stadt ident ist. Erst mit der Einführung der Gemeindebezirke 1 bis 8 am 6. März 1850 wurde aus der bisherigen Stadt Wien der 1. Wiener Gemeindebezirk, die „Innere Stadt".

Noch 1857 wurde die "Stadt" um die zur Verbauung freigegebenen Flächen der Befestigungsanlagen, des Stadtgrabens und des Glacis erweitert. Von den Basteien haben sich bis heute geringe Reste erhalten: Teile der Mölkerbastei, der Augustinerbastei bei der Albertina, der Coburgbastei und der Dominikanerbastei. Das Glacis, die freie Fläche vor den Stadtmauern, ehedem ebenso wie die Basteien ein beliebter Promenadengrund, wurde rasch verbaut - mit Ausnahme des Josefstädter Glacis zwischen Burg- und Schottentor, das noch über ein Jahrzehnt als Exerzier- und Paradeplatz benutzt wurde.

Auf dem Gelände der einstigen Befestigungsanlagen wurde die Ringstraße errichtet. in ihrem Verlauf entstand eine Kette repräsentativer öffentlicher Gebäude, als deren erstes 1869 die Hofoper fertiggestellt wurde. Gleichwohl erfolgte der Bau der Ringstraße nicht in einem Zug; ihr letzter Abschnitt konnte erst nach dem Abbruch der Franz-Josephs-Kaserne am Stubenring 1898 in Angriff genommen werden. Neben den großen öffentlichen Gebäuden - Oper, Burgtheater, Parlament, Universität, Museen, Börse usw. - errichteten der Hochadel und das Großbürgertum entlang der Prachtstraße ihre "Ringstraßenpalais". Der bereits 1862 fertiggestellte, 1945 zerstörte Heinrichhof gegenüber der Oper war überhaupt der erste Großbau der Ringstraßenära.

Bemerkenswerterweise entstand an der Ringstraße kein Sakralbau, sieht man von der Votivkirche ab, die jedoch bereits etwas früher errichtet wurde und nicht mehr zum 1. Bezirk gehört.

Angesichts des Riesenbauprojektes der Ringstraße vergisst man gerne auf die gewaltige Bautätigkeit, die im 19. Jahrhundert auch die Innenteile des Bezirkes veränderte. Dabei wurde auf die Erhaltung des gewachsenen Stadtbildes so gut wie keine Rücksicht genommen, und kulturhistorisch einmalige Bauwerke fielen der Spitzhacke zum Opfer. So wurde 1825 das Katzensteigtor (Seitenstettengasse 6) abgerissen, das noch aus dem 12. Jahrhundert stammte. Alle noch bestehenden gotischen Stadttürme bis auf einen (im Hof des Hauses FIeischmarkt 9) wurden abgetragen, aber auch ganze Baukomplexe wurden demoliert, so 1821/22 der alte Passauer Hof unterhalb Maria am Gestade, der Federlhof 1845, der alte Lazenhof 1852. Der Graben wurde 1840 im Westen seines Abschlusses beraubt, 1866 im Osten, wobei das alte Elefantenhaus geschleift wurde. Der Komplex der Brandstätte wurde 1874/75 total umgestaltet, das Minoritenkloster abgetragen, das Areal des Bürgerspitals 1882/83 neu parzelliert. Der hier gebaute Philipphof wurde 1945 von einer Bombe getroffen und es starben dabei über 50 Menschen.

So kommt es, dass der repräsentative alte Hausbestand der Inneren Stadt, von einer Reihe allerdings äußerst bemerkenswerter Adelspalais abgesehen, sehr reduziert ist. Andererseits haben sich gerade aus dem 19. Jahrhundert eine genügende Anzahl eindrucksvoller Bauten erhalten.

Heute ist der 1. Bezirk vor allem ein Büro-, Geschäfts- und Einkaufsbezirk: er ist wegen seiner zahlreichen Sehenswürdigkeiten auch Ziel von Scharen ausländischer Touristen. Die Kärntner Straße ist eine der beliebtesten Einkaufs- und Bummelstraßen Wiens, wozu vor allem die Einrichtung einer Fußgängerzone (1971) wesentlich beitrug. Die Innenstadt, die schon in Gefahr stand, als reines Büroviertel nach Geschäftsschluss zu veröden, weist seit der Eröffnung der ersten Fußgängerzone und der Eröffnung diverser Lokale im nördlichen Teil des Zentrums, dem sogenannten „Bermudadreieck“ ein sehr aktives Nachtleben auf.

Tibletalech Kifle, Health Extention worker, 25 is pictured in the Wonchet health Post in rural Bahir Dar. Tibletalech together with her coworker, Yenesew Achenif, nurse care for over 2500 people in the community of Wonchet, in rural Amhara. ©UNICEF Ethiopia/2015/Abubeker

Zehara Ali Ahemed Helth extention worker. Assayita Henele woreda mother to mother consultation on infant and young child feeding program (IYCF) .©UNICEF Ethiopia/2014/Tsegaye

This is my first attempt at macro shooting with a set of Phottix Extension Tubes... I tried stacking all three tubes on a 50mm f/1.8 but that gave me unusable DOF so I settled for using only the 36mm tube on a Nikkor 105mm DC f/2.0... It did not get me the ultra macro close-ups but gave enough working space and acceptable DOF... Phottix Extention Tubes highly recommended for people who don't or can't buy a dedicated micro/macro lens !

Metter, GA (Candler County) Copyright 2011 D. Nelson

And that was about the extent of it. I had planned to spend the night in either Douglas or Alma but it was too early in the day when I got there so I drove on in the hopes to find a dog-friendly motel somewhere else. I struck out in Baxley and Vidalia so Metter was my next best bet - it actually has quite a few motels. Turns out, some of them were dog-friendly but not too people-friendly or out of my comfort zone. I was quizzed pretty hard by one owner who conducted a 10-minute interview about my dog, shooting stern warning glances my way the entire time, when I only inquired about the rate. So I kept on driving. In retrospect, it all happened for a reason...

But the Welcome Center provided for a nice break and the goose pond was fun for Tessa.

The full extent of the 2+7 formation can be seen as 43239 emerges from Parsons Tunnel on a glorious afternoon with the 1V50 06.06 Edinburgh - Plymouth with 43303 on the rear. I've been using some new locations recently but you can't beat this classic location a sunny summer day with people on the beach. I never tire of it. Not quite the busy XC HST day I was expecting as 43378 failed overnight at Neville Hill and so the 1V44 from Leeds and then also the 1S51 12.27 Plymouth - Glasgow was a 4-car voyager. What a treat. While I was desperately hoping nobody with a fat arse, bad shorts or anal photobombers would walk in front of me, my good mate Paul Barlow phoned me from a hundred yards further down the wall as he had his drone camera up in the air. Luckily my positioning was good as an IET was bearing down on me from behind. Another three seconds and it would have spoiled the clarity of the scene.

"The American Cemetery at Colleville-sur- Mer is situated on the top of the cliff overlooking the famous Omaha Beach. The cemetery, 172 acres in extent, is one of fourteen American World War II Cemeteries constructed on foreign soil. Beyond the reception building, you will see a magnificent semi-circular memorial. Centered in the open arc of the memorial is a bronze statue which represents “The Spirit of American Youth rising from the waves”. In the extension of the ornamental lake there is a central path leading to the 10 grave plots where 9 387 soldiers are buried among which are 4 women and 307 unknown soldiers.

The crosses are oriented Westwards, towards their native land. The precisely aligned headstones against the immaculately maintained emerald green lawn and the omnipresence of the sea convey an unforgettable feeling of peace and serenity. At the crossing of the main paths laid in the form of a Latin Cross, the Chapel shelters a black marble altar on which is the inscription : “I give them eternal life and they shall never perish”. In the garden of the missing located behind the memorial is a semi-circular wall containing the names of 1 557 missing in the region.

The little haven of verdure invites you to meditation and memory. The Normandy American Cemetery is maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC), an independent agency created in 1923 by the Congress of the United States of America and attached to the executive branch of the US Gouvernment. The Commission is responsible for commemorating the services and achievements of the United States Armed Forces through the execution of suitable memory shrines, for designing, constructing, operating and maintaining permanent US military cemeteries and memorials in foreign countries. No one enters the Colleville Cemetery by chance, it must be a voluntary process. The visitor prepares himself to penetrate with attention and contemplation a piece of United States in France."

www.musee-memorial-omaha.com/en/partenaire/american-cemet...

www.abmc.gov/cemeteries-memorials/europe/normandy-america...

"Located between Arromanches and Grandcamp Maisy, on the Normandy coast, the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial is a haven of peace which encourages contemplation. Here, in a beautifully green space perched upon a cliff overlooking Omaha Beach, about 10,000 perfectly aligned white crosses point towards America. In fact, within 173 acres, the cemetery of Omaha gives a home to the fallen American soldiers who sacrificed their lives in the name of freedom during World War II, namely the first episode of the battle of Normandy, “Operation Overlord” which commenced on 6th June 1944.

As well as this cemetery, the Omaha Beach site – a codename for one of the 5 ally landing sectors – is home to a semi-circle memorial, where at the centre is a bronze statue titled The Spirit of American Youth Rising from the Waves. A chapel and orientation table stand just a stone’s throw away, pointing towards the beaches where the allied forces landed in 1944. Discover the museum here which puts into perspective the daily life of these soldiers in France, who fought for liberty. Film, reconstitutions, uniform collections, weapons and vehicles will throw you into the heart of the history of the Normandy landings.

Outside of Omaha Beach, the landing beaches of Sword Beach, Juno Beach, Gold Beach and Utah Beach were the centre stage for the largest airborne military operation in history. Amongst these places of remembrance, Omaha Beach is the place where The Allies lost the majority of their troops. It is also a small corner of America on French turf: given to the US, these Normand territories are managed by the American Battle Monuments Commission."

us.france.fr/en/discover/normandy-visit-omaha-beach-ameri...

Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) Skelton at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC on April-9th-2022.

It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, as populations are fragmented and restricted to less than 20,000 km2 (7,700 sq mi). Moreover, the extent and quality of the rhino's most important habitat, the alluvial Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands and riverine forest, is considered to be in decline due to human and livestock encroachment. As of August 2018, the global population was estimated to comprise 3,588 individuals, including 2,939 individuals in India and 649 in Nepal.Kaziranga National Park alone had an estimated population of 2,048 rhinos in 2009.[2] Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam has the highest density of Indian rhinos in the world with 84 individuals in an area of 38.80 km2 (14.98 sq mi) in 2009.

Indian rhinos once ranged throughout the entire stretch of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, but excessive hunting and agricultural development reduced its range drastically to 11 sites in northern India and southern Nepal. In the early 1990s, between 1,870 and 1,895 Indian rhinos were estimated to have been alive. Since then, numbers have increased due to conservation measures taken by the government. However, poaching remains a continuous threat, as more than 150 Indian rhinos were killed in Assam by poachers between 2000 and 2006.

Indian rhinos have a thick grey-brown skin with pinkish skin folds and one horn on their snout. Their upper legs and shoulders are covered in wart-like bumps. They have very little body hair, aside from eyelashes, ear fringes and tail brush. Bulls have huge neck folds. The skull is heavy with a basal length above 60 cm (24 in) and an occiput above 19 cm (7.5 in). The nasal horn is slightly back-curved with a base of about 18.5 cm (7.3 in) by 12 cm (4.7 in) that rapidly narrows until a smooth, even stem part begins about 55 mm (2.2 in) above base. In captive animals, the horn is frequently worn down to a thick knob.

The Indian rhino's single horn is present in both bulls and cows, but not on newborn calves. The horn is pure keratin, like human fingernails, and starts to show after about six years. In most adults, the horn reaches a length of about 25 cm (9.8 in), but has been recorded up to 36 cm (14 in) in length and 3.051 kg (6.73 lb) in weight.

Among terrestrial land mammals native to Asia, Indian rhinos are second in size only to the Asian elephant. They are also the second-largest living rhinoceros, behind only the white rhinoceros. Bulls have a head and body length of 368–380 cm (12.07–12.47 ft) with a shoulder height of 170–186 cm (5.58–6.10 ft), while cows have a head and body length of 310–340 cm (10.2–11.2 ft) and a shoulder height of 148–173 cm (4.86–5.68 ft). The bull, averaging about 2,200 kg (4,850 lb) is heavier than the cow, at an average of about 1,600 kg (3,530 lb).

The rich presence of blood vessels underneath the tissues in folds gives them the pinkish colour. The folds in the skin increase the surface area and help in regulating the body temperature.The thick skin does not protect against bloodsucking Tabanus flies, leeches and ticks.

The largest individuals reportedly weighed up to 4,000 kg (8,820 lb).

Indian rhinos once ranged across the entire northern part of the Indian Subcontinent, along the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra River basins, from Pakistan to the Indian-Myanmar border, including Bangladesh and the southern parts of Nepal and Bhutan. They may have also occurred in Myanmar, southern China and Indochina. They inhabit the alluvial grasslands of the Terai and the Brahmaputra basin.As a result of habitat destruction and climatic changes its range has gradually been reduced so that by the 19th century, it only survived in the Terai grasslands of southern Nepal, northern Uttar Pradesh, northern Bihar, northern West Bengal, and in the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam.

Indian rhinos are grazers. Their diet consists almost entirely of grasses, but they also eat leaves, branches of shrubs and trees, fruits, and submerged and floating aquatic plants. They feed in the mornings and evenings. They use their semi-prehensile lips to grasp grass stems, bend the stem down, bite off the top, and then eat the grass. They tackle very tall grasses or saplings by walking over the plant, with legs on both sides and using the weight of their bodies to push the end of the plant down to the level of the mouth. Mothers also use this technique to make food edible for their calves. They drink for a minute or two at a time, often imbibing water filled with rhinoceros urine.

Some background:

The Messerschmitt Me 410 Hornisse (Hornet) is a heavy fighter and Schnellbomber ("Fast Bomber" in English) designed and produced by the German aircraft manufacturer Messerschmitt. It was flown by the Luftwaffe during the latter half of the Second World War.

The Me 410’s origins are closely associated with the preceding Me 210. Development of this aircraft had been projected back in 1937 as a multi-purpose successor to the Bf 110, which had some identified shortcomings even prior to seeing combat service. Early on, confidence in the Me 210 had been high, to the extent that 1,000 aircraft were ordered off the drawing board; however, it would be a troubled program. Flight testing revealed poor longitudinal stability and despite modifications was considered unsatisfactory. While quantity production of the type proceeded, the Me 210 had a relatively high rate of accidents. This heavily contributed to production being halted on 14 April 1942; officials were keen to remedy the Me 210's problems and return it to production to minimize the economic loss incurred.

Various modifications to the design were explored, including the Me 310, a radical high-altitude derivative that incorporated a pressurized cockpit and more powerful engines.[9] This option was not favored by many officials, who sought a less ambitious remediation of the Me 210. It was this preference that led to the Me 410’s emergence, which was visually almost identical to the Me 210. The principal difference was the adoption of the larger (at 44.5 liters, 2,720 cu in displacement) and more powerful Daimler-Benz DB 603A engines. These engines each provided 1,750 metric horsepower (1,730 hp; 1,290 kW) compared to the 1,475 metric horsepower (1,455 hp; 1,085 kW) of the DB 605s used on the Me 210C. The extra power increased the Me 410's maximum speed to 625 kilometers per hour (388 mph), greatly improved rate of climb, service ceiling, and the cruising speed, the latter being raised to 579 km/h (360 mph).

The more powerful engines also improved payload capability to the point where the aircraft could lift a war-load greater than could fit into the bomb bay under the nose. Consequently, shackles were added under the wings for four 50-kilogram (110 lb) bombs. The changes added an extra 680 kg (1,500 lb) to the Me 210 design, but the extra engine power more than made up for the difference. As with the Me 210, the Me 410's rear gunner used the same pair of Ferngerichtete Drehringseitenlafette FDSL 131/1B turrets mounted on each side of the aircraft, each still armed with a 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine gun, retaining the same pivoting handgun-style grip, trigger and gunsight to aim and fire the ordnance as the Me 210 did.

General characteristics:

Crew: two

Length: 12.75 m (41 ft 9 in)

Wingspan: 16.3513 m (53 ft 7.75 in)

Height: 4.280 m (14 ft 0.5 in)

Wing area: 36.2031 m2 (389.687 sq ft)

Airfoil: root: NACA 23018-636.5; tip: NACA 23010-636.5

Empty weight: 7,518 kg (16,574 lb)

Gross weight: 9,651 kg (21,276 lb)

Fuel capacity: 550 imp gal (660 US gal; 2,500 L) in four wing tanks

Powerplant:

2× Daimler-Benz DB 603A-1l/r V-12 inverted liquid-cooled piston engines, each providing:

- 1,290 kW (1,750 hp) for take-off

- 1,360 kW (1,850 PS) at 2,100 m (6,890 ft)

- 1,195 kW (1,625 PS) at 5,700 m (18,700 ft)

Driving handed 4-bladed VDM constant-speed propeller

Performance:

Maximum speed: 507 km/h (315 mph, 274 kn) at sea level,

624 km/h (388 mph; 337 kn) at 6,700 m (21,980 ft)

Cruise speed: 587 km/h (365 mph, 317 kn)

Range: 1,200 km (750 mi, 650 nmi) at maximum continuous cruise speed,

1,690 km (1,050 mi) at economical cruise speed

Ferry range: 2,300 km (1,400 mi, 1,200 nmi)

Service ceiling: 10,000 m (33,000 ft)

Time to altitude: 6,000 m (20,000 ft) in ten minutes and 42 seconds

Armament:

4× 20 mm (0.79 in) MG 151/20 cannon with 300 rpg in the lower fuselage, firing forward

2× 30 mm (0.79 in) MK 108 cannon with 100 rpg behind the cockpit (“Schräge Musik”),

oriented 65° above horizontal

Up to 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) of disposable external stores, including:

- 2x 300l + 1x 500l drop tanks

- 2x 250 kg or 4x 100kg or 4x 50 kg bombs

- 4× 21 cm (8.3 in) Werfer-Granate 21 rockets

The kit and its assembly:

Well, my Me 410 night fighter is certainly not the first one of its kind, but a personal interpretation of the subject with as much late-WWII hardware on board as possible, for a purposeful look and feel.

The basis of this build became the Italeri Me 410, mostly because it comes with “plugs” for the fuselage flanks where the original Me 410 carried its defensive gun barbettes – IMHO useless on a night fighter. The plugs are, however, quite useless, because they still have to be PSRed into the flanks so that they could be easily omitted anyway...

Another typical ingredient was a Quickboost FuG 240 thimble radome for the system's static dish antenna, originally intended for a Ju 88 G-6 night fighter but in this case mounted to the aircraft’s nose and PSRed into shape, too. The radome’s “flat” underside was also a plausible detail for an open field of fire for ventral guns in the former bomb bay – a conversion that had been done to many Me 410 heavy fighters with field modifications and cannon Rüstsätze.

The cockpit was insofar modified that the former gunner on the back seat now faced forward, and the workstation received some scratched devices like a radar screen and a tilted gun sight. The pilot received an IR sight, mounted through a hole that was drilled into the windscreen, and a separate bulletproof glass panel behind the windscreen. Since I did not want to open the already complex/fiddly three-part canopy I added two crew members.

The former machine gun barbettes were faired over, and instead two hollow steel needles were mounted behind the cockpit on sockets/bulges, plus a clear “sensor some” (all made from sprue material). Hollow steel needles were also used to simulate protruding gun barrels in the ventral cannon compartment and on the back. Under the wings a pair of OOB 300l drop tanks were added, a plausible payload, and to beef up the armament I scratched a Magirus-Bombe gun pod and mounted it on a central hardpoint from a Fw 190.

As an individual detail I lowered the aircraft's flaps, which was quite easy to do. The wing segments were simply cut out and semi-circular styrene profile used to create the hinges.

To make the Me 410 night fighter look a bit more purposeful I furthermore used flame dampers on the exhaust stubs; these were taken from an Italeri Me 110 night fighter, and this worked better then expected. I just had to modify one of the exhaust pipes due to the different position of the carburettor intakes on the Me 410. Furthermore I replaced the original three blade props with four blade alternatives (which had been tested on Me 410 V15 IIRC, but had not been adopted) from a FROG D.H. Hornet. Not a perfect match, because the spinners were slightly too big in diameter (could be trimmed down, though) and the props are handed, but that's only obvious at second glance.

Painting and markings:

I kept the livery conservative, and wanted to keep the aircraft relatively light overall, like a typical German late war night fighter. Therefore, the machine initially received an overall coat with RLM 76 (Humbrol 247), only with a few blurry fields and speckles with RLM 75 (Humbrol 246) on the wings’ upper surfaces and on the spine. Additionally, some mottling with mixed shades of RLM 76 and 75 were added, primarily to the fuselage, engine and fin flanks.

I initially considered additional mottles with lighter RLM 77 (RAL 7035, almost white) on the flanks and the upper surfaces, but when the two basic tones were applied I thought that this was already enough, so I kept the livery rather simple.

An unusual detail is a single black wing underside, though. This is/was not a camouflage measure, rather an identification marking for anti-aircraft artillery on the ground to avoid friendly fire. This was, just as in real life, done with water-soluble paint (acrylic tar black, Revell 06), so that the original light blue-grey paint would shine through here and there and the black paint would easily wear or flake off.

To achieve this effects and to blur the mottling the whole model received, after it had been painted, an overall treatment with fine wet sand paper. A similar method was used to simulate flaked paint on the wooden radome. After a light black ink washing some post-panel-shading was done, too.

The cockpit interior became very dark grey (RAL 7021, I used Revell 09 Anthracite) while the landing gear and its respective wells were painted in RLM 02 (Tamiya XF-22).

The decals were puzzled together from various sources. The code G9+F(red)N is plausible for an aircraft of the Nachtjagdgeschwader 1's 5th squadron. The unit emblem is fictional, though, the gauntlet motif came from an RAF Tornado. The black iron crosses were reduced to a minimum - except for the underwing markings, which were kept more complex even during the final war stages, and in the case of the black wing these markings also offer more contrast for a secure identification from below.

After some soot stains done with graphite around the exhausts and the gun muzzles the model was finally sealed with matt acrylic varnish and the wire antenna made from heated black sprue material was added.

Honeywell Pentax-Spotmatic.-105mm f/2.8 with 3 Macro extensions.

MLM attraction marketing is a Net phenomenon that has been coming under the focus to an enlarging extent in the last couple of years. Before then, Web marketing had followed a reasonably predictable pattern, with marketers all trying to chase clients to buy their products or subscribe to the services they were promoting on their company websites. Because they were all competing to get the attention of the same folks, these activities may become quite discouraging, and very few marketers basically made any cash.

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Puri is a city and a Municipality of Odisha. It is the district headquarters of Puri district, Odisha, eastern India. It is situated on the Bay of Bengal, 60 kilometres south of the state capital of Bhubaneswar. It is also known as Jagannath Puri after the 12th-century Jagannath Temple located in the city. It is one of the original Char Dham pilgrimage sites for Indian Hindus.

Puri was known by several names from the ancient times to the present, and locally called as Badadeula. Puri and the Jagannath Temple were invaded 18 times by Hindu and Muslim rulers, starting from the 4th century to the start of the 19th century with the objective of looting the treasures of the temple. Odisha, including Puri and its temple, were under the British Raj from 1803 till India attained independence in August 1947. Even though princely states do not exist in independent India, the heirs of the Gajapati Dynasty of Khurda still perform the ritual duties of the temple. The temple town has many Hindu religious maths or monasteries.

The economy of Puri town is dependent on the religious importance of the Jagannath Temple to the extent of nearly 80%. The festivals which contribute to the economy are the 24 held every year in the temple complex, including 13 major festivals; Ratha Yatra and its related festivals are the most important which are attended by millions of people every year. Sand art and applique art are some of the important crafts of the city. Puri is one of the 12 heritage cities chosen by the Government of India for holistic development.

GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

GEOGRAPHY

Puri, located on the east coast of India on the Bay of Bengal, is in the center of the district of the same name. It is delimited by the Bay of Bengal on the south east, the Mauza Sipaurubilla on the west, Mauz Gopinathpur in the north and Mauza Balukhand in the east. It is within the 67 kilometres coastal stretch of sandy beaches that extends between Chilika Lake and the south of Puri city. However, the administrative jurisdiction of the Puri Municipality extends over an area of 16.3268 square kilometres spread over 30 wards, which includes a shore line of 5 kilometres.

Puri is in the coastal delta of the Mahanadi River on the shores of the Bay of Bengal. In the ancient days it was near to Sisupalgarh (Ashokan Tosali) when the land was drained by a tributary of the River Bhargavi, a branch of the Mahanadi River, which underwent a meandering course creating many arteries altering the estuary, and formed many sand hills. These sand hills could not be "cut through" by the streams. Because of the sand hills, the Bhargavi River flowing to the south of Puri, moved away towards the Chilika Lake. This shift also resulted in the creation of two lagoons known as Sar and Samang on the eastern and northern parts of Puri respectively. Sar lagoon has a length of 8.0 km in an east-west direction and has a width of 3.2 km in north-south direction. The river estuary has a shallow depth of 1.5 m only and the process of siltation is continuing. According to a 15th-century chronicle the stream that flowed at the base of the Blue Mountain or Neelachal was used as the foundation or high plinth of the present temple which was then known as Purushottama, the Supreme Being. A 16th century chronicle attributes filling up of the bed of the river which flowed through the present Grand Road, during the reign of King Narasimha II (1278–1308).

CLIMATE

According to the Köppen and Geiger the climate of Puri is classified Aw. The city has moderate and tropical climate. Humidity is fairly high throughout the year. The temperature during summer touches a maximum of 36 °C and during winter it is 17 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1,337 millimetres and the average annual temperature is 26.9 °C.

HISTORY

NAMES IN HISTORY

Puri, the holy land of Lord Jaganath, also known popularly as Badadeula in local usage, has many ancient names in the Hindu scriptures such as the Rigveda, Matsya purana, Brahma Purana, Narada Purana, Padma Purana, Skanda Purana, Kapila samhita and Niladrimahodaya. In the Rigveda, in particular, it is mentioned as a place called Purushamandama-grama meaning the place where the Creator deity of the world – Supreme Divinity deified on altar or mandapa was venerated near the coast and prayers offered with vedic hymns. Over time the name got changed to Purushottama Puri and further shortened to Puri and the Purusha became Jagannatha. Close to this place sages like Bhrigu, Atri and Markandeya had their hermitage. Its name is mentioned, conforming to the deity worshipped, as Srikshetra, Purusottama Dhāma, Purusottama Kshetra, Purusottama Puri and Jagannath Puri. Puri is however, a common usage now. It is also known the geographical features of its siting as Shankhakshetra (layout of the town is in the form of a conch shell.), Neelāchala ("blue mountain" a terminology used to name very large sand lagoon over which the temple was built but this name is not in vogue), Neelāchalakshetra, Neelādri, The word 'Puri' in Sanskrit means "town", or 'city' and is cognate with polis in Greek.

Another ancient name is Charita as identified by Cunningham which was later spelled as Che-li-ta-lo by Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang.When the present temple was built by the Ganga king Chodangadev in the 11th and 12th centuries it was called Purushottamkshetra. However, the Moghuls, the Marathas and early British rulers called it Purushottama-chhatar or just Chhatar. In Akbar's Ain-i-Akbari and subsequent Muslim historical records it was known as Purushottama. In the Sanskrit drama authored by Murari Mishra in the 8th century it is referred as Purushottama only. It was only after twelfth century Puri came to be known by the shortened form of Jagannatha Puri, named after the deity or in a short form as Puri. In some records pertaining to the British rule, the word 'Jagannath' was used for Puri. It is the only shrine in India, where Radha, along with Lakshmi, Saraswati, Durga, Bhudevi, Sati, Parvati, and Shakti abodes with Krishna, also known as Jagannath.

ANCIENT PERIOD

According to the chronicle Madala Panji, in 318 the priests and servitors of the temple spirited away the idols to escape the wrath of the Rashtrakuta King Rakatavahu. The temple's ancient historical records also finds mention in the Brahma Purana and Skanda Purana as having been built by the king Indradyumna of Ujjayani.

According to W.J. Wilkinson, in Puri, Buddhism was once a well established practice but later Buddhists were persecuted and Brahmanism became the order of the religious practice in the town; the Buddha deity in now worshipped by the Hindus as Jagannatha. It is also said that some relics of Buddha were placed inside the idol of Jagannath which the Brahmins claimed were the bones of Krishna. Even during Ashoka’s reign in 240 BC Odisha was a Buddhist center and that a tribe known as Lohabahu (barbarians from outside Odisha) converted to Buddhism and built a temple with an idol of Buddha which is now worshipped as Jagannatha. It is also said that Lohabahu deposited some Buddha relics in the precincts of the temple.

Construction of the Jagannatha Temple started in 1136 and completed towards the later part of the 12th century. The King of the Ganga dynasty, Anangabhima dedicated his kingdom to the God, then known as the Purushottam-Jagannatha and resolved that from then on he and his descendants would rule under "divine order as Jagannatha's sons and vassals". Even though princely states do not exist in independent India, the heirs of the Gajapati dynasty of Khurda still perform the ritual duties of the temple; the king formally sweeps the road in front of the chariots before the start of the Rathayatra.

MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN PERIODS

History of the temple is the history of the town of Puri, which was invaded 18 times during its history to plunder the treasures of the Jagannath Puri temple. The first invasion was in the 8th century by Rastrakuta king Govinda-III (AD 798–814) and the last was in 1881 by the followers of Alekh Religion who did not recognize Jagannath worship. In between, from the 1205 onward there were many invasions of the city and its temple by Muslims of the Afghans and Moghuls descent, known as Yavanas or foreigners; they had mounted attacks to ransack the wealth of the temple rather than for religious reasons. In most of these invasions the idols were taken to safe places by the priests and the servitors of the temple. Destruction of the temple was prevented by timely resistance or surrender by the kings of the region. However, the treasures of the temple were repeatedly looted. Puri is the site of the Govardhana matha, one of the four cardinal institutions established by Adi Shankaracharya, when he visited Puri in 810 and since then it has become an important dham (divine centre) for the Hindus; the others being those at Sringeri, Dwaraka and Jyotirmath. The matha is headed by Jagatguru Shankarachrya. The significance of the four dhams is that the Lord Vishnu takes his dinner at Puri, has his bath at Rameshwaram, spends the night at Dwarka and does penance at Badrinath.

Chaitanya Mahaprabhu of Bengal who established the Bhakti movements of India in the sixteenth century, now known by the name the Hare Krishna movement, spent many years as a devotee of Jagannatha at Puri; he is said to have merged his "corporal self" with the deity. There is also a matha of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu here.

In the 17th century for the sailors sailing on the east coast of India, the landmark was the temple located in a plaza in the centre of the town which they called the "White Pagoda" while the Konark Sun Temple, 60 kilometres away to the east of Puri, was known as the "Black Pagoda".

The iconographic representation of the images in the Jagannath temple are believed to be the forms derived from the worship made by the tribal groups of Sabaras belonging to northern Odisha. These images are replaced at regular intervals as the wood deteriorates. This replacement is a special event carried out ritulistically by special group of carpenters.

The town has many Mathas (Monasteries of the various Hindu sects). Among the important mathas is the Emar Matha founded by the Tamil Vaishnav Saint Ramanujacharya in the 12th century AD. At present this matha is located in front of Simhadvara across the eastern corner of the Jagannath Temple is reported to have been built in the 16th century during the reign of Suryavamsi Gajapati. The matha was in the news recently for the large cache of 522 silver slabs unearthded from a closed room.

The British conquered Orissa in 1803 and recognizing the importance of the Jagannatha Temple in the life of the people of the state they initially placed an official to look after the temple's affairs and later declared it a district with the same name.

MODERN HISTORY

In 1906, Sri Yukteswar an exponent of Kriya Yoga, a resident of Puri, established an ashram in the sea-side town of Puri, naming it "Kararashram" as a spiritual training center. He died on 9 March 1936 and his body is buried in the garden of the ashram.

The city is the site of the former summer residence of British Raj built in 1913–14 during the era of governors, the Raj Bhavan.

For the people of Puri Lord Jagannath, visualized as Lord Krishna, is synonymous with their city. They believe that the Jagannatha looks after the welfare of the state. However, after the incident of the partial collapse of the Jagannatha Temple, the Amalaka part of the tower on 14 June 1990 people became apprehensive and thought it was not a good omen for the welfare of the State of Odisha. The replacement of the fallen stone by another of the same size and weight (seven tons) had to be done only in the an early morning hours after the gods had woken up after a good nights sleep which was done on 28 February 1991.

Puri has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of the Indian Government. It is one of 12 the heritage cities chosen with "focus on holistic development" to be implemented in 27 months by end of March 2017.

Non-Hindus are not permitted to enter the shrines but are allowed to view the temple and the proceedings from the roof of the Raghunandan library within the precincts of the temple for a small donation.

DEMOGRAPHICS

As of 2001 India census, Puri city, an urban Agglomeration governed by Municipal Corporation in Orissa state, had a population of 157,610 which increased to 200,564 in 2011. Males, 104,086, females, 96,478, children under 6 years of age, 18,471. The sex ratio is 927 females to 1000 males. Puri has an average literacy rate of 88.03 percent (91.38 percent males and 84.43 percent females). Religion-wise data is not reported.

ECONOMY

The economy of Puri is dependent on tourism to the extent of about 80%. The temple is the focal point of the entire area of the town and provides major employment to the people of the town. Agricultural production of rice, ghee, vegetables and so forth of the region meets the huge requirements of the temple, with many settlements aroiund the town exclusively catering to the other religious paraphernalia of the temple. The temple administration employs 6,000 men to perform the rituals. The temple also provides economic sustenance to 20,000 people belonging to 36 orders and 97 classes. The kitchen of the temple which is said to be the largest in the world employs 400 cooks.

CITY MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE

Puri Municipality, Puri Konark Development Authority, Public Health Engineering Organisastion, Orissa Water Supply Sewerage Board are some of the principal organizations that are devolved with the responsibility of providing for all the urban needs of civic amenities such as water supply, sewerage, waste management, street lighting, and infrastructure of roads. The major activity which puts maximum presuure on these organizations is the annual event of the Ratha Yatra held for 10 days during July when more than a million people attend the grand event. This event involves to a very large extent the development activities such as infrastructure and amenities to the pilgrims, apart from security to the pilgrims.

The civic administration of Puri is the responsibility of the Puri Municipality which came into existence in 1864 in the name of Puri Improvement Trust which got converted into Puri Municipality in 1881. After India's independence in 1947, Orissa Municipal Act-1950 was promulgated entrusting the administration of the city to the Puri Municipality. This body is represented by elected representative with a Chairperson and councilors representing the 30 wards within the municipal limits.

LANDMARKS

JAGANNATH TEMPLE AT PURI

The Temple of Jagannath at Puri is one of the major Hindu temples built in the Kalinga style of architecture, in respect of its plan, front view and structural detailing. It is one of the Pancharatha (Five chariots) type consisting of two anurathas, two konakas and one ratha with well-developed pagas. Vimana or Deula is the sanctum sanctorum where the triad (three) deities are deified on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls), and over which is the temple tower, known as the rekha deula; the latter is built over a rectangular base of the pidha temples as its roof is made up of pidhas that are sequentially arranged horizontal platforms built in descending order forming a pyramidal shape. The mandapa in front of the sanctum sanctorum is known as Jagamohana where devotees assemble to offer worship. The temple tower with a spire rises to a height of 58 m in height and a flag is unfurled above it fixed over a wheel (chakra). Within the temple complex is the Nata Mandir, a large hall where Garuda stamba (pillar). Chaitanya Mahaprabhu used to stand here and pray. In the interior of the Bhoga Mantap, adjoining the Nata mandir, there is profusion of decorations of sculptures and paintings which narrate the story of Lord Krishna. The temple is built on an elevated platform (of about 39,000 m2 area), 20 ft above the adjoining area. The temple rises to a height of 214 ft above the road level. The temple complex covers an area of 4,3 ha. There is double walled enclosure, rectangular in shape (rising to a height of 20 ft) surrounding the temple complex of which the outer wall is known as Meghanada Prachira, measuring 200 by 192 metres. The inner walled enclosure, known as Kurmabedha. measures 126m x 95m. There are four entry gates (in four cardinal directions to the temple located at the center of the walls in the four directions of the outer circle. These are: the eastern gate called Singhadwara (Lions Gate), the southern gate known as Ashwa Dwara (Horse Gate), the western gate called the Vyaghra Dwara (Tigers Gate) or the Khanja Gate, and the northern gate called the Hathi Dwara or (elephant gate). The four gates symbolize the four fundamental principles of Dharma (right conduct), Jnana (knowledge), Vairagya (renunciation) and Aishwarya (prosperity). The gates are crowned with pyramid shapes structures. There is stone pillar in front of the Singhadwara called the Aruna Stambha {Solar Pillar}, 11 metres in height with 16 faces, made of chlorite stone, at the top of which is mounted an elegant statue of Arun (Sun) in a prayer mode. This pillar was shifted from the Konarak Sun temple. All the gates are decorated with guardian statues in the form of lion, horse mounted men, tigers and elephants in the name and order of the gates. A pillar made of fossilized wood is used for placing lamps as offering. The Lion Gate (Singhadwara) is the main gate to the temple, which guarded by two guardian deities Jaya and Vijaya. The main gates is ascended through 22 steps known as Baisi Pahaca which are revered as it is said to possess "spiritual animation". Children are made to roll down these steps from top to bottom to bring them spiritual happiness. After entering the temple on the left hand side there is huge kitchen where food is prepared in hygienic conditions in huge quantities that it is termed as "the biggest hotel of the world".

The legend says that King Indradyumma was directed by Lord Jagannath in a dream to build a temple for him and he built it as directed. However, according to historical records the temple was started some time during the 12th century by King Chodaganga of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. It was however completed by his descendant, Anangabhima Deva, in the 12th century. The wooden images of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra were then deified here. The temple was under the control of the Hindu rulers up to 1558. Then, when Orissa was occupied by the Afghan Nawab of Bengal, it was brought under the control of the Afghan General Kalapahad. Following the defeat of the Afghan king by Raja Mansingh, the General of Mughal emperor Akbar, the temple became a part of the Mughal empire till 1751 AD. Subsequently it was under the control of the Marathas till 1803. Then, when British Raj took over Orissa, the Puri Raja was entrusted with its to management until 1947.

The triad of images in the temple are of Jagannatha, personifying Lord Krishna, Balabhadra, his older brother, and Subhadra his younger sister, which are made of wood (neem) in an unfinished form. The stumps of wood which form the images of the brothers have human arms and that of Subhadra does not have any arms. The heads are large and un-carved and are painted. The faces are made distinct with the large circular shaped eyes.

THE PANCHA TIRTHA OF PURI

Hindus consider it essential to bathe in the Pancha Tirtha or the five sacred bathing spots of Puri, India, to complete a pilgrimage to Puri. The five sacred water bodies are the Indradyumana Tank, the Rohini Kunda, the Markandeya Tank, Swetaganga Tank, and the The Sea also called the Mahodadhi is considered a sacred bathing spot in the Swargadwar area. These tanks have perennial sources of supply in the form of rain water and ground water.

GUNDICHA TEMPLE

Known as the Garden House of Jagannath, the Gundicha temple stands in the centre of a beautiful garden, surrounded by compound walls on all sides. It lies at a distance of about 3 kilometres to the north east of the Jagannath Temple. The two temples are located at the two ends of the Bada Danda (Grand Avenue) which is the pathway for the Rath Yatra. According to a legend, Gundicha was the wife of King Indradyumna who originally built the Jagannath temple.

The temple is built using light-grey sandstone and architecturally, it exemplifies typical Kalinga temple architecture in the Deula style. The complex comprises four components: vimana (tower structure containing the sanctum), jagamohana (assembly hall), nata-mandapa (festival hall) and bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings). There is also a kitchen connected by a small passage. The temple is set within a garden, and is known as "God's Summer Garden Retreat" or garden house of Jagannath. The entire complex, including garden, is surrounded by a wall which measures 131 m × 98 m with height of 6.1 m.

Except for the 9-day Rath Yatra when triad images are worshipped in Gundicha Temple, the rest of the year it remains unoccupied. Tourists can visit the temple after paying an entry fee. Foreigners (prohibited entry in the main temple) are allowed inside this temple during this period. The temple is under the Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri – the governing body of the main temple. A small band of servitors maintain the temple.

SWARGADWAR

Swargadwar is the name given to the cremation ground or burning ghat which is located on the shores of the sea were thousands of dead bodies of Hindus are brought from faraway places to cremate. It is a belief that the Chitanya Mahaparabhu disppaeread from this Swargadwar about 500 years back.

BEACH

The beach at Puri known as the "Ballighai beach} is 8 km away at the mouth of Nunai River from the town and is fringed by casurian trees. It has golden yellow sand and has pleasant sunshine. Sunrise and sunset are pleasant scenic attractions here. Waves break in at the beach which is long and wide.

DISTRICT MUSEUM

The Puri district museum is located on the station road where the exhibits are of different types of garments worn by Lord Jagannath, local sculptures, patachitra (traditional, cloth-based scroll painting) and ancient Palm-leaf manuscripts and local craft work.

RAGHUNANDANA LIBRARY

Raghunandana Library is located in the Emmra matha complex (opposite Simhadwara or Lion gate, the main entrance gate). The Jagannatha Aitihasika Gavesana Samiti (Jagannatha Historical Center) is also located here. The library contains ancient palm leaf manuscripts of Jagannatha, His cult and the history of the city. From the roof of the library one gets a picturesque view of the temple complex.

FESTIVALS OF PURI

Puri witnesses 24 festivals every year, of which 13 are major festivals. The most important of these is the Rath Yatra or the Car festival held in the month June–July which is attended by more than 1 million people.

RATH YATRA AT PURI

The Jagannath triad are usually worshiped in the sanctum of the temple at Puri, but once during the month of Asadha (Rainy Season of Orissa, usually falling in month of June or July), they are brought out onto the Bada Danda (main street of Puri) and travel 3 kilometrer to the Shri Gundicha Temple, in huge chariots (ratha), allowing the public to have darśana (Holy view). This festival is known as Rath Yatra, meaning the journey (yatra) of the chariots (ratha). The yatra starts, according to Hindu calendar Asadha Sukla Dwitiya )the second day of bright fortnight of Asadha (June–July) every year.

Historically, the ruling Ganga dynasty instituted the Rath Yatra at the completion of the great temple around 1150 AD. This festival was one of those Hindu festivals that was reported to the Western world very early. In his own account of 1321, Odoric reported how the people put the "idols" on chariots, and the King and Queen and all the people drew them from the "church" with song and music.

The Rathas are huge wheeled wooden structures, which are built anew every year and are pulled by the devotees. The chariot for Jagannath is about 14 m high and 35 feet square and takes about 2 months to construct. Th chariot is mounted with 16 wheels, each of 2.1 m diameter. The carvings in the front of the chariot has four wooden horses drawn by Maruti. On its other three faces the wooden carvings are Rama, Surya and Vishnu. The chariot is known as Nandi Ghosha. The roof of the chariot is covered with yellow and golden coloured cloth. The next chariot is that of Balabhadra which is 13 m in height fitted with 14 wheels. The chariot is carved with Satyaki as the charioteer. The carvings on this chariot also include images of Narasimha and Rudra as Jagannath's companions. The next chariot in the order is that of Subhadra, which is 13 m in height supported on 12 wheels, roof covered in black and red colour cloth and the chariot is known as Darpa-Dalaan. The charioteer carved is Arjuna. Other images carved on the chariot are that of Vana Durga, Tara Devi and Chandi Devi. The artists and painters of Puri decorate the cars and paint flower petals and other designs on the wheels, the wood-carved charioteer and horses, and the inverted lotuses on the wall behind the throne. The huge chariots of Jagannath pulled during Rath Yatra is the etymological origin of the English word Juggernaut. The Ratha-Yatra is also termed as the Shri Gundicha yatra and Ghosha yatra

CHHERA PAHARA

The Chhera Pahara is a significant ritual associated with the Ratha-Yatra. During the festival, the Gajapati King wears the outfit of a sweeper and sweeps all around the deities and chariots in the Chera Pahara (sweeping with water) ritual. The Gajapati King cleanses the road before the chariots with a gold-handled broom and sprinkles sandalwood water and powder with utmost devotion. As per the custom, although the Gajapati King has been considered the most exalted person in the Kalingan kingdom, he still renders the menial service to Jagannath. This ritual signified that under the lordship of Jagannath, there is no distinction between the powerful sovereign Gajapati King and the most humble devotee.

CHADAN YATRA

In Akshaya Tritiya every year the Chandan Yatra festival marks the commencement of the construction of the Chariots of the Rath Yatra. It also marks the celebration of the Hindu new year.

SNANA YATRA

On the Purnima day in the month of Jyestha (June) the triad images of the Jagannath temple are ceremonially bathed and decorated every year on the occasion of Snana Yatra. Water for the bath is taken in 108 pots from the Suna kuan (meaning: "golden well") located near the northern gate of the temple. Water is drawn from this well only once in a year for the sole purpose of this religious bath of the deities. After the bath the triad images are dressed in the fashion of the elephant god, Ganesha. Later during the night the original triad images are taken out in a procession back to the main temple but kept at a place known as Anasara pindi. After this the Jhulana Yatra is when proxy images of the deities are taken out in a grand procession for 21 days, cruised over boats in the Narmada tank.

ANAVASARA OR ANASARA

Anasara literally means vacation. Every year, the triad images without the Sudarshan after the holy Snana Yatra are taken to a secret altar named Anavasara Ghar Palso known as "Anasara pindi} where they remain for the next dark fortnight (Krishna paksha). Hence devotees are not allowed to view them. Instead of this devotees go to nearby place Brahmagiri to see their beloved lord in the form of four handed form Alarnath a form of Vishnu. Then people get the first glimpse of lord on the day before Rath Yatra, which is called Navayouvana. It is said that the gods suffer from fever after taking ritual detailed bath and they are treated by the special servants named, Daitapatis for 15 days. Daitapatis perform special niti (rite) known as Netrotchhaba (a rite of painting the eyes of the triad). During this period cooked food is not offered to the deities.

NAVA KALEVARA

One of the most grandiloquent events associated with the Lord Jagannath, Naba Kalabera takes place when one lunar month of Ashadha is followed by another lunar month of Aashadha, called Adhika Masa (extra month). This can take place in 8, 12 or even 18 years. Literally meaning the "New Body" (Nava = New, Kalevar = Body), the festival is witnessed by as millions of people and the budget for this event exceeds $500,000. The event involves installation of new images in the temple and burial of the old ones in the temple premises at Koili Vaikuntha. The idols that were worshipped in the temple, installed in the year 1996, were replaced by specially made new images made of neem wood during Nabakalebara 2015 ceremony held during July 2015. More than 3 million devotees were expected to visit the temple during the Nabakalebara 2015 held in July.

SUNA BESHA

Suna Bhesha also known as Raja or Rajadhiraja bhesha or Raja Bhesha, is an event when the triad images of the Jagannath Temple are adorned with gold jewelry. This event is observed 5 times during a year. It is commonly observed on Magha Purnima (January), Bahuda Ekadashi also known as Asadha Ekadashi (July), Dashahara (Vijyadashami) (October), Karthik Purnima (November), and Pousa Purnima (December). While one such Suna Bhesha event is observed on Bahuda Ekadashi during the Rath Yatra on the chariots placed at the lion's gate or the Singhdwar; the other four Bheshas' are observed inside the temple on the Ratna Singhasana (gem studded altar). On this occasion gold plates are decorated over the hands and feet of Jagannath and Balabhadra; Jagannath is also adorned with a Chakra (disc) made of gold on the right hand while a silver conch adorns the left hand. However, Balabhadra is decorated with a plough made of gold on the left hand while a golden mace adorns his right hand.

NILADRI BIJE

Celebrated on Asadha Trayodashi. It marks the end of the 12 days Ratha yatra. The large wooden images of the triad of gods are moved from the chariots and then carried to the sanctum sanctorum, swaying rhythmically, a ritual which is known as pahandi.

SAHI YATRA

Considered the world's biggest open-air theatre, the Sahi yatra is an 11 day long traditional cultural theatre festival or folk drama which begins on Ram Navami and ending in Rama avishke (Sanskrit:anointing) every year. The festival includes plays depicting various scenes from the Ramayan. The residents of various localities or Sahis are entrusted the task of performing the drama at the street corners.

TRANSPORT

Earlier when roads did not exist people walked or travelled by animal drawn vehicles or carriages along beaten tracks. Up to Calcutta travel was by riverine craft along the Ganges and then by foot or carriages to Puri. It was only during the Maratha rule that the popular Jagannath Sadak (Road) was built around 1790. The East India Company laid the rail track from Calcutta to Puri which became operational in 1898. Puri is now well connected by rail, road and air services. A broad gauge railway line of the South Eastern Railways connects with Puri and Khurda is an important Railway junction. By rail it is about 499 kilometres away from Calcutta and 468 kilometres from Vishakhapatnam. Road network includes NH 203 that links the town with Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha which is about 60 kilometres away. NH 203 B connects the town with Satapada via Brahmagiri. Marine drive which is part of NH 203 A connects Puri with Konark. The nearest airport is at Bhubaneswar, about 60 kilometres away from Puri. Puri railway station is among the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railways.

ARTS AND CRAFTS

SAND ART

Sand art is a special art form that is created on the beaches of the sea coast of Puri. The art form is attributed to Balaram Das, a poet who lived in the 14th century. He started crafting the sand art forms of the triad deities of the Jagannath Temple at the Puri beach. Now sculptures in sand of various gods and famous people are created by amateur artists which are temporal in nature as they get washed away by waves. This is an art form which has gained international fame in recent years. One of the well known sand artist is Sudarshan Patnaik. He has established the Golden Sand Art Institute in 1995 at the beach to provide training to students interested in this art form.

APPLIQUE ART

Applique art work, which is a stitching based craft, unlike embroidery, which was pioneered by the Hatta Maharana of Pipili is widely used in Puri, both for decoration of the deities but also for sale. His family members are employed as darjis or tailors or sebaks by the Maharaja of Puri who prepare articles for decorating the deities in the temple for various festivals and religious ceremonies. These applique works are brightly coloured and patterned fabric in the form of canopies, umbrellas, drapery, carry bags, flags, coberings of dummy horses and cows, and other household textiles which are marketed in Puri. The cloth used are in dark colours of red, black, yellow, green, blue and turquoise blue.

CULTURE

Cultural activities, apart from religiuos festivals, held annually are: The Puri Beach Festival held between 5 and 9 November and the Shreeksherta Utsav held from 20 December to 2 January where cultural programmes include unique sand art, display of local and traditional handicrafts and food festival. In addition cultural programmes are held every Saturday for two hours on in second Saturday of the moth at the district Collector's Conference Hall near Sea Beach Polic Station. Apart from Odissi dance, Odiya music, folk dances, and cultural programmes are part of this event. Odishi dance is the cultural heritage of Puri. This dance form originated in Puri in the dances performed Devadasis (Maharis) attached to the Jagannath temple who performed dances in the Natamantapa of the temple to please the deities. Though the devadadsi practice has been discontinued, the dance form has become modern and classical and is widely popular, and many of the Odishi virtuoso artists and gurus (teachers) are from Puri.

EDUCATION

SOME OF THE EDUCATIONNAL INSTITUTIONS IN PURI

- Ghanashyama Hemalata Institute of Technology and Management

- Gangadhar Mohapatra Law College, established in 1981[84]

- Extension Unit of Regional Research Institute of Homoeopathy; Puri under Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH), New Delhi established in March 2006

- Sri Jagannath Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya, established in July 1981

- The Industrial Training Institute, a Premier Technical Institution to provide education in skilled, committed & talented technicians, established in 1966 of the Government of India

PURI PEOPLE

Gopabandhu Das

Acharya Harihar

Nilakantha Das

Kelucharan Mohapatra

Pankaj Charan Das

Manasi Pradhan

Raghunath Mohapatra

Sudarshan Patnaik

Biswanath Sahinayak

Rituraj Mohanty

WIKIPEDIA

Hoover Dam, Arizona/Nevada

Edited Cal Fire/USFS map of the extent of the King Fire as of 27 September 2014. The black lines are good - they indicate where the fire is contained - the thick, red lines indicate where it isn't contained. Today's weather (cool and rainy) no doubt helped a lot.

To some extent I have ignored Harold's Cross except for my visits to Mount Jerome Cemetery.

While travelling on the 16 bus today I overheard a group of young American visitors saying that Harold's Cross and nearby was the cool area of Dublin as it is now a hotspot for cafes and restaurants and they also mentioned the Harold's Cross Festival which includes everything from table quizzes to writing workshops and much to do in Harold's Cross Park. As a result of this conversation I decide to get off the bus and visit the park ... I always carry a very small Sony RX0 camera in my pocket.

This 1.25 hectare (3 acres) park was developed in 1894 by the Rathmines / Rathgar Commissioners and officially opened on May 1st 1894. The site of the park was used as commonage from medieval times. Designed by William Sheppard and Sons, “specialists in new parks and dripping pools” and costing £700 to construct, the park is essentially Victorian with a mixture of formal and natural styles. Dublin City Council took over the park in 1934 and has developed flower gardens and a play area while retaining the original design.

There are historical signs in the park explaining the parks history.

MLK Extention Photos by Trevor Wrayton VDOT

ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA: ROME'S INVISIBLE CITY | BBC & ScanLAB Project - The extent of 10 full resolution scans at Roman Forum of Rome - View the Forum of Caesar in Rome. BBC (26|01|2016).

ROME'S INVISIBLE CITY | BBC & ScanLAB Project - The extent of 10 full resolution scans at Roman Forum of Rome - View the Forum of Caesar in Rome. BBC (26|01|2016).

Roman Forum: The Roman Forum was scanned in two Half day sessions, the first being a combination of 10 Full resolution Scans above ground from various locations outside of the Forum, due to capture being restricted to outside the Forum. The second being a combination of 14 scans moving along the sewer system below the forum. Due to the scale of the site and without viable access we used natural references to tie together the scans.

Rome’s Invisible City. BBC’s ONE’s 60 minute special Rome’s Invisible City follows ScanLAB Projects and presenters Alexander Armstrong and Dr Michael Scott as they explore the hidden underground secrets of Ancient Rome. The show explores Roman infrastructure and ingenuity, all below ground level. We journeyed via the icy, crystal clear waters of subterranean aqueducts that feed the Trevi fountain and two thousand year old sewers which still function beneath the Roman Forum today, to decadent, labyrinthine catacombs. Our laser scans map these hidden treasures, revealing for the first time the complex network of tunnels, chambers and passageways without which Rome could not have survived as a city of a million people.

FONTE | SOURCE:

-- BBC, ROME (26|01|2016).

www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05xxl4t

-- ScanLAB Project (2016).

scanlabprojects.co.uk/projects/bbcrome

Britney Spears and her posse arrive at Johnny Rockets in Calabasas where britney has stains on her pants, an ill fitting bra and some new hair extentions. At least she is trynig to pull it together even though she is eating junk food! September 9, 2010 X17online.com exclusive

The buildings, and to a lesser extent the gardens, of Katsura became influential to a number of well known modernist architects in the 20th century via a book produced by Bruno Taut. Le Corbusier and especially Walter Gropius, who visited in 1953, found inspiration in the minimal and orthogonal design. Subsequently, Katsura become well known to a second wave of architects from Australia such as Philip Cox, Peter Muller and Neville Gruzman who visited in the late 1950s and 1960s.

The impact of traditional japanese culture on John Pawson, a contemporary architect.

John Pawson is usually associated with minimalism, which can be seen as the western version of the tenets of Japanese traditional art. Minimalism is viewed as a reductionist art: clear simple forms, a subdued palette of colours, special attention for sophisticated but simplistic details, and thereby creating a void, an atmosphere for contemplation. Many artists, like Donald Judd, who associate themselves with the minimalist style, are merely concerned with a reduction in form, not colour or contemplation. Judd, for instance, even makes use of bright neon lights.

Pawson, therefore, instead of calling himself a minimalist, would rather say that he was greatly inspired by masters in this kind of reductionist architecture like Mies van der Rohe, Shiro Kumamoto, Luis Barragan and by traditional Japanese architecture. If he could have the choice, he would love to live in sixteenth-century Japan:

“Sitting in the Katsura Palace, looking over the moonviewing lake, with traditional cake and tea, is a distillation of everything that attracts me to simplicity. Nothing is wrong, not one thing, the table, the tray, the view, the lake, the process of getting there, and than of leaving again. Everything is perfect.”

The full extent of the Special train and its strange composition, hauled by 67005 and seen here disappearing under Bletchley Flyover on 12th May 2012. One of a series of photographs taken with a Pentax K-5 using an SMC Pentax-A 35-70mm f4 lens.