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The Pannonian Plain is a large plain in Central Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out. It is a geomorphological subsystem of the Alps-Himalaya system.
The river Danube divides the plain roughly in half.
The plain is divided among Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine.
The plain is roughly bounded by the Carpathian mountains, the Alps, the Dinaric Alps and the Balkan mountains.
Although rain is not plentiful, it usually falls when necessary and the plain is a major agricultural area; it is sometimes said that these fields of rich loamy loess soil could feed the whole of Europe. For its early settlers, the plain offered few sources of metals or stone. Thus when archaeologists come upon objects of obsidian or chert, copper or gold, they have almost unparalleled opportunities to interpret ancient pathways of trade.
The precursor to the present plain was a shallow sea that reached its greatest extent during the Pliocene, when three to four kilometres of sediments were deposited.
The plain was named after the Pannonians, a northern Illyrian tribe. Various different peoples inhabited the plain during its history. In the first century BC, the eastern parts of the plain belonged to the Dacian state, and in the first century AD its western parts were subsumed into the Roman Empire. The Roman province named Pannonia was established in the area, and the city of Sirmium, today Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia, became one of the four capital cities of the Roman Empire in the 3rd century.
Ever notice how if you have 36 exposures you never reach the end of the film, but if you have 24, you're at the end before you know it? Film extensions would solve this particular dilemma.
For Macro Monday - January 14 2019 - Hobby
Tuner on a cigar box ukelele made by my husband. I'm trying to learn to play and making the instruments is a hobby of his.
The great extent of this anvil required some creative methods to capture its structure. The light and shadow surrounding this massive storm cell were impressive.
Taken with Nikon P950.
BeautifullyScene Images by Karen A. Stannard
All my photographs are copyright protected and are not allowed to be used in any manner without my consent. If you wish to use my photos for ANYTHING, please plan on paying me for my work. They are for sale on my website. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law.
The Egyptian Empire that reached its greatest extent under Pharaoh Thutmose III was in disarray due to internal turmoil. It would soon lose its territory in the Levant to the rising Hittite Empire under Suppiluliuma I in the 14th century B.C. The Hittites were an Indo-European people from Anatolia who sought to expand their empire. They would expand across Anatolia, into Mesopotamia and the Levant. The latter region would be a point of contention between Egypt and Hatti for the next few decades. Pharaoh Seti I would try to reassert control, but would fail. His son, Ramesses II would seek to do the same after defeating an invasion from the Sea People.
Hostilities would ensue once again when the Canaanite Kingdom of Amurru decided to switch sides to Egypt from Hatti. Ramesses II would invade Canaan to reassert Egyptian authority in the region. His force would consist of 2,000 chariots and 16,000 infantry. These were broken up into divisions named after local gods such as the Amun, Ra, Ptah, and Set division. The Hittite force would be led by King Muwatalli II with around 10,000 chariots and 15,000 chariots. Upon arrival outside of Kadesh, the Egyptians would encounter two scouts who would tell them that the Hittites were days away. This turned out to be false intelligence as the Hittites were close. This alarmed Ramesses II and he quickly sent scouts to summon foreign troops known as the Nearin and the Ra, Ptah, and Set divisions who were behind.
The battle would ensue when the Hittites would catch the advancing Ra division off guard and nearly wipe them out. The Hittites would then attack Ramesses II camp from the West, which was successful at first. However, the Hittites would become distracted as they would loot the camp. Ramesses would assemble his chariots, outflank the chariots, and defeat them. They would soon follow the retreating chariots, when Muwatalli II decided to personally attack the Egyptian camp. Ramesses II would once again save his army from annihilation, along with the newly arrived Nearin, and route the Hittites.
The battle itself was inconclusive as both sides sustained heavy casualties. Nonetheless, it is remembered for being the world's largest chariot battle. Egypt would never regain control of all of Canaan, and would conclude an "eternal treaty" with the new Hittite ruler Mursili III. This peace would last until the infamous Bronze Age Collapse.
Lake Gairdner is a large salt lake in the Australian state of South Australia. Along with two other lakes it forms the extent of the Lake Gairdner National Park. The lakes were all once part of an inland sea that stretched all the way to the Gulf of Carpentaria on the northern coast of Australia.
BeautifullyScene Images by Karen A. Stannard
All my photographs are copyright protected and are not allowed to be used in any manner without my consent. If you wish to use my photos for ANYTHING, please plan on paying me for my work. They are for sale on my website. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law.
In Puerto de Vega, the stones speak to you and the viewpoints inspire you, because there are also several watchtowers to enjoy contemplating the town and the coast. And the stones tell you about a land of illustrious characters (sailors, soldiers, scientists, etc.), to such an extent that the town's ethnographic museum – an inexcusable appointment to learn about life and seafaring customs of yesteryear – bears the name of Juan Pérez Villamil, notable politician born in Puerto de Vega.
Vintage Sinclair station in the border town of Texhoma, TX, a place mostly about big feed lots and big grain elevators.
I'm old enough to remember when gas stations were like this. It was gas, oil, water, some repairs, and maybe tires, but the extent of "convenience store" was a pop machine outside, maybe a gum/candy machine, and probably a cigarette machine, since seemingly everyone smoked back then. They were little boxes, with a couple of pumps which YOU DID NOT TOUCH. That was reserved for the attendant, who would check your oil and pull a squirt bottle out of the back pocket of his cover-alls, spritz your window and wipe it clean while the pump went "ding" with each gallon.
Maybe I'm getting fuddy-duddy syndrome in my old age, but I miss those times.
Rose from my little garden
Minolta MD-Rokkor 50mm/F1.4 w/ Extention Tube
&& LED light
The Rich-tone Monochrome.
© 2020 M's photography
Takashi MATSUZAWA All rights reserved.
Please don't freely use this photograph on Tumblr, Blog, Facebook, Twitter and others.
This dam hasn't seen so much water since 2013.
The drought that we have experienced in South Africa seems to have been broken to some extent.
PSP**** Prise SurPrise!! Clouds
Lydenburg rural area
South Africa
The Rodenstock Rodagon 50mm f/4 enlarging lens is becoming my most versatile macro lens. The fact that it's so tiny and when mounted on extension tubes (that exactly match the diameter of the lens barrel !) it's quite thin and can get close without touching and disturbing the environnement !
Although there are some light leaks sometimes that can be annoying because they are difficult to control...
I took this photo with extention tubes and a helicoid M42/E adapter for more precision.
The Rodagon also have great colors and contrast and good sharpness !
Sony A7 iii / Rodenstock Rodagon 50mm f/4 enlarging lens
the picture, aside frombeing blurred to all extents, is kindof wonky for his right eye. I dunno. Husband and roomie like it a lot. I feel as though I did not pull out my A-Game. Next time, good panda, Next time.
For Macro Monday........The First Letter of My Name.......Lorna
This lace is a scrap from my daughter's wedding dress, a Chantilly style of netted lace. The couching apparently was hand sewn.
The pure extent of the stars you can see in the dark sky zone on Exmore is absolutely amazing. Will always stay here for hours. #starsstars #astrophotographers #exmore #devon #sony #beauty
Shot in Sony a7 - Samyang 14mm
On my way searching for rusty things (for Macro Mondays) I came across this simple rusty and forgotten bottle opener. The good old bottle opener – I have preferred for the CTT theme "bottles". Cheers ;-) ///
Glorreich. Hat über Jahre eine gute Arbeit gemacht.
Auf meinem Weg bei der Suche nach rostigen Dingen (für Macro Mondays) bin ich auf diesen einfachen angerosteten und vergessenen Flaschenöffner gestoßen. Der gute alte Flaschenöffner – habe ich mir lieber für das CTT Thema "Flaschen" aufgespart. Prost ;-)
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#7DWF : Crazy Tuesday Theme 12/09/17 Jars and Bottles
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Samyang / 1:2.0 / 135 mm / / Added macro extention tubes 16+10 mm
Deutschland - Baden-Württemberg - Kaiserstuhl
Schelinger Matten
The Kaiserstuhl (German: [ˈkaɪzɐʃtuːl], lit. "Emperor’s Chair") is a range of hills in the state of Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany with a maximum height of 556.6 metres (1,826 ft). It is of volcanic origin and located in the southwest of the state in the counties of Emmendingen and Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald. In terms of natural regions it is considered to be a part of the Upper Rhine Plain.
Name
The name "Kaiserstuhl" is believed to refer to King Otto III, who held court near Sasbach on 22 December 994. From then on, the whole hill range was called the Königsstuhl – the King’s Chair. In May 996, Otto III was crowned Emperor and the King’s Chair eventually became the Emperor’s Chair – "Kaiserstuhl". Reliable sources mention the name Kaiserstuhl only as early as 1304 and historians thus suppose that the term Kaiserstuhl was not coined until the 13th century.
Geography
Location
The Kaiserstuhl is situated in South Baden, mainly in Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald county or district. However, the smaller northern part belongs to Emmendingen. Within the Upper Rhine Plain it is situated about 16 km northwest of the city of Freiburg, right next to the eastern bank of the Rhine and a short distance west of the Dreisam. It reaches up to 377 metres above the level of the Rhine downstream (179.5 m a.s.l.) from the weir close to Burkheim.
At its greatest extent, from the Michaelsberg near Riegel in the northeast, to the Fohrenberg, by Ihringen in the southwest, the Kaiserstuhl is about 15 km long. Its maximum width is about 12.5 km.
Hills
The hills of the Kaiserstuhl include the following (sorted by height in metres above sea level):
Totenkopf (556.6 m), 1.9 km east of Bickensohl; with the Vogtsburg 1 telecommunication tower and Neunlinden observation tower
Eichelspitze (521.3 m), 2.8 km northwest of Bötzingen
Katharinenberg (492.4 m), 1.3 km southeast of Amoltern
Bisamberg (469.0 m), 1.2 km south of Amoltern
Staffelberg (446.0 m), 1.5 km northwest of Schelingen
Badberg (432.7 m) (protected area), 1.5 km east of Oberbergen
Holzeck (431.9 m), 1.7 km northeast of Ihringen; with tower
Hochbuck (374.8 m), 900 m south of Achkarren
Schlossberg (352.1 m), 500 m northwest of Achkarren; with Höhingen Castle ruins
Böselsberg (340.1 m), 500 m northwest of Wasenweiler
Büchsenberg (283.7 m), 1.3 km west of Achkarren
Geology
The formation of the Kaiserstuhl volcano during the Tertiary was the climax and at the same time the end of volcanic activity in the Upper Rhine Valley Rift. Volcanism started as early as the Cretaceous Period. Volcanic landforms include heavily eroded volcanic vents. The Kaiserstuhl is the only larger volcano from this period in the rift valley. Geologically the Kaiserstuhl can be divided into two parts: the sedimentary and volcanic part. Due to these peculiarities the Kaiserstuhl has been labeled one of the most important national geotopes.
Sedimentary base
The horizontal sedimentary layers forming the eastern third of the Kaiserstuhl date back to the Jurassic and the Tertiary long before the volcanic activity. Important stratigraphic outcrops include the Hauptrogenstein (local oolite) which is found mainly near the village of Riegel and the Pechelbronner Schichten (local Tertiary layers in the South German Scarplands) near Bötzingen. During the formation of the Upper Rhine Plain this part of the Kaiserstuhl sloped less in respect to its surrounding area – and thus appears as a so-called horst. In terms of its geological structure and the sequence of its escarpments, the Kaiserstuhl is comparable to the nearby Tuniberg, Nimberg and also to the Schönberg, which is situated south of the city of Freiburg.
Volcanic activity
Petrologically the volcanic Kaiserstuhl is an alkali-carbonate rock formation. The volcanic rocks making up a large part of the central and western Kaiserstuhl were the result of numerous volcanic eruptions during the Miocene, about 19 to 16 million years ago. They cover parts of the sedimentary base of the eastern Kaiserstuhl, which is why in some places changes in the base’s mineralogical composition occurred. The driving force behind this process of contact metamorphism was an increase in temperature. Due to the alternate eruption of tephra and lava flows from several vents a complex stratovolcano came into existence. Some of the rising magma solidified as volcanic intrusions below the surface – and today forms the central part of the Kaiserstuhl. Laterally rising phonolite magma also intruded into the sedimentary base of the Eastern Kaiserstuhl. Several hundred metres of the original volcano have been eroded.
Volcanic rocks
The entire volcanic Kaiserstuhl consists of rock types that contain feldspathoid minerals and olivine and are undersaturated with SiO2. Most igneous rocks at the surface are leucite-tephrites, with subordinate phonolites, limburgites, and olivine-nephelinites (at the Limberg Mountain near Sasbach), the last of which is rich in xenoliths from the Earth’s mantle. Carbonatite ignimbrite and lapilli are local peculiarities; they can be found in places in the western part of the Kaiserstuhl (Henkenberg near Burkheim, Kirchberg near Oberrotweil).
The subvolcanic and intrusive rocks of the central Kaiserstuhl are plutonic equivalents of the erupted material (essexite, carbonatite and coarse-granular phonolite). Several local terms which do not carry official status with the International Union of Geological Sciences have been used for different varieties of the intrusive rocks. Of major scientific interest is the consolidated carbonatite near Altvogtsburg und Schelingen. It is a quite rare volcanic rock, which crystallized from a carbonate magmatic melt rather than a silicate one. Given its unusual composition for an igneous rock, the magmatic nature of the carbonatite was not proposed for a long time and remained doubtful subsequently. An alternative interpretation was that it was a metamorphically altered sedimentary rock, examples of which can be found nearby. Only in the 1950s and 1960s did research prove that it was a carbonatite; one of the clues was identification of the eruptive carbonatites found in the western part of the Kaiserstuhl. The carbonatite contains the niobium rich pyrochlore; attempts to mine the carbonatite rock for niobium were carried out in the middle of the 20th century, but the amount turned out to be too small to be economical.
Minerals
For a long time the Kaiserstuhl has been known for rare minerals. Examples include the quarries at the Limberg (zeolites), Badberg (carbonatites), Orberg and Fohberg. Well-crystallized minerals can be found predominantly in clefts or cavities in the volcanic rock.
Loess
The Kaiserstuhl is today largely covered by a Quaternary loess layer, a loosely cemented sediment. It is derived from other rocks through erosion and is then transported by the wind. The loess at the Kaiserstuhl – as in all the peripheral areas of the Upper Rhine Valley – was formed during the last Ice Age. Large parts were bare of vegetation and so loess was winnowed out from the Rhine sediments. It was then deposited in the periglacial area (i.e. ice-free, but surrounded by glaciers) at the Kaiserstuhl. The major process active here was frost weathering resulting in crushed rocks. The wind blew strongly, as there was no vegetation that could have moderated it – entraining the lightest material and depositing it at obstacles like the Kaiserstuhl. Deposition took place northeast of the Kaiserstuhl, as the winds blew from the southwest.
The higher the place of sedimentation, the thinner the layer of the sedimented material is. At the Kaiserstuhl the thickness of the loess layer varies between 10 and 40 metres. There are, however, also areas in the southwest where no loess has been deposited. The Northern Limestone Alps are considered the main source of the Kaiserstuhl loess. A rust-coloured band occurs at irregular intervals. It developed as a new material and did not arrive regularly but in phases of different intensities. In a phase of weak sedimentation the material on top weathered – and the calcium carbonate was washed out. It then precipitated further down and formed a particular type of soil horizon, which contains concretions of calcium carbonate.
The Kaiserstuhl loess soils are used for intensive farming, as they offer good aeration, high water storage capacities and good mechanical qualities. Besides, as a result of farming deep narrow ravine-like paths developed.
As the loess developed over time it is, furthermore, significant for flood control. Sponge-like, it absorbs and then gently releases rainfall. This quality is however lost when bulldozers, employed to construct large terraces for viticulture, compress the loess.
Climate
General
The Kaiserstuhl is one of the warmest regions in Germany. The winters are relatively mild for the area, and the summers are warm or even hot, with possible average temperatures of over 20 °C (68 °F) in July and August. Because of its loess covered volcanic soils it is a very good wine-producing region. The climatic situation of the Kaiserstuhl is outstanding in the area. It is rain-shadowed by the Vosges Mountains, under the climatic influence of the Belfort Gap and is characterized by a drier and hotter climate, which one would rather expect not to be typical of the area. Despite this, winters remain cold and dry, and summers wet, in comparison with Mediterranean climate (which instead has a rainfall peak during winter, which can see few frost days, and a dry season in summer).
Meteorological data
The average annual temperature is 9.9 °C (49.8 °F), with 50–60 days with a maximum temperature above 25 °C (77 °F) as well as 60–70 days with a minimum temperature below 0 °C (32 °F). This illustrates a special feature of the Kaiserstuhl: it is characterized by its relatively extreme climate. The average difference between the lowest and the highest average temperatures within one year is 18.5 °C (65.3 °F). The mean precipitation at the Kaiserstuhl is approximately 600–700 millimetres (24–28 in), with about 1,720 hours of sunshine per year.
Flora and fauna
The climate of the Kaiserstuhl also explains the vast richness of thermophile flora and fauna. The Kaiserstuhl is for example one of the places with the largest variety of orchids in Europe – more than 30 species have been recorded. Among the vines wild grape hyacinths sprawl and along acclivities iris plants blossom. Furthermore, sand lizards (lacerta bilineata) and praying mantis (Mantis religiosa) live here – species which mainly occur in the Mediterranean area. (However, according to the latest research results the sand lizard presumably belongs to the allochthonous species of the European green lizard (Lacerta viridis)). The pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens) is a Xerophyte and normally only occurs in Southern Europe, but is also able to survive at the Kaiserstuhl. This species has a disjunct distribution, which means away from its normal habitat. It is a relict of a postglacial warm period where there had been a much warmer climate around the Kaiserstuhl. After the end of the warm period only the named species were able to survive. Besides there is a larger population of the May beetle (Melolontha melolontha). In spite of protests from conservationists the May Beetle is controlled by the use of insecticides.
Changes in landscape
The terrain of the Kaiserstuhl has been altered by the people living there since it was settled. The loam there is strongly susceptible to erosion as a result of soil cultivation, thus terraces had to be added, which were then mostly used as vineyards, as well as fruit growing or for other agricultural uses. As a result, the typical small "patio" hillsides and the streaked loess sunken roads typical of the region came into being.
To start with, it was for this reason that smaller terraces were merged in around 1950, this resulted in large scale reallocation, which turned parts of the original landscape completely upside down.
The phases of this reallocation were:-
Small-scale realignment between 1950 and 1960. At the same time the terrain was generally modified by manual labour with the help of in-house machines. During this time approximately 950 hectares were enclosed by the farmland consolidation authority.
Between 1960 and 1970 the loess slopes were more comprehensively modified, whereby large rectangular terraced areas with corresponding high embankments were made. The terraces were arranged with mountain like slopes so that now only the multiple slope edges are visible from the valley. About 650 hectares of the surface were styled in this way.
The plans to create large-scale terraces made between 1970 and 1976 were executed with the help of heavy machinery, changing the landscape radically. Before the original, naturally formed, depressions had still been visible in the gentle hillsides with only small terraces. Natural and man-made structures existed side by side. However, these small-scale structures were then obliterated completely. Monstrous areas resembling fortresses and entirely incongruous to the region were created. The total wine-growing area of the terraces was 630 ha. As the embankments and other areas exceeded the size of the wine-growing areas, the changes affected more than twice the newly created arable area. The land reforms of Oberrotweil-Oberberg, Ihringen-Abtsweingarten, Eichstetten-Hättlinsberg and Endingen am Kaiserstuhl-Schambach are examples of this phase.
The last phase of wine-growing land reforms was realized between 1976 and 1982. Due, in part, to protests against plans for further large scale terraces the changes were not as radical as the previous phase: the maximum height for embankments was "limited" to 10 m and their shapes were "made smooth and adjusted to the landscape" (Mayer 1986, citation translated). This procedure was, for example, applied to about 330 ha of wine-growing area in Oberbergen-Baßgeige or in Bickensohl-Herrenstück.
From 1977 on, several longer periods of enhanced precipitation caused damage to the embankments. During one week in May 1983 for example, the amount of precipitation was so large that in some areas it was equivalent to one third of the annual average, causing great damage in the modified areas.
The surfaces of the acclivities often slid off together with the vegetation. Former valleys, which had been blocked due to re-allocation, were flushed out. In some terraces dramatic shear failures developed. In addition extensive, devastating frost damage occurred; due to the incline of the mountainside at the surfaces of the acclivities, cold air pockets were formed in which the vines in bloom were frostbitten. Additionally substantial frost damage occurred in the woody part of the vines, especially in the vineyards which were situated in lower regions. In earlier times fruit had mostly been grown here but later this was changed to vineyards.
The activity of the farmland consolidation authority was narrowed to repairing and partly to rescheduling which at least was meant to correct the most severe consequences of the transformations from 1982 on.
Hiking
There are many opportunities for hiking in the Kaiserstuhl. The best known trail is the North-South Trail (check mark: blue rhomb on yellow background) from Endingen across the Katharinenberg and the Totenkopf and the Neunlinden viewing point to Ihringen. From the trail there are panoramic views over the Black Forest, the Upper Rhine Valley and the Vosges.
(Wikipedia)
Der Kaiserstuhl ist ein bis 556,8 m ü. NHN hohes, kleines Mittelgebirge vulkanischen Ursprungs in der Oberrheinischen Tiefebene. Es erhebt sich im Südwesten von Baden-Württemberg (Deutschland), in den Landkreisen Emmendingen und Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald.
Namensdeutung
Seinen Namen hat der Kaiserstuhl vermutlich von König Otto III., der bei Sasbach am 22. Dezember 994 einen Gerichtstag abhielt. Nach diesem Gerichtstag wurde das ganze Gebirge als „Königsstuhl“ bezeichnet. Nachdem Otto III. im Mai 996 zum Kaiser gekrönt worden war, wurde aus dem „Königsstuhl“ der „Kaiserstuhl“. Nachweislich belegt ist die Bezeichnung „Kaiserstuhl“ erst seit 1304. Historiker vermuten, dass der Begriff „Kaiserstuhl“ nicht vor dem 13. Jahrhundert entstand.
Geographie
Lage
Naturräumlich wird der Kaiserstuhl zum Oberrheinischen Tiefland gezählt und stellt dort die Haupteinheit 203 dar. Er befindet sich in Südbaden zum Großteil im Landkreis Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald, der kleine Nordteil gehört zum Landkreis Emmendingen. Innerhalb der Oberrheinischen Tiefebene liegt er etwa 16 km nordwestlich der Großstadt Freiburg, direkt östlich des Rheins und etwas westlich der Dreisam. Er erhebt sich maximal 377,1 m über den Rhein unterhalb (179,5 m) des Stauwehrs bei Burkheim.
In seiner weitesten Ausdehnung vom Michaelsberg bei Riegel im Nordosten bis zum Fohrenberg bei Ihringen im Südwesten ist der Kaiserstuhl rund 15 km lang, seine größte Breite beträgt etwa 12,5 km.
Berge
Zu den Bergen, Erhebungen und deren Ausläufern des Kaiserstuhls gehören – sortiert nach Höhe in Meter (m) über Normalhöhennull[1]:
Totenkopf (556,8 m), 1,9 km östlich von Bickensohl; mit Fernmeldeturm Vogtsburg-Totenkopf und Aussichtsturm Neunlinden
Eichelspitze (521,3 m), 2,8 km nordwestlich von Bötzingen mit dem Eichelspitzturm
Katharinenberg (491,9 m), 1,3 km südsüdöstlich von Amoltern
Bisamberg (469,6 m), 1,2 km südlich von Amoltern
Staffelberg (447,6 m), 1,5 km nordnordwestlich von Schelingen
Badberg (432,7 m) (Naturschutzgebiet), 1,5 km östlich von Oberbergen
Holzeck (431,9 m), 1,7 km nordnordöstlich von Ihringen; mit Sendeturm
Hochbuck (375,2 m), 900 m südlich von Achkarren
Schlossberg (351,9 m), 500 m nordwestlich von Achkarren; mit Burgruine Höhingen
Böselsberg (340,1 m), 500 m nordwestlich von Wasenweiler
Hochberg, (288,7 m), 900 m nordöstlich von Jechtingen
Büchsenberg (283,7 m), 1,3 km westlich von Achkarren
Geologie
Die Entstehung des Kaiserstuhlvulkans im Tertiär stellt sowohl den Höhepunkt als auch den Schlusspunkt der vulkanischen Aktivität im Oberrheingraben dar. Diese begann schon in der Kreidezeit und zeigt sich in zahlreichen, heute tief erodierten Vulkanschloten. Der Kaiserstuhl ist der einzige größere Vulkan aus dieser Zeit im Bereich des Oberrheingrabens. Dieser trifft hier auf den Bonndorfer Graben, der über den Hegau zum Bodensee führt. Gegen Ende des Oligozäns drang Magma empor, erstarrte jedoch noch unter der Erdoberfläche. Erst im Miozän kam es zu einem Durchbruch und zu großflächigen Lavaströmen. Geologisch gesehen lässt sich der Kaiserstuhl in einen sedimentären und einen vulkanischen Teil gliedern. Aufgrund dieser Besonderheiten wurde der Kaiserstuhl als eines der bedeutendsten nationalen Geotope Deutschlands ausgezeichnet.
Sedimentärer Sockel
Die das östliche Drittel bildenden, nahezu horizontal lagernden Sedimentgesteine wurden lange vor der vulkanischen Aktivität zu Zeiten des Juras und Tertiärs gebildet. Wichtige aufgeschlossene stratigraphische Einheiten sind der Hauptrogenstein (hauptsächlich in Riegel) und die Pechelbronner Schichten (in der Gegend von Bötzingen). Dieser Teil des Kaiserstuhls wurde während der Entstehung des Oberrheingrabens weniger stark als seine Umgebung abgesenkt und stellt einen sogenannten Horst dar. Er entspricht im Aufbau und der Schichtenfolge äquivalenten Strukturen im näheren Umkreis, wie dem Tuniberg und Nimberg westlich sowie dem Schönberg südlich von Freiburg im Breisgau.
Vulkanismus
Petrologisch handelt es sich beim vulkanischen Kaiserstuhl um einen Alkaligesteins-Karbonatit-Komplex. Die den Großteil des zentralen und westlichen Kaiserstuhls aufbauenden vulkanischen Gesteine wurden vor rund 19 bis 16 Millionen Jahren im Miozän durch zahlreiche Vulkanausbrüche gebildet. Sie überlagern teilweise den sedimentären Sockel des östlichen Kaiserstuhls, wodurch dieser stellenweise kontaktmetamorph, das heißt durch Einwirkung hoher Temperatur, verändert wurde. Durch abwechselnde Eruption von Tephra und Lavaströmen aus mehreren Schloten bildete sich ein komplexer Schicht- oder Stratovulkan. Emporquellendes Magma erstarrte teilweise als subvulkanische Intrusion im Vulkangebäude und baut heute den Zentralkaiserstuhl auf. Lateral aufsteigende phonolithische Schmelzen drangen auch in den sedimentären Sockel des östlichen Kaiserstuhls. Bis heute wurden durch Erosion mehrere 100 m des ursprünglichen Vulkans abgetragen.
Vulkanische Gesteine
Der gesamte vulkanische Kaiserstuhl besteht aus Foid- und/oder Olivin-führenden, SiO2-untersättigten Gesteinen. Bei den Eruptivgesteinen handelt es sich zum größten Teil um Leucit-Tephrit, untergeordnet auch Phonolith, Limburgit und Olivin-Nephelinit (am Limberg bei Sasbach). Letzterer ist sehr reich an Xenolithen aus dem Erdmantel. Als Besonderheit bei den Eruptivgesteinen sind karbonatitische Ignimbrite und Lapilli zu nennen, die im Westkaiserstuhl an einigen Stellen (Henkenberg bei Burkheim, Kirchberg bei Oberrotweil) aufgeschlossen sind.
Bei den subvulkanischen Intrusionen und Ganggesteinen des zentralen Kaiserstuhls handelt es sich um die Tiefengesteinsäquivalente der Ausbruchsprodukte (Essexit, Karbonatit und grobkörnigerer Phonolith). Für verschiedene Varietäten der Ganggesteine existieren in der Literatur eine Fülle weiterer Bezeichnungen (Alvikit, Hauynophyr, Mondhaldeit, Tinguait, Monchiquit und viele andere), die aber teilweise keine allgemein anerkannten Gesteinsnamen sind. Von großem wissenschaftlichen Interesse ist der bei Altvogtsburg und Schelingen anstehende Karbonatit. Dabei handelt es sich um ein recht seltenes vulkanisches Gestein, das nicht aus einer silikatischen, sondern aus einer karbonatischen Schmelze auskristallisierte. Aufgrund dieses ungewöhnlichen Umstandes wurde die magmatische Natur des Karbonatits lange Zeit nicht erkannt oder in Zweifel gezogen. Alternative Interpretationen gingen von kontaktmetamorph veränderten Sedimentgesteinen aus, die bekanntermaßen in unmittelbarer Nähe zu finden sind. Erst in den 1950er- und 1960er-Jahren gelang es, das Gestein gesichert als Karbonatit zu identifizieren, unter anderem durch das Auffinden der eruptiven Karbonatite im westlichen Kaiserstuhl. Wegen des in ihm auftretenden Niob-Minerals Koppit wurde der Karbonatit in der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts versuchsweise bergmännisch abgebaut. Allerdings erwiesen sich die Gehalte als zu gering für eine Nutzung in größerem Umfang.
Minerale
Seit langer Zeit ist der Kaiserstuhl als Fundstelle für zum Teil seltene Minerale bekannt. Besondere Fundstellen sind die Steinbrüche im Limburgit des Limbergs (verschiedene Zeolithe), im Karbonatit am Badberg und Orberg (Koppit) und im Phonolith des Fohbergs und des Kirchbergs (Zeolithe, Wollastonit, Melanit). Überwiegend treten diese als Kluftminerale oder Blasenfüllungen (Mandelstein) auf.
Lössbedeckung
Der Kaiserstuhl ist heute weitgehend von einer quartären Lössschicht bedeckt. Löss ist ein Lockersediment, welches durch Erosion anderer Gesteine entsteht und durch äolischen Transport an seinen Ablagerungsort befördert wird. Der Löss entstand – wie im gesamten Randbereich der Oberrheinebene – während der letzten weitgehend vegetationsfreien Eiszeit durch Auswehung aus dem Rheinschlamm. Die Ablagerung fand im periglazialen (eisfreien, jedoch von Gletschereis umgebenen) Gebiet um den Kaiserstuhl statt. Der Hauptprozess, der in dieser Region stattfindet, ist Frostsprengung von Gestein. Da keine Vegetation vorhanden ist, die den Wind bremsen könnte, weht dieser beständig stark. Er nimmt das leichteste Material mit und lagert es an Hindernissen, beispielsweise dem Kaiserstuhl, wieder ab. Hierbei ist zu beachten, dass die Ablagerung im Lee stattfindet, im Falle des Kaiserstuhls – wo der Wind aus Südwesten wehte – also im Nordosten. Je höher der Sedimentationsort liegt, desto dünner ist die Schicht tatsächlich abgelagerten Materials. Am Kaiserstuhl liegt die Mächtigkeit der Lössschicht zwischen 10 und 40 Metern, es gibt jedoch auch Orte im Südwesten, an denen kein Löss sedimentiert wurde. Der Herkunftsort des Lösses am Kaiserstuhl lag hauptsächlich in den nördlichen Kalkalpen. Auffällig im anstehenden Löss ist ein sich in unregelmäßigen Abständen wiederholender, rostfarbener Streifen. Dieser entsteht durch die phasenweise Anlieferung neuen Materials. Während einer schwachen Sedimentationsphase verwittert das obenauf liegende Material, wobei der Kalk ausgewaschen wird. Hierbei bildet sich Lösslehm. Der ausgewaschene Kalkanteil fällt weiter unten im Bodenprofil wieder aus und bildet den sogenannten Lösskindelhorizont. Zu jedem Ausfällungshorizont gehört deshalb ein Anreicherungshorizont.
Die Lössböden des Kaiserstuhls werden agrarisch intensiv genutzt, da sie eine gute Belüftung bieten und eine hohe Wasserspeicherfähigkeit sowie mechanisch gute Eigenschaften besitzen. Außerdem sind im Zuge der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzung die sogenannten Lösshohlwege entstanden.
Der gewachsene Löss ist zudem für den Hochwasserschutz von Bedeutung, da er starke Niederschläge wie ein Schwamm aufnimmt und dann gleichmäßig wieder abgibt. Durch die Anlage von Großterrassen für den Weinbau am Kaiserstuhl wird der Löss jedoch mit Planierraupen verdichtet und verliert diese Eigenschaft.
Klima
Allgemeines
Klimatisch zählt der Kaiserstuhl zur temperaten (gemäßigten) Klimazone. Durch die in der Oberrheinebene vorherrschende Wärmebegünstigung gehört er jedoch zu den wärmsten Orten Deutschlands mit für Mitteleuropa vergleichsweise milden Wintern und warmen Sommern, die teilweise sogar Durchschnittstemperaturen von über 20 Grad in den Monaten Juli und August aufweisen können. Durch seine mit Löss bedeckten vulkanischen Böden ist er ein sehr gutes Weinanbaugebiet. Die klimatischen Voraussetzungen des Kaiserstuhls heben sich von seiner Umgebung deutlich ab. Er liegt im Regenschatten der Vogesen, im Einfluss der Burgundischen Pforte, und hat somit ein eher trockenes Klima.
Meteorologische Daten
Die Jahresmitteltemperatur beträgt 9,9 °C, wobei sowohl 50 bis 60 Sommertage als auch 60 bis 70 Frosttage zu verzeichnen sind. Dies spiegelt schon ein besonderes Merkmal des Kaiserstuhls wider, denn er zeichnet sich durch recht extreme Klimaverhältnisse aus, was sich besonders in der durchschnittlichen jährlichen Temperaturschwankung von 18,5 °C ausdrückt. Der mittlere Niederschlag auf dem Kaiserstuhl beträgt etwa 600 bis 700 mm, bei jährlich rund 1.720 Stunden Sonnenschein.
Flora und Fauna
Das Klima des Kaiserstuhls erklärt auch die große Fülle an wärmeliebender Flora und Fauna. Beispielsweise ist der Kaiserstuhl einer der Orte mit der größten Orchideenvielfalt in Europa – mehr als 30 Arten wurden registriert. Zwischen den Rebstöcken wuchern wilde Traubenhyazinthen, und an Böschungen blühen Schwertlilien. Außerdem leben hier Bienenfresser, Smaragdeidechsen und Gottesanbeterinnen (Mantis religiosa) – Arten, die ihren Verbreitungsschwerpunkt im mediterranen Bereich haben (nach neuen genetischen Studien handelt es sich bei der Smaragdeidechse allerdings um eine wahrscheinlich allochthone Population der Östlichen Smaragdeidechse). Die Flaumeiche ist ein Xerophyt und kommt sonst vor allem in Südeuropa vor, am Kaiserstuhl kann sie sich jedoch vor allem im Flaumeichenwald am Büchsenberg als Niederwald halten. Diese Arten leben in einem disjunkten Areal, also von ihrem normalen Verbreitungsgebiet abgetrennt. Dies ist ein Relikt einer postglazialen Warmzeit, zu der auch im Gebiet um den Kaiserstuhl ein deutlich wärmeres Klima herrschte. Nach Ende der Warmzeit konnten die genannten Arten nur noch am Kaiserstuhl überleben. Außerdem gibt es am Kaiserstuhl größere Populationen des Maikäfers. Die Art wurde in der Vergangenheit trotz Kritik von Umweltschützern mit Insektiziden bekämpft, so etwa im Jahr 2009. Die Aktion wurde damit begründet, dass der Maikäfer ansonsten existenzbedrohende Schäden in der umliegenden Landwirtschaft auslösen könnte.
Landschaftsveränderung
Die Oberfläche des Kaiserstuhls wurde vom wirtschaftenden Menschen seit dessen Besiedlung verändert. Da Löss infolge der Bodenbearbeitung stark erosionsanfällig ist, mussten Terrassen geschaffen werden, die meist als Rebflächen, teilweise auch für Obst- oder zum Ackerbau genutzt wurden. Dadurch entstanden schon früh die typischen kleinterrassierten Hänge, die zudem von den ebenfalls durch die „Nutzung“ entstandenen Lösshohlwegen durchzogen wurden.
Im Sinne der Flurbereinigung wurde um 1950 damit begonnen, zunächst kleinere Terrassen zusammenzulegen; dies endete in Großumlegungen, welche die ursprüngliche Landschaft in Teilbereichen völlig umgestalteten. Diese Umgestaltung begann zwischen 1950 und 1960 mit kleinräumigen Neuordnungen. Dabei wurde das Gelände meist in Handarbeit bzw. mit Hilfe betriebseigener Maschinen umgestaltet. In dieser Zeit wurden rund 950 ha von den Flurbereinigungsbehörden flurbereinigt.
Zwischen 1960 und 1970 wurden die Lösshänge umfassender umgestaltet, wobei große, tiefe und möglichst rechteckige Terrassenflächen mit entsprechend hohen Böschungen entstanden. Die Terrassen wurden mit bergseitiger Neigung angelegt, so dass jetzt vom Tal aus vielfach nur noch die Kanten sichtbar sind. Auf diese Art entstanden rund 650 ha Rebfläche.
Mit umfassendem Maschineneinsatz wurden die Großterrassenplanungen der Jahre 1970 bis 1976 umgesetzt, die das Landschaftsbild deutlich veränderten. Vor diesen Maßnahmen zeichneten sich in den sanften Hängen, deren Oberflächen von den kleinen Terrassen überprägt waren, noch die ursprünglich natürlich entstandenen Senken ab. Statt diesem Nebeneinander von natürlichen und vom Menschen geschaffenen Strukturen nehmen die Kritiker nun festungsartige und landschaftsfremde Oberflächen wahr, die eine Gesamtgröße von ca. 630 ha Rebfläche bieten. Da die Böschungen und sonstigen Flächen größer waren als die Rebflächen, erstreckte sich die Landschaftsveränderung jeweils auf mehr als das Doppelte der neu geschaffenen nutzbaren Fläche. Beispiele für diese Phase sind die Flurbereinigungen Oberrotweil-Oberberg, Ihringen-Abtsweingarten, Eichstetten-Hättlinsberg und Endingen am Kaiserstuhl-Schambach. Inzwischen war der Großteil der Lösshohlwege durch die Flurbereinigung verschwunden, die zuvor ökologische Nischen speziell für Wildbienen und Vögel gewesen waren.
Die letzte Phase der Rebflurbereinigung erstreckte sich auf die Zeit zwischen 1976 und 1982, in der unter anderem wegen der Proteste gegen die Großterrassenplanungen gemäßigt vorgegangen wurde: Die Böschungshöhen wurden auf maximal 10 m „beschränkt“, der Böschungsverlauf wurde „geschwungen angelegt und der Landschaft angepasst“. Mit diesen Verfahren wurden zum Beispiel in Oberbergen-Baßgeige oder in Bickensohl-Herrenstück rund 330 ha Rebfläche bearbeitet.
Nachdem ab 1977 durch länger anhaltende niederschlagsreiche Perioden Böschungsschäden entstanden waren, fielen in der Pfingstwoche des Jahres 1983 Niederschlagsmengen, die teilweise ein Drittel des Jahresmittels ausmachten. Diese führten in den umgelegten Gebieten zu Schäden: Die Böschungsoberflächen rutschten vielfach mitsamt der Vegetation ab, ehemalige, durch die Umlegungen verschüttete Talzüge wurden ausgeschwemmt, in einzelnen Terrassen entstanden tiefgreifende Grundbrüche. Überdies kam es in den Folgejahren zu Frostschäden. Durch die bergseitige Neigung der Terrassenoberflächen konnten sich Kaltluftseen bilden, in denen die Reben vor allem in der Blüte erfroren.[6] Außerdem entstanden, vor allem in den niedriger gelegenen Rebflächen, in denen zuvor meist Obst angebaut worden war, erhebliche Frostschäden am Holz der Rebbestände.
Die Tätigkeit der Flurbereinigungsbehörden beschränkte sich in der Zeit nach 1982 auf Reparaturarbeiten und partielle Umplanungen, die zumindest die schwersten Folgen der Umgestaltungen korrigieren sollten. Inzwischen hatte man auch begonnen, die verbliebenen Lösshohlwege als Naturdenkmale auszuweisen und sie zu schützen.
Seit 2021 wird auf einer Fläche von etwa einem Hektar Echter Lavendel und Lavandin angebaut. Dank der Wärme und der kalkreichen Böden gedeiht er gut. Zwei der vier Felder liegen in Bischoffingen, wo es auch einen Hofladen gibt und je eines in Königschaffhausen und Burkheim. Auf letzterem wachsen neun verschiedene Sorten.
Wandern
Der bekannteste und „klassische“ Wanderweg ist der Neunlindenpfad (Nord-Süd-Weg); er ist einer von acht Themenpfaden und führt von Endingen über den Katharinenberg und den Totenkopf mit Aussichtsturm Neunlinden nach Ihringen. Von den Wegen bieten sich vielerorts Ausblicke auf den Schwarzwald, die Rheinebene und die Vogesen. Auch der Querweg Schwarzwald–Kaiserstuhl–Rhein führt über den Kaiserstuhl.
Als Wissenschaftlicher Lehrpfad wurde 1977 der Limberg-Weg angelegt. Er umfasst 90 Stationen zu den Themen Geologie und Mineralogie, Geschichte, Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege, Forstwirtschaft, Wein- und Obstbau, Rheinbau und Wasserwirtschaft, sowie Landeskunde.
Die acht Themenpfade wurden 2007 mit einer Gesamtlänge von 140 km eröffnet und in das bestehende Wanderwegenetz des Schwarzwaldvereins (Markierung: gelber Rhombus auf weißem Hintergrund) integriert. Dabei wurde das Wanderwegenetz mit 430 neuen Wegweisern ausgeschildert. Große Tafeln mit einer Übersichtskarte und mit Standortinformationen sind an zentralen Punkten wie zum Beispiel an Bahnhöfen in den von den Themenpfaden verbundenen oder durchlaufenden Ortschaften aufgestellt. Jeder Themenpfad ist durch eine eigene Farbe und ein dem Namen entsprechendes Symbol auf den Eingangsportalen und den Wegweisern optisch gekennzeichnet. Weitere 120 kleinere Thementafeln erläutern entlang der Wanderwege lokale Besonderheiten. Örtliche Pfade, wie zum Beispiel der Brunnenpfad (7 km) in Bötzingen, wurden in das neue Netz der Themenpfade integriert.
Die acht Themenpfade wurden 2010 durch den Kaiserstuhlpfad ergänzt, der als Prädikatswanderweg das Gütesiegel „Qualitätsweg Wanderbares Deutschland“ erhielt. Der 21,7 km lange Kaiserstuhlpfad orientiert sich mit einigen Erweiterungen am Neunlindenpfad (Nord-Süd-Weg) und führt von Endingen durch das Erletal hoch zur Katharinenkapelle, entlang der Naturschutzgebiete Badberg und Haselschacher Buck zum Eichelspitzturm, weiter über den Vogelsang-Pass zum Neunlindenturm, durch den Lößhohlweg Eichgasse nach Bickensohl und über den Kreuzenbuck durch die Lenzengasse nach Ihringen.
(Wikipedia)
[Extention photo with enhanced colours View On Black]
My original photo I was going to upload today didnt really edit well but maybe i'll upload it later when im out of ideas!
I hope you all had a pleasent 2012 and an even more pleasent 2013
A MASSIVE thankyou and hello to my new contacts! you're so cool!!
Wildlife photography is to a large extent about opportunities, those you seize, those you miss, those you don't even see.... Red-winged blackbirds for sure are offering plenty of opportunities on Vancouver Island for a large portion of the year. It is probably one of the first bird I photographed when I started wildlife photography a few years ago. It is ever since, probably the bird I photograph the most each year. Yet, I feel that there is always a better picture of a red-winged blackbird which needs to be taken. The temptation was great to present a "year-end exhibit" of all those red-winged blackbird pictures I have taken this year. You will be glad I refrained from it. Here are a few I like.
The full extent of the job to replace the cladding on the Harvey Nicks apartment block. I have to say I've huge admiration for the folks who put up the scaffolding. This is an intricate job and I imagine one faulty connection could be a catastrophe
1Z29 Crewe to Glasgow Central. The Ayr Extention. LSL's Class 86 in Intercity Swallow livery sits on blocks at Glasgow Central with a charter to Ayr (Due to the fire damaged Ayr station the charter only went as far as Brassie Jn)
Iedereen bedankt voor de reactie en de favorieten/vind ik leuk!!!
Thanks everyone for the response and favorites/Likes!!!
One single shot.
Is a duet of short extent and concise form.
Mozart wrote the most beautiful! www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtTCwH2mQTA
Gerbera is a genus of ornamental plants from the sunflower family. It was named in honour of the German naturalist Traugott Gerber. View On Black
It has approximately 30 species in the wild, extending to South America, Africa and tropical Asia.
Colours include white, yellow, orange, red, and pink. The center of the flower is sometimes black.
It is the fifth most used cut flower in the world (after rose, carnation, chrysanthemum, and tulip).
Giving my flowers SOUL?
I love 'creating' and playing with light in the studio, comp in camera, gives me a real 'PHOTOGRAPHY' buzz, lol, M, (*_*)
For more: www.indigo2photography.co.uk
IT IS STRICTLY FORBIDDEN (BY LAW!!!) TO USE ANY OF MY image or TEXT on websites, blogs or any other media without my explicit permission. © All rights reserved
Gerbera, red, petals, flowers, studio, black-background, colour, design, square, NikonD7000, "Magda indigo"
To some extent, photographers are graphic designer, aren't we? We are constantly looking for elements of design.
Happy Sunday!
Fuji X-T1
Fuji XF 50-140mm
Velvia Film Simulation
Beams of early evening light on Eastern Sierra aspen groves.
As I photographed here in the late afternoon I was keeping an eye on the sun as it descended toward clouds and the Sierra crest to the west. These trees are beautifully back-lit by late afternoon sun, but it looked like that light source might disappear early behind the clouds. But as it turned out, the partially blocked light created an unusual and dramatic effect as beams of light highlighted trees against the darker background.
I think that we like to flatter ourselves about our ability to find and take advantage of subjects and great light. We sure put a lot of effort into searching out visually interesting locations than then being there when the light is likely to be ideal. But in the end we are, to a great extent, at the mercy of conditions. Sometimes that is a problem, but on evenings like this one the light gods send us a gift.
G Dan Mitchell is a California photographer and visual opportunist. His book, “California’s Fall Color: A Photographer’s Guide to Autumn in the Sierra” is available from Heyday Books, Amazon, and directly from G Dan Mitchell.
To the extent the Japanese rainy season, this year doesn't see the kind in an ordinary year.
I was leaving by earliness which is so.
This mountain where I came by chance in summer of last year is deep.
That a valley stream rich in the rustic beauty will be rainfall, the quantity of water.
It's rich and vivid.
This valley stream by which such rainy season has ended, mostly, daily.
Be so, I keep taking a picture.
The forest and the rock are covered by green moss up and are wonderful.
In a clear flow of the water on which faint light shines, life is feeling.drags me by overwhelming charm.
The earth where I live in this fascinating view, oh.
I realized and it was enriched, this, wonderful.
Made important forever as my memory.
I'd like to go on !
The extent of what I can see after an hour with the retinal specialist.
It's always a long day after getting refracted. And I still haven't seen the regular optometrist about new glasses yet. I really have to find one that will work on Tuesdays and Wednesdays pretty soon, because I get no sick leave for medical appointments.
A bit of insanity, too. I was considering going to the nursery while dilated, but by the time my appointment was over, it was ninety-six degrees outside. I settled for lox and bagels instead. That much I could handle with dilated eyes and air conditioning.
“To some extent, the cult surrounding black-and-white photography is based on nostalgia” – René Burri
SN/NC: Echinacea Purpurea, Asteraceae Family
Echinacea purpurea, the eastern purple coneflower, purple coneflower, hedgehog coneflower, or echinacea, is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to parts of eastern North America and present to some extent in the wild in much of the eastern, southeastern and midwestern United States as well as in the Canadian Province of Ontario. It is most common in the Ozarks and in the Mississippi/Ohio Valley. Its habitats include dry open woods, prairies and barrens.
Echinacea is derived from Greek, meaning 'spiny one', in reference to the spiny sea urchins 'εχίνοι' which the ripe flower heads of species of this genus resemble. The epithet purpurea means 'reddish-purple'. Originally named Rudbeckia purpurea by Linnaeus in 1753 in Species plantarum 6, it was reclassified in 1794 by Conrad Moench, in a new genus named Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. In 1818, Thomas Nuttall describes a new variety that he named Rudbeckia purpurea var. serotina. Just two decades later, De Candolle raised him to the rank of species of the other genus Echinacea serotina (Nutt.) DC. (1836). In 2002, Binns et al. discovered a misapplication of the name Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench for the taxon correctly named Echinacea serotina (Nutt.) DC. in 1836. The authors proposed to retain the names not to cause confusion among gardeners and herbalists. Other names include: Broad-leaved purple coneflower, Eastern Purple Coneflower, Hedgehog Coneflower, Echinacea.
A equinácea é uma planta medicinal, também conhecida como flor-de-cone, púrpura ou rudbéquia, rica em alcamidas, flavonóides e polissacarídeos, com propriedades anti-inflamatórias, antialérgicas e imunomoduladoras, sendo, por isso, muito utilizada como remédio caseiro no tratamento de gripes e resfriados, aliviando a coriza e a tosse.
Ela é uma espécie norte-americana de planta com flores na família Asteraceae, a mesma do girassol e das margaridas e dálias. É nativa do leste da América do Norte e presente em grande parte do leste, sudeste e centro-oeste dos Estados Unidos, bem como na província canadense de Ontário e British Columbia, para mencionar algumas. É mais comum nos Ozarks e no Vale dos Rios Mississippi e Ohio. Seus habitats incluem bosques abertos secos, pradarias e áridos. Echinacea é derivado do grego, que significa 'espinhoso', em referência aos ouriços-do-mar espinhosos 'εχίνοι', aos quais as cabeças de flores maduras de espécies deste gênero se assemelham. O epíteto purpurea significa 'roxo-avermelhado'. É uma linda flor.
L'Echinacea purpurea, l'echinacea viola orientale, l'echinacea viola, l'echinacea riccio o l'echinacea, è una specie di pianta da fiore nordamericana della famiglia delle Asteraceae. È originario di parti del Nord America orientale e in una certa misura è presente allo stato selvatico in gran parte degli Stati Uniti orientali, sudorientali e centro-occidentali, nonché nella provincia canadese dell'Ontario. È più comune negli Ozarks e nella valle del Mississippi/Ohio. I suoi habitat includono boschi aperti asciutti, praterie e aridi.
Echinacea deriva dal greco, che significa 'spinoso', in riferimento ai ricci di mare spinosi 'εχίνοι' a cui assomigliano i capolini maturi di specie di questo genere. L'epiteto purpurea significa 'porpora rossastro'
Echinacea purpurea, de oostelijke paarse zonnehoed, paarse zonnehoed, egel zonnehoed of echinacea, is een Noord-Amerikaanse soort bloeiende plant in de familie Asteraceae. Het is inheems in delen van Oost-Noord-Amerika en komt tot op zekere hoogte in het wild voor in een groot deel van het oosten, zuidoosten en middenwesten van de Verenigde Staten, evenals in de Canadese provincie Ontario. Het komt het meest voor in de Ozarks en in de Mississippi/Ohio-vallei. De habitats omvatten droge open bossen, weilanden en kale vlaktes.
Echinacea is afgeleid van het Grieks en betekent 'stekelige', verwijzend naar de stekelige zee-egels 'εχίνοι' waarop de rijpe bloemhoofdjes van soorten van dit geslacht lijken. Het epitheton purpurea betekent 'rood-paars'.
Echinacea purpurea , la equinácea púrpura oriental , la equinácea púrpura , la equinácea erizo o la equinácea , es una especie norteamericana de planta con flores de la familia Asteraceae . Es nativo de partes del este de América del Norte y está presente hasta cierto punto en la naturaleza en gran parte del este, sureste y medio oeste de los Estados Unidos, así como en la provincia canadiense de Ontario. Es más común en los Ozarks y en el valle de Mississippi/Ohio. Sus hábitats incluyen bosques abiertos secos, praderas y páramos.
Echinacea se deriva del griego, que significa 'espinoso', en referencia a los erizos de mar espinosos 'εχίνοι' a los que se asemejan las cabezas de flores maduras de las especies de este género. El epíteto purpurea significa 'púrpura rojizo'.
Echinacea purpurea, l'échinacée pourpre orientale, l'échinacée pourpre, l'échinacée hérisson ou l'échinacée, est une espèce nord-américaine de plante à fleurs de la famille des astéracées. Il est originaire de certaines parties de l'est de l'Amérique du Nord et est présent dans une certaine mesure à l'état sauvage dans une grande partie de l'est, du sud-est et du Midwest des États-Unis ainsi que dans la province canadienne de l'Ontario. Il est le plus courant dans les Ozarks et dans la vallée du Mississippi/Ohio. Ses habitats comprennent des bois ouverts secs, des prairies et des landes.
L'échinacée vient du grec et signifie « épineux », en référence aux oursins épineux « εχίνοι » auxquels ressemblent les inflorescences mûres des espèces de ce genre. L'épithète purpurea signifie « violet rougeâtre ».
Echinacea purpurea, der östliche Purpur-Sonnenhut, Purpur-Sonnenhut, Igel-Sonnenhut oder Echinacea, ist eine nordamerikanische Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Asteraceae. Sie ist in Teilen des östlichen Nordamerika beheimatet und bis zu einem gewissen Grad in freier Wildbahn in weiten Teilen des Ostens, Südostens und mittleren Westens der Vereinigten Staaten sowie in der kanadischen Provinz Ontario vorhanden. Es ist am häufigsten in den Ozarks und im Mississippi/Ohio Valley. Seine Lebensräume umfassen trockene offene Wälder, Prärien und Ödland.
Echinacea leitet sich aus dem Griechischen ab und bedeutet „stacheliger", in Anlehnung an die stacheligen Seeigel „εχίνοι", denen die reifen Blütenköpfe von Arten dieser Gattung ähneln. Der Beiname purpurea bedeutet „rötlich-lila".
إشنسا بوربوريا ، الصنوبريات الأرجوانية الشرقية ، الصنوبريات الأرجواني ، قنفذ القنفذ ، أو إشنسا ، هو نوع من النباتات المزهرة في أمريكا الشمالية في عائلة Asteraceae. هي موطنها الأصلي في أجزاء من شرق أمريكا الشمالية وتوجد إلى حد ما في البرية في الكثير من شرق وجنوب شرق وغرب الولايات المتحدة وكذلك في مقاطعة أونتاريو الكندية. هو الأكثر شيوعًا في أوزاركس وفي وادي المسيسيبي / أوهايو. تشمل موائلها الغابات المفتوحة الجافة والمروج والجبل.
إشنسا مشتق من اللغة اليونانية ، وتعني "الشوكة الواحدة" ، في إشارة إلى قنافذ البحر الشوكية "εχίνοι" التي تشبهها رؤوس الأزهار الناضجة لأنواع هذا الجنس. الصفة بوربوريا تعني "أرجواني محمر".
Echinacea purpurea、イースタン パープル コーンフラワー、パープル コーンフラワー、ハリネズミ コーンフラワー、またはエキナセアは、キク科の開花植物の北米種です。北米東部の一部に自生し、米国東部、南東部、中西部の多く、およびカナダのオンタリオ州にある程度野生で存在します。オザークとミシシッピ/オハイオ渓谷で最も一般的です.その生息地には、乾いた開けた森、大草原、不毛地帯が含まれます。
エキナセアは、この属の種の熟した花の頭が似ているとげのあるウニ「εχίνοι」に関連して、「とげのあるもの」を意味するギリシャ語に由来します。別名プルプレアは「赤紫色」を意味します。
To the extent the Japanese rainy season, this year doesn't see the kind in an ordinary year.
I was leaving by earliness which is so.
This mountain where I came by chance in summer of last year is deep.
That a valley stream rich in the rustic beauty will be rainfall, the quantity of water.
It's rich and vivid.
This valley stream by which such rainy season has ended, mostly, daily.
Be so, I keep taking a picture.
The forest and the rock are covered by green moss up and are wonderful.
In a clear flow of the water on which faint light shines, life is feeling.drags me by overwhelming charm.
The earth where I live in this fascinating view, oh.
I realized and it was enriched, this, wonderful.
Made important forever as my memory.
I'd like to go on !
Analogica eseguita con Nikon FM2 obiettivo Nikkor 180mm f2.8 ai pellicola kodak Vision 3 250D sviluppata con kit Bellini c41, scansionata con Canon EOS 60D e obiettivo canon ef-s 60mm macro. Elaborazione del RAW con "negative lab pro".
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GIARDINI DI TERRA
Ho scattato questa foto nelle campagne limitrofe la frazione di Montalvello, vicino ad Apiro (MC) - Marche - Italy.
E' il mare la mia grande passione, il luogo dove scatto la maggior parte delle mie foto. Chi mi conosce lo sa bene.
Eppure è questa l’immagine che più mi rappresenta, che sento davvero mia.
I miei nonni hanno lavorato la terra per tutta la vita, e in parte anche mio padre.
Non sono figlio di pescatori o di naviganti.
Sono figlio della terra.
È una terra ordinata, in salita, disegnata dai solchi del lavoro e dal tempo.
Non si intravede alcuna ricchezza materiale.
Piuttosto, emerge una linea di comunicazione scarna, essenziale, con tralicci ben piantati in pendenza.
Eppure conserva una ricchezza differente, inestimabile:
è insita nella terra stessa, in ciò che ha prodotto, in ciò che produrrà,
nei nuovi solchi che verranno a rinnovarla, con sempre nuove sfumature di colore.
È dipinta dalla luce, dal tempo, e da chi la coltiva con rispetto.
GARDENS OF EARTH
I took this photo in the countryside near the hamlet of Montalvello, close to Apiro (MC) = Marche = Italy. .
The sea is my great passion, the place where I take most of my photos.
Those who know me are well aware of this.
And yet, this is the image that represents me the most, the one I truly feel is mine.
My grandparents worked the land all their lives, and to some extent, so did my father.
I am not the son of fishermen or sailors.
I am a son of the earth.
It is an orderly land, sloping upward, drawn by the furrows of labor and time.
No material wealth is visible.
Instead, a sparse, essential line of communication emerges, with pylons firmly planted on the incline.
Yet it holds a different kind of wealth, one that is priceless:
it is inherent in the land itself, in what it has produced, in what it will produce,
in the new furrows that will renew it, with ever-changing shades of color.
It is painted by light, by time, and by those who cultivate it with respect.
The Panamint Mountains reflect the morning sunlight in this view of the northern extent of ephemeral Lake Manly’s latest reincarnation. When I first started coming to Death Valley National Park in 2008, I remember learning of the massive return of this lake in 2005 that had people kayaking across it. When I first encountered it in 2011, I was enamored by the way it transformed this landscape of bright white salt polygons into a vastly different world. Since then the recurrence seems to be happening more frequently, to the point where the iconic salt polygons have not had a chance to fully reform between the lake’s reincarnations. When the water is still nothing beats the serenity of this magnificent valley reflected across the gigantic mirror surface, and the changing patterns of the salt flat fascinate me endlessly.
This pano, taken from one of the pull-outs near Mt. Washburn, shows the extent of the fires burning in Yellowstone late this summer. On this particular day the winds had kicked up and, coupled with low humidity, caused the fires to flare up again. Interestingly enough, the very next day snow moved in and put the fires down. All of the fires were lightning caused and allowed to burn. I wanted the dead trees in the foreground to show that this particular area had burned in the past, probably in the fires of 1988. Best viewed large.
Thanks for your views and comments! have a great week ahead!
© 2016 Craig Goettsch - All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use without permission is prohibited.
The extent of Tailem Bend's railway yards has retreated over the years but interstate freight services continue to pass through the crossroads.
076286 8 Jan 2016
This was taken on our recent trip to Costa Rica. He is so beautiful and so healthy looking thanks to a very kind and generous man who took this jaguar and nursed him back to health again. He had been injured and injured to the extent that he can not be released into the wild. He has a quiet home on a farm and is well cared for as you can see by the look of him. Jaguars are found in Costa Rica but usually they inhabit areas along the coast such as
Tortugaro. I fell in love with him and was thrilled that his life had been saved along with one other female who looks equally as beautiful. I am truly grateful for the kind people of this world who love and care for those that can not care for themselves.
Wishing you a wonderful and blessed day.
15th July 2018 - McDonnell Douglas KC-10A Extenter '87-0120' of the United States Air Forces 32nd Air Refueling Squadron, part of the 305th Air Mobility Wing at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst. This is the aircraft that towed the 2 US F35A's across the pond.
For some extent , loco is matching with coaches
Banaras locomotive works , Varanasi assembled 37201 ( RPM ) ROYAPURAM PRANAV JEWELLERS advertised WAP-7 powering MGR CHENNAI CENTRAL - MYSORE JN ~ SHATABDI EXPRESS
LC :- Varuna canal , mysore
Is a duet of short extent and concise form.
Mozart wrote the most beautiful! www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtTCwH2mQTA
Gerbera is a genus of ornamental plants from the sunflower family. It was named in honour of the German naturalist Traugott Gerber. View On Black
It has approximately 30 species in the wild, extending to South America, Africa and tropical Asia.
Colours include white, yellow, orange, red, and pink. The center of the flower is sometimes black.
It is the fifth most used cut flower in the world (after rose, carnation, chrysanthemum, and tulip).
Giving my flowers SOUL?
I love 'creating' and playing with light in the studio, comp in camera, gives me a real 'PHOTOGRAPHY' buzz, lol, M, (*_*)
For more: www.indigo2photography.co.uk
IT IS STRICTLY FORBIDDEN (BY LAW!!!) TO USE ANY OF MY image or TEXT on websites, blogs or any other media without my explicit permission. © All rights reserved
Gerbera, red, petals, flowers, studio, black-background, colour, design, square, NikonD7000, "Magda indigo"
The precise extent of the once wooded area from which Southwood in the town of Ramsgate takes its name is uncertain. Today, Southwood has much clearer definition in the local inhabitant's mental map as a predominantly residential area and as the home ground of Ramsgate football. It equates with the area of the former Southwood Farm and of Southwood House. Southwood's large, Victorian water tower is also one of Ramsgate's distinctive and prominent landmarks. The Southwood neighbourhood occupies an area of about half a square kilometre, and consists of predominantly late nineteenth and early twentieth century houses. It sits on elevated ground one kilometre to the west of Ramsgate town centre and behind the more prestigious houses, cliff-top promenades, and greens of the West Cliff area.
The Tower was built in 1887 and was made a grade II listed building in 1988, now converted into flats.
Apparently my house was lot 3 when the farm was sold and was used as a brickfield until the row of houses were built in 1902. A brickfield is a common location name in southeast England. Its name derives from a field where the topsoil was removed and the clay beneath was stripped, and mixed with chalk and ash to create bricks, we now have topsoil and chalk so I suppose all the clay was used up!
I can see this building from anywhere in the front of the house. I went to take a pic of the front of the tower but it is packed with cars!
The pov makes it look crooked but it isn't and I think it is called perspective convergence!!
HFF Everyone!!
MY THANKS TO ALL WHO VISIT AND COMMENT IT IS APPRECIATED
Captured on 19 August 2020, this Copernicus Sentinel-3 image shows the extent of the smoke from fires currently ablaze in California, US. Amid the blistering heatwave, which is in its second week, there are around 40 separate wildfires across the state. Record high temperatures, strong winds and thunderstorms have created the dangerous conditions that have allowed fires to ignite and spread. The fires are so extreme in regions around the San Francisco Bay Area that thousands of people have been ordered to evacuate.
Credits: contains Copernicus Sentinel (2020), processed by ESA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
Lipník is an ancient town with 8.5 thousand inhabitants, situated in the very heart of the Moravian Gate. One side of this ancient trade route is lined by the Hostýn Hills, the other one by the Oder Hills. The Moravian Gate Valley is passed by the Bečva River. In the past, an important trade route, called Amber Trail, passed here.
The first written mention of Lipník dates from the year 1238, the town itself is certainly much older. Since 1989, Lipník is an urban conservation area (there are only two conservation areas within the Olomouc Region - Olomouc and Lipník). There are more than 100 listed buildings. The town has retained its original street lines, historic buildings in the medieval core and to a large extent very remarkable fortification system, which still bears all the signs of ancient settlements – a dominant square in the centre, „star-type“ road system and bypass roads. To a large extent, it has preserved the original historic town´s layout.
From this point of view, the urban conservation area of Lipník can be considered as one of the most valuable towns in the country according to unofficial categorization. There is also a medieval Helfštýn Castle near the town, which is one of the largest castles in Central Europe. In recent years, the renowned international artist blacksmith meetings Hefaiston take place at the end of August. In addition, it hosts many other cultural and sports events.
The wider surroundings of the town have become an attractive destination for cyclists, riding on the Bečva and Amber Route biking trails. Some sections are also attractive for in-line skaters.
Lipník has an ideal transport accessibility - whether by road or rail. The town is located in central Moravia, about 30 km from Olomouc, 15 km from Přerov and 12 km from Hranice, by the river of Bečva in the valley of the Moravian Gate. You can reach Lipník from Olomouc in approximately half an hour, from Brno and Ostrava in an hour. Lipnik lies virtually on the main route from Ostrava to Olomouc. There is a dual carriageway R-35 in the vicinity, the D47 motorway is in service since 2009. Lipník n. B has a railway station. As to bus transport, several express coaches stop here too.
The West Point Lighthouse, also known as the Discovery Park Lighthouse, is an active aid to navigation on Seattle, Washington's West Point, which juts into Puget Sound and marks the northern extent of Elliott Bay. The lighthouse is similar in design to the Point No Point Light and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. It is a main feature of Seattle's Discovery Park. The West Point Light, also known as the Discovery Park Lighthouse, is a 23-foot-high lighthouse on Seattle, Washington's West Point which juts into Puget Sound and marks the northern extent of Elliott Bay. Opening on November 15, 1881, and featuring a fourth-order Fresnel lens, it was the first manned light station on Puget Sound and cost $25,000 to build ($610 thousand in today dollars). It was illuminated with a kerosene lamp for its first 44 years, until it was attached to Seattle's electric grid in 1926.
The lighthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. It became automated in 1985, the last station in Washington to do so. (Wikipedia)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point_Light
www.seattle.gov/parks/parkspaces/discoverypark/lighthouse...
www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?id=33
www.seattleandsound.com/westpointlighthouse.html
www.google.com/maps/place/West+Point+Lighthouse/@47.66194...