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I'm still impressed with my senioresque buddy Ben and, to a lesser extent, myself, for managing to climb down to this vantage point. The walking path and stairs were covered in ice. Normally, I wouldn't risk falling and breaking something while trying to get to the lower portions of this area, but as I shot a few photos from the upper deck, perfectly happy with where I was, Ben was busy testing the (very much frozen) waters, so to speak. Like an unsupervised chi-, no, 57 year old, he wandered off, doing a penguin walk on the ice and holding onto the guard rail. He did this three times, getting further down the path each time before returning to me and talking about how bad the conditions are. He still urged me to try to go down, so I did. We both went down into the gorge, valley, ravine, whatever and didn't manage to kill or injure ourselves. We even met another photographer down there! In fact, a number of people slip, slip, slide!-ed their way down there to get photos. Sure, seeing other people do it stole some of our own glory, but it was nice to conquer the negative voices that usually keep me in safer places...with less wonderful views.
Ever notice how if you have 36 exposures you never reach the end of the film, but if you have 24, you're at the end before you know it? Film extensions would solve this particular dilemma.
A week ago we were lined up to have a major snow storm, the most snow we’ve seen in this area in years. Well, here’s the extent of it. Some ice on the trees was about it, but it still looked nice enough surrounding NS 19W as it heads west with a Union Pacific leader.
1-7-2024
Pisa is a city in Italy's Tuscany region best known for its iconic Leaning Tower. Already tilting when it was completed in 1372, the 56m white-marble cylinder is the bell tower of the Romanesque, striped-marble cathedral that rises next to it in the Piazza dei Miracoli.
This deep image of the Helix Nebula reveals the full extent of the series of ejecta blown off by this dying star. The deep exposure reveals a long history of stellar eruptions by a once Sun like star in Aquarius. In this image the Helix Nebula is shown to actually cover several full moons worth of sky area!
AP152 F7.5 Starfire APO refractor with 4" field flattener
FLI ProLine11002 CCD & CFW-2-7
L SII Ha OIII: 1hr, 7hrs, 10hrs, 9hrs = Total 27hrs (all bin 1X1) Astronomik filters
AstroHandy LightRing used for flats
FOV = 1.0deg X 0.8deg at 1.4"/pix
Guide Camera: Starlightxpress SXVH9
Astroart4 use for camera control and processing
5Z32 Polmadie D.H.S. to Glasgow Central. Class 86 in Intercity Swallow livery crosses the Clyde on the approach to Glasgow Central with an ECS move during LSL's 'Ayr extention tour'
Deutschland - Baden-Württemberg - Kaiserstuhl
Schelinger Matten
The Kaiserstuhl (German: [ˈkaɪzɐʃtuːl], lit. "Emperor’s Chair") is a range of hills in the state of Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany with a maximum height of 556.6 metres (1,826 ft). It is of volcanic origin and located in the southwest of the state in the counties of Emmendingen and Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald. In terms of natural regions it is considered to be a part of the Upper Rhine Plain.
Name
The name "Kaiserstuhl" is believed to refer to King Otto III, who held court near Sasbach on 22 December 994. From then on, the whole hill range was called the Königsstuhl – the King’s Chair. In May 996, Otto III was crowned Emperor and the King’s Chair eventually became the Emperor’s Chair – "Kaiserstuhl". Reliable sources mention the name Kaiserstuhl only as early as 1304 and historians thus suppose that the term Kaiserstuhl was not coined until the 13th century.
Geography
Location
The Kaiserstuhl is situated in South Baden, mainly in Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald county or district. However, the smaller northern part belongs to Emmendingen. Within the Upper Rhine Plain it is situated about 16 km northwest of the city of Freiburg, right next to the eastern bank of the Rhine and a short distance west of the Dreisam. It reaches up to 377 metres above the level of the Rhine downstream (179.5 m a.s.l.) from the weir close to Burkheim.
At its greatest extent, from the Michaelsberg near Riegel in the northeast, to the Fohrenberg, by Ihringen in the southwest, the Kaiserstuhl is about 15 km long. Its maximum width is about 12.5 km.
Hills
The hills of the Kaiserstuhl include the following (sorted by height in metres above sea level):
Totenkopf (556.6 m), 1.9 km east of Bickensohl; with the Vogtsburg 1 telecommunication tower and Neunlinden observation tower
Eichelspitze (521.3 m), 2.8 km northwest of Bötzingen
Katharinenberg (492.4 m), 1.3 km southeast of Amoltern
Bisamberg (469.0 m), 1.2 km south of Amoltern
Staffelberg (446.0 m), 1.5 km northwest of Schelingen
Badberg (432.7 m) (protected area), 1.5 km east of Oberbergen
Holzeck (431.9 m), 1.7 km northeast of Ihringen; with tower
Hochbuck (374.8 m), 900 m south of Achkarren
Schlossberg (352.1 m), 500 m northwest of Achkarren; with Höhingen Castle ruins
Böselsberg (340.1 m), 500 m northwest of Wasenweiler
Büchsenberg (283.7 m), 1.3 km west of Achkarren
Geology
The formation of the Kaiserstuhl volcano during the Tertiary was the climax and at the same time the end of volcanic activity in the Upper Rhine Valley Rift. Volcanism started as early as the Cretaceous Period. Volcanic landforms include heavily eroded volcanic vents. The Kaiserstuhl is the only larger volcano from this period in the rift valley. Geologically the Kaiserstuhl can be divided into two parts: the sedimentary and volcanic part. Due to these peculiarities the Kaiserstuhl has been labeled one of the most important national geotopes.
Sedimentary base
The horizontal sedimentary layers forming the eastern third of the Kaiserstuhl date back to the Jurassic and the Tertiary long before the volcanic activity. Important stratigraphic outcrops include the Hauptrogenstein (local oolite) which is found mainly near the village of Riegel and the Pechelbronner Schichten (local Tertiary layers in the South German Scarplands) near Bötzingen. During the formation of the Upper Rhine Plain this part of the Kaiserstuhl sloped less in respect to its surrounding area – and thus appears as a so-called horst. In terms of its geological structure and the sequence of its escarpments, the Kaiserstuhl is comparable to the nearby Tuniberg, Nimberg and also to the Schönberg, which is situated south of the city of Freiburg.
Volcanic activity
Petrologically the volcanic Kaiserstuhl is an alkali-carbonate rock formation. The volcanic rocks making up a large part of the central and western Kaiserstuhl were the result of numerous volcanic eruptions during the Miocene, about 19 to 16 million years ago. They cover parts of the sedimentary base of the eastern Kaiserstuhl, which is why in some places changes in the base’s mineralogical composition occurred. The driving force behind this process of contact metamorphism was an increase in temperature. Due to the alternate eruption of tephra and lava flows from several vents a complex stratovolcano came into existence. Some of the rising magma solidified as volcanic intrusions below the surface – and today forms the central part of the Kaiserstuhl. Laterally rising phonolite magma also intruded into the sedimentary base of the Eastern Kaiserstuhl. Several hundred metres of the original volcano have been eroded.
Volcanic rocks
The entire volcanic Kaiserstuhl consists of rock types that contain feldspathoid minerals and olivine and are undersaturated with SiO2. Most igneous rocks at the surface are leucite-tephrites, with subordinate phonolites, limburgites, and olivine-nephelinites (at the Limberg Mountain near Sasbach), the last of which is rich in xenoliths from the Earth’s mantle. Carbonatite ignimbrite and lapilli are local peculiarities; they can be found in places in the western part of the Kaiserstuhl (Henkenberg near Burkheim, Kirchberg near Oberrotweil).
The subvolcanic and intrusive rocks of the central Kaiserstuhl are plutonic equivalents of the erupted material (essexite, carbonatite and coarse-granular phonolite). Several local terms which do not carry official status with the International Union of Geological Sciences have been used for different varieties of the intrusive rocks. Of major scientific interest is the consolidated carbonatite near Altvogtsburg und Schelingen. It is a quite rare volcanic rock, which crystallized from a carbonate magmatic melt rather than a silicate one. Given its unusual composition for an igneous rock, the magmatic nature of the carbonatite was not proposed for a long time and remained doubtful subsequently. An alternative interpretation was that it was a metamorphically altered sedimentary rock, examples of which can be found nearby. Only in the 1950s and 1960s did research prove that it was a carbonatite; one of the clues was identification of the eruptive carbonatites found in the western part of the Kaiserstuhl. The carbonatite contains the niobium rich pyrochlore; attempts to mine the carbonatite rock for niobium were carried out in the middle of the 20th century, but the amount turned out to be too small to be economical.
Minerals
For a long time the Kaiserstuhl has been known for rare minerals. Examples include the quarries at the Limberg (zeolites), Badberg (carbonatites), Orberg and Fohberg. Well-crystallized minerals can be found predominantly in clefts or cavities in the volcanic rock.
Loess
The Kaiserstuhl is today largely covered by a Quaternary loess layer, a loosely cemented sediment. It is derived from other rocks through erosion and is then transported by the wind. The loess at the Kaiserstuhl – as in all the peripheral areas of the Upper Rhine Valley – was formed during the last Ice Age. Large parts were bare of vegetation and so loess was winnowed out from the Rhine sediments. It was then deposited in the periglacial area (i.e. ice-free, but surrounded by glaciers) at the Kaiserstuhl. The major process active here was frost weathering resulting in crushed rocks. The wind blew strongly, as there was no vegetation that could have moderated it – entraining the lightest material and depositing it at obstacles like the Kaiserstuhl. Deposition took place northeast of the Kaiserstuhl, as the winds blew from the southwest.
The higher the place of sedimentation, the thinner the layer of the sedimented material is. At the Kaiserstuhl the thickness of the loess layer varies between 10 and 40 metres. There are, however, also areas in the southwest where no loess has been deposited. The Northern Limestone Alps are considered the main source of the Kaiserstuhl loess. A rust-coloured band occurs at irregular intervals. It developed as a new material and did not arrive regularly but in phases of different intensities. In a phase of weak sedimentation the material on top weathered – and the calcium carbonate was washed out. It then precipitated further down and formed a particular type of soil horizon, which contains concretions of calcium carbonate.
The Kaiserstuhl loess soils are used for intensive farming, as they offer good aeration, high water storage capacities and good mechanical qualities. Besides, as a result of farming deep narrow ravine-like paths developed.
As the loess developed over time it is, furthermore, significant for flood control. Sponge-like, it absorbs and then gently releases rainfall. This quality is however lost when bulldozers, employed to construct large terraces for viticulture, compress the loess.
Climate
General
The Kaiserstuhl is one of the warmest regions in Germany. The winters are relatively mild for the area, and the summers are warm or even hot, with possible average temperatures of over 20 °C (68 °F) in July and August. Because of its loess covered volcanic soils it is a very good wine-producing region. The climatic situation of the Kaiserstuhl is outstanding in the area. It is rain-shadowed by the Vosges Mountains, under the climatic influence of the Belfort Gap and is characterized by a drier and hotter climate, which one would rather expect not to be typical of the area. Despite this, winters remain cold and dry, and summers wet, in comparison with Mediterranean climate (which instead has a rainfall peak during winter, which can see few frost days, and a dry season in summer).
Meteorological data
The average annual temperature is 9.9 °C (49.8 °F), with 50–60 days with a maximum temperature above 25 °C (77 °F) as well as 60–70 days with a minimum temperature below 0 °C (32 °F). This illustrates a special feature of the Kaiserstuhl: it is characterized by its relatively extreme climate. The average difference between the lowest and the highest average temperatures within one year is 18.5 °C (65.3 °F). The mean precipitation at the Kaiserstuhl is approximately 600–700 millimetres (24–28 in), with about 1,720 hours of sunshine per year.
Flora and fauna
The climate of the Kaiserstuhl also explains the vast richness of thermophile flora and fauna. The Kaiserstuhl is for example one of the places with the largest variety of orchids in Europe – more than 30 species have been recorded. Among the vines wild grape hyacinths sprawl and along acclivities iris plants blossom. Furthermore, sand lizards (lacerta bilineata) and praying mantis (Mantis religiosa) live here – species which mainly occur in the Mediterranean area. (However, according to the latest research results the sand lizard presumably belongs to the allochthonous species of the European green lizard (Lacerta viridis)). The pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens) is a Xerophyte and normally only occurs in Southern Europe, but is also able to survive at the Kaiserstuhl. This species has a disjunct distribution, which means away from its normal habitat. It is a relict of a postglacial warm period where there had been a much warmer climate around the Kaiserstuhl. After the end of the warm period only the named species were able to survive. Besides there is a larger population of the May beetle (Melolontha melolontha). In spite of protests from conservationists the May Beetle is controlled by the use of insecticides.
Changes in landscape
The terrain of the Kaiserstuhl has been altered by the people living there since it was settled. The loam there is strongly susceptible to erosion as a result of soil cultivation, thus terraces had to be added, which were then mostly used as vineyards, as well as fruit growing or for other agricultural uses. As a result, the typical small "patio" hillsides and the streaked loess sunken roads typical of the region came into being.
To start with, it was for this reason that smaller terraces were merged in around 1950, this resulted in large scale reallocation, which turned parts of the original landscape completely upside down.
The phases of this reallocation were:-
Small-scale realignment between 1950 and 1960. At the same time the terrain was generally modified by manual labour with the help of in-house machines. During this time approximately 950 hectares were enclosed by the farmland consolidation authority.
Between 1960 and 1970 the loess slopes were more comprehensively modified, whereby large rectangular terraced areas with corresponding high embankments were made. The terraces were arranged with mountain like slopes so that now only the multiple slope edges are visible from the valley. About 650 hectares of the surface were styled in this way.
The plans to create large-scale terraces made between 1970 and 1976 were executed with the help of heavy machinery, changing the landscape radically. Before the original, naturally formed, depressions had still been visible in the gentle hillsides with only small terraces. Natural and man-made structures existed side by side. However, these small-scale structures were then obliterated completely. Monstrous areas resembling fortresses and entirely incongruous to the region were created. The total wine-growing area of the terraces was 630 ha. As the embankments and other areas exceeded the size of the wine-growing areas, the changes affected more than twice the newly created arable area. The land reforms of Oberrotweil-Oberberg, Ihringen-Abtsweingarten, Eichstetten-Hättlinsberg and Endingen am Kaiserstuhl-Schambach are examples of this phase.
The last phase of wine-growing land reforms was realized between 1976 and 1982. Due, in part, to protests against plans for further large scale terraces the changes were not as radical as the previous phase: the maximum height for embankments was "limited" to 10 m and their shapes were "made smooth and adjusted to the landscape" (Mayer 1986, citation translated). This procedure was, for example, applied to about 330 ha of wine-growing area in Oberbergen-Baßgeige or in Bickensohl-Herrenstück.
From 1977 on, several longer periods of enhanced precipitation caused damage to the embankments. During one week in May 1983 for example, the amount of precipitation was so large that in some areas it was equivalent to one third of the annual average, causing great damage in the modified areas.
The surfaces of the acclivities often slid off together with the vegetation. Former valleys, which had been blocked due to re-allocation, were flushed out. In some terraces dramatic shear failures developed. In addition extensive, devastating frost damage occurred; due to the incline of the mountainside at the surfaces of the acclivities, cold air pockets were formed in which the vines in bloom were frostbitten. Additionally substantial frost damage occurred in the woody part of the vines, especially in the vineyards which were situated in lower regions. In earlier times fruit had mostly been grown here but later this was changed to vineyards.
The activity of the farmland consolidation authority was narrowed to repairing and partly to rescheduling which at least was meant to correct the most severe consequences of the transformations from 1982 on.
Hiking
There are many opportunities for hiking in the Kaiserstuhl. The best known trail is the North-South Trail (check mark: blue rhomb on yellow background) from Endingen across the Katharinenberg and the Totenkopf and the Neunlinden viewing point to Ihringen. From the trail there are panoramic views over the Black Forest, the Upper Rhine Valley and the Vosges.
(Wikipedia)
Der Kaiserstuhl ist ein bis 556,8 m ü. NHN hohes, kleines Mittelgebirge vulkanischen Ursprungs in der Oberrheinischen Tiefebene. Es erhebt sich im Südwesten von Baden-Württemberg (Deutschland), in den Landkreisen Emmendingen und Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald.
Namensdeutung
Seinen Namen hat der Kaiserstuhl vermutlich von König Otto III., der bei Sasbach am 22. Dezember 994 einen Gerichtstag abhielt. Nach diesem Gerichtstag wurde das ganze Gebirge als „Königsstuhl“ bezeichnet. Nachdem Otto III. im Mai 996 zum Kaiser gekrönt worden war, wurde aus dem „Königsstuhl“ der „Kaiserstuhl“. Nachweislich belegt ist die Bezeichnung „Kaiserstuhl“ erst seit 1304. Historiker vermuten, dass der Begriff „Kaiserstuhl“ nicht vor dem 13. Jahrhundert entstand.
Geographie
Lage
Naturräumlich wird der Kaiserstuhl zum Oberrheinischen Tiefland gezählt und stellt dort die Haupteinheit 203 dar. Er befindet sich in Südbaden zum Großteil im Landkreis Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald, der kleine Nordteil gehört zum Landkreis Emmendingen. Innerhalb der Oberrheinischen Tiefebene liegt er etwa 16 km nordwestlich der Großstadt Freiburg, direkt östlich des Rheins und etwas westlich der Dreisam. Er erhebt sich maximal 377,1 m über den Rhein unterhalb (179,5 m) des Stauwehrs bei Burkheim.
In seiner weitesten Ausdehnung vom Michaelsberg bei Riegel im Nordosten bis zum Fohrenberg bei Ihringen im Südwesten ist der Kaiserstuhl rund 15 km lang, seine größte Breite beträgt etwa 12,5 km.
Berge
Zu den Bergen, Erhebungen und deren Ausläufern des Kaiserstuhls gehören – sortiert nach Höhe in Meter (m) über Normalhöhennull[1]:
Totenkopf (556,8 m), 1,9 km östlich von Bickensohl; mit Fernmeldeturm Vogtsburg-Totenkopf und Aussichtsturm Neunlinden
Eichelspitze (521,3 m), 2,8 km nordwestlich von Bötzingen mit dem Eichelspitzturm
Katharinenberg (491,9 m), 1,3 km südsüdöstlich von Amoltern
Bisamberg (469,6 m), 1,2 km südlich von Amoltern
Staffelberg (447,6 m), 1,5 km nordnordwestlich von Schelingen
Badberg (432,7 m) (Naturschutzgebiet), 1,5 km östlich von Oberbergen
Holzeck (431,9 m), 1,7 km nordnordöstlich von Ihringen; mit Sendeturm
Hochbuck (375,2 m), 900 m südlich von Achkarren
Schlossberg (351,9 m), 500 m nordwestlich von Achkarren; mit Burgruine Höhingen
Böselsberg (340,1 m), 500 m nordwestlich von Wasenweiler
Hochberg, (288,7 m), 900 m nordöstlich von Jechtingen
Büchsenberg (283,7 m), 1,3 km westlich von Achkarren
Geologie
Die Entstehung des Kaiserstuhlvulkans im Tertiär stellt sowohl den Höhepunkt als auch den Schlusspunkt der vulkanischen Aktivität im Oberrheingraben dar. Diese begann schon in der Kreidezeit und zeigt sich in zahlreichen, heute tief erodierten Vulkanschloten. Der Kaiserstuhl ist der einzige größere Vulkan aus dieser Zeit im Bereich des Oberrheingrabens. Dieser trifft hier auf den Bonndorfer Graben, der über den Hegau zum Bodensee führt. Gegen Ende des Oligozäns drang Magma empor, erstarrte jedoch noch unter der Erdoberfläche. Erst im Miozän kam es zu einem Durchbruch und zu großflächigen Lavaströmen. Geologisch gesehen lässt sich der Kaiserstuhl in einen sedimentären und einen vulkanischen Teil gliedern. Aufgrund dieser Besonderheiten wurde der Kaiserstuhl als eines der bedeutendsten nationalen Geotope Deutschlands ausgezeichnet.
Sedimentärer Sockel
Die das östliche Drittel bildenden, nahezu horizontal lagernden Sedimentgesteine wurden lange vor der vulkanischen Aktivität zu Zeiten des Juras und Tertiärs gebildet. Wichtige aufgeschlossene stratigraphische Einheiten sind der Hauptrogenstein (hauptsächlich in Riegel) und die Pechelbronner Schichten (in der Gegend von Bötzingen). Dieser Teil des Kaiserstuhls wurde während der Entstehung des Oberrheingrabens weniger stark als seine Umgebung abgesenkt und stellt einen sogenannten Horst dar. Er entspricht im Aufbau und der Schichtenfolge äquivalenten Strukturen im näheren Umkreis, wie dem Tuniberg und Nimberg westlich sowie dem Schönberg südlich von Freiburg im Breisgau.
Vulkanismus
Petrologisch handelt es sich beim vulkanischen Kaiserstuhl um einen Alkaligesteins-Karbonatit-Komplex. Die den Großteil des zentralen und westlichen Kaiserstuhls aufbauenden vulkanischen Gesteine wurden vor rund 19 bis 16 Millionen Jahren im Miozän durch zahlreiche Vulkanausbrüche gebildet. Sie überlagern teilweise den sedimentären Sockel des östlichen Kaiserstuhls, wodurch dieser stellenweise kontaktmetamorph, das heißt durch Einwirkung hoher Temperatur, verändert wurde. Durch abwechselnde Eruption von Tephra und Lavaströmen aus mehreren Schloten bildete sich ein komplexer Schicht- oder Stratovulkan. Emporquellendes Magma erstarrte teilweise als subvulkanische Intrusion im Vulkangebäude und baut heute den Zentralkaiserstuhl auf. Lateral aufsteigende phonolithische Schmelzen drangen auch in den sedimentären Sockel des östlichen Kaiserstuhls. Bis heute wurden durch Erosion mehrere 100 m des ursprünglichen Vulkans abgetragen.
Vulkanische Gesteine
Der gesamte vulkanische Kaiserstuhl besteht aus Foid- und/oder Olivin-führenden, SiO2-untersättigten Gesteinen. Bei den Eruptivgesteinen handelt es sich zum größten Teil um Leucit-Tephrit, untergeordnet auch Phonolith, Limburgit und Olivin-Nephelinit (am Limberg bei Sasbach). Letzterer ist sehr reich an Xenolithen aus dem Erdmantel. Als Besonderheit bei den Eruptivgesteinen sind karbonatitische Ignimbrite und Lapilli zu nennen, die im Westkaiserstuhl an einigen Stellen (Henkenberg bei Burkheim, Kirchberg bei Oberrotweil) aufgeschlossen sind.
Bei den subvulkanischen Intrusionen und Ganggesteinen des zentralen Kaiserstuhls handelt es sich um die Tiefengesteinsäquivalente der Ausbruchsprodukte (Essexit, Karbonatit und grobkörnigerer Phonolith). Für verschiedene Varietäten der Ganggesteine existieren in der Literatur eine Fülle weiterer Bezeichnungen (Alvikit, Hauynophyr, Mondhaldeit, Tinguait, Monchiquit und viele andere), die aber teilweise keine allgemein anerkannten Gesteinsnamen sind. Von großem wissenschaftlichen Interesse ist der bei Altvogtsburg und Schelingen anstehende Karbonatit. Dabei handelt es sich um ein recht seltenes vulkanisches Gestein, das nicht aus einer silikatischen, sondern aus einer karbonatischen Schmelze auskristallisierte. Aufgrund dieses ungewöhnlichen Umstandes wurde die magmatische Natur des Karbonatits lange Zeit nicht erkannt oder in Zweifel gezogen. Alternative Interpretationen gingen von kontaktmetamorph veränderten Sedimentgesteinen aus, die bekanntermaßen in unmittelbarer Nähe zu finden sind. Erst in den 1950er- und 1960er-Jahren gelang es, das Gestein gesichert als Karbonatit zu identifizieren, unter anderem durch das Auffinden der eruptiven Karbonatite im westlichen Kaiserstuhl. Wegen des in ihm auftretenden Niob-Minerals Koppit wurde der Karbonatit in der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts versuchsweise bergmännisch abgebaut. Allerdings erwiesen sich die Gehalte als zu gering für eine Nutzung in größerem Umfang.
Minerale
Seit langer Zeit ist der Kaiserstuhl als Fundstelle für zum Teil seltene Minerale bekannt. Besondere Fundstellen sind die Steinbrüche im Limburgit des Limbergs (verschiedene Zeolithe), im Karbonatit am Badberg und Orberg (Koppit) und im Phonolith des Fohbergs und des Kirchbergs (Zeolithe, Wollastonit, Melanit). Überwiegend treten diese als Kluftminerale oder Blasenfüllungen (Mandelstein) auf.
Lössbedeckung
Der Kaiserstuhl ist heute weitgehend von einer quartären Lössschicht bedeckt. Löss ist ein Lockersediment, welches durch Erosion anderer Gesteine entsteht und durch äolischen Transport an seinen Ablagerungsort befördert wird. Der Löss entstand – wie im gesamten Randbereich der Oberrheinebene – während der letzten weitgehend vegetationsfreien Eiszeit durch Auswehung aus dem Rheinschlamm. Die Ablagerung fand im periglazialen (eisfreien, jedoch von Gletschereis umgebenen) Gebiet um den Kaiserstuhl statt. Der Hauptprozess, der in dieser Region stattfindet, ist Frostsprengung von Gestein. Da keine Vegetation vorhanden ist, die den Wind bremsen könnte, weht dieser beständig stark. Er nimmt das leichteste Material mit und lagert es an Hindernissen, beispielsweise dem Kaiserstuhl, wieder ab. Hierbei ist zu beachten, dass die Ablagerung im Lee stattfindet, im Falle des Kaiserstuhls – wo der Wind aus Südwesten wehte – also im Nordosten. Je höher der Sedimentationsort liegt, desto dünner ist die Schicht tatsächlich abgelagerten Materials. Am Kaiserstuhl liegt die Mächtigkeit der Lössschicht zwischen 10 und 40 Metern, es gibt jedoch auch Orte im Südwesten, an denen kein Löss sedimentiert wurde. Der Herkunftsort des Lösses am Kaiserstuhl lag hauptsächlich in den nördlichen Kalkalpen. Auffällig im anstehenden Löss ist ein sich in unregelmäßigen Abständen wiederholender, rostfarbener Streifen. Dieser entsteht durch die phasenweise Anlieferung neuen Materials. Während einer schwachen Sedimentationsphase verwittert das obenauf liegende Material, wobei der Kalk ausgewaschen wird. Hierbei bildet sich Lösslehm. Der ausgewaschene Kalkanteil fällt weiter unten im Bodenprofil wieder aus und bildet den sogenannten Lösskindelhorizont. Zu jedem Ausfällungshorizont gehört deshalb ein Anreicherungshorizont.
Die Lössböden des Kaiserstuhls werden agrarisch intensiv genutzt, da sie eine gute Belüftung bieten und eine hohe Wasserspeicherfähigkeit sowie mechanisch gute Eigenschaften besitzen. Außerdem sind im Zuge der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzung die sogenannten Lösshohlwege entstanden.
Der gewachsene Löss ist zudem für den Hochwasserschutz von Bedeutung, da er starke Niederschläge wie ein Schwamm aufnimmt und dann gleichmäßig wieder abgibt. Durch die Anlage von Großterrassen für den Weinbau am Kaiserstuhl wird der Löss jedoch mit Planierraupen verdichtet und verliert diese Eigenschaft.
Klima
Allgemeines
Klimatisch zählt der Kaiserstuhl zur temperaten (gemäßigten) Klimazone. Durch die in der Oberrheinebene vorherrschende Wärmebegünstigung gehört er jedoch zu den wärmsten Orten Deutschlands mit für Mitteleuropa vergleichsweise milden Wintern und warmen Sommern, die teilweise sogar Durchschnittstemperaturen von über 20 Grad in den Monaten Juli und August aufweisen können. Durch seine mit Löss bedeckten vulkanischen Böden ist er ein sehr gutes Weinanbaugebiet. Die klimatischen Voraussetzungen des Kaiserstuhls heben sich von seiner Umgebung deutlich ab. Er liegt im Regenschatten der Vogesen, im Einfluss der Burgundischen Pforte, und hat somit ein eher trockenes Klima.
Meteorologische Daten
Die Jahresmitteltemperatur beträgt 9,9 °C, wobei sowohl 50 bis 60 Sommertage als auch 60 bis 70 Frosttage zu verzeichnen sind. Dies spiegelt schon ein besonderes Merkmal des Kaiserstuhls wider, denn er zeichnet sich durch recht extreme Klimaverhältnisse aus, was sich besonders in der durchschnittlichen jährlichen Temperaturschwankung von 18,5 °C ausdrückt. Der mittlere Niederschlag auf dem Kaiserstuhl beträgt etwa 600 bis 700 mm, bei jährlich rund 1.720 Stunden Sonnenschein.
Flora und Fauna
Das Klima des Kaiserstuhls erklärt auch die große Fülle an wärmeliebender Flora und Fauna. Beispielsweise ist der Kaiserstuhl einer der Orte mit der größten Orchideenvielfalt in Europa – mehr als 30 Arten wurden registriert. Zwischen den Rebstöcken wuchern wilde Traubenhyazinthen, und an Böschungen blühen Schwertlilien. Außerdem leben hier Bienenfresser, Smaragdeidechsen und Gottesanbeterinnen (Mantis religiosa) – Arten, die ihren Verbreitungsschwerpunkt im mediterranen Bereich haben (nach neuen genetischen Studien handelt es sich bei der Smaragdeidechse allerdings um eine wahrscheinlich allochthone Population der Östlichen Smaragdeidechse). Die Flaumeiche ist ein Xerophyt und kommt sonst vor allem in Südeuropa vor, am Kaiserstuhl kann sie sich jedoch vor allem im Flaumeichenwald am Büchsenberg als Niederwald halten. Diese Arten leben in einem disjunkten Areal, also von ihrem normalen Verbreitungsgebiet abgetrennt. Dies ist ein Relikt einer postglazialen Warmzeit, zu der auch im Gebiet um den Kaiserstuhl ein deutlich wärmeres Klima herrschte. Nach Ende der Warmzeit konnten die genannten Arten nur noch am Kaiserstuhl überleben. Außerdem gibt es am Kaiserstuhl größere Populationen des Maikäfers. Die Art wurde in der Vergangenheit trotz Kritik von Umweltschützern mit Insektiziden bekämpft, so etwa im Jahr 2009. Die Aktion wurde damit begründet, dass der Maikäfer ansonsten existenzbedrohende Schäden in der umliegenden Landwirtschaft auslösen könnte.
Landschaftsveränderung
Die Oberfläche des Kaiserstuhls wurde vom wirtschaftenden Menschen seit dessen Besiedlung verändert. Da Löss infolge der Bodenbearbeitung stark erosionsanfällig ist, mussten Terrassen geschaffen werden, die meist als Rebflächen, teilweise auch für Obst- oder zum Ackerbau genutzt wurden. Dadurch entstanden schon früh die typischen kleinterrassierten Hänge, die zudem von den ebenfalls durch die „Nutzung“ entstandenen Lösshohlwegen durchzogen wurden.
Im Sinne der Flurbereinigung wurde um 1950 damit begonnen, zunächst kleinere Terrassen zusammenzulegen; dies endete in Großumlegungen, welche die ursprüngliche Landschaft in Teilbereichen völlig umgestalteten. Diese Umgestaltung begann zwischen 1950 und 1960 mit kleinräumigen Neuordnungen. Dabei wurde das Gelände meist in Handarbeit bzw. mit Hilfe betriebseigener Maschinen umgestaltet. In dieser Zeit wurden rund 950 ha von den Flurbereinigungsbehörden flurbereinigt.
Zwischen 1960 und 1970 wurden die Lösshänge umfassender umgestaltet, wobei große, tiefe und möglichst rechteckige Terrassenflächen mit entsprechend hohen Böschungen entstanden. Die Terrassen wurden mit bergseitiger Neigung angelegt, so dass jetzt vom Tal aus vielfach nur noch die Kanten sichtbar sind. Auf diese Art entstanden rund 650 ha Rebfläche.
Mit umfassendem Maschineneinsatz wurden die Großterrassenplanungen der Jahre 1970 bis 1976 umgesetzt, die das Landschaftsbild deutlich veränderten. Vor diesen Maßnahmen zeichneten sich in den sanften Hängen, deren Oberflächen von den kleinen Terrassen überprägt waren, noch die ursprünglich natürlich entstandenen Senken ab. Statt diesem Nebeneinander von natürlichen und vom Menschen geschaffenen Strukturen nehmen die Kritiker nun festungsartige und landschaftsfremde Oberflächen wahr, die eine Gesamtgröße von ca. 630 ha Rebfläche bieten. Da die Böschungen und sonstigen Flächen größer waren als die Rebflächen, erstreckte sich die Landschaftsveränderung jeweils auf mehr als das Doppelte der neu geschaffenen nutzbaren Fläche. Beispiele für diese Phase sind die Flurbereinigungen Oberrotweil-Oberberg, Ihringen-Abtsweingarten, Eichstetten-Hättlinsberg und Endingen am Kaiserstuhl-Schambach. Inzwischen war der Großteil der Lösshohlwege durch die Flurbereinigung verschwunden, die zuvor ökologische Nischen speziell für Wildbienen und Vögel gewesen waren.
Die letzte Phase der Rebflurbereinigung erstreckte sich auf die Zeit zwischen 1976 und 1982, in der unter anderem wegen der Proteste gegen die Großterrassenplanungen gemäßigt vorgegangen wurde: Die Böschungshöhen wurden auf maximal 10 m „beschränkt“, der Böschungsverlauf wurde „geschwungen angelegt und der Landschaft angepasst“. Mit diesen Verfahren wurden zum Beispiel in Oberbergen-Baßgeige oder in Bickensohl-Herrenstück rund 330 ha Rebfläche bearbeitet.
Nachdem ab 1977 durch länger anhaltende niederschlagsreiche Perioden Böschungsschäden entstanden waren, fielen in der Pfingstwoche des Jahres 1983 Niederschlagsmengen, die teilweise ein Drittel des Jahresmittels ausmachten. Diese führten in den umgelegten Gebieten zu Schäden: Die Böschungsoberflächen rutschten vielfach mitsamt der Vegetation ab, ehemalige, durch die Umlegungen verschüttete Talzüge wurden ausgeschwemmt, in einzelnen Terrassen entstanden tiefgreifende Grundbrüche. Überdies kam es in den Folgejahren zu Frostschäden. Durch die bergseitige Neigung der Terrassenoberflächen konnten sich Kaltluftseen bilden, in denen die Reben vor allem in der Blüte erfroren.[6] Außerdem entstanden, vor allem in den niedriger gelegenen Rebflächen, in denen zuvor meist Obst angebaut worden war, erhebliche Frostschäden am Holz der Rebbestände.
Die Tätigkeit der Flurbereinigungsbehörden beschränkte sich in der Zeit nach 1982 auf Reparaturarbeiten und partielle Umplanungen, die zumindest die schwersten Folgen der Umgestaltungen korrigieren sollten. Inzwischen hatte man auch begonnen, die verbliebenen Lösshohlwege als Naturdenkmale auszuweisen und sie zu schützen.
Seit 2021 wird auf einer Fläche von etwa einem Hektar Echter Lavendel und Lavandin angebaut. Dank der Wärme und der kalkreichen Böden gedeiht er gut. Zwei der vier Felder liegen in Bischoffingen, wo es auch einen Hofladen gibt und je eines in Königschaffhausen und Burkheim. Auf letzterem wachsen neun verschiedene Sorten.
Wandern
Der bekannteste und „klassische“ Wanderweg ist der Neunlindenpfad (Nord-Süd-Weg); er ist einer von acht Themenpfaden und führt von Endingen über den Katharinenberg und den Totenkopf mit Aussichtsturm Neunlinden nach Ihringen. Von den Wegen bieten sich vielerorts Ausblicke auf den Schwarzwald, die Rheinebene und die Vogesen. Auch der Querweg Schwarzwald–Kaiserstuhl–Rhein führt über den Kaiserstuhl.
Als Wissenschaftlicher Lehrpfad wurde 1977 der Limberg-Weg angelegt. Er umfasst 90 Stationen zu den Themen Geologie und Mineralogie, Geschichte, Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege, Forstwirtschaft, Wein- und Obstbau, Rheinbau und Wasserwirtschaft, sowie Landeskunde.
Die acht Themenpfade wurden 2007 mit einer Gesamtlänge von 140 km eröffnet und in das bestehende Wanderwegenetz des Schwarzwaldvereins (Markierung: gelber Rhombus auf weißem Hintergrund) integriert. Dabei wurde das Wanderwegenetz mit 430 neuen Wegweisern ausgeschildert. Große Tafeln mit einer Übersichtskarte und mit Standortinformationen sind an zentralen Punkten wie zum Beispiel an Bahnhöfen in den von den Themenpfaden verbundenen oder durchlaufenden Ortschaften aufgestellt. Jeder Themenpfad ist durch eine eigene Farbe und ein dem Namen entsprechendes Symbol auf den Eingangsportalen und den Wegweisern optisch gekennzeichnet. Weitere 120 kleinere Thementafeln erläutern entlang der Wanderwege lokale Besonderheiten. Örtliche Pfade, wie zum Beispiel der Brunnenpfad (7 km) in Bötzingen, wurden in das neue Netz der Themenpfade integriert.
Die acht Themenpfade wurden 2010 durch den Kaiserstuhlpfad ergänzt, der als Prädikatswanderweg das Gütesiegel „Qualitätsweg Wanderbares Deutschland“ erhielt. Der 21,7 km lange Kaiserstuhlpfad orientiert sich mit einigen Erweiterungen am Neunlindenpfad (Nord-Süd-Weg) und führt von Endingen durch das Erletal hoch zur Katharinenkapelle, entlang der Naturschutzgebiete Badberg und Haselschacher Buck zum Eichelspitzturm, weiter über den Vogelsang-Pass zum Neunlindenturm, durch den Lößhohlweg Eichgasse nach Bickensohl und über den Kreuzenbuck durch die Lenzengasse nach Ihringen.
(Wikipedia)
Since this is an infra red shot we are not seeing the full extent of the rainbows present. In fact we are only seeing the red end of the spectrum. But to me it was a fascinating experiment: my first IR rainbow.
It did not rain and the rainbows appeared out of nowhere in the setting sun. I'm well aware that this is a natural phenomenon caused by the acute angle of the sunlight refracting in the moist air particles. But I also wonder if perhaps those Tibetans are on to something.
This tree marks the northern extent of Mount Olympus in Salt Lake County, Utah. Lights from Salt Lake City and a slight reflection from The Great Salt Lake are visible in the distance. I've had occasion to snap a number of photos of this site in the past as my day of hiking near Neff's Canyon was coming to an end. Almost every time it has something different to show me.
For Macro Monday........The First Letter of My Name.......Lorna
This lace is a scrap from my daughter's wedding dress, a Chantilly style of netted lace. The couching apparently was hand sewn.
Wildlife photography is to a large extent about opportunities, those you seize, those you miss, those you don't even see.... Red-winged blackbirds for sure are offering plenty of opportunities on Vancouver Island for a large portion of the year. It is probably one of the first bird I photographed when I started wildlife photography a few years ago. It is ever since, probably the bird I photograph the most each year. Yet, I feel that there is always a better picture of a red-winged blackbird which needs to be taken. The temptation was great to present a "year-end exhibit" of all those red-winged blackbird pictures I have taken this year. You will be glad I refrained from it. Here are a few I like.
Nikon D7000 Nikkor 50mm with Kenko extention tubes, 1/250 seconds, ISO 100 and Nissin Di866 Mark II bouncing on a blue background.
It has been a wild month. I shot some video for a client, in collaboration with some creative friends who have a range of high end skills: writing, acting, producing, editing. Out of my comfort zone to some extent, I've had little time for the still photography that has been my lifeblood for more than fifty years.
A week ago I spent an evening with my friend Madonna in the hills. Although I got the shots - ie. video sequences - I was also knocked half-senseless by heat stroke. The world became surreal for a short time. Mado picked up the slack and made sure I got the key shots we were after. Meanwhile I drank lots of water and rested frequently. Hiking back along the trail as the sun set, the air cooler now and the crisis averted, I stopped for this shot of the buttes while M tried to get a sound recording of some crickets. Last light, warm and red. Aspen Coulee on the left. Beyond it, Eagle Butte, and on the other side of that was my car, so it wasn't a long hike, and that was a good thing because it was days before I felt 100% recovered.
Well, what is life if not a grand adventure? I know these hills well, but there is always a fresh take available provided I keep my imagination engaged - and that is true for all of us, in any circumstance. I'm heading out now, as soon as I finish this coffee, in the pre-dawn stillness to see what I can see. I feel like a blank slate, like a sponge. No plan. No pressure. No dizzy spells, either.
Photographed in Grasslands National Park, Saskatchewan (Canada). Don't use this image on websites, blogs, or other media without explicit permission ©2020 James R. Page - all rights reserved.
The pure extent of the stars you can see in the dark sky zone on Exmore is absolutely amazing. Will always stay here for hours. #starsstars #astrophotographers #exmore #devon #sony #beauty
Shot in Sony a7 - Samyang 14mm
One of my first attempts at butterfly captures... And yes.. a new series is beginning... :-)
Image created at the Wings of Wonder conservatory at Independence Oregon..
This shows the extent of the lake flood by the Sicamous and tugs Naramata and Canadian National No. 6 in Penticton. The boardwalk past the flock of geese seen here, has been built so that emergency exit on the port side of the Sicamous can still be used.
Normally there is a path on the west side of the Sicamous out to the breakwater, and the Naramata is usually on dry land in a fenced-off enclosure. Not right now.
Explored Jun 14, 2017
To the extent the Japanese rainy season, this year doesn't see the kind in an ordinary year.
I was leaving by earliness which is so.
This mountain where I came by chance in summer of last year is deep.
That a valley stream rich in the rustic beauty will be rainfall, the quantity of water.
It's rich and vivid.
This valley stream by which such rainy season has ended, mostly, daily.
Be so, I keep taking a picture.
The forest and the rock are covered by green moss up and are wonderful.
In a clear flow of the water on which faint light shines, life is feeling.drags me by overwhelming charm.
The earth where I live in this fascinating view, oh.
I realized and it was enriched, this, wonderful.
Made important forever as my memory.
I'd like to go on !
To some extent, photographers are graphic designer, aren't we? We are constantly looking for elements of design.
Happy Sunday!
Fuji X-T1
Fuji XF 50-140mm
Velvia Film Simulation
To some extent I happily don't know what I'm doing. I feel that it's an artist's responsibility to trust that.
-- David Byrne
BeautifullyScene Images by Karen A. Stannard
All my photographs are copyright protected and are not allowed to be used in any manner without my consent. If you wish to use my photos for ANYTHING, please plan on paying me for my work. They are for sale on my website. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law.
A beautiful sunrise at Bronte.
A swimmer had braved the cold water to the extent that she floated but unusually, she floated with her head under the water.
for at least the 4 second exposure.
Strange things to see at dawn!
6 stop ND + 4 stop ND Grad.
Flathead Lake lies at the southern end of a geological feature called the Rocky Mountain Trench. The trench, which formed with the Rocky Mountains roughly 60 million years ago, extends north into the southern Yukon as a straight, steep valley, which also holds the headwaters of the Columbia River. During the last ice age this trench was filled by an enormous glacier. As the glacier moved southward it carved out the trench. Present day Polson, Montana marks the southernmost extent of the glacier during the last ice age and thus is the site of the glacier's terminal moraine.
The large size of the Polson Moraine indicates that the glacier stalled here for several years before retreating. As the climate warmed, a portion of the glacier in the Mission Valley receded more slowly than the main body, which kept the lake basin from being filled with sediment. Eventually this ice also melted, forming a lake behind the moraine. Once the water reached the top of this moraine dam, it began to cut a channel through it. Most moraine dammed lakes drain quickly because water cuts entirely through the moraine. However, Flathead Lake remains because a bedrock hill buried underneath the Polson Moraine prevented the moraine from being completely cut through so the meltwater never completely drained.
At one time, probably when the valley was partially filled by a glacier, the level of Flathead Lake was about 500 feet (150 m) higher and drained through the valley west of Elmo, Montana which is at the end of Big Arm Bay, bottom center in the aerial photo above. Water carved out a wide, flat-bottomed pass with a deeper, narrow channel at the south edge of the pass. The deeper channel and traces of the dry riverbed are still visible from Route 28
Seen in Explore July 3, 2012 #496
I thank you for the comments and faves! Have a great day!
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The full extent of the job to replace the cladding on the Harvey Nicks apartment block. I have to say I've huge admiration for the folks who put up the scaffolding. This is an intricate job and I imagine one faulty connection could be a catastrophe
Chicago Botanic Garden, 'Butterflies and Blooms' tent, housing 2500 butterflies they claim.
Shot with Nikon D610, AF-S NIKKOR 28-300mm f/3.5-5.6G ED VR and a 20mm automatic extention tube. 151mm, f7.1, 1/1000sec, ISO 800, AF-C focus mode. Ring light flash
PNT_9638
Is a duet of short extent and concise form.
Mozart wrote the most beautiful! www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtTCwH2mQTA
Gerbera is a genus of ornamental plants from the sunflower family. It was named in honour of the German naturalist Traugott Gerber. View On Black
It has approximately 30 species in the wild, extending to South America, Africa and tropical Asia.
Colours include white, yellow, orange, red, and pink. The center of the flower is sometimes black.
It is the fifth most used cut flower in the world (after rose, carnation, chrysanthemum, and tulip).
Giving my flowers SOUL?
I love 'creating' and playing with light in the studio, comp in camera, gives me a real 'PHOTOGRAPHY' buzz, lol, M, (*_*)
For more: www.indigo2photography.co.uk
IT IS STRICTLY FORBIDDEN (BY LAW!!!) TO USE ANY OF MY image or TEXT on websites, blogs or any other media without my explicit permission. © All rights reserved
Gerbera, red, petals, flowers, studio, black-background, colour, design, square, NikonD7000, "Magda indigo"
Yep, Old El Paso Taco Dinner Kit. This is the extent of Mexican cuisine available in Nova Scotia. I suppose I could do it myself, but I'm too lazy.
Chicago Botanic Garden, 'Butterflies and Blooms' tent, housing 2500 butterflies they claim.
Shot with Shot with Nikon D610, AF-S NIKKOR 28-300mm f/3.5-5.6G ED VR and a 20mm automatic extention tube. 300mm, f6.3, 1/500sec, ISO 1100, AF-C focus mode. Ring flash.
PNT_9553
To the extent the Japanese rainy season, this year doesn't see the kind in an ordinary year.
I was leaving by earliness which is so.
This mountain where I came by chance in summer of last year is deep.
That a valley stream rich in the rustic beauty will be rainfall, the quantity of water.
It's rich and vivid.
This valley stream by which such rainy season has ended, mostly, daily.
Be so, I keep taking a picture.
The forest and the rock are covered by green moss up and are wonderful.
In a clear flow of the water on which faint light shines, life is feeling.drags me by overwhelming charm.
The earth where I live in this fascinating view, oh.
I realized and it was enriched, this, wonderful.
Made important forever as my memory.
I'd like to go on !
The present extent of development
"Core of my heart, my country!
Land of the Rainbow Gold,
For flood and fire and famine,
She pays us back threefold -
Over the thirsty paddocks,
Watch, after many days,
The filmy veil of greenness
That thickens as we gaze."
Melbourne's far outer west
262_0406
Suecia - Helsingborg - Kärnan
***
helsingborg.se/uppleva-och-gora/kultur-och-museer/karnan/
ENGLISH
Kärnan (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈɕæːˈɳan]; Danish: Kernen, both literally The Core) is a medieval tower in Helsingborg, Scania, in southern Sweden. It is the only part remaining of a larger Danish fortress which, along with the fortress Kronborg on the opposite of Øresund, controlled the entranceway between Kattegat and Øresund and further south the Baltic Sea.
The origins of the Helsingborg fortress is disputed but Danish legend places its origin to the reign of the legendary King Fróði. However, this legend has not been supported by archaeological proof. Dendrochronological dating has shown that the core was built in the 1310s, when Eric VI of Denmark was King of Denmark. It was considered the most important fortress in Denmark, and was integral in securing control over the strait between Scania and Zealand.
It was surrendered to Sweden along with the rest of Skåneland as part of the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658. The fortress was retaken by Danish forces in 1676 during the Scanian War, and its capture celebrated by flying a giant Flag of Denmark above it. This flag was later captured by the Swedish army and is preserved in the Army Museum (Armémuseum) in Stockholm. The fortress returned to Swedish control by the Treaty of Lund in 1679. Charles XI of Sweden ordered most of it demolished fearing that it was too exposed to a sneak attack from Denmark. The only thing that was saved for posterity was the old medieval tower core. The tower continued to serve as a landmark for shipping through Øresund.
The castle was restored starting during 1893-94, under instructions from Oscar Ferdinand Trapp, a Swedish businessman and engineer (1847–1916). Architect for the restoration was Josef Alfred Hellerström (1863–1931), Helsingborg city architect from 1903 to 1928. The objective of the restoration was to restore, to the extent possible, the appearance the structure had based upon the oldest known medieval illustration. The building's crenellation dates from these repairs.
***
ESPAÑOL
Kärnan ( pronunciación sueca: [ˈɕæːˈɳan] ; danés : Kernen) es una torre medieval en Helsingborg, Scania, en el sur de Suecia. Es la única parte que queda de una fortaleza danesa más grande que, junto con la fortaleza Kronborg en el lado opuesto de Øresund, controlaba la entrada entre Kattegat y Øresund y más al sur del Mar Báltico.
Los orígenes de la fortaleza de Helsingborg son controvertidos, pero la leyenda danesa sitúa su origen en el reinado del legendario rey Fróði. Sin embargo, esta leyenda no ha sido apoyada por pruebas arqueológicas. La datación dendrocronológica ha demostrado que el núcleo se construyó en la década de 1310, cuando Eric VI de Dinamarca era el rey de Dinamarca. Fue considerada la fortaleza más importante de Dinamarca y fue fundamental para asegurar el control sobre el estrecho entre Scania y Zelandia .
Se entregó a Suecia junto con el resto de Skåneland como parte del Tratado de Roskilde en 1658. La fortaleza fue recuperada por las fuerzas danesas en 1676 durante la Guerra de Scania, y su captura se celebró volando una Bandera gigante de Dinamarca sobre ella. Esta bandera fue capturada más tarde por el ejército sueco y se conserva en el Museo del Ejército (Armémuseum) en Estocolmo. La fortaleza regresó al control sueco por el Tratado de Lund en 1679. Carlos XI de Suecia ordenó la demolición de la mayoría por temor a estar demasiado expuesto a un ataque furtivo de Dinamarca. Lo único que se guardó para la posteridad fue el antiguo núcleo de la torre medieval. La torre continuó sirviendo como un punto de referencia para el envío a través de Øresund.
El castillo fue restaurado a partir de 1893-94, siguiendo las instrucciones de Oscar Ferdinand Trapp, un empresario e ingeniero sueco (1847–1916). El arquitecto para la restauración fue Josef Alfred Hellerström (1863–1931), arquitecto de la ciudad de Helsingborg desde 1903 hasta 1928. El objetivo de la restauración era restaurar, en la medida de lo posible, la apariencia de la estructura basada en la ilustración medieval más antigua conocida. La almena del edificio data de estas reparaciones.
The precise extent of the once wooded area from which Southwood in the town of Ramsgate takes its name is uncertain. Today, Southwood has much clearer definition in the local inhabitant's mental map as a predominantly residential area and as the home ground of Ramsgate football. It equates with the area of the former Southwood Farm and of Southwood House. Southwood's large, Victorian water tower is also one of Ramsgate's distinctive and prominent landmarks. The Southwood neighbourhood occupies an area of about half a square kilometre, and consists of predominantly late nineteenth and early twentieth century houses. It sits on elevated ground one kilometre to the west of Ramsgate town centre and behind the more prestigious houses, cliff-top promenades, and greens of the West Cliff area.
The Tower was built in 1887 and was made a grade II listed building in 1988, now converted into flats.
Apparently my house was lot 3 when the farm was sold and was used as a brickfield until the row of houses were built in 1902. A brickfield is a common location name in southeast England. Its name derives from a field where the topsoil was removed and the clay beneath was stripped, and mixed with chalk and ash to create bricks, we now have topsoil and chalk so I suppose all the clay was used up!
I can see this building from anywhere in the front of the house. I went to take a pic of the front of the tower but it is packed with cars!
The pov makes it look crooked but it isn't and I think it is called perspective convergence!!
HFF Everyone!!
MY THANKS TO ALL WHO VISIT AND COMMENT IT IS APPRECIATED
15th July 2018 - McDonnell Douglas KC-10A Extenter '87-0120' of the United States Air Forces 32nd Air Refueling Squadron, part of the 305th Air Mobility Wing at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst. This is the aircraft that towed the 2 US F35A's across the pond.
For at least the first 10-15 years of shooting, I unfortunately neglected freight car shots to some extent, only doing them now and then if convenient. For some reason, the MEC was even more neglected than other railroads by me. But of the few shots of MEC freight cars that I did, at least I shot one of these unique to the MEC cars.
The orange-cheeked waxbill (Estrilda melpoda) is a common species of estrildid finch native to western and central Africa, with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 3,600,000 km2.
The orange-cheeked waxbill lives in small family parties or flocks of thirty of more individuals. Their high-pitched peeps are the best clue of their presence.
Like most estridids, they are very acrobatic in their movements on twigs and grass stems, "climbing" up and down verticals and hanging upside down while feeding. Males usually have brighter orange patches on the abdomen.
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Thanks to every friend ! Greetings ! And wish you every lucky !
The extent of Tailem Bend's railway yards has retreated over the years but interstate freight services continue to pass through the crossroads.
076286 8 Jan 2016
And here we can see the full extent of the length of the new vehicle. Our 'standard' Gemini's are more than 11 metres, the latest fleet group of former London buses are a more than 10 metres, but keep going here right on to more than 13 metres long!
Nowhere else in Britain will have buses this length which may mean less over-crowding, but a few tight bends for the drivers.
Richard Hall, Managing Director, says,"We are pleased to announce our order and partnership with Alexander Dennis and Volvo for the production of 42 Euro 6 vehicles for our city bus fleet.
These vehicles will enhance our current fleet in line with our investment BUS2020 strategy and ensure that we continue to play our part to improve air quality across the city and Scotland whilst meeting our customers’expectations".
Is a duet of short extent and concise form.
Mozart wrote the most beautiful! www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtTCwH2mQTA
Gerbera is a genus of ornamental plants from the sunflower family. It was named in honour of the German naturalist Traugott Gerber. View On Black
It has approximately 30 species in the wild, extending to South America, Africa and tropical Asia.
Colours include white, yellow, orange, red, and pink. The center of the flower is sometimes black.
It is the fifth most used cut flower in the world (after rose, carnation, chrysanthemum, and tulip).
Giving my flowers SOUL?
I love 'creating' and playing with light in the studio, comp in camera, gives me a real 'PHOTOGRAPHY' buzz, lol, M, (*_*)
For more: www.indigo2photography.co.uk
IT IS STRICTLY FORBIDDEN (BY LAW!!!) TO USE ANY OF MY image or TEXT on websites, blogs or any other media without my explicit permission. © All rights reserved
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1Z29 Crewe to Glasgow Central. The Ayr Extention. LSL's Class 86 in Intercity Swallow livery heads north on the WCML with a charter to Ayr (Due to the fire damaged Ayr station the charter only went as far as Brassie Jn) seen here on the approach to Sheildmuir Station.
The extent of what I can see after an hour with the retinal specialist.
It's always a long day after getting refracted. And I still haven't seen the regular optometrist about new glasses yet. I really have to find one that will work on Tuesdays and Wednesdays pretty soon, because I get no sick leave for medical appointments.
A bit of insanity, too. I was considering going to the nursery while dilated, but by the time my appointment was over, it was ninety-six degrees outside. I settled for lox and bagels instead. That much I could handle with dilated eyes and air conditioning.
Adult female Hoodeds have variablity in the extent of their hood with some having hardly any evidence at all of a hood (perhaps a hint of black just in the sides of the crown) and some nearly resembling adult males like this one. Apparently the amount of black in the hood does NOT correlate with the age of the spring female. Notice despite the amount of black in her hood she has plenty of olive throughout it as well. She was hanging around a singing male who was undoubtedly trying to woo her. I was fortunate to get this image as she moved about the shadows in thick vegetation. Thanks for your visit!
Tennessee. 4/29/2019.
As a neat exercise in identifying warblers by song check out this 9 second video clip and see if you can identify the 3 warblers singing. I recorded it about a week earlier in this warbler rich Tennessee location.