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Driven in a van to Orvieto, and the villa our family rented for a vacation, it was an entirely new OLD world to me. Not at all the way old things were torn down to replace with less durable structures, back home. Contemplating the place of the past in the present day consumed much of my time during this vacation.
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The Tornado ADV had its origins in an RAF Air Staff Requirement 395 (or ASR.395), which called for a long-range interceptor to replace the Lightning F6 and Phantom FGR2. The requirement for a modern interceptor was driven by the threat posed by the large Soviet long-range bomber fleet, in particular the supersonic Tupolev Tu-22M. From the beginning of the Tornado IDS's development in 1968, the possibility of a variant dedicated to air defence had been quietly considered; several American aircraft had been evaluated, but found to be unsuitable. However, the concept proved unattractive to the other European partners on the Tornado project, thus the UK elected to proceed in its development alone. On 4 March 1976, the development of the Tornado ADV was formally approved.
In 1976, British Aerospace was contracted to provide three prototype aircraft. The first prototype was rolled out at Warton on 9 August 1979, before making its maiden flight on 27 October 1979. During the flight testing, the ADV demonstrated noticeably superior supersonic acceleration to the IDS, even while carrying a full weapons loadout.
The Tornado ADV's differences compared to the IDS include a greater sweep angle on the wing gloves, and the deletion of their kruger flaps, deletion of the port cannon, a longer radome for the Foxhunter radar, slightly longer airbrakes and a fuselage stretch of 1.36 m to allow the carriage of four Skyflash semi-active radar homing missiles. The stretch was applied to the Tornado front fuselage being built by the UK, with a plug being added immediately behind the cockpit, which had the unexpected benefit of reducing drag and making space for an additional fuel tank (Tank '0') carrying 200 imperial gallons (909 l; 240 U.S. gal) of fuel. The artificial feel of the flight controls was lighter on the ADV than on the IDS. Various internal avionics, pilot displays, guidance systems and software also differed; including an automatic wing sweep selector not fitted to the strike aircraft.
Production of the Tornado ADV was performed between 1980 and 1993, the last such aircraft being delivered that same year. A total of 165 Tornado ADVs were ordered by Britain, the majority being the Tornado F3. However, the Tornado ADV’s replacement, the aircraft that is known today as the Eurofighter Typhoon, met several delays – primarily of political nature. Even though the first production contract was already signed on 30 January 1998 between Eurofighter GmbH, Eurojet and NETMA for the procurement of a total of 232 for the UK, the development and eventually the delivery of the new aircraft was a protracted affair. It actually took until 9 August 2007, when the UK's Ministry of Defence reported that No. 11 Squadron RAF, which stood up as a Typhoon squadron on 29 March 2007, had received its first two multi-role Typhoons. Until then, the Tornado F.3 had become more and more obsolete, since the type was only suited to a limited kind of missions, and it became obvious that the Tornado ADV would have to be kept in service for several years in order to keep Great Britain’s aerial defence up.
In order to bridge the Typhoon service gap, two update programs had already been launched by the MoD in 2004, which led to the Tornado F.5 and F.6 versions. These were both modified F.3 airframes, catering to different, more specialized roles. The F.5 had a further extended fuselage and modified wings, so that it could operate more effectively in the long range fighter patrol role over the North Sea and the Northern Atlantic. On the other side, the F.6 was tailored to the mainland interceptor role at low and medium altitudes and featured new engines for a better performance in QRA duties. Both fighter variants shared improved avionics and weapons that had already been developed for the Eurofighter Typhoon, or were still under development.
The Tornado F.6’s new engines were a pair of Eurojet EJ200 afterburning turbofans, which offered 30% more dry and 20% more afterburner thrust than the F.3’s original Turbo-Union RB199-34R turbofans. These more modern and fuel-efficient engines allowed prolonged supercruise, and range as well as top speed were improved, too. Furthermore, there was the (theoretical) option to combine the new engine with vectored thrust nozzles, even though this would most probably not take place since the Tornado ADV had never been designed as a true dogfighter, even though it was, for an aircraft of its size, quite an agile aircraft.
However, the integration of the EJ200 into the existing airframe called for major modifications that affected the aircraft’s structure. The tail section had to be modified in order to carry the EJ200’s different afterburner section. Its bigger diameter and longer nozzle precluded the use of the original thrust reverser. This unique feature was retained, though, so that the mechanism had to be modified: the standard deflectors, which used to extend backwards behind the nozzles, now opened inwards into the airflow before the exhaust.
Since the new engines had a considerably higher airflow rate, the air intakes with the respective ducts had to be enlarged and adapted, too. Several layouts were tested, including two dorsal auxiliary air intakes to the original, wedge-shaped orifices, but eventually the whole intake arrangement with horizontal ramps was changed into tall side intakes with vertical splitter plates, reminiscent of the F-4 Phantom. Even though this meant a thorough redesign of the fuselage section under the wing sweep mechanism and a reduction of tank “0”’s volume, the new arrangement improved the aircraft’s aerodynamics further and slightly enlarged the wing area, which resulted in a minor net increase of range.
The F.3’s GEC-Marconi/Ferranti AI.24 Foxhunter radar was retained, but an infrared search and track (IRST) sensor, the Passive Infra-Red Airborne Track Equipment (PIRATE), was mounted in a semispherical housing on the port side of the fuselage in front of the windscreen and linked to the pilot’s helmet-mounted display. By supercooling the sensor, the system was able to detect even small variations in temperature at a long range, and it allowed the detection of both hot exhaust plumes of jet engines and surface heating caused by friction.
PIRATE operated in two IR bands and could be used together with the radar in an air-to-air role, adding visual input to the radar’s readings. Beyond that, PIRATE could also function as an independent infrared search and track system, providing passive target detection and tracking, and the system was also able to provide navigation and landing aid.
In an optional air-to-surface role, PIRATE can also perform target identification and acquisition, up to 200 targets could be simultaneously tracked. Although no definitive ranges had been released, an upper limit of 80 nm has been hinted at; a more typical figure would be 30 to 50 nm.
The Tornado F.3’s Mauser BK-27 revolver cannon was retained and the F.6 was from the start outfitted with the AIM-120 AMRAAM air-to-air missile, with the outlook to switch as soon as possible to the new, ram jet-driven Meteor AAM with higher speed and range. Meteor had been under development since 1994 and was to be carried by the Eurofighter Typhoon as its primary mid-range weapon. With a range of 100+ km (63 mi, 60 km no-escape zone) and a top speed of more than Mach 4, Meteor, with its throttleable ducted rocket engine, offered a considerably improvement above AMRAAM. However, it took until 2016 that Meteor became fully operational and was rolled out to operational RAF fighter units.
A total of 36 Tornado F.3 airframes with relatively low flying hours were brought to F.6 standard in the course of 2006-8 and gradually replaced older F.3s in RAF fighter units until 2009. The Tornado F.3 itself was retired in March 2011 when No. 111 Squadron RAF, located at RAF Leuchars, was disbanded. Both the F.5 and F.6 will at least keep on serving until the Eurofighter Typhoon is in full service, probably until 2020.
General characteristics:
Crew: 2
Length: 18.68 m (61 ft 3½ in)
Wingspan: 13.91 m (45 ft 7½ in) at 25° wing position
8.60 m (28 ft 2½ in) at 67° wing position
Height: 5.95 m (19 ft 6½ in)
Wing area: 27.55 m² (295.5 sq ft)
Empty weight: 14,750 kg (32,490 lb)
Max. takeoff weight: 28,450 kg (62,655 lb)
Powerplant:
2× Eurojet EJ200 afterburning turbofans with 60 kN (13,500 lbf) dry thrust and
90 kN (20,230 lbf) thrust with afterburner each
Performance:
Maximum speed: Mach 2.3 (2,500 km/h, 1,550 mph) at 9,000 m (30,000 ft)
921 mph (800 knots, 1,482 km/h) indicated airspeed limit near sea level
Combat radius: more than 1,990 km (1.100 nmi, 1,236 mi) subsonic,
more than 556 km (300 nmi, 345 mi) supersonic
Ferry range: 4,265 km (2,300 nmi, 2,650 mi) with four external tanks
Endurance: 2 hr combat air patrol at 560-740 km (300-400 nmi, 345-460 mi) from base
Service ceiling: 15,240 m (50,000 ft)
Armament:
1× 27 mm (1.063 in) Mauser BK-27 revolver cannon with 180 RPG under starboard fuselage side
A total of 10 hardpoints (4× semi-recessed under-fuselage, 2× under-fuselage, 4× swivelling
under-wing) holding up to 9000 kg (19,800 lb) of payload; the two inner wing pylons have shoulder
launch rails for 2× Short-Range AAM (SRAAM) each (AIM-9 Sidewinder or AIM-132 ASRAAM)
4× MBDO Meteor or AIM-120 AMRAAM, mounted under the fuselage
The kit and its assembly:
The eight entry for the RAF Centenary Group Build at whatifmodelers.com, and after 100 years of RAF what-if models we have now arrived at the present. This modified Tornado ADV was spawned through the discussions surrounding another modeler’s build of a modified F.3 (and examples of other Tornado conversions, e. g. with fixed wings or twin fins), and I spontaneously wondered what a change of the air intakes would do to the aircraft’s overall impression? Most conversions I have seen so far retain this original detail. An idea was born, and a pair of leftover Academy MiG-23 air intakes, complete with splitter plates, were the suitable conversion basis.
The basic kit is the Italeri Tornado ADV, even though in a later Revell re-boxing. It’s IMHO the kit with the best price-performance ration, and it goes together well. The kit was mostly built OOB, with some cosmetic additions. The biggest changes came through the integration of the completely different air intakes. These were finished at first and, using them as templates, openings were cut into the lower fuselage flanks in front of the landing gear well. Since the MiG-23 intakes have a relatively short upper side, styrene sheet fillers had to be added and blended with the rest of the fuselage via PSR. The gap between the wing root gloves and the intakes had to be bridged, too, with 2C putty. Messier affair than it sounds, but it went well.
In order to make the engine change plausible I modified the Tornado exhaust and added a pair of orifices from an F-18 – they look very similar to those on the Eurofighter Typhoon, and their diameter is perfect for this change. This and the different air intakes stretch the Tonka visually, it looks IMHO even more slender than the F.3.
Another issue was the canopy: the 2nd hand kit came without clear parts, but I was lucky to still have a Tornado F.3 canopy in the spares box – but only the windscreen from a Tornado IDS, which does not fit well onto the ADV variant. A 2mm gap at the front end had to be bridged, and the angles on the side as well as the internal space to the HUD does not match too well. But, somehow, I got it into place, even though it looks a bit shaggy.
The IRST in front of the windscreen is a piece of clear styrene sprue (instead of an opaque piece, painted glossy black), placed on a black background. The depth effect is very good!
More changes pertained to the ordnance: the complete weaponry was exchanged. The OOB Sidewinders were replaced with specimen from a Hasegawa F-4 Phantom (these look just better than the AIM-9 that come with the kit), and I originally planned to mount four AIM-120 from the same source under the fuselage – until I found a Revell Eurofighter kit in my stash that came with four Meteor AAMs, a suitable and more modern as well as British alternative!
All in all, just subtle modifications.
Painting and markings:
Well, the RAF was the creative direction, so I stuck to a classic/conservative livery. However, I did not want a 100% copy of the typical “real world” RAF Tornado F.3, so I sought inspiration in earlier low-visibility schemes. Esp. the Phantom and the Lightning carried in their late days a wide variety of grey-in-grey schemes, and one of the most interesting of them (IMHO) was carried by XS 933: like some other Lightnings, the upper surfaces were painted in Dark Sea Grey (instead of the standard Medium Sea Grey), a considerably murkier tone, but XS933 had a mid-height waterline. I found that scheme to be quite plausible for an aircraft that would mostly operate above open water and in heavier weather, so I adapted it to the Tonka. The fact that XS 933 was operated by RAF 5 Squadron, the same unit as my build depicts with its markings, is just a weird coincidence!
An alternative would have been the same colors, but with a low waterline (e.g. like Lightning XR728) – but I rejected this, because the result would have looked IMHO much too similar to the late Tornado GR.4 fighter bombers, or like a Royal Navy aircraft.
Since the upper color would be wrapped around the wings’ leading edges, I used the lower wing leading edge level as reference for the high waterline on the forward fuselage, Behind the wings’ trailing edge I lowered the waterline down to the stabilizers’ level.
All upper surfaces, including the tall fin, were painted with Tamiya XF-54, a relatively light interpretation of RAF Dark Sea Grey (because I did not want a harsh contrast with the lower colors), while the fuselage undersides and flanks were painted in Medium Sea Grey (Humbrol 165). The same tone was also used for the underwing pylons and the “Hindenburger” drop tanks. The undersides of the wings and the stabilizers were painted in Camouflage Grey (formerly known as Barley Grey, Humbrol 167).
Disaster struck when I applied the Tamiya paint, though. I am not certain why (age of the paint, I guess), but the finish developed a kind of “pigment pelt” which turned out to be VERY sensitive to touch. Even the slightest handling would leave dark, shiny spots!
My initial attempt was to hide most of this problem under post-shading (with Humbrol 126, FS 36270), but that turned the Tonka visually into a Tiger Meet participant – the whole thing looked as if it wore low-viz stripes! Aaargh!
In a desperate move (since more and more paint piled up on the upper surfaces, and I did not want to strip the kit off of all paint right now) I applied another thin coat of highly diluted XF-54 on top of the tiger stripe mess, and that toned everything done enough to call it a day. While the finish is not perfect and still quite shaggy (even streaky here and there…), it looks O.K., just like a worn and bleached Dark Sea Grey.
A little more rescue came with the decals. The markings are naturally low-viz variants and the RAF 5 Sq. markings come from an Xtradecal BAC Lightning sheet (so they differ from the markings applied to the real world Tornado F.3s of this unit). The zillion of stencils come from the OOB sheet, but the walking area warnings came from a Model Decal Tornado F.3 sheet (OOB, Revell only provides you a bunch of generic, thin white lines, printed on a single carrier film, and tells you “Good luck”! WTF?). Took a whole afternoon to apply them, but I used as many of them as possible in order to hide the paint finish problems… Some things, like the tactical letter code or the red bar under the fuselage roundel, had to be improvised.
With many troubles involved (the paint job, but furthermore the wing pylons as well as one stabilizer broke off during the building and painting process…), I must say that the modified Tonka turned out better than expected while I was still working on it. In the end, I am happy with it – it’s very subtle, I wonder how many people actually notice the change of air intakes and jet exhausts, and the Meteor AAMs are, while not overtly visible, a nice update, too.
The paint scheme looks basically also good (if you overlook the not-so-good finish due to the problems with the Tamiya paint), and the darker tones suit the Tonka well, as well as the fake RAF 5 Squadron markings.
I've driven by this ivy covered tree for years, and always been attracted to it's graceful lean. The ivy is slowly pulling it down, so although the effect is appealing, either the tree will snap, or it will die from deprivation....because the ivy grows it's own roots into the bark of the tree, and steals the fluids travelling up to feed the top of the tree.
Whenever I see a parasite slowly killing it's host organism like this, it reminds me of our relationship to our planet. I fear mankind is a parasite whose numbers have increased beyond the ability of the host organism (our lovely Earth) to support them. We are draining her of her resources, poisioning her with our byproducts, killing off most of the other beneficial life forms.......and she is getting perilously near that point of no return where she will be unable to heal herself. Once the oceans are dead, (and the dead zones are growing rapidly)....can the planet possibly survive?
Sorry if I've depressed you......but maybe if enough people focus on this huge crisis, there will still be time to change our relationship with the Earth. The easiest place to start is prayer. For our Earth, for the powers that control big government, big business, big media......for every person living on the planet....to focus all our efforts on healing the planet.. God help us!
"Created in the world’s toughest development lab: the world of motorsport. We drew on our experiences with motorsport for the development of the Audi R8. For example, the many national and international GT3 titles won by the R8 LMS, including victories at the classic 24-hour races in the Nürburgring, Spa, and Daytona. This means that the Audi R8 Coupé V10 plus* is rooted in the tradition of GT3 racing – and you can feel it the instant you turn on the engine..."
Source: Audi
Photographed during Driven Club event in Northern Ireland.
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England,
Horse drawn,
Steam driven,
Fire pump,
For my video; youtu.be/Zkuqey9xONY
Southward Car Museum, Paraparaumu, New Zealand
"...and in the last row, the "Mach 5", driven by the appropriately named Speed Racer! But wait: it seems we have a mystery racer joining at the last minute... It seems to be car No. 2, which must mean it's the pride of Pencilvania, "The Pencil Pusher", driven by none other than the Eraser! You don't see many rubber-band powered cars with bottlecap wheels these days, folks. As that's our starting grid, we're ready to begin the Race!
Gentlemen, start you engines!
3...
2...
1...
GO!"
1975 Porsche 914-6 driven by Joe Hoover during the Porsche Feature race on Saturday at the 2015 Jefferson 500.
If you are interested in this, or any of my other photos from this event please visit my website. prints.swankmotorarts.com/f976099101
Drive wheels for the belt driven circular saw table in the quarry workshop. Unfortunately the belts are no longer attached and have largely rotted away.
APRIL 2007 -- WA, AUSTRALIA -- One exposure of our car. I used my SB-800 flash once on full under the bonnet, then diffused four times ouside, then twice inside. -- PHOTO BY SHAUN CENTA
Winds have driven much of the ice in this area ashore. There is not much chance for seals to escape to the surface, to breathe... Some were cut up by the sharp ice edges as they crawled looking for water and food.
00 Acre vegetation fire driven with strong winds two miles before being stopped. (Valley IC ) Avenue I and 60th Street West Lancaster, CA
This is most crazy road on which I have ever driven. There is 11 turns and cant over 800 m. Unfortunately the weather was bad and after this photo we had to run before the rain.
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Tohle je nejšílenější silnice po které jsem kdy jel. Trolí stezka stoupá o více než 800 m na celkem 11 zatáčkách. Bohužel jsme neměli štěstí na počasí po pořízení této fotky jsme utíkali před deštěm. Počasí se neumoudřilo ani ráno. Takže snad někdy příště.
MARS MAPS MUD
MUD | Market-driven Unintentional Development
The city: man’s greatest invention, or clumsy byproduct of civilization? China’s historic building frenzy is a hallmark of man’s dominance over the landscape. With speed and efficacy its urban spaces have been planned and then built, rolling out the modern cityscapes that are shaping our future. However, observing the outcome of three decades of flash urbanization reveals a disturbing reality. While every block is meticulously planned, the resulting urban form is not. The amorphous cities printed on these tables undermine the staunch belief we have control over the urbanization process.
Through GIS data we traced the footprints of eight urban clusters for the year 2000, and their expansion by 2010. The resulting patterns are wholly unintentional, revealing an organic logic at best. Moreover, the speed of their expansion has outpaced any strategy to streamline development: in ten short years Shanghai has doubled its built-up area. As the periphery merges with countryside, eluding planners in it wake, the profession finds itself in crisis. The urban edges fragmented, activities scattered, these oozing entities defy the very notion of the city. Set against the backdrop of China’s goal for new ecocities, this raises a fundamental question: if we cannot plan our cities, how do we plan ecocities?
Part of the upcoming publication “Manifesto of Mistakes - urban solutions for the new world”.
Exhibition @ Dashilar Beijing Design Week, The Nurturing House Sanjing Hutong 21
Forum: Countryside Revisited @ Dashilar, The Factory, Sat 26, 12.00-19.00 with MARS, OMA, Jiang Jun, Juan Du, et all.
城市到底是人类最伟大的发明，还是文明发展进程中拙劣的副产品？放眼历史，中国城市建设的狂乱将人类对城市景观的支配彰显得淋漓尽致。在中国，城市空间的规划极速而高效，紧接着投入建设，涌现的现代城市风光更塑造着我们的未来。然而，若仔细观察过去三十年间疾速都市化的成果，展现在我们眼前的是一片令人不安的现实。尽管每条道路、每个住宅群、每座工厂、甚至是整个村镇的规划过程都一丝不苟，所生成的都市形态却不尽然。这间小展厅的桌上所印的杂乱而无定形的城市动摇了我们的一种坚定信念，即我们有能力控制都市化的进程。通过采集的GIS数据，我们追踪研究了2000年的八大城市发展中心，以及它们2010年后续产生的城市膨胀。
研究数据证明，中国主要经济群的发展模式是完全无序的，最多象征了一种潜在的有机逻辑。此外，这些城市足迹膨胀的速度彻底超越了任何旨在控制它们发展的规划方案；举例来说，中国最大的城市上海的建成面积在短短十年里足足翻了一倍。城市边缘渗入郊区，发展步伐完全不再受城市规划者和决策者的掌控—城市规划这一专业领域陷入了危机。这一切情有可原。城市边缘的分裂现象极其严重，建设规划分散于城郊中，这些不断渗出的实体向城市这一概念本身发起了挑战。这一发现对城市理论家而言也许仅仅是一片值得玩味的沼泽，但在中国所提出的建设新生态城市的宏伟目标的大背景下，它提出了一个关键问题：如果我们无法规划城市，生态城市规划的愿景要如何实现呢？
该项目是即将问世的《试与错的宣言：新世界中的都市建设方案》的一部分。北京设计周， 大栅栏三井胡同21
HIGHEST POINT
This summer construction reached highest point on the flagship headquarters by MARS Architects. The project, won in an International competition along Sofia's main avenue, is a sustainable proposal that intertwines office program, retail, leisure and indoor climbing into a single continuous folding space. See more on Design Boom and M-A-R-S.asia
何新城建筑事务所设计的旗舰店总部,建设施工在这个夏天达到了最高点。此备受瞩目的国际获奖项目位于保加利亚首都索菲亚主大道上，是将办公楼、零售、休闲和室内攀岩整合在一个连续折叠空间的可持续性规划方案。
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I was driven to capture the textures of the bath mat, along with the glass, aluminium and tiles. A mundane image, but I just wanted to take it in the light from the afternoon sun.
Best viewed at full size.
I just posted the power gear on the Westside Lumber Shay engine and added a load of notes. I realized that I needed to add the shot of the gear on the tender and further explain a Shay's operation. As you can see, the drive shaft continues on to the tender for more power in the form of tractive effort. A Shay tender could consist of two of the trucks on the really large locos. This means up to 16 driven wheels, drivers; that's twice #346 and #844. This engine has 12 driven wheels having a smaller tender. Near the "No Aqua" water tank at "Delay Junction" at the Colorado Railroad Museum, the WestSide Lumber Company #12 Shay locomotive sits on the siding rails. I know a lot of folks have knowledge of the history and construction of the Shay locomotives. If I remember correctly, Ephraim Shay, born in 1839, soon ended up associated with the lumber industry in Michigan. He had a brain explosion and designed his Shay locomotive originally to run on pole (lumber) rails in the woods. His idea worked and the Lime Locomotive Works in Ohio was to manufacture this oddity. Needless to say, they were expected to operate in foul conditions and on absurd trackage. He hung vertical cylinders on the side of the boiler and spun a drive shaft along the side of the engine and tender. That is not entirely unlike your car. Usng a design of bevel gears and universal joints allowed the contraption to power bogie trucks that swivel. All the trucks: the front truck under the boiler, the truck under the cab and either one or two trucks under the tender provided for maximum tractive effort powered through extremely tight curves. The top speed was of course, very limited and CRRM volunteers told me that the enjoyment of a ride wore very short but not short enough. Fortunately, the light was on the correct side but horribly directional and harsh. Here it is anyway. I work hard to expand the shadows on this so I could read the lettering on the frame; OWNED BY LOCO LEASE II. I doubt it now. CRRM does not have a Heisler locomotive; donations anyone? I'm not sure if there was one in Colorado.
Eddie and I spaced the Christmas Steamup this year but he found there was a "Black on Track" costume event upcoming. He really wanted to see this steam up. We are REALLY waiting for the RSG #20 to return for a steamup. Donate generously at the CRRM.That day will be shoulder to shoulder at the Colorado Railroad Museum; keep an eye on upcoming events on their web site. Outlanders could target Colorado trips with the expectations of hitting an event here in Golden. Someone will have already been here from your home town and/or country. These are the takes everyone is foaming at the mouth to see.
Outrageous light here for the bold early steam, IMHO. Steam is a winner in winter but the wind made it a blustery day. Are you ready for some steam? The first excursion was not quite full but is building on this blustery Saturday morning runby. The re-enactors are busy putting on a show now that we took our ride..
I've driven by a few times, but never noticed the cemetery in front. I thought it would make an interesting picture with the setting sun casting long shadows from the graves. I may attempt to take this picture again sometime when there’s no roof repair going on!
I had driven from New Jersey up to Binghamton to photograph NS workings and just south of the station I came across this pair of CP Rail liveried CP locos. I honestly don’t whether they were parked “permanently” or whether they were scheduled for duty in the foreseeable future. CP 5671 is an SD40-2; CP 7305 is a GP38-2 (SD standing for Special Duty and GP standing for General Purpose).
Leica M8
28mm:F2 ASPH
250/F11
I have driven past this spot numerous times to and from the Honister Pass,but until last weekend i had never given a thought to having a look around the place.Its a great little spot looking down Hause Gill towards the Borrowdale.Its just a shame that at the moment many of the streams/gills in the lakes seem to be running on empty,this was no exception.There was just a mere trickle of water yet you could see evidence that in full flow this would be a totally different proposition.
That leaning tree was my reason for pulling over and having a look,so i had to thank it by giving it centre stage in this shot.There will be a few more shots to follow in due course from this wonderful place.
(A RARE OUTING FOR THE SIGMA 10-20 WITH THIS ONE)
EXIF....F16....1.5 SECONDS....ISO 100....11MM....LEE 0.9S ND GRAD + KOOD ND4 + HOYA POLARIZER
Photographed @ the Goodguys PPG Nationals in Columbus, Ohio.
Playing Now: Going, Going, Gone - Lee Greenwood:
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The second edition of "Driven A Woman's Rally" 2017, which was held in Bengaluru city and more than 200 teams participated.
Boeing's B-29 Superfortress was the most sophisticated propeller-driven bomber of World War II and the first bomber to house its crew in pressurized compartments. Although designed to fight in the European theater, the B-29 found its niche on the other side of the globe. In the Pacific, B-29s delivered a variety of aerial weapons: conventional bombs, incendiary bombs, mines, and two nuclear weapons.
On August 6, 1945, this Martin-built B-29-45-MO dropped the first atomic weapon used in combat on Hiroshima, Japan. Three days later, Bockscar (on display at the U.S. Air Force Museum near Dayton, Ohio) dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan. Enola Gay flew as the advance weather reconnaissance aircraft that day. A third B-29, The Great Artiste, flew as an observation aircraft on both missions.
Transferred from the United States Air Force.
Manufacturer:
Boeing Aircraft Co.
Martin Co., Omaha, Nebr.
Date: 1945
Country of Origin: United States of America
Dimensions:
Overall: 900 x 3020cm, 32580kg, 4300cm (29ft 6 5/16in. x 99ft 1in., 71825.9lb., 141ft 15/16in.)
Materials:
Polished overall aluminum finish
Physical Description:
Four-engine heavy bomber with semi-monoqoque fuselage and high-aspect ratio wings. Polished aluminum finish overall, standard late-World War II Army Air Forces insignia on wings and aft fuselage and serial number on vertical fin; 509th Composite Group markings painted in black; "Enola Gay" in black, block letters on lower left nose.
Boeing's B-29 Superfortress was the most sophisticated, propeller-driven, bomber to fly during World War II, and the first bomber to house its crew in pressurized compartments. Boeing installed very advanced armament, propulsion, and avionics systems into the Superfortress. During the war in the Pacific Theater, the B-29 delivered the first nuclear weapons used in combat. On August 6, 1945, Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., in command of the Superfortress Enola Gay, dropped a highly enriched uranium, explosion-type, "gun-fired," atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. Three days later, Major Charles W. Sweeney piloted the B-29 Bockscar and dropped a highly enriched plutonium, implosion-type atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan. Enola Gay flew as the advance weather reconnaissance aircraft that day. On August 14, 1945, the Japanese accepted Allied terms for unconditional surrender.
In the late 1930s, U. S. Army Air Corps leaders recognized the need for very long-range bombers that exceeded the performance of the B-17 Flying Fortress. Several years of preliminary studies paralleled a continuous fight against those who saw limited utility in developing such an expensive and unproven aircraft but the Air Corps issued a requirement for the new bomber in February 1940. It described an airplane that could carry a maximum bomb load of 909 kg (2,000 lb) at a speed of 644 kph (400 mph) a distance of at least 8,050 km (5,000 miles). Boeing, Consolidated, Douglas, and Lockheed responded with design proposals. The Army was impressed with the Boeing design and issued a contract for two flyable prototypes in September 1940. In April 1941, the Army issued another contract for 250 aircraft plus spare parts equivalent to another 25 bombers, eight months before Pearl Harbor and nearly a year-and-a-half before the first Superfortress would fly.
Among the design's innovations was a long, narrow, high-aspect ratio wing equipped with large Fowler-type flaps. This wing design allowed the B-29 to fly very fast at high altitudes but maintained comfortable handling characteristics during takeoff and landing. More revolutionary was the size and sophistication of the pressurized sections of the fuselage: the flight deck forward of the wing, the gunner's compartment aft of the wing, and the tail gunner's station. For the crew, flying at extreme altitudes became much more comfortable as pressure and temperature could be regulated. To protect the Superfortress, Boeing designed a remote-controlled, defensive weapons system. Engineers placed five gun turrets on the fuselage: a turret above and behind the cockpit that housed two .50 caliber machine guns (four guns in later versions), and another turret aft near the vertical tail equipped with two machine guns; plus two more turrets beneath the fuselage, each equipped with two .50 caliber guns. One of these turrets fired from behind the nose gear and the other hung further back near the tail. Another two .50 caliber machine guns and a 20-mm cannon (in early versions of the B-29) were fitted in the tail beneath the rudder. Gunners operated these turrets by remote control--a true innovation. They aimed the guns using computerized sights, and each gunner could take control of two or more turrets to concentrate firepower on a single target.
Boeing also equipped the B-29 with advanced radar equipment and avionics. Depending on the type of mission, a B-29 carried the AN/APQ-13 or AN/APQ-7 Eagle radar system to aid bombing and navigation. These systems were accurate enough to permit bombing through cloud layers that completely obscured the target. The B-29B was equipped with the AN/APG-15B airborne radar gun sighting system mounted in the tail, insuring accurate defense against enemy fighters attacking at night. B-29s also routinely carried as many as twenty different types of radios and navigation devices.
The first XB-29 took off at Boeing Field in Seattle on September 21, 1942. By the end of the year the second aircraft was ready for flight. Fourteen service-test YB-29s followed as production began to accelerate. Building this advanced bomber required massive logistics. Boeing built new B-29 plants at Renton, Washington, and Wichita, Kansas, while Bell built a new plant at Marietta, Georgia, and Martin built one in Omaha, Nebraska. Both Curtiss-Wright and the Dodge automobile company vastly expanded their manufacturing capacity to build the bomber's powerful and complex Curtiss-Wright R-3350 turbo supercharged engines. The program required thousands of sub-contractors but with extraordinary effort, it all came together, despite major teething problems. By April 1944, the first operational B-29s of the newly formed 20th Air Force began to touch down on dusty airfields in India. By May, 130 B-29s were operational. In June, 1944, less than two years after the initial flight of the XB-29, the U. S. Army Air Forces (AAF) flew its first B-29 combat mission against targets in Bangkok, Thailand. This mission (longest of the war to date) called for 100 B-29s but only 80 reached the target area. The AAF lost no aircraft to enemy action but bombing results were mediocre. The first bombing mission against the Japanese main islands since Lt. Col. "Jimmy" Doolittle's raid against Tokyo in April 1942, occurred on June 15, again with poor results. This was also the first mission launched from airbases in China.
With the fall of Saipan, Tinian, and Guam in the Mariana Islands chain in August 1944, the AAF acquired airbases that lay several hundred miles closer to mainland Japan. Late in 1944, the AAF moved the XXI Bomber Command, flying B-29s, to the Marianas and the unit began bombing Japan in December. However, they employed high-altitude, precision, bombing tactics that yielded poor results. The high altitude winds were so strong that bombing computers could not compensate and the weather was so poor that rarely was visual target acquisition possible at high altitudes. In March 1945, Major General Curtis E. LeMay ordered the group to abandon these tactics and strike instead at night, from low altitude, using incendiary bombs. These firebombing raids, carried out by hundreds of B-29s, devastated much of Japan's industrial and economic infrastructure. Yet Japan fought on. Late in 1944, AAF leaders selected the Martin assembly line to produce a squadron of B-29s codenamed SILVERPLATE. Martin modified these Superfortresses by removing all gun turrets except for the tail position, removing armor plate, installing Curtiss electric propellers, and modifying the bomb bay to accommodate either the "Fat Man" or "Little Boy" versions of the atomic bomb. The AAF assigned 15 Silverplate ships to the 509th Composite Group commanded by Colonel Paul Tibbets. As the Group Commander, Tibbets had no specific aircraft assigned to him as did the mission pilots. He was entitled to fly any aircraft at any time. He named the B-29 that he flew on 6 August Enola Gay after his mother. In the early morning hours, just prior to the August 6th mission, Tibbets had a young Army Air Forces maintenance man, Private Nelson Miller, paint the name just under the pilot's window.
Enola Gay is a model B-29-45-MO, serial number 44-86292. The AAF accepted this aircraft on June 14, 1945, from the Martin plant at Omaha (Located at what is today Offut AFB near Bellevue), Nebraska. After the war, Army Air Forces crews flew the airplane during the Operation Crossroads atomic test program in the Pacific, although it dropped no nuclear devices during these tests, and then delivered it to Davis-Monthan Army Airfield, Arizona, for storage. Later, the U. S. Air Force flew the bomber to Park Ridge, Illinois, then transferred it to the Smithsonian Institution on July 4, 1949. Although in Smithsonian custody, the aircraft remained stored at Pyote Air Force Base, Texas, between January 1952 and December 1953. The airplane's last flight ended on December 2 when the Enola Gay touched down at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland. The bomber remained at Andrews in outdoor storage until August 1960. By then, concerned about the bomber deteriorating outdoors, the Smithsonian sent collections staff to disassemble the Superfortress and move it indoors to the Paul E. Garber Facility in Suitland, Maryland.
The staff at Garber began working to preserve and restore Enola Gay in December 1984. This was the largest restoration project ever undertaken at the National Air and Space Museum and the specialists anticipated the work would require from seven to nine years to complete. The project actually lasted nearly two decades and, when completed, had taken approximately 300,000 work-hours to complete. The B-29 is now displayed at the National Air and Space Museum, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.
A 48 H.P., chain driven 0-4-0 Diesel Mechanical, Class 48DS locomotive, built by Ruston & Hornsby Ltd, Lincoln, to Works No. 237928, in 1946 and fitted with Engine No.236343, and sold ex-works, 04/09/1946, to British Titan Products Ltd, Pyewipe Works, Grimsby. This locomotive was subsequently sold to ICI, Billingham Works, in 1958, or 1959, before being sold on to Yorkshire Tar Distillers Ltd in 1963. Seen here, stored out of use on 20/01/1973. Its current status and fate unknown.
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