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Protecting Inputs in Digital Electronics
www.digikey.com/us/en/techzone/microcontroller/resources/...?
Man what a cool cover! I got this off of a PDF, not the best resolution. Anyone out there have this issue? I could use a good scan.
■ 6일 美 라스베이거스에서 글로벌 시장 공략 위한 전략제품 선보여
□ 슬로건: ‘더 나은 삶을 위한 혁신(Innovation for a Better Life)’
□ 2,044평방미터(㎡) 규모 부스 마련, 시장선도 제품 대거 전시
■ 초(超)프리미엄 가전 브랜드 ‘LG 시그니처’ 첫 선
□ 최고 성능, 정제된 아름다움, 혁신적인 사용성 지향
□ 올레드 TV, 세탁기, 냉장고 등을 시작으로 제품군 확대 예정
■ 차원이 다른 올레드 TV 등 프리미엄 TV 라인업 선보여
□ 슬림하고 고급스러운 디자인의 올레드 TV
□ 더 쉽고 편리해진 ‘웹OS 3.0’
□ ATSC 3.0 핵심기술 개발 주도하며 차세대 방송기술 우위 선점
■ 프리미엄 주방 패키지, 신개념 가전 등 생활가전 전시
□ 프리미엄 주방 패키지 ‘블랙 스테인리스 스틸 시리즈’
□ 코드제로, 스타일러 등 사용편의성 갖춘 신개념 가전
■ 스마트홈 서비스, 기기 간 및 서비스 간 연결성 확대
□ 스마트씽큐 허브 첫 공개∙∙∙홈 게이트웨이, 알림 센터, 스피커로 역할
■ 디자인∙성능 강화한 스마트폰, IT기기와 차별화된 액세서리 등 전시
□ 모던한 디자인의 스마트폰 K시리즈, 탁월한 착용감의 톤플러스 등
□ 몰입감 높은 21:9 화면비 모니터, 성능∙편의성 강화한 사운드 바 등
■ 울트라 올레드 TV, ‘CES 최고 혁신상’ 수상
□ 총 10개 부문 21개 ‘CES 혁신상’으로 역대 최다 수상
■ 글로벌마케팅부문장 나영배 부사장 “앞선 기술력과 혁신적인 디자인의 프리미엄 제품을 통해 고객들에게 차별화된 가치를 제공할 것”
※ Social LG전자 (social.lge.co.kr/newsroom) 에서 관련 보도자료를 확인하실 수 있습니다.
I'm very proud of the soldering I did on this. It looks so good because I made good use of my new 1lb. roll of .015 solder. It works so well!
Here is a photo of a group of SubMix7 modules, the new Eurorack release from Low-Gain Electronics. We should have stock very soon.
Further info via this thread at Muff Wiggler: muffwiggler.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=33840 .
We'll update our website when they are in-stock: www.analoguehaven.com/lowgainelectronics/ .
Seen Here: The PCB all soldered and with one LED matrix fitted.
Annoyingly, SparkFun are out of stock of the matrix I'm using, so I'm stuck with just one for the moment (can't find them ANYWHERE ELSE D: ).
So, today my PCB for the LED matrix arrived from BatchPCB! For what I paid, the PCB arrived fairly quickly - I ordered it on the 15/02 I believe, and it arrived 11/03 -- 26 days, which is pretty good (they state 19 business days).
The quality is very, very impressive - far better than anything I could pull off at home. The silkscreen and soldermask makes it look really nice, too.
Soldering it was a joy, although there was a LOT to solder and it's all surface mounted.
I had a few problems at first; it wasn't lighting the matrix at all properly but I soon realised with my new design (transistors on the cathodes) I have to write the transistors HIGH to get a LOW on the cathode, so a quick line of code changed to get that working.
Then for some reason the top half of every letter was flipped. It turns out this was my fault: I messed up when making the package for the LED matrix in Eagle, swapping the matrix's 5th cathode for my system's 8th, 6th for 7th, 7th for 6th and 8th for 5th. This was fairly easy to fix in code, however.
Finally USB isn't working to program or communicate, but I can configure the FT232RL chip (after all, it's sending the clock pulse that's driving my ATmega168). I think I have an idea of what's causing this, but I'm not sure yet.
Printed-circuit board work was conducted in Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s Photo Fabrication Shop. Each year, the Laboratory designed more than 250 printed-circuit board layouts and modified many existing ones. A new computer system introduced in 1977 automated their design.
Electronics Hobby
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"Power amplifier" redirects here. It is not to be confused with RF power amplifier.
Mission Cyrus 1 Hi Fi integrated audio amplifier (1984) [1]
An audio power amplifier is an electronic amplifier that amplifies low-power audio signals (signals composed primarily of frequencies between 20 - 20 000 Hz, the human range of hearing) to a level suitable for driving loudspeakers and is the final stage in a typical audio playback chain.
The preceding stages in such a chain are low power audio amplifiers which perform tasks like pre-amplification, equalization, tone control, mixing/effects, or audio sources like record players, CD players, and cassette players. Most audio power amplifiers require these low-level inputs to adhere to line levels.
While the input signal to an audio power amplifier may measure only a few hundred microwatts, its output may be tens, hundreds, or thousands of watts
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_power_amplifier
History[edit]
Three audio power amplifiers
The audio amplifier was invented in 1909 by Lee De Forest when he invented the triode vacuum tube. The triode was a three terminal device with a control grid that can modulate the flow of electrons from the filament to the plate. The triode vacuum amplifier was used to make the first AM radio.[2]
Early audio power amplifiers were based on vacuum tubes (also known as valves), and some of these achieved notably high quality (e.g., the Williamson amplifier of 1947-9). Most modern audio amplifiers are based on solid state devices (transistors such as BJTs, FETs and MOSFETs), but there are still some who prefer tube-based amplifiers, and the valve sound. Audio power amplifiers based on transistors became practical with the wide availability of inexpensive transistors in the late 1960s.
Design parameters[edit]
Key design parameters for audio power amplifiers are frequency response, gain, noise, and distortion. These are interdependent; increasing gain often leads to undesirable increases in noise and distortion. While negative feedback actually reduces the gain, it also reduces distortion. Most audio amplifiers are linear amplifiers operating in class AB.
Further developments in amplifier design[edit]
For some years following the introduction of solid state amplifiers, their perceived sound did not have the excellent audio quality of the best valve amplifiers (see valve audio amplifier). This led audiophiles to believe that valve sound had an intrinsic quality due to the vacuum tube technology itself. In 1972, Matti Otala demonstrated the origin of a previously unobserved form of distortion: transient intermodulation distortion (TIM), also called slew rate distortion. TIM distortion was found to occur during very rapid increases in amplifier output voltage.[3] TIM did not appear at steady state sine tone measurements, helping to hide it from design engineers prior to 1972. Problems with TIM distortion stem from reduced open loop frequency response of solid state amplifiers. Further works of Otala and other authors found the solution for TIM distortion, including increasing slew rate, decreasing preamp frequency bandwidth, and the insertion of a lag compensation circuit in the input stage of the amplifier.[4][5][6] In high quality modern amplifiers the open loop response is at least 20 kHz, canceling TIM distortion. However, TIM distortion is still present in most low price home quality power amplifiers.[citation needed]
The next step in advanced design was the Baxandall Theorem, created by Peter Baxandall in England.[7] This theorem introduced the concept of comparing the ratio between the input distortion and the output distortion of an amplifier. This new idea helped audio design engineers to better evaluate the distortion processes within an amplifier.
After a RAM upgrade, my computer would run for maybe 30 seconds and then shut down. Same thing happened with various combinations of DIMMs installed ... even just the old ones by themselves.
I should mention that my computer was on the floor under my desk, and I had a snake-clamp lamp lighting it up. I smelled smoke and quickly learned the lamp's bulb needed to be vertical, otherwise the shade would rest on the bulb and it would smolder. Oops. So I brought the computer up above the desk where I could see it without the fire-hazard lamp.
At this point, I noticed something both odd and terrifying - when I powered on the machine, one of the wires from the PSU to the motherboard was glowing red. Meanwhile, the computer was happily booting up... until it shut itself off, and the wire faded to black.
Clearly the power supply was trash, but would the motherboard kill the next PSU? The fact that the computer would run for awhile before shutting down indicated the motherboard was not fried. I thought maybe a loose screw under the board was shorting something to ground, but I found nothing there. Nor were there any (visibly) burnt traces on the board itself.
So I decided to just swap out the power supply and cross my fingers -- and the machine has worked fine for several weeks since the incident.
Only yesterday did I decide to crack open the PSU and see if I could find any clues about what went wrong... (continued)
Electronics hobby
Designing and building a high power amplifier capable of driving low impedance (as low as 2 Ohm’s @ 50 Vpp) loads.
www.diyaudio.com/ see alias FdW
History of DIY audio
Audio DIY came to prominence in the 50s to 60s, as audio reproduction was relatively new and the technology "complex," audio reproduction equipment, and in particular high performance equipment, was not offered at the retail level. Kits and designs were available for consumers to build their own equipment. Famous vacuum tube kits from Dynaco, Heathkit, and McIntosh, as well as solid state (transistor) kits from Hafler allowed for consumers to build their own hi fidelity systems. Books and magazines were published which explained new concepts regarding the design and operation of vacuum tube and (later) transistor circuits.
While audio equipment has become easily accessible in the current day and age, there still exists an interest in building one's own equipment, including amplifiers, speakers, preamplifiers, and even CD players and turntables. Today, a network of companies, parts vendors, and on-line communities exist to foster this interest. DIY is especially active in loudspeaker and in tube amplification. Both are relatively simple to design and fabricate without access to sophisticated industrial equipment. Both enable the builder to pick and choose between various available parts, on matters of price as well as quality, allow for extensive experimentation, and offer the chance to use exotic or highly labor-intensive solutions, which would be expensive for a manufacturer to implement, but only require personal labor by the DIYer, which is a source of satisfaction to them.