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Effective dialogue with others really does depend on our sincerity, honesty, earnestness and enthusiasm.
Let's make every effort to speak with confidence and conviction, just like my mentor, Josei Toda always used to do!
Medium reFrame
Effective Range: Short
Classification: Melee / Close Combat
Armaments: (1) SW-GKRSWXB00
This mysterious black reFrame has always been a sign of ominous times. Rumored to be a heavily custom unit of a pirate, the G Kurosawa has never been truly reported in any official logs as those who encounter it come back broken, muttering only the words "the black death comes". Most believe it's built around a Marzan Emissary design but vastly improved with various parts from the reFrames it has defeated.
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Build notes:
This is a tribute build to a great custom designer toy maker named Quiccs and his awesome original character, the Ghost of Kurosawa. First time I saw his work, I immediately loved the whole aesthetic, combining the mecha genre (specifically the signature Gundam look) with medieval Japan and a generous amount of street / graffiti culture.
For this build, I spent quite some time tinkering with the head design, coming up with a look that had a creepy skull bug face and making sure I get the whole V-fin/samurai cresent in there. At some point, it reminded me of those enemy mobile suit head designs from V / F91 / Crossbone / G no Reconguista. Past the head, I didn't really know how I'd translate Quiccs's character's look to my mecha format so I decided to just give it my own interpretation which ended up taking some visual cues from the X1 Crossbone Gundam (notable the back boosters and the grill on the sides of the shoulders from the Full Cloth).
The swords are actually Rapier versions of the ones the Emissary had but with Trans-clear blades (notice the finger guards using the vehicle mudguard).
Probably the hardest part of this entire build was adding those trapezoid front skirt flags.
y'aurait comme besoin d'une remise en forme
Collection #Toulouse
Toulouse, Minimes
Canon set/7 num. /40mm
unpublished -dec. 2019
Textures: My own
Looks better pressing L
Thanks for your visit and comments.
Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission.
All rights reserved © GoldenCrotalo.
Garbage picking is the practice of sifting through commercial or residential waste to find items that have been discarded by their owners, but that may prove useful to the garbage picker. Garbage picking may take place in dumpsters or in landfills. When in dumpsters, the practice is called dumpster diving in American English and skipping in British English. Dumpster diving is viewed as an effective urban foraging technique. Dumpster divers will forage dumpsters for items such as clothing, furniture, food, and similar items in good working condition.
My social photography is a documentary of the sights I have seen from the sidewalks of New York City. I apologize if my images offend anyone ~Rhpsr
As they neared the Privy the arrows began to dampen as the Guards above realized they were no longer breaking through the now effective shield wall.
“HALT!” cried the Baron as the troops stopped below the Privy.
“LEFT WING! PREPARE ARMS! CENTER DOUBLESTEP TO FORWARD POSITION! HOLD!” Ordered the Baron as he reached down to the nearest Sergeant a lad named Alex Williamson.
“Alex” whispered the Baron.
“Do you have that grapple and rope line from the P.I.C.T. still?” inquired the Baron to his subordinate.
“Aye M’Lord, I half remembered to store it in my kit before we landed…but I have it here.” Said Alex as he presented the grapple from the sack he had attached to his waist belt.
“Perfect…when I give the command for the left flank to open up and release volleys in a two-step fashion, I want you with three of our men to push up to the Privy and secure the line for my ascent. I will lead a dozen of our troops up the Privy. Then I want you to take command here and lead the troops to Broadsword Beach where my Brother and the rest of the men should be mustering to attack the lower Urban Gate with the armed forces of the Stewart and our allies. Make sure you issue occasional commands so the Guards think I’m still down here while we make our silent ascent to support the opening of the Gate.” Stated the Baron.
“Sounds like a messy job M’lord” said Alex with a grin.
“Aye…sometimes we have to endure the crappiest of situations to make the best of what we have in front of us…so long as it doesn’t involve a rising moon that is” chuckled the Baron as he and Alex began to laugh.
“Now…off with you. Be ready for my signal” said the Baron again sternly as he began to count in his head.
“LEFT FLANK! TWO-STEP! PRESENT! FIRE!” Yelled the Baron as his men began a shield rotation of opening up the wall to let a line open fire with arrows up at the ramparts, then immediately close and let another section in the line do the same to keep the volleys propelled upwards to prevent the enemy from showing their heads unless they wanted an arrow carefully placed between their eyes.
As they did so, Alex and his men rushed to the Privy, fired up the line and caught the wood near the opening then ran back to inform the Baron.
“Alright…you and you men, come with me. With have a slippery mission to complete” Said the Baron as he rushed to the line and upwards, meanwhile the din of the volleys slowed and the Baron could now hear the Sergeant calling out commands to move the line towards Broadsword Beach.
The time had come, surprise was going to be on his side this time thought the Baron. After all he needed to get that Gate open so the Stewarts plan and the Allies would be able to get inside to rescue the Prince.
Thanks to Matt again for the story telling!
Heidelberg - Heidelberger Schloss
Heidelberg Castle (German: Heidelberger Schloss) is a ruin in Germany and landmark of Heidelberg. The castle ruins are among the most important Renaissance structures north of the Alps.
The castle has only been partially rebuilt since its demolition in the 17th and 18th centuries. It is located 80 metres (260 ft) up the northern part of the Königstuhl hillside, and thereby dominates the view of the old downtown. It is served by an intermediate station on the Heidelberger Bergbahn funicular railway that runs from Heidelberg's Kornmarkt to the summit of the Königstuhl.
The earliest castle structure was built before 1214 and later expanded into two castles circa 1294; however, in 1537, a lightning bolt destroyed the upper castle. The present structures had been expanded by 1650, before damage by later wars and fires. In 1764, another lightning bolt caused a fire which destroyed some rebuilt sections.
Before destruction
Early history
Heidelberg was first mentioned in 1196 as "Heidelberch". In 1155 Conrad of Hohenstaufen was made the Count Palatine by his half-brother Frederick Barbarossa, and the region became known as the Electoral Palatinate. The claim that Conrad's main residence was on the Schlossberg (Castle Hill), known as the Jettenbühl, cannot be substantiated. The name "Jettenbühl" comes from the soothsayer Jetta, who was said to have lived there. She is also associated with Wolfsbrunnen (Wolf's Spring) and the Heidenloch (Heathens' Well). The first mention of a castle in Heidelberg (Latin: "castrum in Heidelberg cum burgo ipsius castri") is in 1214, when Louis I, Duke of Bavaria of the House of Wittelsbach received it from Hohenstaufen Emperor Friedrich II. The last mention of a single castle is in 1294. In another document from 1303, two castles are mentioned for the first time:
The upper castle on Kleiner Gaisberg Mountain, near today's Hotel Molkenkur (destroyed in 1537);
The lower castle on the Jettenbühl (the present castle site).
All that is known about the founding of the lower castle is that it took place sometime between 1294 and 1303. The oldest documented references to Heidelberg Castle are found during the 1600s:
The Thesaurus Pictuarum of the Palatinate church counsel Markus zum Lamb (1559 to 1606);
The "Annales Academici Heidelbergenses" by the Heidelberg librarian and professor Pithopoeus (started in 1587);
The "Originum Palatinarum Commentarius" by Marquard Freher (1599);
The "Teutsche Reyssebuch" by Martin Zeiller (Strasbourg 1632, reprinted in 1674 as the "Itinerarium Germaniae").
All of these works are for the most part superficial and do not contain much information. In 1615, Merian's Topographia Palatinatus Rheni described Prince Elector Ludwig V as he "started building a new castle one hundred and more years ago". Most of the descriptions of the castle up until the 18th century are based on Merian's information. Under Ruprecht I, the court chapel was erected on the Jettenbühl.
Palace of kings
When Ruprecht became the King of Germany in 1401, the castle was so small that on his return from his coronation, he had to camp out in the Augustinians' monastery, on the site of today's University Square. What he desired was more space for his entourage and court and to impress his guests, but also additional defences to turn the castle into a fortress.
After Ruprecht's death in 1410, his land was divided between his four sons. The Palatinate, the heart of his territories, was given to the eldest son, Ludwig III. Ludwig was the representative of the emperor and the supreme judge, and it was in this capacity that he, after the Council of Constance in 1415 and at the behest of Emperor Sigismund, held the deposed Antipope John XXIII in custody before he was taken to Burg Eichelsheim (today Mannheim-Lindenhof).
On a visit to Heidelberg in 1838, the French author Victor Hugo took particular pleasure in strolling among the ruins of the castle. He summarised its history in this letter:
But let me talk of its castle. (This is absolutely essential, and I should actually have begun with it.) What times it has been through! Five hundred years long it has been victim to everything that has shaken Europe, and now it has collapsed under its weight. That is because this Heidelberg Castle, the residence of the counts Palatine, who were answerable only to kings, emperors, and popes, and was of too much significance to bend to their whims, but couldn't raise his head without coming into conflict with them, and that is because, in my opinion, that the Heidelberg Castle has always taken up some position of opposition towards the powerful. Circa 1300, the time of its founding, it starts with a Thebes analogy; in Count Rudolf and Emperor Ludwig, these degenerate brothers, it has its Eteocles and its Polynices [warring sons of Oedipus]. Then the prince elector begins to grow in power. In 1400 the Palatine Ruprecht II, supported by three Rhenish prince electors, deposes Emperor Wenceslaus and usurps his position; 120 years later in 1519, Count Palatine Frederick II was to create the young King Charles I of Spain Emperor Charles V.
Reformation and the Thirty Years Wars
It was during the reign of Louis V, Elector Palatine (1508–1544) that Martin Luther came to Heidelberg to defend one of his theses (Heidelberg Disputation) and paid a visit to the castle. He was shown around by Louis's younger brother, Wolfgang, Count Palatine, and in a letter to his friend George Spalatin praises the castle's beauty and its defenses.
In 1619, Protestants rebelling against the Holy Roman Empire offered the crown of Bohemia to Frederick V, Elector Palatine who accepted despite misgivings and in doing so triggered the outbreak of the Thirty Years War. It was during the Thirty Years War that arms were raised against the castle for the first time. This period marks the end of the castle's construction; the centuries to follow brought with them destruction and rebuilding.
Destruction
After his defeat at the Battle of White Mountain on 8 November 1620, Frederick V was on the run as an outlaw and had to release his troops prematurely, leaving the Palatinate undefended against General Tilly, the supreme commander of the Imperial and Holy Roman Empire's troops. On 26 August 1622, Tilly commenced his attack on Heidelberg, taking the town on 16 September, and the castle a few days later.
When the Swedes captured Heidelberg on 5 May 1633 and opened fire on the castle from the Königstuhl hill behind it, Tilly handed over the castle. The following year, the emperor's troops tried to recapture the castle, but it was not until July 1635 that they succeeded. It remained in their possession until the Peace of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years War was signed. The new ruler, Charles Louis (Karl Ludwig) and his family did not move into the ruined castle until 7 October 1649.
Victor Hugo summarized these and the following events:
In 1619, Frederick V, then a young man, took the crown of the kings of Bohemia, against the will of the emperor, and in 1687, Philip William, Count Palatine, by then an old man, assumes the title of prince-elector, against the will of the king of France. This was to cause Heidelberg battles and never-ending tribuluations, the Thirty Years War, Gustav Adolfs Ruhmesblatt and finally the War of the Grand Alliance, the Turennes mission. All of these terrible events have blighted the castle. Three emperors, Louis the Bavarian, Adolf of Nassau, and Leopold of Austria, have laid siege to it; Pio II condemned it; Louis XIV wreaked havoc on it.
— quoted from Victor Hugo: "Heidelberg"
Nine Years' War
After the death of Charles II, Elector Palatine, the last in line of the House of Palatinate-Simmern, Louis XIV of France demanded the surrender of the allodial title in favor of the Duchess of Orléans, Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine who he claimed was the rightful heir to the Simmern lands. On 29 September 1688, the French troops marched into the Palatinate of the Rhine and on 24 October moved into Heidelberg, which had been deserted by Philipp Wilhelm, the new Elector Palatine from the line of Palatinate-Neuburg. At war against the allied European powers, France's war council decided to destroy all fortifications and to lay waste to the Palatinate (Brûlez le Palatinat!), in order to prevent an enemy attack from this area. As the French withdrew from the castle on 2 March 1689, they set fire to it and blew the front off the Fat Tower. Portions of the town were also burned, but the mercy of a French general, René de Froulay de Tessé, who told the townspeople to set small fires in their homes to create smoke and the illusion of widespread burning, prevented wider destruction.
Immediately upon his accession in 1690, Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine had the walls and towers rebuilt. When the French again reached the gates of Heidelberg in 1691 and 1692, the town's defenses were so good that they did not gain entry. On 18 May 1693 the French were yet again at the town's gates and took it on 22 May. However, they did not attain control of the castle and destroyed the town in attempt to weaken the castle's main support base. The castle's occupants capitulated the next day. Now the French took the opportunity to finish off the work started in 1689, after their hurried exit from the town. The towers and walls that had survived the last wave of destruction, were blown up with mines.
Removal of the court to Mannheim
In 1697 the Treaty of Ryswick was signed, marking the end of the War of the Grand Alliance and finally bringing peace to the town. Plans were made to pull down the castle and to reuse parts of it for a new palace in the valley. When difficulties with this plan became apparent, the castle was patched up. At the same time, Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine played with the idea of completely redesigning the castle, but shelved the project due to lack of funds. He did, however, install his favorite court jester, Perkeo of Heidelberg to famously watch over the castle's wine stock. Perkeo later became the unofficial mascot of the city. In 1720, he came into conflict with the town's Protestants as a result of fully handing over the Church of the Holy Spirit to the Catholics (it had previously been split by a partition and used by both congregations), the Catholic prince-elector moved his court to Mannheim and lost all interest in the castle. When on 12 April 1720, Charles announced the removal of the court and all its administrative bodies to Mannheim, he wished that "Grass may grow on her streets".
The religious conflict was probably only one reason for the move to Mannheim. In addition, converting the old-fashioned hill-top castle into a Baroque palace would have been difficult and costly. By moving down into the plain, the prince-elector was able to construct a new palace, Mannheim Palace, that met his every wish.
Karl Phillip's successor Karl Theodor planned to move his court back to Heidelberg Castle. However, on 24 June 1764, lightning struck the Saalbau (court building) twice in a row, again setting the castle on fire, which he regarded as a sign from heaven and changed his plans. Victor Hugo, who had come to love the ruins of the castle, also saw it as a divine signal:
One could even say that the very heavens had intervened. On 23 June 1764, the day before Karl Theodor was to move into the castle and make it his seat (which, by the bye, would have been a great disaster, for if Karl Theodor had spent his thirty years there, these austere ruins which we today so admire would certainly have been decorated in the pompadour style); on this day, then, with the prince's furnishings already arrived and waiting in the Church of the Holy Spirit, fire from heaven hit the octagonal tower, set light to the roof, and destroyed this five-hundred-year-old castle in very few hours.
— Victor Hugo, Heidelberg
In the following decades, basic repairs were made, but Heidelberg Castle remained essentially a ruin.
Since destruction
Slow decay and Romantic enthusiasm
In 1777, Karl Theodor became ruler of Bavaria in addition to the Palatinate and removed his court from Mannheim to Munich. Heidelberg Castle receded even further from his thoughts and the rooms which had still had roofs were taken over by craftsmen. Even as early as 1767, the south wall was quarried for stone to build Schwetzingen Castle. In 1784, the vaults in the Ottoheinrich wing were filled in, and the castle used as a source of building materials.
As a result of the German mediatisation of 1803, Heidelberg and Mannheim became part of Baden. Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden welcomed the addition to his territory, although he regarded Heidelberg Castle as an unwanted addition. The structure was decaying and the townsfolk were helping themselves to stone, wood, and iron from the castle to build their own houses. The statuary and ornaments were also fair game. August von Kotzebue expressed his indignation in 1803 at the government of Baden's intention to pull down the ruins. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the ruined castle had become a symbol for the patriotic movement against Napoleon.
Even before 1800, artists had come to see the river, the hills and the ruins of the castle as an ideal ensemble. The best depictions are those of England's J. M. W. Turner, who stayed in Heidelberg several times between 1817 and 1844, and painted Heidelberg and the castle many times. He and his fellow Romantic painters were not interested in faithful portrayals of the building and gave artistic licence free rein. For example, Turner's paintings of the castle show it perched far higher up on the hill than it actually is.
The saviour of the castle was the French count Charles de Graimberg. He fought the government of Baden, which viewed the castle as an "old ruin with a multitude of tasteless, crumbling ornaments", for the preservation of the building. Until 1822, he served as a voluntary castle warden, and lived for a while in the Glass Wing (Gläserner Saalbau), where he could keep an eye on the courtyard. Long before the origin of historic preservation in Germany, he was the first person to take an interest in the conservation and documentation of the castle, which may never have occurred to any of the Romantics. Graimberg asked Thomas A. Leger to prepare the first castle guide. With his pictures of the castle, of which many copies were produced, Graimberg promoted the castle ruins and drew many tourists to the town.
Planning and restoration
The question of whether the castle should be completely restored was discussed for a long time. In 1868, the poet Wolfgang Müller von Königswinter argued for a complete reconstruction, leading to a strong backlash in public meetings and in the press.
In 1883, the Grand Duchy of Baden established a "Castle field office", supervised by building director Josef Durm in Karlsruhe, district building supervisor Julius Koch and architect Fritz Seitz. The office made a detailed plan for preserving or repairing the main building. They completed their work in 1890, which led a commission of specialists from across Germany to decide that while a complete or partial rebuilding of the castle was not possible, it was possible to preserve it in its current condition. Only the Friedrich Building, whose interiors were fire damaged, but not ruined, would be restored. This reconstruction was done from 1897 to 1900 by Karl Schäfer at the enormous cost of 520,000 Marks.
Castle ruins and tourism
The oldest description of Heidelberg from 1465 mentions that the city is "frequented by strangers", but it did not really become a tourist attraction until the beginning of the 19th century. Count Graimberg made the castle a pervasive subject for pictures which became forerunners of the postcard. At the same time, the castle was also found on souvenir cups. Tourism received a big boost when Heidelberg was connected to the railway network in 1840.
Mark Twain, the American author, described the Heidelberg Castle in his 1880 travel book A Tramp Abroad:
A ruin must be rightly situated, to be effective. This one could not have been better placed. It stands upon a commanding elevation, it is buried in green woods, there is no level ground about it, but, on the contrary, there are wooded terraces upon terraces, and one looks down through shining leaves into profound chasms and abysses where twilight reigns and the sun cannot intrude. Nature knows how to garnish a ruin to get the best effect. One of these old towers is split down the middle, and one half has tumbled aside. It tumbled in such a way as to establish itself in a picturesque attitude. Then all it lacked was a fitting drapery, and Nature has furnished that; she has robed the rugged mass in flowers and verdure, and made it a charm to the eye. The standing half exposes its arched and cavernous rooms to you, like open, toothless mouths; there, too, the vines and flowers have done their work of grace. The rear portion of the tower has not been neglected, either, but is clothed with a clinging garment of polished ivy which hides the wounds and stains of time. Even the top is not left bare, but is crowned with a flourishing group of trees & shrubs. Misfortune has done for this old tower what it has done for the human character sometimes – improved it.
— Mark Twain
In the 20th century, Americans spread Heidelberg's reputation outside Europe. Thus, Japanese also often visit the Heidelberg Castle during their trips to Europe. Heidelberg has, at the beginning of the 21st century, more than three million visitors a year and about 1,000,000 overnight stays. Most of the foreign visitors come either from the USA or Japan. The most important attraction, according to surveys by the Geographical Institute of the University of Heidelberg, is the castle with its observation terraces.
Chronology
Timeline of events for Heidelberg Castle:
1225: first documented mention as "Castrum".
1303: mention of two castles.
1537: destruction of the upper castle by lightning bolt.
1610: creation of the palace garden ("Hortus Palatinus").
1622: Tilly conquers city and castle in the Thirty Years War.
1642: renewal of the Castle plants.
1688/1689: destruction by French troops.
1693: renewed destruction in the Palatinate succession war.
1697: (start) reconstruction.
1720: transfer of the residence to Mannheim.
1742: (start) reconstruction.
1764: destruction by lightning bolt.
1810: Charles de Graimberg dedicates himself to the preservation of the Castle ruins.
1860: first Castle lighting.
1883: establishment of the "office of building of castles of Baden."
1890: stocktaking by Julius Koch and Fritz Seitz.
1900: (circa) restorations and historical development.
(Wikipedi)
Das Heidelberger Schloss ist eine der berühmtesten Ruinen Deutschlands und das Wahrzeichen der Stadt Heidelberg. Bis zu seiner Zerstörung im Pfälzischen Erbfolgekrieg war es die Residenz der Kurfürsten von der Pfalz. Seit den Zerstörungen durch die Soldaten Ludwigs XIV. 1689 und der Sprengung durch französische Pioniere am 6. September 1693 wurde das Heidelberger Schloss nur teilweise restauriert. Nachdem am 24. Juni 1764 Blitze die teilweise renovierte Anlage in Brand gesetzt hatten, wurde die Wiederherstellung aufgegeben. Die Schlossruine aus rotem Neckartäler Sandstein erhebt sich 80 Meter über dem Talgrund am Nordhang des Königstuhls und dominiert von dort das Bild der Altstadt. Der Ottheinrichsbau, einer der Palastbauten des Schlosses, zählt zu den bedeutendsten Bauwerken des deutschen Manierismus. In der kulturgeschichtlichen Epoche der Romantik wurde die Schlossruine zu einem Inbegriff einer vergangenen und bewundernswerten Epoche stilisiert. Es zählt heute zu den meistbesuchten touristischen Sehenswürdigkeiten Europas.
Geschichte
Bis zu den Zerstörungen
Erste Erwähnungen
Um das Jahr 1182 verlegte Konrad der Staufer, Halbbruder von Kaiser Friedrich I. Barbarossa und seit 1156 Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, seine Hofhaltung von der Burg Stahleck bei Bacharach am Mittelrhein auf die Burg Heidelberg, seinem Sitz als Vogt des Klosters Schönau im Odenwald.
Die Stadt Heidelberg wird im Jahr 1196 zum ersten Mal in einer Urkunde genannt. Eine Burg in Heidelberg („castrum in Heidelberg cum burgo ipsius castri“) wird im Jahr 1225 erwähnt, als Ludwig der Kelheimer diese Burg vom Bischof Heinrich von Worms als Lehen erhielt. 1214 waren die Herzöge von Bayern aus dem Haus Wittelsbach mit der Pfalzgrafschaft belehnt worden.
Von einer Burg ist zuletzt im Jahr 1294 die Rede. In einer Urkunde des Jahres 1303 werden zum ersten Mal zwei Burgen aufgeführt: die obere Burg auf dem Kleinen Gaisberg bei der jetzigen Molkenkur und die untere Burg auf dem Jettenbühl. Lange Zeit hatte sich deshalb in der Forschung die Auffassung durchgesetzt, dass die Gründung der unteren Burg zwischen 1294 und 1303 entstanden sein müsse, zumal die vom Schlossbaubüro in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts akribisch durchgeführte Bauaufnahme zum Schluss gelangte, dass die Bausubstanz keine Datierung des Schlosses vor das 15. Jahrhundert gerechtfertigt habe. Aufgrund von Architekturfunden und neueren bauarchäologischen Untersuchungen wird in der jüngeren Forschung zum Heidelberger Schloss die Entstehung der unteren Burg dagegen mittlerweile auf die erste Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts datiert. Bereits 1897 wurde ein vermauertes spätromanisches Fenster in der Trennwand zwischen Gläsernem Saalbau und Friedrichsbau entdeckt. 1976 förderten Ausschachtungsarbeiten an der Nordostecke des Ruprechtbaues in einer um 1400 abgelagerten Schutt- und Abbruchschicht ein Fensterfragment in Form eines Kleeblattbogens zutage, wie es sich in ähnlicher Form in den Arkadenfenstern der Burg Wildenberg findet. Eine im Jahr 1999 im Bereich des Ludwigsbaus durchgeführte archäologische Untersuchung verdichtete die Hinweise auf eine Bebauung des Schlossareals in der ersten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts.
Die ältesten Werke, die das Heidelberger Schloss erwähnen, sind:
der Thesaurus Picturarum des pfälzischen Kirchenrats Markus zum Lamb (1559 bis 1606)
die Annales Academici Heidelbergenses des Heidelberger Bibliothekars und Professors Pithopoeus (1587 begonnen)
der Originum Palatinarum Commentarius von Marquard Freher (1599)
das Teutsche Reyssebuch von Martin Zeiller (Straßburg 1632, als Itinerarium Germaniae 1674 wieder abgedruckt)
Alle diese Werke sind meist oberflächlich und enthalten nichts Ernsthaftes. Anders verhält es sich mit Matthäus Merian Topographia Palatinatus Rheni aus dem Jahr 1615, in der Kurfürst Ludwig V. als derjenige genannt wird, der „vor hundert und etlichen Jahren hat ein neu Schloß angefangen zu bauen“. Auf Merians Angaben stützen sich die meisten Beschreibungen des Schlosses bis ins 18. Jahrhundert hinein. Das Bestreben, die Gründungszeit des Schlosses weiter rückwärts zu verlegen, führt später zu Hinweisen, dass bereits unter Ruprecht I. die berühmte Hofkapelle auf dem Jettenbühl errichtet worden sei.
Königsschloss und Papstgefängnis
Als Ruprecht III. im Jahr 1401 Deutscher König (Ruprecht I.) wurde, herrschte im Schloss so großer Raummangel, dass er bei seiner Rückkehr von der Königskrönung sein Hoflager im Augustinerkloster (heute: Universitätsplatz) aufschlagen musste. Jetzt galt es, Raum zur Repräsentation und zur Unterbringung des Beamten- und Hofstaates zu schaffen. Gleichzeitig musste die Burg zu einer Festung ausgebaut werden. Etwa aus der Zeit Ruprechts III. stammen die ältesten heute sichtbaren Teile des Schlosses.
Nach Ruprechts Tod im Jahr 1410 wurde der Herrschaftsbereich unter seinen vier Söhnen aufgeteilt. Die pfälzischen Stammlande gingen an den ältesten Sohn Ludwig III. Nach dem Konzil von Konstanz brachte dieser als Stellvertreter des Kaisers und oberster Richter im Jahr 1415 im Auftrag König Sigismunds den abgesetzten Papst Johannes XXIII. auf dem Schloss in Gewahrsam, bevor er auf Burg Eichelsheim (heute Mannheim-Lindenhof) gebracht wurde.
Der französische Dichter Victor Hugo besuchte 1838 Heidelberg und spazierte dabei besonders gerne in den Ruinen des Schlosses herum, dessen Geschichte er in einem Brief zusammenfasst:
„Lassen Sie mich nur von seinem Schloß sprechen. (Das ist absolut unerläßlich, und eigentlich hätte ich damit beginnen sollen). Was hat es nicht alles durchgemacht! Fünfhundert Jahre lang hat es die Rückwirkungen von allem hinnehmen müssen, was Europa erschüttert hat, und am Ende ist es darunter zusammengebrochen. Das liegt daran, daß dieses Heidelberger Schloß, die Residenz des Pfalzgrafen, der über sich nur Könige, Kaiser und Päpste hatte und zu bedeutend war, um sich unter deren Füßen zu krümmen, aber nicht den Kopf heben konnte, ohne mit ihnen aneinanderzugeraten, das liegt daran, meine ich, daß das Heidelberger Schloß immer irgendeine Oppositionshaltung gegenüber den Mächtigen eingenommen hat. Schon um 1300, der Zeit seiner Gründung, beginnt es mit einer Thebais; in dem Grafen Rudolf und dem Kaiser Ludwig, diesen beiden entarteten Brüdern, hat es seinen Eteokles und seinen Polyneikes. Darin nimmt der Kurfürst an Macht zu. Im Jahre 1400 setzt der Pfälzer Ruprecht II., unterstützt von drei rheinischen Kurfürsten, Kaiser Wenzeslaus ab und nimmt dessen Stelle ein; hundertzwanzig Jahre später, 1519, sollte Pfalzgraf Friedrich II. den jungen König Karl I. von Spanien zu Kaiser Karl V. machen.“
– Victor Hugo: Heidelberg
Badisch-Pfälzischer Krieg
Im Badisch-Pfälzischen Krieg 1462 setzte Kurfürst Friedrich I. von der Pfalz (der „Pfälzer Fritz“) den Markgrafen Karl I. von Baden, den Bischof Georg von Metz und den Grafen Ulrich V. von Württemberg auf dem Schloss fest. Friedrich ließ die Gefangenen bei harter Kost in Ketten legen, bis sie bereit waren, die geforderten Lösegeldzahlungen zu leisten. Markgraf Karl I. musste zur Freilassung 25.000 Gulden zahlen, seinen Anteil an der Grafschaft Sponheim als Pfand abgeben und Pforzheim zum pfälzischen Lehen erklären. Der Metzer Bischof musste 45.000 Gulden zahlen. Das Wichtigste war aber, dass Friedrich I. von der Pfalz seinen Anspruch als Kurfürst gesichert hatte. Die Sage berichtet, Friedrich habe seinen unfreiwilligen Gästen das Fehlen von Brot bei der Mahlzeit dadurch begreiflich gemacht, dass er sie durch das Fenster auf das verwüstete Land hinab blicken ließ. Dies wird in einem Gedicht von Gustav Schwab mit dem Titel „Das Mahl zu Heidelberg“ nacherzählt.
Reformation und Dreißigjähriger Krieg
Während der Regierung Ludwigs V. besichtigte Martin Luther, der zu einer Verteidigung seiner Thesen (Heidelberger Disputation) nach Heidelberg gekommen war, das Schloss. Er wurde dabei von Pfalzgraf Wolfgang, dem Bruder Ludwigs V., herumgeführt und lobte später in einem Brief an seinen Freund Georg Spalatin vom 18. Mai 1518 die Schönheit und kriegerische Ausrüstung des Schlosses.
Im Dreißigjährigen Krieg flogen zum ersten Mal Kugeln gegen das Heidelberger Schloss. Hiermit endet auch die eigentliche Geschichte des Schlossbaus. Die folgenden Jahrhunderte bringen hauptsächlich Zerstörungen und Wiederherstellungen.
Friedrich V. von der Pfalz nahm – trotz vieler Bedenken – die Königswürde von Böhmen an und löste damit eine Katastrophe aus. Nach der Schlacht am Weißen Berg war er als Geächteter auf der Flucht und hatte voreilig seine Truppen entlassen, so dass General Tilly, der Oberbefehlshaber der katholischen Liga-Truppen im Dienst des Kurfürsten von Bayern, eine unverteidigte Pfalz vor sich hatte. Am 26. August 1622 eröffnete er die Beschießung Heidelbergs und nahm am 16. September die Stadt und wenige Tage darauf das Schloss ein. Nachdem die Schweden am 5. Mai 1633 die Stadt Heidelberg eingenommen und vom Königstuhl aus das Feuer auf das Schloss eröffnet hatten, übergab der kaiserliche Kommandant am 26. Mai 1633 die Festung an die Schweden. Nach der schweren Niederlage der Schweden in der Schlacht bei Nördlingen im September 1634 besetzten Truppen des Kaisers erneut die Stadt. In der Absicht, das Schloss zu sprengen, wurden innerhalb von 14 Tagen 24 Tonnen Pulver in Stollen unter den Mauern des Schlosses deponiert. Das überraschende Erscheinen einer französischen Armee mit 30.000 Mann verhinderte die geplante Sprengung. Erst im Juli 1635 kam die Stadt erneut in die Gewalt der kaiserlichen Truppen, in der es dann bis zum Friedensschluss blieb. Erst am 7. Oktober 1649 zog der neue Herrscher wieder in das zerstörte Stammschloss seiner Familie ein.
Im Pfälzischen Erbfolgekrieg
Der französische König Ludwig XIV. verlangte nach dem Tode des kinderlosen Kurfürsten Karl II., des letzten Fürsten der Linie Pfalz-Simmern, im Namen der Herzogin von Orléans die Herausgabe des pfälzischen Allodialgutes. Am 29. September 1688 rückten die französischen Heere im Pfälzischen Erbfolgekrieg in die Pfalz und zogen am 24. Oktober in das von Philipp Wilhelm, dem neuen Kurfürsten aus der Linie Pfalz-Neuburg, verlassene Heidelberg ein.
Gegen die verbündeten europäischen Mächte beschloss der französische Kriegsrat, durch Zerstörung aller Festungswerke und durch Verwüstung des pfälzischen Landes dem Feinde die Möglichkeit des Angriffes von dieser Gegend her zu entziehen. Beim Ausrücken aus der Stadt am 2. März 1689 steckten die Franzosen das Schloss und auch die Stadt an vielen Ecken zugleich in Brand.
Johann Wilhelm ließ sofort nach seinem Einzug in die verwüstete Stadt die Mauern und Türme wiederherstellen. Als die Franzosen 1691 und 1692 erneut bis vor die Tore Heidelbergs gelangten, fanden sie die Stadt in einem so guten Verteidigungszustand vor, dass sie unverrichteter Dinge abziehen mussten. Am 18. Mai 1693 standen die Franzosen allerdings wieder vor der Stadt und nahmen sie am 22. Mai ein. Sie versuchten vermutlich, mit der Zerstörung der Stadt die Hauptoperationsbasis gegen das Schloss zu schaffen. Am folgenden Tage kapitulierte die Schlossbesatzung, und nun holten die Franzosen nach, was sie 1689 in der Eile ihres Abzugs nur unvollständig ausgeführt hatten: Sie sprengten nun durch Minen die Türme und Mauern, die beim letzten Mal der Zerstörung entgangen waren. Das Heidelberger Schloss wurde eine Ruine.
Verlegung der Residenz nach Mannheim
Der Frieden von Rijswijk, mit dem der Pfälzische Erbfolgekrieg beendet wurde, brachte im Jahr 1697 endlich etwas Ruhe. Es war geplant, das Schloss abzureißen und die brauchbaren Teile zur Errichtung eines neuen Palastes im Tal zu verwenden. Als sich aber der Durchführung dieses Planes Schwierigkeiten entgegenstellten, wurde das Schloss notdürftig wiederhergestellt. Gleichzeitig trug sich Karl Philipp mit dem Gedanken eines vollständigen Umbaues des Schlosses, aber der Mangel an finanziellen Mitteln schob dieses Projekt auf, und als der Kurfürst 1720 mit den Protestanten der Stadt wegen Überlassung der Heiliggeistkirche an die Katholiken in Streit geriet, der die Verlegung der Residenz nach Mannheim zur Folge hatte, endete das Interesse des Kurfürsten am Heidelberger Schloss. Seine Absicht war es, die Heiliggeistkirche zur katholischen Hofkirche umzuwidmen, was die Heidelberger Reformierten mit allen Mitteln zu verhindern suchten. Als er am 12. April 1720 die Verlegung seiner Residenz mit allen Behörden nach Mannheim verkündete, überließ der Kurfürst die alte Hauptstadt ihrem Schicksal und wünschte ihr, dass „Gras auf ihren Straßen wachsen“ solle. Der religiöse Konflikt war vermutlich aber nur der letzte Anstoß gewesen, das alte, schwer zu einer barocken Anlage umzubauende Bergschloss aufzugeben und in die Ebene zu ziehen, wo er eine ganz seinem Willen entspringende Neugründung vornehmen konnte.
Sein Nachfolger Karl Theodor plante vorübergehend, seinen Wohnsitz wieder ins Heidelberger Schloss zu verlegen. Er nahm davon allerdings wieder Abstand, als am 24. Juni 1764 der Blitz zweimal hintereinander in den Saalbau einschlug und das Schloss abermals brannte. Victor Hugo hielt dies später für einen Wink des Himmels:
„Man könnte sogar sagen, daß der Himmel sich eingemischt hat. Am 23. Juni 1764, einen Tag, bevor Karl-Theodor in das Schloß einziehen und es zu seiner Residenz machen sollte (was, nebenbei gesagt, ein großes Unglück gewesen wäre; denn wenn Karl-Theodor seine dreißig Jahre dort verbracht hätte, wäre die strenge Ruine, die wir heute bewundern, sicher mit einer schrecklichen Pompadour-Verzierung versehen worden), an diesem Vortag also, als die Möbel des Fürsten bereits vor der Tür, in der Heiliggeistkirche, standen, traf das Feuer des Himmels den achteckigen Turm, setzte das Dach in Brand und zerstörte in wenigen Stunden dieses fünfhundert Jahre alte Schloß.“
– Victor Hugo: Heidelberg.
In den folgenden Jahrzehnten wurden zwar noch notwendige Erneuerungen vorgenommen, aber das Heidelberger Schloss blieb von nun an hauptsächlich eine Ruine.
Seit den Zerstörungen
Langsamer Zerfall und romantische Begeisterung
Im Jahr 1777 verlegte Kurfürst Karl Theodor seine Residenz von Mannheim nach München. Damit verlor er das Heidelberger Schloss noch mehr aus den Augen. Die überdachten Räume wurden nun von Handwerksbetrieben genutzt. Schon 1767 hatte man begonnen, die Quader des Südwalles als Baumaterial für das Schwetzinger Schloss zu verwenden. Im Jahr 1784 wurden gar die Gewölbe im Erdgeschoss des Ottheinrichsbaus eingelegt und das Schloss als Steinbruch verwendet.
Durch den Reichsdeputationshauptschluss von 1803 gingen Heidelberg und Mannheim an Baden über. Der große Gebietszuwachs war Großherzog Karl Friedrich willkommen, das Heidelberger Schloss betrachtete er jedoch als unerwünschte Zugabe. Die Bauten verfielen, Heidelberger Bürger holten aus dem Schloss Steine, Holz und Eisen zum Bau ihrer Häuser. Auch Figuren und Verzierungen wurden abgeschlagen. August von Kotzebue äußerte sich 1803 voller Empörung über die Absicht der badischen Regierung, die Ruinen abtragen zu lassen. Das zerstörte Schloss wurde am Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts zum Sinnbild für die patriotische Gesinnung, die sich gegen die napoleonische Unterdrückung richtete.
Schon vor 1800 erkannten Maler und Zeichner in der Schlossruine und der bergigen Flusslandschaft ein idealtypisches Ensemble. Den Höhepunkt bilden die Gemälde des Engländers William Turner, der sich zwischen 1817 und 1844 mehrfach in Heidelberg aufhielt und etliche Gemälde von Heidelberg und dem Schloss anfertigte. Ihm und anderen Künstlern der Romantik ging es dabei nicht um eine detailgetreue Bauaufnahme. Sie pflegten eher einen recht freien Umgang mit der Wirklichkeit. So ist bei seinem Gemälde des Schlosses das Gelände mehrfach überhöht dargestellt.
Der Begriff Romantik wurde von dem Philosophen Friedrich Schlegel Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts zu einer Universalpoesie erklärt – ein literaturtheoretischer Begriff aus der Frühromantik. In ihr würden alle Künste und Gattungen zu einer Form verschmelzen. Jedoch wandelte sich dies im allgemeinen Verständnis zu einem verklärenden sentimentalen Gefühl der Sehnsucht. Diese Empfindung fand insbesondere in der sogenannten Heidelberger Romantik ihren Ausdruck. So zum Beispiel in Liedersammlungen der Autoren Achim von Arnim und Clemens Brentano, die sich oft in Heidelberg aufhielten. Landschaftsmaler machten die Schlossreste zum zentralen Motiv ihrer Gemälde, in denen häufig das Anmutige der umgebenden Landschaft in Kontrast gestellt wurde zum Feierlich-Düsteren der Ruine. Clemens Brentano dichtete:
„Und da ich um die Ecke bog, – ein kühles Lüftlein mir entgegen zog – Der Neckar rauscht aus grünen Hallen – Und giebt am Fels ein freudig Schallen, – Die Stadt streckt sich den Fluss hinunter, – Mit viel Geräusch und lärmt ganz munter, – Und drüber an grüner Berge Brust, – Ruht groß das Schloss und sieht die Lust.“
– Clemens Brentano: Lied von eines Studenten Ankunft in Heidelberg und seinem Traum auf der Brücke, worin ein schöner Dialogus zwischen Frau Pallas und Karl Theodor.
Die auf Poetik beruhenden Konzepte der Romantik wurden in brieflichen Diskussionen zwischen Achim und Jacob Grimm über das Verhältnis von Natur- und Kunstpoesie entwickelt. Abkehrend von den Elementen der Reflexion, Kritik und Rhetorik in der Kunstpoesie, beschäftigt sich die „Heidelberger Romantik“ mit der Naturpoesie. Im Laufe des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde Heidelberg mit seinem Schloss und der heimischen Natur auch bei Reisenden und Wanderern zunehmend bekannt und beliebt. Stadt und Schloss wurden zum Inbegriff romantischer Stimmung.
Der Retter des Schlosses war der französische Graf Charles de Graimberg. Er kämpfte gegen Pläne der badischen Regierung, für die das Heidelberger Schloss das „alte Gemäuer mit seinen vielfältigen, geschmacklosen, ruinösen Verzierungen“ war, für die Erhaltung der Schlossruinen. Er versah bis 1822 das Amt eines freiwilligen Schlosswächters und wohnte eine Zeit lang im Vorbau des Gläsernen Saalbaues, von dem aus er den Schlosshof am besten übersehen konnte. Lange bevor es in Deutschland eine Denkmalpflege gab, war er der erste, der sich um den Erhalt und die Dokumentation des Schlosses kümmerte, als bei der romantischen Schwärmerei noch niemand daran dachte, den Verfall zu unterbinden. In Auftrag Graimbergs verfasste Thomas A. Leger den ersten Schlossführer. Mit seinen in hoher Auflage produzierten druckgraphischen Ansichten verhalf Graimberg der Schlossruine zu einem Bekanntheitsgrad, der den Tourismus nach Heidelberg lenkte.
Bestandsaufnahme und Restaurierung – der Heidelberger Schlossstreit
Die Frage, ob das Schloss vollständig wiederhergestellt werden solle, führte zu langen Diskussionen. Der Dichter Wolfgang Müller von Königswinter machte sich im Jahr 1868 für eine vollständige Erneuerung stark und rief damit heftige Reaktionen hervor, die in der Presse und in Versammlungen ausgetragen wurden. Aus dem Streit um den richtigen Umgang mit der Schlossruine entwickelte sich eine Grundsatzdiskussion über die Aufgaben der Denkmalpflege. Die Ergebnisse dieser Debatte, die als der „Heidelberger Schlossstreit“ in die Geschichte eingegangen sind, prägten die Prinzipien der Bewahrung historischer Bauwerke nachhaltig.
Die Großherzogliche badische Regierung errichtete im Jahr 1883 ein Schloßbaubüro, das unter Oberaufsicht des Baudirektors Josef Durm in Karlsruhe vom Bezirksbauinspektor Julius Koch und dem Architekten Fritz Seitz geleitet wurde. Aufgabe des Büros war es, eine möglichst genaue Bestandsaufnahme zu machen und zugleich Maßnahmen zur Erhaltung oder Instandsetzung der Hauptgebäude vorzuschlagen. Die Arbeiten dieses Büros endeten 1890 und bildeten die Grundlage für eine Kommission von Fachleuten aus ganz Deutschland. Die Kommission kam zu der einhelligen Überzeugung, dass eine völlige oder teilweise Wiederherstellung des Schlosses nicht in Betracht komme, dagegen eine Erhaltung des jetzigen Zustandes mit allen Mitteln zu erstreben sei. Nur der Friedrichsbau, dessen Innenräume zwar durch Feuer zerstört worden waren, der aber nie Ruine war, sollte wiederhergestellt werden. Diese Wiederherstellung geschah schließlich in der Zeit von 1897 bis 1900 durch Carl Schäfer mit dem enormen Kostenaufwand von 520.000 Mark. Im Jahr 2019 entspricht der Aufwand Inflationsbereinigt 3.700.000 €.
Schlossruine und Tourismus
Schon die älteste Beschreibung Heidelbergs aus dem Jahr 1465 erwähnt, dass die Stadt „vielbesucht von Fremden“ sei. Doch ein eigentlicher Städtetourismus setzte frühestens zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts ein. Graf Graimberg sorgte mit seinen Zeichnungen dafür, dass das Schloss als Bildmotiv eine große Verbreitung fand. Sie wurden praktisch zu Vorläufern der Postkarte. Zur gleichen Zeit gab es auch schon das Schloss als Souvenir auf Tassen. Den entscheidenden Schub erhielt der Tourismus aber erst mit dem Anschluss Heidelbergs ans Eisenbahnnetz im Jahr 1840.
Mark Twain beschrieb 1878 in seinem Buch Bummel durch Europa (A Tramp Abroad) das Heidelberger Schloss folgendermaßen:
„Um gut zu wirken, muss eine Ruine den richtigen Standort haben. Diese hier hätte nicht günstiger gelegen sein können. Sie steht auf einer die Umgebung beherrschenden Höhe, sie ist in grünen Wäldern verborgen, um sie herum gibt es keinen ebenen Grund, sondern im Gegenteil bewaldete Terrassen, man blickt durch glänzende Blätter in tiefe Klüfte und Abgründe hinab, wo Dämmer herrscht und die Sonne nicht eindringen kann. Die Natur versteht es, eine Ruine zu schmücken, um die beste Wirkung zu erzielen.“
– Mark Twain: Bummel durch Europa.
Bei einem am 18. Mai 1978 verübten Brandanschlag, der den Revolutionären Zellen zugerechnet wird, entstand ein Sachschaden von 97.000 DM am Schloss.
Im 20. Jahrhundert verfielen die US-Amerikaner noch mehr dem Heidelberg-Mythos und trugen ihn hinaus in die Welt. So kommt es, dass auch viele andere Nationalitäten das Heidelberger Schloss auf ihren Kurzreisen durch Europa zu den wenigen Zwischenstopps zählen.
Heidelberg hat zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts jährlich mehr als eine Million Besucher und etwa 900.000 Übernachtungen. Wichtigster Anlaufpunkt ist laut einer Befragung des geografischen Instituts der Universität Heidelberg das Schloss mit seinen Aussichtsterrassen.
Das Heidelberger Schloss zählt heute zu den landeseigenen Monumenten und wird von der Einrichtung „Staatliche Schlösser und Gärten Baden-Württemberg“ betreut. Aus dem Landesinfrastrukturprogramm Baden-Württemberg wurden für den Neubau eines von Max Dudler entworfenen Besucherzentrums 3 Millionen Euro zur Verfügung gestellt. Es wurde 2012 eröffnet.
Zudem ist das Schloss nach Angaben der Schlösserverwaltung das größte Fledermaus-Winterquartier in Nordbaden. Wegen der dort überwinternden Zwergfledermaus sowie dem Großen Mausohr wurde im Jahr 2016 der im Stückgarten vor dem Schloss stattfindende Teil des Weihnachtsmarktes auf den Friedrich-Ebert-Platz verlegt.
(Wikipdia)
A change in the rates of postage, effective on July 1, 1931, to 3 cents for the 1st ounce or fraction of an ounce, on letters for Canada, the British Empire, the United States, and certain other countries - 13 cents covered both postage and registration on letters weighing not more than 1 ounce.
3 cents forward letter + 10 cents registration fee = 13 cents.
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KASLO is a small, picturesque mountain village located on the shores of beautiful Kootenay Lake, in the southwest corner of British Columbia known as the West Kootenay region. The largest community on the main (north-south) body of Kootenay Lake, Kaslo had a population of 1,026 as of 2011. Nestled between the Selkirk Mountain Range to the west and the Purcell Mountain Range to the east, perched on the shore of Kootenay Lake and the banks of the Kaslo River, Kaslo is picture postcard pretty from all angles. From humble beginnings as a sawmill site back in 1889, Kaslo’s growth exploded right along with the silver boom of the 19th century. Founded in 1893, Kaslo boasted a population of some 5000 people in its heyday, along with the support structures necessary to keep such a populace happy (mostly hotels and brothels, apparently). Although the silver boom was but a blip in the history of British Columbia, much remains of that era in the Kaslo of today. It was named after John Kasleau, Hudson's Bay Company trapper, who placer mined on the creek.
There seems to be several stories for the naming of Kaslo: - According to D.P. Kane, postmaster in 1905: "Kaslo was named by my brother and myself in the year 1890. Previous to this time my brother and myself staked a pre-emption and a purchase comprising a mile square or 640 acres more or less at the mouth of the river that flows into Kootenay lake at this point. The river was then and had been for many years before named Kaslo so we named the town after the river". ... - Also from D.P. Kane: "For a time when I was alone here I had an old Frenchman trapper staying with me in the cabin for awhile and he told me that years before when the Hudson Bay Company came in on this lake to get lead from the Blue Bell Mine for bullets, that there was a Frenchman with their party by the name of John Kaslo or Kasleau, who came up the lake to the head looking for placer gold and had named the river after his name." LINK - www.geni.com/people/David-Kane/6000000006884427548
The KASLO Post Office was opened - 1 August 1892.
LINK to a list of the Postmasters who served at the KASLO Post Office - recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record...
When this letter was posted at the KASLO Post Office - the Postmaster was David "Dave" Prosser Kane - he served as Postmaster from - 1 February 1905 until his death - 6 March 1937.
David "Dave" Prosser Kane
(b. 2 February 1871 in Paris, Ontario, Canada - d. 6 March 1937 at age 66 in Spokane, Spokane County, Washington, United States / buried in Kaslo, British Columbia)
Dave was reputedly the first person in the Canadian West to become interested in color photography, sending to France for his plates and experimenting in putting photographs on paper even before they appeared in the National Geographic magazine. He served as Kaslo Mayor for several terms; City Councilman for many years; School Board member; JP and juvenile court Judge. Had an insurance agency and served as Postmaster. Active Kaslo Board of Trade member since 1898 inception.
His wife - May Elizabeth (nee Millington) Kane
(b. 3 February 1878 in Dunedin, New Zealand - d. 3 July 1958 at age 80 in Calgary, Alberta) - she played the piano, after her three daughters learned violin and cello, she and her daughters would play for city dances and other festive occasions. They were married - 24 April 1895 in New Westminster, British Columbia.
- sent from - / * KASLO, * / APR 16 / 1934 / B.C. / - MOOD cancel in black ink - (RF B).
MOOD - It is a device which are known as "MOOD" (Money Order Office Datestamp / Device), which were first issued In Canada in 1927 and distinct looking round rubber CDS cancels of about 24 mm diameter (sometimes with ornaments). The definition of these cancels has come to include all circular rubber hammers under about 30mm diameter that were issued before 1973. MOOD cancels are usually seen in various colours, not often in black. MOODs were used concurrently during the period 1928 - 1945, with the majority seen in the 1930's. Almost all MOOD's have a comma after the town name, and this helps to differentiate them from other postmark styles. These devices were issued to post offices in order to date stamp money order and registration receipts as well as official mail. They were occasionally used for postmarking regular mail, but this use was not officially authorized.
- sent by registered mail - / R / KASLO, B.C. / ORIGINAL No. / (959) / - registered boxed marking in black ink
- via - / NELSON / AP 16 / 34 / B.C. / - cds transit backstamp
- arrived at - / LOS ANGELES (ARCADE ANNEX) CALIF, / APR / 19 / 1934 / REGISTERED / - double ring arrival backstamp in purple ink.
Addressed to - Wm. M. Bowen, / 746 Crocker St., / Los Angeles, / California
William Mortan Bowen
(b. 20 May 1865 in Indiana, USA - d. 6 April 1936 at age 70 in Los Angeles, California, USA) - occupation - religious tract producer.
His first wife - Lerna (nee Clifton) Bowen
(b. 1866 - d. ) - they were married - 2 October 1889 in Newport, Jackson County, Arkansas, United States
His second wife - Nellie Amanda (nee Thomas) Bowen
(b. 29 January 1871 in Fairmont Township, Martin, Minnesota, United States – d. 17 June 1957 at age 86 in Los Angeles County, California, USA) - they were married - 19 December 1916 in Los Angeles, California, United States.
His third wife - Ida May (nee McIntire) Bowen
(b. October 1869 in Montezuma, Poweshiek, Iowa, United States – d. 28 November 1932 at age 63 in Los Angeles, California, United States) - they were married - 15 October 1927 in Los Angeles, California, United States.
His fourth wife - Estelle Bell (nee Roe) Bowen
(b. 18 October 1877 in Midlothian, Ellis, Texas, United States - d. ) - they were married - 31 January 1936 in Santa Ana, Orange, California, United States.
His son - Roy Lafayette Bowen
(b. 5 February 1891 in Arkansas - d. 3 September 1962 at age 71 in Los Angeles, California, United States)
(8 April 1936) - BOWEN RITES TO BE TODAY - Tract Society Founder Forecast Own Death - Passes in Sleep - A strange premonition of death expressed by William M. Bowen, who had devoted more than half of his life to religious pursuits, was disclosed last night as relatives and friends prepared for his funeral services today. He died early Monday. Bowen, 70 years of age, was founder of the Free Tract Society in Los Angeles thirty-six years ago and for more than ten years had distributed approximately 20,000,000 tracts a year throughout the world, printed in eight languages. PREMONITION TOLD - His widow, Mrs. Estelle B. Bowen, whom he married last January, accompanied him to Honolulu on his first vacation trip a few weeks ago. Taken ill there, the widow said, Bowen told her he must return to Los Angeles and "put his house In order." Last week Bowen told his son, Roy L. Bowen, that if he had any questions to ask, he should ask them now. This will be my last issue of The Messenger," the elder Bowen said. "I am tired and my work is done." DIES IN SLEEP Quietly, in his sleep. Bowen died of a heart attack just as his last issue of The Messenger was being distributed In the mails. LINK - www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-obituary...
After Decades on York, This Printer of Religious Tracts Is Shutting Down the Press - The Society once printed more than 650 different tracts in 20 languages. They were mass communications before radio or film. During the Great Depression they churned out 20 million pieces a year. William M. Bowen, who started printing tracts for soldiers and sailors during the Spanish American War, founded the organization in 1897 in Salt Lake City. He moved to Los Angeles three years later and built a shop on San Pedro Street downtown. In 1917, he moved to 746 Crocker Street where he died in 1936. His son Roy moved the operation to Eagle Rock, where it lasted until 1962. Brother Ernest Soady took over and moved to MacArthur Park, where he stayed for a little over two decades before relocating to a spacious former upholstery shop on York Boulevard in Highland Park. Link to the complete article - www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/free-tract-society-closing/
(SEPTEMBER 18. 1932) - PRINTER'S LIFE WORK "PREACHING BY PROXY" by Martha Louise Baker - Only a few blocks from the city's business center is an inconspicuous place of business, unique in Its organization, and standing out strangely in contrast with other shops in that locality. It is the printing plant of the Free Tract Society, at 746 Crocker Street, of which William M. Bowen is founder and manager. "Preaching by Proxy" aptly describes this business concern. Here about 20,000.000 pieces of religious literature such as tracts, booklets, mottoes, hymn books and Gospels are printed annually and distributed to the four corners of the globe. And the unique phase of the business that it ls carried on solely by prayer and faith, according to if. proprietor. - LINK to the complete article - www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-printers...
Chinese New Year lanterns hung up in the atrium of a small shopping mall in Petaling Jaya, a city located just next to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
The station's name comes from the St. Pancras neighbourhood, which originates from the fourth-century Christian boy martyr Pancras of Rome. The station was commissioned by the Midland Railway (MR), who had a network of routes in the Midlands, and in south and west Yorkshire and Lancashire but no route of its own to London. Before 1857 the MR used the lines of the L&NWR for trains into the capital; subsequently the company's Leicester and Hitchin Railway gave access to London via the Great Northern Railway (GNR).
In 1862, traffic for the second International Exhibition suffered extensive delays over the stretch of line into London over the GNR's track; the route into the city via the L&NWR was also at capacity, with coal trains causing the network at Rugby and elsewhere to reach effective gridlock. This was the stimulus for the MR to build its own line to London from Bedford, which would be just under 50 miles (80 km) long. Samuel Carter was solicitor for the parliamentary bill, which was sanctioned in 1863.
Design and construction
The interior of the Barlow Trainshed, circa 1870
The station was designed by William Henry Barlow and constructed on a site that had previously been a slum called Agar Town. Though coal and goods were the main motivation to build the station, the Midland realised the prestige of having a central London terminus and decided it must have a front on Euston Road. The company purchased the eastern section of land on the road's north side owned by Earl Somers.
The approaching line to the station crossed the Regent's Canal at height allowing the line reasonable gradients; this resulted in the level of the line at St Pancras being 20 ft (6.1 m) above the ground level. Initial plans were for a two or three span roof with the void between station and ground level filled with spoil from tunnelling to join the Midland Main Line to the St. Pancras branch. Instead, due to the value of the land in such a location the lower area was used for freight, in particular beer from Burton. As a result, the undercroft was built with columns and girders, maximising space, set out to the same plans as those used for beer warehouses, and with a basic unit of length that of a beer barrel.
The contract for the construction of the station substructure and connecting lines was given to Messrs. Waring, with Barlow's assistant Campion as supervisor. The lower floor for beer warehousing contained interior columns 15 ft (4.57 m) wide, and 48 ft (14.63 m) deep carrying girders supporting the main station and track. The connection to the Widened Lines (St. Pancras branch) ran below the station's bottom level, in an east-to-west direction.
To avoid the foundations of the roof interfering with the space beneath, and to simplify the design, and minimise cost, it was decided to construct a single span roof, with cross ties for the arch at the station level. The arch was sprung directly from the station level, with no piers. Additional advice on the design of the roof was given to Barlow by Rowland Mason Ordish. The arches' ribs had a web depth of 6 ft (1.8 m), mostly open ironwork. The span width, from wall to wall was 245 ft 6 in (74.83 m), with a rib every 29 ft 4 in (8.94 m) The arch was a slightly pointed design, with a reduced radius of curvature at the springing points. The Butterley Company was contracted to construct the arches. The total cost of the 24 rib roof and glazing was over £53,000, of which over half was for the main ribs. The cost of the gable end was a further £8,500.
The clock tower of St Pancras:
The single-span overall roof was the largest such structure in the world at the time of its completion. The materials used were wrought iron framework of lattice design, with glass covering the middle half and timber (inside)/slate (outside) covering the outer quarters. The two end screens were glazed in a vertical rectangular grid pattern with decorative timber cladding around the edge and wrought iron finials around the outer edge. It was 689 feet (210.01 m) long, 240 feet (73.15 m) wide, and 100 feet (30.48 m) high at the apex above the tracks. At the time of opening, it was the world's largest unsupported station roof.
Local services began running to the Metropolitan Railway junction underneath the terminus on 13 July 1868. The station itself opened to the public on 1 October. The first service was an overnight mail train from Leeds.
Early services
St Pancras was built during a period of expansion for the MR, as the major routes to Manchester, Nottingham, Sheffield and Carlisle opened during this time. By 1902, there were 150 trains arriving and leaving the station daily, though this figure was far less than Waterloo or Liverpool Street. As well as Midland services, the Great Eastern Railway (GER) used St Pancras as a "West End" terminus for trains to Great Yarmouth, Norwich, Lowestoft between 1870 and 1917. At the turn of the 20th century, St Pancras also had a faster service to Cambridge than King's Cross, at 71 minutes. GER services were suspended because of World War I and never resumed.
The London, Tilbury and Southend Railway (LTSR) began offering boat train services from St Pancras from 9 July 1894, following the opening of the Tottenham and Forest Gate Railway. The trains ran from St Pancras to Tilbury via South Tottenham and Barking. Tilbury Docks then provided a connection to Australia and Scandinavia. The following year, the LTSR began a service from St Pancras to Southend Central. Boat trains continued to run from St Pancras until 1963, after which they were moved to Liverpool Street and Fenchurch Street.
Grouping, nationalisation and privatisation
The station was damaged by a bomb in May 1941 during the Blitz.
The Railways Act of 1921 forced the merger of the Midland with the London and North Western Railway (L&NWR) into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), and the LMS adopted the LNWR's (the "Premier Line") Euston station as its principal London terminus. The Midland Grand Hotel was closed in 1935, and the building was subsequently used as offices for British Railways. During World War II, bombing inflicted damage on the train shed, which was only partially reglazed after the war. On the night of 10–11 May 1941 a bomb fell onto the station floor at platform 3, exploding in the beer vaults underneath. The station was not significantly damaged, but was closed for eight days, with platforms 2–3 remaining closed until June. In 1947 the St. Pancras junction was relaid with prefabricated trackwork, along with associated changes to the signalling system.
On the creation of British Railways (BR) in 1948, St Pancras received a significant investment after neglect by the LMS. Destinations included the London area services to North Woolwich, St Albans and Bedford. Long-distance trains reached Glasgow, Leeds, Nottingham, Sheffield and Manchester, with famous named trains including The Palatine to Manchester, The Thames-Clyde Express to Glasgow, and The Master Cutler to Sheffield (transferred from King's Cross in 1966, which itself had transferred from Marylebone eight years earlier).
On 7 October 1957, the signalling at St Pancras was upgraded, replacing the three original boxes with a power box controlling 205 route switches and 33 points over a network of 1,400 relays. From 1960 to 1966, electrification work on the West Coast Main Line between London and Manchester saw a new Midland Pullman from Manchester to St Pancras. These trains and those to Glasgow were withdrawn following the completion of the rebuilding of Euston and the consolidation of these services.
By the 1960s, St Pancras was seen as redundant, and several attempts were made to close it and demolish the hotel (by then known as St Pancras Chambers). These attempts provoked strong and successful opposition, with the campaign led by the later Poet Laureate, John Betjeman. Jane Hughes Fawcett with the Victorian Society was instrumental in its preservation, and was dubbed "the furious Mrs. Fawcett" by British rail officials. Many of the demonstrators had witnessed the demolition of the nearby Euston Arch a few years previously, and were strongly opposed to the distinctive architecture of St Pancras suffering the same fate. The station became Grade I listed building in November 1967, preventing any drastic modifications. The plans were scrapped by BR in December 1968, realising that it was more cost-effective to modernise the hotel instead, though they disliked owning it.
In the 1970s, the train shed roof was in danger of collapse, and the newly appointed Director of Environment Bernard Kaukas persuaded the company to invest £3m to save it. In 1978, a Private Eye piece said that British Rail really wanted to demolish St Pancras but were opposed by "a lot of long-haired sentimentalists" and "faceless bureaucrats" and praised the office blocks that replaced the Euston Arch.
After the sectorisation of British Rail in 1986, main-line services to the East Midlands were provided by the InterCity sector, with suburban services to St Albans, Luton and Bedford by Network SouthEast. In 1988 the Snow Hill tunnel re-opened resulting in the creation of the Thameslink route and the resultant diversion of the majority of suburban trains to the new route. The station continued to be served by trains running on the Midland main line to Leicester, Nottingham and Sheffield, together with a few suburban services to Bedford and Luton. These constituted only a few trains an hour and left the station underused.
Following the privatisation of British Rail, the long-distance services from St Pancras were franchised to Midland Mainline, a train operating company owned by National Express, starting on 28 April 1996. The few remaining suburban trains still operating into St Pancras were operated by the Thameslink train operating company, owned by Govia, from 2 March 1997.
A small number of trains to and from Leeds were introduced, mainly because the High Speed Train sets were maintained there and were already running empty north of Sheffield. During the 2000s major rebuild of the West Coast Main Line, St Pancras again temporarily hosted direct and regular inter-city trains to Manchester, this time via the Hope Valley route (via the Dore South curve) under the title of Project Rio.
New role
Model of the extended St Pancras station (left) and King's Cross station (right, seen before restoration circa 2012)
The original plan for the Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL) involved a tunnel from south-east of London to an underground terminus in the vicinity of King's Cross. However, a late change of plan, principally driven by the then Secretary of State for the Environment Michael Heseltine's desire for urban regeneration in east London, led to a change of route, with the new line approaching London from the east. This opened the possibility of reusing St Pancras as the terminus, with access via the North London Line, which crosses the throat of the station.
The idea of using the North London line was rejected in 1994 by the transport secretary, John MacGregor, as "difficult to construct and environmentally damaging". However, the idea of using St Pancras station as the terminus was retained, albeit now linked by 12.4 miles (20 km) of new tunnels to Dagenham via Stratford.
London and Continental Railways (LCR), created at the time of British Rail privatisation, was selected by the government in 1996 to reconstruct St Pancras, build the CTRL, and take over the British share of the Eurostar operation. LCR had owned St Pancras station since privatisation to allow the station to be redeveloped. Financial difficulties in 1998, and the collapse of Railtrack in 2001, caused some revision of this plan, but LCR retained ownership of the station.
The design and project management of reconstruction was undertaken on behalf of LCR by Rail Link Engineering (RLE), a consortium of Bechtel, Arup, Systra and Halcrow. The original reference design for the station was by Nick Derbyshire, former head of British Rail's in-house architecture team. The master plan of the complex was by Foster and Partners, and the lead architect of the reconstruction was Alistair Lansley, a former colleague of Nick Derbyshire recruited by RLE.
To accommodate 300-metre+ Eurostar trains, and to provide capacity for the existing trains to the Midlands and the new Kent services on the high-speed rail link, the train shed was extended a considerable distance northwards by a new flat-roofed shed. The station was initially planned to have 13 platforms under this extended train shed. East Midlands services would use the western platforms, Eurostar services the middle platforms, and Kent services the eastern platforms. The Eurostar platforms and one of the Midland platforms would extend back into the Barlow train shed. Access to Eurostar for departing passengers would be via a departure suite on the west of the station, and then to the platforms by a bridge above the tracks within the historic train shed. Arriving Eurostar passengers would leave the station by a new concourse at its north end.
This original design was later modified, with access to the Eurostar platforms from below, using the station undercroft and allowing the deletion of the visually intrusive bridge. By dropping the extension of any of the Midland platforms into the train shed, space was freed up to allow wells to be constructed in the station floor, which provided daylight and access to the undercroft.
The reconstruction of the station was recorded in the BBC Television documentary series The Eight Hundred Million Pound Railway Station broadcast as six 30-minute episodes between 13‒28 November 2007.
Rebuilding
The Meeting Place and the Olympic Rings for the 2012 Summer Olympics
By early 2004, the eastern side of the extended train shed was complete, and the Barlow train shed was closed to trains. From 12 April 2004, Midland Mainline trains terminated at an interim station occupying the eastern part of the extension immediately adjacent to the entrance.
As part of the construction of the western side of the new train shed that now began, an underground "box" was constructed to house new platforms for Thameslink, which at this point ran partially under the extended station. In order for this to happen, the existing Thameslink tunnels between Kentish Town and King's Cross Thameslink were closed between 11 September 2004 and 15 May 2005 while the works were carried out. Thameslink services from the north terminated in the same platforms as the Midland Main Line trains, while services from the south terminated at King's Cross Thameslink.
When the lines were re-opened, the new station box was still only a bare concrete shell and could not take passengers. Thameslink trains reverted to their previous route but ran through the station box without stopping. The budget for the Channel Tunnel Rail Link works did not include work on the fitting out of the station, as these works had originally been part of the separate Thameslink 2000 works programme. Despite lobbying by rail operators who wished to see the station open at the same time as St Pancras International, the Government failed to provide additional funding to allow the fit out works to be completed immediately following the line blockade. Eventually, on 8 February 2006, Alistair Darling, the Secretary of State for Transport, announced £50 million funding for the fit-out of the station, plus another £10–15 million for the installation of associated signalling and other lineside works.
The fit-out works were designed by Chapman Taylor and Arup (Eurostar) and completed by ISG Interior Plc Contractors collaborating with Bechtel as Project Managers. The client was London and Continental Railways who were advised by Hitachi Consulting.
In 2005, planning consent was granted for a refurbishment of the former Midland Grand Hotel building, with plans to refurbish and extend it as a hotel and apartment block. The newly refurbished hotel opened to guests on 21 March 2011 with a grand opening ceremony on 5 May.
By the middle of 2006, the western side of the train shed extension was completed. The rebuilding cost was in the region of £800 million, up from an initial estimate of £310 million.
The International station
In early November 2007, Eurostar conducted a testing programme in which some 6000 members of the public were involved in passenger check-in, immigration control and departure trials, during which the "passengers" each made three return journeys out of St Pancras to the entrance to the London tunnel. On 4 September 2007, the first test train ran from Paris Gare du Nord to St Pancras. Children's illustrator Quentin Blake was commissioned to provide a huge mural of an "imaginary welcoming committee" as a disguise for one of the remaining ramshackle Stanley Building South immediately opposite the station exit.
St Pancras was officially re-opened as St Pancras International, and the High Speed 1 service was launched on 6 November 2007 by Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh. Services were extended to Rotterdam and Amsterdam in April 2018.
During an elaborate opening ceremony, actor Timothy West, as Henry Barlow, addressed the audience, which was also entertained by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and the singers Lemar and Katherine Jenkins. In a carefully staged set piece, the first Class 395 train and two Class 373 trains arrived through a cloud of dry ice in adjacent platforms within seconds of each other. During the ceremony, Paul Day's large bronze statue The Meeting Place was also unveiled. At a much smaller ceremony on 12 November 2007, the bronze statue of John Betjeman by sculptor Martin Jennings was unveiled by Betjeman's daughter, the author Candida Lycett Green. Public service by Eurostar train via High Speed 1 started on 14 November 2007. In a small ceremony, station staff cut a ribbon leading to the Eurostar platforms. In the same month, services to the East Midlands were transferred to a new franchisee, East Midlands Trains. The low-level Thameslink platforms opened on 9 December 2007, replacing King's Cross Thameslink.
St Pancras has retained a reputation of having one of the most recognisable facades of all the London termini, and is known as the "cathedral of the railways". In Britain's 100 Best Railway Stations by Simon Jenkins, the station was one of only ten to be awarded five stars. The station has bilingual signs in French and English, one of the few in England to do so.
Services:
St Pancras contains four groups of platforms on two levels, accessed via the main concourse at ground level. The below-surface group contains through platforms A and B, and the upper level has three groups of terminal platforms: domestic platforms 1–4 and 11–13 on each side of international platforms 5–10. Platforms A & B serve Thameslink, 1–4 connect to the Midland Main Line, while platforms 11–13 lead to High Speed 1; there is no connection between the two lines, except for a maintenance siding outside the station. There are also a variety of shops and restaurants within the station concourse.
The station is the London terminus for Eurostar's high-speed trains to Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam and Lille via the Channel Tunnel. It is also the terminus for East Midlands services from London to Derby, Leicester, Nottingham, Sheffield, and smaller towns en route. Thameslink trains on the cross-London Thameslink route call at platforms beneath the main station, south to Gatwick Airport and Brighton and north to Luton Airport Parkway for Luton Airport and Bedford. High-speed domestic services to Kent, run by Southeastern, depart on the same level as Eurostar & East Midlands Trains.
The terminal is one of relatively few railway stations in England to feature multilingual signage in English and French. In March 2014, the station's public relations team commissioned a study of mispronounced words, reportedly as a result of passengers referring to the station as "St Pancreas".
Shot with a Konica Auto S2 rangefinder camera on Ilford Delta 400 monochrome film, exposed ASA 620.
Developed in Moersch Finol, 26 minutes at 22° C, continuous agitation first minute, then twice every 20 seconds.
From now on, this will be my go-to film+dev combo for high speed situations, yelding an effective ISO 620 speed with acceptable grain.
Grain and shadow detail are far better than Kodak Tri-X + Diafine, which has always been my reference for night shooting.
Scanned with a macro setup for an equivalent 4500dpi, then resized.
The way some people wear masks, they might as well put them on top of their head.
We've had lots of government guidance on how to wash our hands (and even how to ventilate a room) but precious little on how to wear a mask. They probably assumed that people would use their common sense: cover their noses to avoid contracting a respiratory disease. But lots of civilians assume that covering their mouth will suffice. (And others seem to believe that neck breathing is a thing.)
Today the Hereios of the We’re Here! Group are putting things other than hats on our heads.
On Explore.
A Quote by Clarence Darrow.
Interesting article regarding effective vs. correct use of language: www.nicholasjohnson.org/wjohnson/wjwriwri.html
A change in the rates of postage, effective on July 1, 1931, to 3 cents for the 1st ounce or fraction of an ounce, on letters for Canada, the British Empire, the United States, and certain other countries - 13 cents covered both postage and registration on letters weighing not more than 1 ounce.
From April 1, 1943 - a 1 cent War Tax was added to the first weight step preferred letter rate. The preferred letter rate was 4 cents for the first ounce and 2 cents for each additional ounce. 4 cents letter rate + 10 cents registration fee = 14 cents
RED PASS, B.C. to New Westminster, B.C / - 8 / 11 March 1939
3 cents forward letter + 10 cents registration fee = 13 cents.
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RED PASS became a hamlet with a general store, school, post office and railway station. The hotel was built in 1924 and later a police barrack was added. Residents of Red Pass would travel east and west on the train. The "road" was unimproved and hazardous until 1962 when the highway was upgraded and the need for Red Pass diminished. Trains could now travel longer distances and did not need the stop in Red Pass for servicing. After 1965, railroaders found new jobs and the police were transferred out. The hotel had burned down in 1949, the post office & general store closed in 1976 and in 1991 the little town ceased to exist.
RED PASS - The railway junction at Mile 27 at the west end of Moose Lake was originally called Resplendent, a name also deriving from the color of the rocks. East of Red Pass, the tracks of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, descending to the Fraser River on route to Prince George in 1912, were kept as low as possible. The tracks of the Canadian Northern Pacific Railway, heading for the Albreda Pass, were kept high. After the consolidation of the railways in 1923 as the Canadian National Railway, Lucerne disappeared as a railway divisional point and Resplendent blossomed as Red Pass Junction, the point where the removal of the separate tracks stopped and where the two lines diverged. During the 1930s, there was a hobo jungle at Red Pass where the vagabonds waited for trains. About 50 people lived at Red Pass in the 1940s. During World War II it was the site of a Japanese internment camp. The Red Pass hotel burned down in 1949. After the highway opened in 1962, the need for Red Pass diminished. CN still uses some buildings at Red Pass. The headquarters of Mount Robson Park were moved from Red Pass to Valemount in 1987. LINK to the complete article - www.spiralroad.com/red-pass-station/
The RED PASS Post Office was established - 1 November 1921 and closed - 29 January 1976, when it was moved to Valemount.
LINK to a list of the Postmasters who served at the RED PASS Post Office - recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record...
Earl Woodley left Entrance, Alberta in 1920 and opened a hotel and general store in Red Pass, British Columbia. He became Postmaster at Red Pass and served from - 31 May 1923 to - 10 June 1946 - the Post Office was located in his General Store.
EARL FRANCIS WOODLEY - Resident of Mt. Lehman, B.C. since 1950, Earl Francis Woodley, died in MSA General Hospital on March 13, 1979 at the age of 85. Born in Ontario, Mr. Woodley came to British Columbia in 1914 and was employed by the Canadian Pacific and Great Northern Railways during the early part of the century. He also worked in a fur trading post in the north and operated his own general store on the Yellowhead Highway and also in Mt. Lehman prior to his retirement. He was a member of the Jasper Masonic Lodge.
Earl Francis Woodley
(b. 5 June 1893 in Woodville, Victoria, Ontario - d. 13 March 1979 at age 85 in Abbotsford, British Columbia) - occupations - Merchant / Postmaster - LINK to his marriage certificate - search-collections.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/Image/Genealogy/42... - LINK to his death certificate - search-collections.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/Image/Genealogy/72... - LINK to his newspaper obituary - www.newspapers.com/article/the-abbotsford-news-obituary-f...
- this registered letter entered the postal system at - / RED PASS / MR 8 / 39 / B.C. / - split ring cancel - this split ring hammer (A1-1) was proofed - 25 October 1921 - (RF C).
- sent from - / RED PASS / MR 10 / 39 / B.C. / - split ring cancel - this split ring hammer (A1-1) was proofed - 25 October 1921 - (RF C).
- sent by registered mail - / R / RED PASS, B.C. / ORIGINAL No. / (694) / - registered boxed marking in purple ink.
- via - / ED. & PR. GEO. R.P.O. / 198 / MR 10 / 39 / № 1 / - rpo transit backstamp - Ludlow W-43A / RF 155 - in use from 1932 to 1954.
- via - / X C. & V. - R.P.O. X / 3 / MR 11 / 39 / B.C. / - Calgary & Vancouver RPO - (W-30u. - with ornament No. 156 / RF 225 - this rpo hammer was in use from 1927 to 1964) rpo transit backstamp - small diagonal cross ornament located on each side midway between the run and B.C. was proofed in 1924.
- arrived at - / NEW WESTMINSTER / 10 / MR 11 / 39 / B.C. / - cds arrival backstamp.
- sent by - J. Pawson / Red Pass P.O. / B.C. - (addressed to his wife)
Joseph Pawson
(b. 20 March 1895 in Yorkshire, England - d. 20 February 1963 at age 67 in New Westminster, British Columbia / Surrrey, B.C.) - occupations - butcher (in his early years) - section foreman C.N.R Railway - LINK to his death certificate - search-collections.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/Image/Genealogy/81... - LINK to his newspaper obituary - www.newspapers.com/article/the-vancouver-sun-obituary-for...
Registered letter was addressed to his wife - Mrs. J. (Hester Minnie) Pawson / 1944 London Street / New Westminster / B.C.
His first wife - Hester Minnie (nee Cowley) Pawson
(b. 2 November 1900 in Vancouver, B.C. - d. 12 January 1948 at age 47 in Kamloops, B.C. / Clearwater, British Columbia) - they were married - 19 March 1921 at Port Kells, British Columbia - LINK to their marriage certificate - search-collections.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/Image/Genealogy/22... - LINK to her death certificate - search-collections.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/Image/Genealogy/02... - LINK to her newspaper obituary - www.newspapers.com/article/the-vancouver-sun-obituary-for...
His second wife - Lea Marie (nee Fleury) Taillefer / Pawson / Jones
(b. 23 March 1895 in Témiscaming, Témiscamingue, Quebec, Canada – d. 21 April 1977 at age 82 in White Rock, B.C. / Surrey, B.C.) - LINK to her death certificate - search-collections.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/Image/Genealogy/b3... - LINK to her newspaper obituary - www.newspapers.com/article/the-vancouver-sun-obituary-for...
Black card technique was not so effective this time compare to my past few weeks shots. The fireworks explosion interval were too close and too much in one time. Still, the fireworks were all stacked together at this angle......think i will used the normal exposure method next week on the actual day.....
The Singapore National Day Parade (Abbreviation: NDP, simplified Chinese: 国庆庆典; traditional Chinese: 國慶慶典; pinyin: guóqìng qìngdiǎn, Malay: Perbarisan Hari Kebangsaan, Tamil: தேசிய தின அணிவகுப்பு) is a national ceremony in Singapore that, as its name implies, includes a parade on Singapore's National Day on August 9, in commemoration of Singapore's independence that is usually held at the Padang (1966 - 1974), the National Stadium, various decentalized venues all over Singapore or The Float@Marina Bay.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia...
Please note that all the contents in this photostream is copyrighted and protected under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, any usage of the images without permission will face liability for the infringement.
Some information about singapore
Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to its south. Singapore is highly urbanised but almost half of the country is covered by greenery. More land is being created for development through land reclamation.
Singapore had been a part of various local empires since it was first inhabited in the second century AD. Modern Singapore was founded as a trading post of the East India Company by Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819 with permission from the Sultanate of Johor. The British obtained full sovereignty over the island in 1824 and Singapore became one of the British Straits Settlements in 1826. Singapore was occupied by the Japanese in World War II and reverted to British rule after the war. It became internally self-governing in 1959. Singapore united with other former British territories to form Malaysia in 1963 and became a fully independent state two years later after separation from Malaysia. Since then it has had a massive increase in wealth, and is one of the Four Asian Tigers. The economy depends heavily on the industry and service sectors. Singapore is a world leader in several areas: It is the world's fourth-leading financial centre, the world's second-biggest casino gambling market, and the world's third-largest oil refining centre. The port of Singapore is one of the five busiest ports in the world, most notable for being the busiest transshipment port in the world. The country is home to more US dollar millionaire households per capita than any other country. The World Bank notes Singapore as the easiest place in the world to do business. The country has the world's third highest GDP PPP per capita of US$59,936, making Singapore one of the world's wealthiest countries.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia...
Singapore Marina Bay is a bay near Central Area in the southern part of Singapore, and lies to the east of the Downtown Core. Marina Bay is set to be a 24/7 destination with endless opportunities for people to “explore new living and lifestyle options, exchange new ideas and information for business, and be entertained by rich leisure and cultural experiences”.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
It is time the lies around nuclear power cease.
Clean?
Come on. Radioactive wastes? Clean? And without only mentioning them, the embodied CO2 emissions of building, running, maintaining and decommissioning a power plant; the mining, transporting, processing and disposing of the uranium; make it not to be so much of a carbon neutral energy.
(note: The half-life of Uranium 238 is 4.5 billion year!)
Sustainable?
Uranium is the same as petrol, it'll run out. With all the power plants being built around the world, the uranium will face the same crisis as petrol in the next 20 to 50 years. When we think of the period of time we'll have to deal with the wastes, that seems to be an expensive price to pay for an energy we used for less than an hundred years.
Cost-effective?
When considering the whole cost of production of the energy, included the embodied cost of operation, the wind power has been found to be twice cheaper than nuclear power. And it's not the only one! Much cleaner, sustainable and cost-effective, but so little used, are tidal and geothermal power... and the resources are sufficient and near unlimited. Nuclear is only profitable for the ones selling the technology to developing countries.
We have so many better alternatives, why wasting time with such dirty energy?
Taken on the train to Stirling - Grangemouth Refinery (petrochemical not nuclear)
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Fr:
Il est temps que les mensonges autour du nucléaire cessent.
Propre ?
Sérieusement ? Des déchets nucléaire ? Propres ? Et sans bien même parler de ceux-là, la quantité de CO2 rejeté pour la construction, le fonctionnement, la maintenance et le démantelement du'une centrale ; plus le minage, transport, l'utilisation et le traitement des déchets de l'uranium, en font une énergie loin d'être propre et de loin pire que la plupart des energies renouvellables.
(note: La demi-vie de l'Uranium 238 est de 4,5 milliard d'années !)
Durable ?
Comme pour le pétrole, l'uranium va s'épuiser. Avec toutes les centrales construites ou en projet, l'uranium fera face à la même crise que le pétrole dans 20 à 50 ans. Quand on pense au temps qu'il faudra pour éliminer ces déchets, c'est cher payé pour une énergie qu'on aura même pas utilisé 100 ans.
Rentable ?
Quand on considère le coût global de production de l'énergie, l'éolienne s'est avéré être deux foix moins cher que le nucléaire. Et ce n'est pas la seule ! Bien plus propre, durable et rentable, mais si peu utilisées, on trouve l'énergie marémotrice et géothermique... et les ressources y sont suffisantes et presque infinies. Le nucléaire n'est rentable que pour ceux qui vendent la technologie aux pays en voie de dévelopemment.
Nous avons aujourd'hui de bien meilleures et viables alternatives, pourquoi perdre notre temps avec une énergie si sale et instable ?
(Si vous parlez francais, regardez : www.streamingpark.com/spip.php?article367))
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- 1/250s, f/8, ISO400, 125mm
- No HDR. 1 RAW processed in ACR
- Post-processing in Photoshop
was ever as effective as a rightly timed pause :-) Mark Twain
bearded iris, j c raulston arboretum, ncsu, Raleigh, north carolina
7 cans deep, first one ive been happy with for a while,looks like a late halloween!
ill tune,ill fvideo
Everyone - meet my friend Kristianne.
Kristianne is an incredible girl, and living the life I want.. Kidding (kind of ;)). No seriously, check her out, and get connected. She rocks.
While I'm at it, check out Illumination Friday, if you don't already know it. :)
Exxplored! :D
While the Gallant was a very effective design, it's design focus of Surface Combat inevitably led to the need for a dedicated Space Combat suit. The SK-S13D and MP-GAT(MSV) were only stopgaps and each had it's limits, the SK-S13D was limited in it's maneuverability and the Suit lost a lot of flexibility due to being locked into it while the MP-GAT(MSV) had to deal with high costs to convert and to provide a sizable force would have put significant strain on the number of Gallants left for the other variants. That being said, they did provided significant information and essentially acted as prototypes for the MP-L4N "Lancer".
The Lancer is a unique design that makes use of everything learned from the Sled and Space Mobility Gallant Prototype. The Thruster pack from the Space Mobility Gallant was refined and includes a smaller pair of secondary thrusters to complement the 4 primary thrusters. The Legs which cause the Technical Staff headaches when working on the Space Mobility Gallant were replaced with 2 'Maneuvering Vanes'. The thruster Vanes are essentially a collection of adjustable maneuvering thrusters with the entire 'Vane' mounted to a modified Powered Gallant Pelvis Frame and Joint. Individually each maneuvering thruster is weak but when working together and properly oriented they lend the Lancer unprecedented Maneuverability. As a result the Lancer requires large amounts of fuel during operation which is mounted in a large External Tank with 2 small Reserve tanks, one on each Maneuvering Vane.
The Upper Torso, while visually similar to the Gallant's, has been completely redesigned to advantage of operating in Zero-G. The Manipulators still function on the Universal Standard and can handle a wide range of weaponry.
The removal of the Legs does result in the Lancer not being able to function outside of Zero-G(Tests are scheduled for how they function in the Moon's Gravity Well) and as a result they require a special mini-gantry when being stored outside of a Zero-G environment.
The Picture above showed Technicians and Pilots inspecting the first delivery of Lancers from Northrop-Grumman.
Had some fun with this one, inspired by the idea behind the Zeon Dra-C design, but done up more to my tastes.
Not a lot of detail. Hopefully simple but effective. Acrylic on box (deep edge) canvas. 40" (102cm) x 18" (45cm).
Produced in large numbers the P-40 or Tomahawk, Kittyhawk or Warhawk as she was also known, was a ruggedly effective and potent fighter. Supplied to the air forces of America, Britain, Australia and New Zealand, the P-40 fought with distinction in every theatre of operations. In Europe and the Western Desert against the Germans and the Italians as flown by aces such as Billy Drake and Neville Duke of 112 Squadron, RAF. In the far north, P-40’s fought with distinction in the Aleutian Islands off Alaska, as well as in the island-hopping Pacific campaign against the Japanese. They were the main weapon in the China-Burma-India campaign and the aircraft was immortalised by the famous American Volunteer Group, better known as the ‘Flying Tigers’, achieving 297 confirmed kills.
Hanger 11's Curtiss P-40M, serial number 43-5802, was manufactured in October 1943 and assigned to a RCAF squadron as serial no. 840. She subsequently flew with a number of RCAF squadrons, amassing a total of only 732 hours in military service. The aircraft was retired in 1950 and moved to Oregon State University to act as an instructional aircraft. Following a long period of storage at Troutdale Airport, Oregon, she was acquired in the late 1970’s by well known P-40 expert Tommy Camp, based in Livermore, California. Fortunately, the airframe was found to have survived in remarkably good condition and was suitable for a restoration to flying condition. This was sympathetically carried out in the early 1980’s and she flew again in 1982.
Purchased by The Fighter Collection and shipped across the Atlantic, she took up residence at Duxford in February 1985. There she remained for ten years until 1995 when traded to Christophe Jacquard, based at Dijon in France. Re-registered F-AZPJ she was operated in France for three years until returning to Duxford to re-join The Fighter Collection in 1998. Placed on the UK register as G-KITT, she continued to be operated by TFC until 2005 when she was purchased by Hangar 11 Collection and ferried to our hangar at North Weald. Since then she has appeared extensively at airshows throughout the UK and further airfield. In May 2009 she was flown by Peter Teichman to a former Soviet military airfield near Prague and took part in filming for the movie ‘Red Tails’ which was released in January 2012. Wearing a temporary water washable scheme, after filming was completed and she was flown back to the UK the decision was made to retain the temporary colours until the final release of the movie.
Today, the aircraft represents P-40N-1 Warhawk 44-2104590, "Lulu Belle", flown by 2nd Lieutenant Philip R. Adair, a pilot with the United States Army Air Force's 89th Fighter Squadron, 80th Fighter Group of the 10th Air Force in the China Burma India Theater. The 80th Fighter Group's main mission was defending military transport aircraft flying from India to China over the Himalayas, an air bridge that was nicknamed "The Hump", and was the Allies' primary means of providing resupply the the Chinese fighting the Japanese invasion of their county. Reportedly the 89th painted their aircraft with distinctive white skulls on each side their cowlings to play on Japanese superstitions about death and related symbology. Their P-40s were also fitted with 18 inch air raid sirens to add psychological warfare element to their ground attack missions. It is the sirens that earned the group the nickname the "Burma Banshees".
Most effective if seen while listening to 'Blinding' by Florence + The Machine.
Over the last week of traveling from Ohio to Boston to Amsterdam to Well, I've finally gotten enough time to tackle the final shoots in my Midwest folders.
While editing these two shoots, I found they flowed very well together. This series was a combination of two shoots: of Molly (styled by Jacob) and Ethan (styled by Gurbir). In this way, this was a collaboration of five minds.
See the whole series here.
Fireproof (and containing lead) Christmas icicles. Silver Sheen brand. Scan of the graphics on the box.
VL-15 Vibria –
Background:
Recently, I decided to rebuild all the planes that the Imperial Lego Air Force used, from 1997 until today.
This aircraft represents one of the first planes I built, shortly after I started building tanks, battleships and planes instead of churches or cathedrals. The aircraft is a mix of two planes, the Junkers Ju-87B Stuka (built by Germany and used during the Blitzkrieg) and the PZL.23 Karas (built by Poland before the Second World War).
The two planes are similar in some things; they are both army cooperation airplanes, both feature a single engine, a monoplane design and fixed “spatted” landing gear. The main difference was that the Stuka featured a inline engine while the Karas had a radial one. The Karas also had a ventral defensive position with a light machine gun.
So I decided to combine the best parts of both planes and build a new one.
While I was working in Barcelona during the previous summer, I saw a series of popular celebrations and many of them featured correfocs (vehicles with representations of Dragons, Turtles and other monsters). One of those monsters was the Vibria, the female version of a Dragon. Since I love dragons, those events were truly awesome to see and I recommend everyone to visit Catalunia one day.
The Vibria is the 16º plane made by me in 2014. More images of this plane and others can be found here: www.flickr.com/photos/einon/
The story:
For many years, the Lego economy was extremely weak; the democracy wasn’t working well and everybody felt that the government wasn’t effective. When the Democracy finally fell, the Lego Kingdom was created. Economy grew extremely fast thanks to the recent discovery of large reserves of Gold in land and Petrol on the sea. Those recent finds led to a large increase in military spending and therefore more money was available to develop new planes. All was going well when… the Great Androvakian Invasion began.
The Lego Air Force didn’t have a single aircraft operational around that time and when the army finally stopped the enemy invasion, it became urgent to rebuild the airforce. The Morko Morane became the new fighter interceptor while the Evrae became the new strategic bomber. For the ground attack role, the T-6G Texan was initially used but the lack of armour made the aircraft as dangerous to their pilots as they were for their enemies. A new plane was urgently needed.
Shortly before the invasion, a small bomber was designed by the Vila Disparador aircraft factory, the VL-15 Vibria. The aircraft however seemed to belong to a previous era, since it featured fixed landing gear when that same factory was already building heavy bombers and fighters with retractable landing gear at the same time. However, the need for any sort of ground attack aircraft was so huge that the new aircraft was eventually selected to start the production. 12 planes were hastily assembled and sent with a fighter escort of 30 Morko Moranes in a ground attack mission. Many Lego pilots felt that they wouldn’t return.
Surprisingly, all 12 planes returned to the base, many off them with combat damage that would have been enough to destroy any fighter or bomber. How was that possible?
The new plane was extremely armoured and heavy, most of the crucial components were separate and well protected by at least 24mm of armour plating, the 2000cv engine provided an acceptable speed of 430km/h fully loaded with 1000kg of bombs or rockets. Besides, the two defensive positions allowed the pilot to concentrate on the target while the gunners took care of the enemy fighters.
In just a few days, all T-6s were removed from the ground attack role and the new aircraft became a symbol of hope for all the Legos. When enemy tanks were first sighted in the invaded islands that once belong the Lego Nation, two semi-automatic 50mm anti-tank guns were installed under the wings firing high speed anti-tank rounds which, although reducing the maximum speed of the aircraft, turned the aircraft into a true flying tank.
Dive brakes were installed on all planes (including the anti-tank versions) allowing the plane to perform dive-bombing strikes with deadly accuracy, especially against enemy ships.
Although old, the aircraft featured two 20mm ENA-50 cannons on the wings and two 7,62mm machine guns on the engine (both capable of firing 2000rounds per minute) and two 12,7mm defensive heavy machine guns, which were later replaced by 20mm cannons.
A floatplane version of this aircraft became the first aircraft of the Lego Naval Aviation and later, a carrier capable version was also built, achieving remarkable success.
When the Lego Nation finally began to re-conquer their old territory, the Vibria opened the way for the Lego Army, destroying strongholds, bunkers and tanks before the enemy could do anything. For more than a year, 2000 airframes were built, contributing extensively for the victory.
Tactics
Initially, the main tactic used by the new bomber was a low altitude approach to the target covered by escort fighters flying at 3000 meters, which besides providing protection, could also look for targets. The tactic didn’t worked well.
The new tactic was completely different. The bombers started to flew at high altitude (often more than 6000 meters) waiting for targets, which were detected by T-6s or fighters flying at lower altitude. After the target had been “marked”, the bombers would perform a 90º dive bombing over the target, dropped the bombs and then straff the ground with the machine guns and cannons against any vehicle or target that might appear ahead of them. Shaped charges bomblets could also be carried inside two small containers under the wings, each one capable of destroying a enemy tank with a single hit.
150mm rockets were carried for ground traffing; although highly inaccurate, a single rocket had the explosive power of a 1000kg bomb.
With the appearance of the 50mm anti-tank guns, the bombers usually flew at medium altitude and then dive in a 35º angle against any enemy tank that might be detected.
The Vibria continued in frontline service for at least 4 more years, being finally replaced by the new jet ground attack planes.
To this day, it still represents the hope of a nation, bullied by all the nations of the world and which ultimately conquered them all.
The Vibria is the 16º plane made by me in 2014. More images of this plane and others can be found here: www.flickr.com/photos/einon/
Hope you like it!
Eínon
"To a humble mind nothing is more astonishing than to hear its own excellence. Now, wonder is most effective in drawing the mind's attention. Therefore the angel, desirous of drawing the Virgin's attention to the hearing of so great a mystery, began by praising her." – St Thomas Aquinas.
Terracotta Annunciation, housed in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.