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Driven is our once a month worship service. Driven incorporates art, short films, teaching God's Word, and Christian fellowship. These shirts are designed for girls that come to driven.
[The models are from alternative apparel where we get all of our shirts.]
Quoting the web site of WXRV-FM "The River":
Boston’s independent and solar-powered radio station is gearing up for a free lunch time concert in honor of the 40th anniversary of Earth Day from noon-3pm. The concert will take place on the Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway, a new model of dynamic outdoor space that brings Bostonians together to enjoy everything that’s great about the city. The Greenway will be transformed into a fun outdoor atmosphere that includes free music, arts and crafts and other activities.
40th anniversary of Earth Day 2010
Forty years after the first Earth Day, the world is in greater peril than ever. While climate change is the greatest challenge of our time, it also presents the greatest opportunity – an unprecedented opportunity to build a healthy, prosperous, clean energy economy now and for the future.
Citizen Cope
Citizen Cope is the name given to singer/songwriter Clarence Greenwood and his acoustic-driven band. Born in Memphis and raised in Washington, D.C., Greenwood steers the band’s soulful sound by serving as keyboardist, guitarist, lead singer, DJ, songwriter, and producer. Greenwood first broke into the music business by appearing on albums by Maryland-based Basehead and used that momentum to issue his first Citizen Cope album, Citizen Cope , in 1992. He released his fourth album, The Rainwater LP himself in 2010, staying true to his fusion of blues, folk-pop, and laidback hip-hop. “Healing Hands”, off The Rainwater LP, has fast become a fast favorite amongst new and existing fans
They Might Be Giants
Combining a knack for infectious melodies with a quirky, bizarre sense of humor and a vaguely avant-garde aesthetic borrowed from the New York post-punk underground, They Might Be Giants became one of the most unlikely alternative success stories of the late ’80s and early ’90s. Musically, the duo of John Flansburgh and John Linnell borrowed from everywhere, but their freewheeling eclecticism was enhanced by their arcane, geeky sense of humor. They would reference everything from British Invasion to Tin Pan Alley, while making allusions to pulp fiction and President Polk. Through their string of indie releases and constant touring as a duo, They Might Be Giants built up a huge following on college campuses during the late ’80s, switching to a major label in the early ’90s…The 2000’s saw them re-emerge as one of America’s most beloved family bands, and saw their songwriting embraced by Dunkin’ Donuts, Malcom in the Middle, and The Daily Show with Jon Stewart.
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Driven by dreams with Todt Jean (fra), President of the FIA, portraitduring the 2021 FIA Prize Giving Ceremony, at the Carrousel du Louvre, on December 16 in Paris, France - Photo Germain Hazard / DPPI
1969 Ford Mustang Boss 302 driven by Erich Bollman during the Group 2 race on Saturday at the 2013 Jefferson 500.
If you are interested in this photo or any of my other photos from this event please visit my website. prints.swankmotorarts.com/f958550667
Players got driven to and from the match courts, and sometimes the practice courts. Coupe Rogers, Montreal 2015.
See the article at www.eriegaynews.com/news/article.php?recordid=201110pride...
Erie Pride Parade & Rally a Great Time!
by Michael Mahler
On Saturday, August 27, about 230 people participated in the Erie Pride Parade & Rally. This year’s Pride events were organized by the Pride Planning committee, which is an informal coalition of groups and individuals.
Parade
About 100 people marched in the parade from the Zone Dance Club to Perry Square. John Daly King was the Grand Marshal for the parade, in a convertible driven by Caitlyn. Also in the parade were beloved local gay icons Jesse and Ricardo, who rode their tandem bike.
Parade units included
Lake Erie Belly Dance
Doctor Who contingent
PFLAG Erie/Crawford County
Erie Gay News
Lake Erie Derby Dames
LBT Women
Latonia Theatre
PFLAG Butler
Erie Sisters
Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Erie
Community United Church
OUT (Pittsburgh newspaper)
There were also many people marching as individuals, as well as a float carrying current and former Miss Eries.
Rally
The rally in Perry Square begins at 2 PM and will include speakers and performers. Please check in at the registration table when you arrive in Perry Square. The rally will include a variety of vendors and information booths.
Speakers and performers included:
Greg Rabb, Openly gay Jamestown City Council President and Councilman at Large
Misty Kall, Miss Erie 2011
Rich McCarty of Equality PA, Greater Erie Alliance for Equality and Community United Church
Chris Wolfe, Erie Idol finalist 2011
Tammie Johnson, 2 term President of ACLU-NWPA
Brian T, singer, also with Pittsburgh Out TV
Jason Landau Goodman, founding Executive Director of the Pennsylvania Student Equality Coalition. The first and only youth-led statewide LGBTQ organization in the nation
Michelle Michaels, Former Miss Erie and Coordinator for FACE Show at Zone
Fiona Hensley, Chair of the Student Network Across Pennsylvania, SNAP, Regional Chair of the Erie-West region for SNAP and President of Queers and Allies at Allegheny College in Meadville, PA.
Diva D’Vyne
Games
The Dunk a Drag Queen game was very popular! We look forward to making this an annual tradition
Donors
Many businesses and organizations gave generously to help support Pride this year. These included
AdultMart
Allegheny College Bookstore
BeautiControl
Blue Heron Inn
Body Language
Chicory Hill Herbs
Coca-Cola/Erie
Country Fair
Craze Night Club
Crime Victim Center of Erie County
Douglas Kolcun
Drenched Fur
Earthshine Company
Eerie Horror Film Festival
emma's revolution
Erie Book Store
Erie County Democratic Party
Erie County Department of Health
Erie Playhouse
Erie Seawolves
Erie Sisters
Erie Spine and Wellness
Family United Counseling
Gaudenzia / SHOUT Outreach
Giant Eagle - Buffalo Road
Glass Growers
Good Health Rejuvenation
Greater Erie Alliance for Equality, Inc.
Hal Leonard Performing Arts Publishing Group
Hollywood Stories
Horomanski's DJ'ing Services
JR's Last Laugh
Kensington Books
La bella
Larese Floral Design
LBT Women
Lion's Den Adult Super Store
MLR Books
Pennsylvania Coaltion to End Homelessness
Pie in the Sky Cafe
Presque Isle Gallery Coffeehouse
Sam's Club
Shakira Nakelle's Mementos, Gifts & More
Silk Screen Unlimited
Smith's Hot Dogs
State Farm Insurance Agent Natalie Braddock
Tanglez Hair and Nail Studio
The Ringbearer
Tops Friendly Markets - W 38th St
Wegman's- Peach St
Wendy's of Erie
Zone Dance Club
Committee Members & Volunteers
Many people from the committee worked hard to make the day enjoyable for everyone! Committee members included
Season
Chris
Preston
Mark H
Erin Moll
Amy
Sue McCabe
Alex
Jeff H
John Daly King
Kerry
In addition to the committee members, volunteers included:
Kevin Schultz
Dok
Johauna
Wanda
Bob H
Eric Rogers
Maria S.
Deb Spilko
Brian
Info Tables & Vendors
Info tables included:
Adagio Health
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), NWPA Chapter
Community United Church
Crime Victim Center of Erie County
Equality Pennsylvania
Erie County Democratic Party
Erie County Human Relations Commission
Erie Gay News
Erie Sisters
Lake Erie Derby Dames
LBT Women
Pennsylvania Student Equality Coalition
PFLAG Erie/Crawford County
SafeNet Center
United Way of Erie County
Voices for Independence
Vendors included
BeautiControl
Book Merchant
Christopher's Novelty Gifts
Shakira Nakelle's Mementos, Gifts & More
Collecting Food
We collected 23 pounds of food for the Second Harvest Food Bank of NW PA.
These are some shots from a shoot I did for Driven-- a luxury car service in London. I was shooting with a photographer friend of mine all over the city.
The photos we took in Trinity Square (next to the Tower of London) were pretty interesting to capture as everyone who saw us shooting assumed there was someone famous in the car and stood around getting in our way, until we got into the cars ourselves. haha.
Goodtimes.
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This is the falling apart home of refugees who were driven into Pakistan about a decade ago. The neighbors are still occasionally in touch with them, and the family is trying to make it back to Afghanistan.
Note from the field: some Afghans I talked to are quietly preparing to flee to Pakistan. Elections are coming soon, violence is up, and confidence in the US is down.
The saying is 'the Americans have until the snow melts'. Obama became President in the winter, which bought us some confidence. But, fighting season in Afghanistan starts when the snow melts. It's melting, faster by the day.
There are still some 1.7 million Afghan refugees in in Pakistan. Recently the UN High Commission for Refugees signed an agreement to let them stay there until 2012.
Siam Park is considered as the biggest theme park, as well as biggest water park in Southeast Asia, as well as the oldest water park in Thailand. Since 2007, the park owner has completed the construction of six new attractions: Vortex - the first hanging invented coaster in Thailand, Boomerang - the reverse roller coaster, Giant Drop - 75 metre free fall, Aladdin - the magic carpet ride, Siam Park Tower - 100-metre automatic observation tower, and Condor - the twister.
Siam Park City is an amusement park and water park located on Seri Thai Road and Khan Na Yao District on 300 acre. It was established in 1980. It has the biggest artificial sea in the world. Moreover, it has a spa, many sizes of swimming pool and a 7 storey water slide. This place is call to the Sea of Bangkok and its slogan is Siam Park… World of happiness enjoy unforgettable Siam park was opened 38 years ago in November 1975 by the founder Chaiwat Luangamornlert. His aim was and still is, to bring fun to Thailand and put a smile on children's faces. The park now has 2 million visitors a year from all over the world and has some of the largest rides in the region.
The park is set in 120 acres and is considered to be the largest theme and water park in Southeast Asia. The idea for the water park was to create an oasis from the hustle and bustle of the city, as although Thailand has lots of beaches there are none in Bangkok. The wave pool is now the largest in the world as certified by Guinness World Records and stretches an impressive 13,600 sq m and is the only man made beach in the city. The theme park originally started off with only a few rides, but over the years the owner has expanded and it now has over 30 different rides.
The park has recently been under complete renovation and since 2007 the park owner has completed the construction of new attractions: Vortex, which is 1 of the 2 worlds largest suspended looping roller coaster, Boomerang, Giant Drop, Aladdin, Si-AmTower, Condor, Top-spin, Mega Dance and the Log Flume. There are also four new rides due to be completed within the next year, which include Pony Express a new family roller coaster.
Siam Park is separated into three main zones, the water park ( Siam Lagoon ), the amusement park ( Siam X-treme ) and a learning park ( Siam Genius ). It also has the Pathfinder camp located inside the park. Siam Park was not the first amusement park in Thailand, the first one is Happy land at Bang-kapi then Magic Land near Central Lat Phrao, but it was closed due to the end of their land-rental contract, making Siam Park the oldest existing park in the country.
I visited Siam Park known locally as Suan Siam, on June 6th 2010. I was surprised at what I found. Many of the rides where on par with theme parks around the world. But again like Dream World. I found everything looking tired. However that said the park was a great day out. The water park in particular was pleasant and the surroundings very well laid out. But some of the food stalls need to address their hygiene. Fly’s landing on exposed food does nothing for the appetite! Not all the stalls had this problem.
Siam Water Park is the most popular zone in the park in my view, offering the perfect place to cool down and escape the busy city streets. With plenty of shaded seating, families often spend the entire day here, jumping in and out of the river that flows through the park, which also boasts the largest wave pool in the world, with small waves and shallow areas suitable for all ages, and a gentle slope to paddle in. For older people the Super Spiral is great fun, with slides weaving in and out, and great fun for anyone over the age of eight! For smaller kids there are mini slides, and for daredevils – the speed slide!
One item to consider, the park opens at 10.00 am but that is for people wanting to go directly to the Water Park, the rest of the park and rides do not open until 11.00 am. When I was visiting I found quite a few of the rides closed altogether, I guess for refurbishment.
Entrance fees
Prices charged at the ticket counters are:
Adults, height over 130 centimetres
One day pass for Water Park and unlimited rides in the X-zone, Fantasy World and Family World including buffet lunch
1,100 Thai Baht
Children, height between 101 and 130 centimetres
One day pass for Water Park and unlimited rides in Family World and Small World including buffet lunch
850 Thai Baht
Children, height 100 centimetres and under
Free
The Camera Club of Bozeman chartered an over-snow Mattrack-equipped coach, guided by Jim Halfpenny, and driven by Ron Peterson, to make a round-trip from Mammoth Hot Springs to Hayden Valley and back again by dark. Unfortunately Mother Nature, bitch that she is, had other plans for us. Just a few miles from north entrance/Mammoth, she threw up one hella blizzard that made further travel impossible. Eventually, when the promise of a gas-tank fill-up was established, we turned around and lumbered about 50 miles back to West Yellowstone, where we were able to secure nice hotel rooms, a good hot dinner, and some badly needed sleep. We made our return to Mammoth - where everyone had left their cars, hotel rooms, etc., Sunday morning.
I know I speak for everyone on our Camera Club excursion that we are forever grateful to our guide, Jim Halfpenny, and Yellowstone Year-round Safari coach driver Ron Peterson (pictured at Norris, our first stop Saturday morning), for their calm and patient consideration in a hairy situation, and their sound judgement and skill in delivering us to safety without a single mishap. THANK YOU JIM AND RON!!
Exoto XS
1:18 Scale
1951 Alfa Romeo Alfetta Tipo 159
No. 4, driven by Guiseppe "Nino" Farina, Winner
Belgian Grand Prix, Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, June 17, 1951
The Alfetta, or Little Alfa, was one of Alfa Romeo's most successful race cars of all time. It was originally introduced in 1937 for the pre-war voiturette (light-weight) formula as the 158. It was so named for its 1.5 liter, supercharged eight-cylinder engine. After World War II, the 158 was tweaked and received horsepower upgrades into the 1950 season. The improved Tipo 159 entered the end of the 1950 season with a De-Dion rear axle and a tuned engine producing 425 horsepower at 9,600 rpm.
The first XS release was the 1961 Tipo 156 120-degree and 65-degree Sharknose replicas. The Alfetta represents the second release from Exoto's XS line of furiously detailed and engineered models. That is not a complaint, but an acknowledgement of the attention to detail and realization of what is possible in 1:18 scale model craftsmanship.
Exoto produced a number of liveries of the Tipo 159 and 159M, which represent different drivers and place finishes at the various circuits from mid-season to the completion of the 1951 season. The companion release is the 159M, for Maggiorata ("enlarged"). Introduced at the 1951 Spanish Grand Prix's Pedralbes Circuit on October 28, 1951, Juan Manuel Fangio took first place here and positioned himself to win the coveted World Drivers' Championship for that season. You can see Rusty Hurley’s review of the Alfetta Tipo 159M here.
This model represents the number 4 car driven by Guiseppe "Nino" Farina at the Belgian Grand Prix Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps on June 17, 1951. Farina would go on to win the Belgian Grand Prix finishing in just under 2 hours and 46 minutes and ahead of Alberto Ascari and Luigi Villoresi in their pair of Ferraris with teammate Fangio finishing in 9th place.
The number 4 car is a limited edition of 555 pieces. Exoto has also released a Prototipo version of 333 pieces, Fangio’s number 2 cars from the 1951 Belgium Grand Prix and 2nd place finish at the 1951 British Grand Prix, as well as Paul Pietsch’s number 78 car from the 1951 German Grand Prix.
The model is finished in a beautiful shade of automotive-grade period correct red paint used on Porsche automobiles, according to Exoto’s web site. The use of noble materials is abundant and the scale at which some of the pieces are produced is almost unimaginable! The near paper-thin engine cover is held on by four period correct secure locking mechanisms and the intricate metal wire wheels are attached to the axles with directionally specific spinners. The wheels feature miniatures valve stems along with a spring weight on a spoke of each wheel. The ultra-realistic looking semi-pneumatic tires feature Pirelli markings, details, and period correct tread pattern. They sit perfectly when placed on a surface and even have an inflated look to them as opposed to the flat sidewall or overinflated look some tires have from other manufacturers.
The cockpit is superbly presented in metal with legible gauges, a removable textured seat, and movable accelerator, brake, and clutch pedals. The nickel plated photo-etched metal grill is meticulously crafted and the overall look and feel of the model is perfect.
The Exoto XS line of models is unlike anything I’ve seen before in 1:18 scale. The quality materials and craftsmanship, attention to detail, overall execution are what will keep Exoto XS models at the top of the game. I for one am looking forward to the Tipo 246 F1 and upcoming Jaguar D-Type.
-Bryan Miranda
Motorcar Miniatures
From "CYCLING" magazine - February 26,1932
Finally ... one bicycle which I am happy to NOT see on the roads.
Gaius (Caligula), with Divus Augustus. AD 37-41. AR Drachm (2.37 g, 6h). Uncertain Cretan mint striking for the koinon. Bareheaded bust of Gaius (Caligula) right, slight drapery, scepter over shoulder / Radiate head of Divus Augustus left; four stars to left, three to right. RPC 965 (same dies); Svoronos, Numismatique 4; McClean 7216-7217. For more on Caligulan Numismatic Articles see: Coins courtesy cngoins.com
Related Articles of Caligula from American Numismatic Society Library Search
Library Catalog Search (Preliminary Version)
Full Record: Barrett, Anthony A. The invalidation of currency in the Roman Empire : the Claudian demonetization of Caligula's AES. (1999)
Full Record: Bost, Jean-Pierre. Routes, cits et ateliers montaires : quelques remarques sur les officines hispaniques entre les rgnes d'Auguste en de Caligula. (1999)
Full Record: Bibliothque Municipale d'Etude et d'Information de Grenoble. Grenoble : Bibliothque Municipale d'Etude et d'Information : catalogue des monnaies. II. Monnaies romaines. Monnaies impriales romaines. 2. Caligula - Neron . Index. / Bernard Rmy, Frdric Bontoux, Virginie Risler. (1998)
Full Record: Gainor, John R. The image of the Julio-Claudian dynasty from coins / by John R. Gainor.
Full Record: Martini, Rodolfo. Monete romane imperiali del Museo G. B. Adriani. Parte 3, Caius (37-41 d.C.) / Rodolfo Martini. (2001)
Full Record: ACCLA privy to presentation by Richard Baker on Caligula. (2002)
Full Record: Wend, David A. Caligula, the emperor as autocrat. Part 1. (2002)
Full Record: Wend, David A. Caligula, the emperor as autocrat. Part 2. (2002)
Full Record: Wend, David A. Caligula, the emperor as autocrat. Part 3. (2002)
Full Record: Kemmers, Fleur. Caligula on the Lower Rhine : Coin finds from the Roman Fort of Albaniana (The Netherlands) / Fleur Kemmers. (2004)
Full Record: Estiot, Sylviane. Le trsor de Meussia (Jura) : 399 monnaies d'argent d'poques rpublicaine et julio-claudienne / Sylviane Estiot, Isabelle Aymar. (2002)
Full Record: Gocht, Hans. Namenstilgungen an Bronzemünzen des Caligula und Claudius / Hans Gocht. (2003)
Full Record: Gomis Justo, Marivi. Ercavica : La emision de Caligula. Estimacion del numero de cunos originales.
Full Record: Sayles, Wayne G. Fakes on the Internet. (2002)
Full Record: Kemmers, Fleur. The coin finds from the Roman fort Albaniana, the Netherlands / Fleur Kemmers . (2005)
Full Record: Lopez Snchez, Fernando. La afirmacion soberana de Caligula y de Claudio y el fin de las acunaciones ciudadanas en occidente / Fernando Lopez Snchez. (2000)
Full Record: Besombes, Paul-Andr. Les monnaies hispaniques de Claude Ier des dpôts de la Vilaine (Rennes) et de Saint-Lonard (Mayenne) : tmoins de quel type de contact entre l'Armorique et la pninsule ibrique ? / Paul-Andr Besombes. (2005)
Full Record: Catalli, Fiorenzo. Le thesaurus de Sora / Fiorenzo Catalli et John Scheid.
Full Record: Giard, Jean-Baptiste. Faux deniers de Caligula de la Renaissance.
Full Record: Vermeule, Cornelius. Faces of Empire (Julius Caesar to Justinian). Part II(B), More young faces : Caligula again and Nero reborn / Cornelius Vermeule. (2005)
Full Record: Geranio, Joe. Portraits of Caligula : the seated figure? / Joe Geranio. (2007)
Full Record: Aguilera Hernandez, Alberto. Acerca de un as de Caligula hallado en Zaragoza / Alberto Aguilera Hernandez. (2007)
Full Record: Butcher, K. E. T. Caligula : the evil emperor. (1985)
Full Record: Fuchs, Michaela. Frauen um Caligula und Claudius : Milonia Caesonia, Drusilla und Messalina. (1990)
Full Record: Faur, Jean-Claude. Moneda de Caligula de Museo Arqueologico Provincial de Tarragona. (1979)
Full Record: British Museum. Dept. of coins and medals. Coins of the Roman Empire in the British museum. Vol. I: Augustus to Vitellius / by Harold Mattingly. (1976)
Full Record: Conrad, Edwin. A Caligula Isotope of Hadrian. (1968)
Full Record: Conrad, Edwin. The Metamorphosis of an Allegad 'As of Hadrian.' (1968)
Full Record: Bendall, Simon. A 'new' gold quinarius of Caligula. (1985)
Full Record: Cortellini, Nereo. Le monete di Caligola nel Cohen.
Full Record: Guey, Julien. Les "bains d'or" de Caligula "Immensi Avreorvm Acervi (Sutone, Cal., 42,3).
Full Record: Guey, J. Les "bains d'or" de Caligula : Sutone, Cal. 42, 3.
Full Record: Curry, Michael R. The Aes Quadrans of Caligula. (1968)
Full Record: Jonas, Elemr. L'emploi dar "damnatio memoriae" sur l'un des "dupondius" de Calgula. (1937)
Full Record: Julian, R. W. The coins of Caligula. (1994)
Full Record: Donciu, Ramiro. Cu privire la activitatea militara a lui Caius (Caligula) in anul 40 e.n. (1983)
Full Record: Hansen, Peter. A history of Caligula's Vesta. (1992)
Full Record: Kaenel, Hans-Markus von. Augustus, Caligula oder Caludius? (1978)
Full Record: Kaenel, Hans-Markus von. Die Organisation der Münzprgung Caligulas. (1987)
Full Record: Johansen, Flemming S. The sculpted portraits of Caligula. (1987)
Full Record: Carter, G. F. Chemical compositions of copper-based Roman coins. V : imitations of Caligula, Claudius, and Nero / G. F. Carter and others. (1978)
Full Record: Giard, Jean-Baptiste. L'atelier de Lyon sous Auguste : Tibre et Caligula. (1979)
Full Record: Giard, Jean-Baptiste. Les missions d'or et d'argent de Caligula dans l'atelier de Lyon. (1976)
Full Record: Giard, Jean-Baptiste. Le monnayage de l'atelier de Lyon des origines au rgne de Caligula (43 avant J.-C. - 41 aprs J.-C.). (1983)
Full Record: Nony, D. Quelques as d'imitation de Caligula trouves a Bordeaux (Gironde). (1981)
Full Record: Levy, Brooks Emmons. Caligula's radiate crown. (1988)
Full Record: Poulsen, Vagn. Un nouveau visage de Caligula. (1972)
Full Record: Price, Martin Jessop. Elephant in Crete? New light ona cistophorus of Caligula. (1973)
Full Record: MacInnis, H. Frank. Ego-driven emperor commits excesses. (1979)
Full Record: McKenna, Thomas P. The case of the curious coin of Caligula : a provincial bronze restruck with legend-only dies. (1994)
Full Record: Mowat, Robert. Bronzes remarquables de Tibre, de son fils, de ses petits-fils et de Caligula. (1911)
Full Record: Koenig, Franz E. Roma, monete dal Tevere : l'imperatore Gaio (Caligola). (1988)
Full Record: Kollgaard, Ron. Caligula's coins profile despot. (1993)
Full Record: Kollgaard, Ron. A numismatic mystery : "the Caligula quadrans." (1994)
Full Record: Martini, Rodolfo. Osservazioni su contromarche ed erosioni su assi de Caligula. (1980)
Full Record: Szaivert, Wolfgang. Moneta Imperii Romani. Band 2 und 3. Die Münzprgung der Kaiser Tiberius und Caius (Caligula) 14/41 / von Wolfgang Szaivert. (1984)
Full Record: Boschung, Dietrich. Die Bildnisse des Caligula. Kaenel, Hans-Markus von. Jucker, Hans. Deutsches Archaologisches Institut. Das Romische Herrscherbild. 1. Abt., Bd. 4, Die Bildnisse des Caligula / Dietrich Boschung ; mit einem Beitrag von Hans-Markus von Kaenel ; auf Grund der Vorarbeiten und Marterialsammlungen von Hans Jucker. (1989)
Full Record: Rosborough, Ruskin R. An epigraphic commentary on Suetonius's life of Gaius Caligula. A thesis...for the...Doctor of Philosophy. (1920)
Full Record: Richard, Jean-Claude. A propos de l'aureus de Caligula dcouvert Saint-Colomban-des-Villards (Savoie). (1982)
Full Record: Richard, Jean-Claude. Un aureus de Caligula dcouvert Saint-Colomban-des-Villards (Savoie). (1982)
Full Record: Ritter, Hans-Werner. Adlocutio und Corona Civica unter Caligula und Tiberius. (1971)
Full Record: Kumpikevicius, Gordon C. A numismatic look at Gaius. (1979)
Full Record: Savio, Adriano. La coerenza di Caligola nella gestione della moneta / Adriano Savio. (1988)
Full Record: Savio, Adriano. Note su alcune monete di Gaio-Caligola. (1973)
Full Record: Stylow, Armin U. Die Quadranten des Caligula als Propaganda-münzen.münzen" aus der stdtischen sammlung zu Osnabrück. (1971)
Full Record: Schwartz, Jacques. Le Monnayage Snatorial entre 37 et 42 P.C. (1951)
Full Record: Rodolfo Martini, ed. Sylloge nummorum Romanorum. Italia. Milano, Civiche Raccolte Numismatiche Vol. 1 Giulio-Claudii / a cura di Rodolfo Martini. (1990)
Full Record: Szaivert, Wolfgang. Zur Julisch-Claudischen Münzprgung. (1979)
Full Record: Vedrianus. The Roman Imperial series. V. Gaius. (1963)
Full Record: Tietze, Christian M. Kaiser Cajus Caesar, genannt Caligula. (1979)
Full Record: Wood, Susan. Diva Drusilla Panthea and the sisters of Caligula / Susan Wood. (1995)
Full Record: Sutherland, Carol Humphrey Vivian. Coinage in Roman imperial policy 31 B.C.-A.D. 68. (1951)
Full Record: Sutherland, C. H. V. The mints of Lugdunum and Rome under Gaius : an unsolved problem. (1981)
Full Record: Trillmich, Walter. Familienpropaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius : Agrippina Maior und Antonia Augusta auf Münzen. (1978)
Full Record: Voirol, August. Eine Warenumsatzsteuer im antiken Rom und der numismatische Beleg inher Aufhebung : Centesima rerum venalium. (1943)
Full Record: Trillmich, Walter. Zur Münzprgung des Caligula von Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza). (1973)
A composition driven by the Most Versatile challenge and processed for use in Week 29 - 'Clean background' - with the Compositionally Challenged Group.
Taken with a black background to circumvent any post-processing which has been a feature of all my previous attempts at the ‘clean background’ homework.
Did it work? No! The black background came out grey so I had to adjust the levels to get it back to black.
DIY border in Photoshop elements 13.
Jacal: "The Jacal (pronounced he-call) structure is representative of the dwellings built by Lincoln's early settlers. Jacales were built of upright posts driven into the ground and covered with mud plaster, with flat roofs of posts, poles, mud, and straw. Note the hand-hewn beams. Newlyweds Mr. and Mrs Solomon Luna used this jacal for living quarters during the 1920's." ~ museum marker, Lincoln Museum. Luna-Chavez House: "The original portion of this building is the part jacal and part adobe wing to the left. It was home to Florencio Chavez, a Hispanic member of the Regulators, and his wife, Teodora Brady, daughter of Sheriff William Brady. Juan Lopez and his family lived in this structure during the 1870's and 1880's. Lopez was the father-in-law of Jose Montano, County Treasurer during the Licoln County War, and owner of the Montano Store across the street. The long front wing of the Luna-Chavez House was built by Jose Montano in the late 1880's after the death of Juan Lopez. Montano descendents have told us that many Montano children were born in the room closest to the parking lot. Montano sold the house to Ramon Luna on September 29, 1898. The Luna family sold the house in the former Lincoln County Heritage Trust in the mid 1970's. In 1999 the Luna-Chavez House along with other trust properties became part of Historic Lincoln Museums ,a division of the Hubbard Museum of the American West. " ~ museum marker. The Wild Wests - tromping grounds of Billy the Kid, Lincoln, New Mexico, USA. Walking withe the Ancestors - 2013 - enrout from Oregon south to California, west to New Mexico, back to California, then to Ireland. Thursday, November 21, 2013. Photography (c) 2013 Thomas Baurley, Eadaoin Bineid, Leaf McGowan, Technogypsie Productions. www.technogypsie.com/photography/. To follow the stories and tales visit www.technogypsie.com/reviews/ and www.technogypsie.com/chronicles/. "Lincoln - Spanish speaking settlers established a town here in the 1850's, after the U.S. Army began to control the Mescalero Apaches. First known as Las Placitas del Rio Bonito, the name of the community was changed to Lincoln when Lincoln County was created in 1869." ~ roadside marker. To learn about the Luna-Chavez House, visit www.technogypsie.com/science/?p=1735. To learn about "jacal", visit www.technogypsie.com/science/?p=1739. To learn more about "Lincoln, New Mexico" visit: www.technogypsie.com/reviews/?p=12165. To read the adventures and Chronicles of this visit and day visit the Chronicles of Sir Thomas Leaf and Lady Etain at www.technogypsie.com/chronicles/?p=5951. (please note that all of these links are works in progress and may not yet be active. Please check back on progress)
The Douglas A-1 Skyraider (formerly AD) was an American single-seat attack aircraft that saw service between the late 1940s and early 1980s. It became a piston-powered, propeller-driven anachronism in the jet age, and was nicknamed "Spad", after a French World War I fighter. The Skyraider had a remarkably long and successful career, even inspiring its straight-winged, slow-flying, jet-powered successor, the A-10 Thunderbolt II.
It was operated by the United States Navy (USN), the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) and the United States Air Force (USAF), and also saw service with the British Royal Navy, the French Air Force, the Air Force of the Republic of Vietnam (VNAF), and others.
Though the Skyraider was produced too late to take part in World War II, it became the backbone of United States Navy aircraft carrier and United States Marine Corps (USMC) strike aircraft sorties in the Korean War, with the first ADs going into action from the USS Valley Forge with VA-55 on 3 July 1950. Its weapons load and 10-hour flying time far surpassed the jets that were available at the time. On 2 May 1951, Skyraiders made the only aerial torpedo attack of the war—successfully hitting the Communist-controlled Hwacheon Dam. On 16 June 1953, a USMC AD-4 from VMC-1 piloted by Major George H. Linnemeier and CWO Vernon S. Kramer shot down a Soviet-built Polikarpov Po-2 biplane, the only documented Skyraider air victory of the war. AD-3N and -4N aircraft carrying bombs and flares flew night-attack sorties, and radar-equipped ADs carried out radar-jamming missions from carriers and land bases. During the Korean War (1950–1953) A-1 Skyraiders were flown only by the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps, and were normally painted in dark navy blue. It was called the "Blue Plane" by enemy troops. A total of 101 Navy and Marine AD Skyraiders were lost in combat during the Korean War, and 27 were lost to operational causes, for a total loss of 128 Skyraiders in the Korean War.
Boredom has once again driven me to shoot things around the house. This was developed in Lightroom using a preset from coffeeteaphotography.blogspot.com/ The texture is from Sterling Silverr.
This is the actual car driven by Roger Moore in the first season of TV series 'The Saint'. Eagle eyed viewers would have noticed that the car smoked on heavy acceleration during the show and this was traced during this latest rebuild to a scored cylinder bore thought to have been caused by a piston ring circlip fracturing. The original 6,000 P1800s were built in the UK by Jensen. On the 'TV and Film cars' stand. www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2429701/1962-Volvo-drive...
#95, Aston Martin Racing, Aston Martin Vantage AMR, LMGTE Pro, driven by: Marco Sorensen, Nicki Thiim, Darren Turner, FIAWEC Prologue 2018, 06/04/2018,
Seen in Stamford Street, London SE1 today are two 8gp (girl power) pedi-buses.
Each person faces inwards whilst peddling away in order for the driver to steer the "bus". I'm not quite sure what the pink hair was all about....or the blow-up doll at the back !
Music and wine was flowing, but the overtaking cyclist had had enough.
Might need to enlarge the photo in order to understand what's going on.
The Church of Saint Anne is a French Roman Catholic church and part of the Domaine national français located in the Muslim Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem, near the start of the Via Dolorosa, next to the Lions' Gate.
History of the site
During the Roman period a pagan shrine for the cult of the god of healing (a syncretic mix between the Egyptian god Serapis and the Greek god Asclepius), stood on the grounds next to the two Pools of Bethesda.
A Byzantine basilica was built over the remains of the shrine in the 5th century. Partially destroyed by the Persians in 614, it was subsequently restored. Baldwin I, the first titled Crusader king of Jerusalem, banished his wife Arda to the old Benedictine convent which still existed here in 1104. A small Crusader church, the so-called Moustier, was then erected over the wall separating the northern and southern Pools of Bethesda, among the ruins of the Byzantine church.
The current Church of St Anne was built sometime between 1131 and 1138, during the reign of Queen Melisende. It was erected near the remains of the Byzantine basilica, over the site of a grotto believed by the Crusaders to be the childhood home of the Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus. It is dedicated to Anne and Joachim, the parents of Saint Mary, who according to tradition lived here.
Unlike many other Crusader churches, St. Anne's was not destroyed after the 1187 conquest of Jerusalem by Saladin (Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn). In 1192, Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn converted the building into a madrasa (Islamic educational institution), known as al-Madrasa as-Salahiyya (of Saladin), as is still written in the Arabic inscription above the entrance. In the 15th century it was considered as the most prestigious college in the city, counting among its more prominent students the Islamic jurist and city historian, Mujir al-Din (1456–1522).
During Muslim Ottoman rule in Palestine, Christian pilgrims were only permitted inside the grotto after paying a fee. Eventually the madrasa was abandoned and the former church building fell into disrepair. In 1856, in gratitude for French support during the Crimean War, the Ottoman sultan Abdülmecid I presented it to Napoleon III.
In 1862, the French government dispatched the architect Christophe-Edouard Mauss to Jerusalem for this purpose. In 1873, while working on the renovations, Mauss discovered the vestiges of the Bethesda Pool next to the church.
Since 1878, it has been administered by the Missionaries of Africa, a Catholic order, commonly called the "White Fathers" for the colour of their robes. Between 1882 and 1946 the site has housed a seminary for the training of Greek-Catholic priests.
Built between 1131 and 1138 to replace a previous Byzantine church, and shortly thereafter enlarged by several meters, the church is an excellent example of Romanesque architecture. The three-aisled basilica incorporates cross-vaulted ceilings and pillars, clear clean lines and a somewhat unadorned interior. The nave is separated from the lower lateral aisles by arcades of arches. The high altar, designed by the French sculptor Philippe Kaeppelin incorporates many different scenes. On the front of the altar are depicted the Nativity (left), the Descent from the Cross (center) and the Annunciation (right); on the left-hand end is the teaching of Mary by her mother, on the right-hand end her presentation in the Temple. In the south aisle is a flight of steps leading down to the crypt, in a grotto believed by the Crusaders to be Mary's birthplace. An altar dedicated to Mary is located there. The Byzantine basilica was partly stretched over two water basins, collectively known as the Pools of Bethesda, and built upon a series of piers, one of which still stands today in its entirety.
In 1862, the French architect Christophe-Edouard Mauss was dispatched by his government to Jerusalem with the special assignment of restoring the time-damaged church.
Acoustics
The church's acoustics are particularly suited to Gregorian chant, which makes it a pilgrimage site for soloists and choirs.
Property
The church is listed as one of four French government properties in the Holy Land as part of the "Domaine national français". In line with international law, which treats East Jerusalem as occupied territory, France does not recognize Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem, where the Church of Saint Anne is located. In 1996, during Jacques Chirac's visit to Jerusalem, the French president refused to enter the church until Israeli soldiers who accompanied him left. Similarly in January 2020, French President Emmanuel Macron was involved in an altercation with Israeli security officers at the church.
Jerusalem is an ancient city in West Asia, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the oldest cities in the world, and is considered holy to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Both Israel and Palestine claim Jerusalem as their capital; Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there, and the State of Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power. Neither claim, however, is widely recognized internationally.
Throughout its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice, besieged 23 times, captured and recaptured 44 times, and attacked 52 times. The part of Jerusalem called the City of David shows first signs of settlement in the 4th millennium BCE, in the shape of encampments of nomadic shepherds. During the Canaanite period (14th century BCE), Jerusalem was named as Urusalim on ancient Egyptian tablets, probably meaning "City of Shalem" after a Canaanite deity. During the Israelite period, significant construction activity in Jerusalem began in the 10th century BCE (Iron Age II), and by the 9th century BCE, the city had developed into the religious and administrative centre of the Kingdom of Judah. In 1538, the city walls were rebuilt for a last time around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire. Today those walls define the Old City, which since the 19th century has been divided into four quarters – the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage Site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Since 1860, Jerusalem has grown far beyond the Old City's boundaries. In 2022, Jerusalem had a population of some 971,800 residents, of which almost 60% were Jews and almost 40% Palestinians. In 2020, the population was 951,100, of which Jews comprised 570,100 (59.9%), Muslims 353,800 (37.2%), Christians 16,300 (1.7%), and 10,800 unclassified (1.1%).
According to the Hebrew Bible, King David conquered the city from the Jebusites and established it as the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel, and his son, King Solomon, commissioned the building of the First Temple. Modern scholars argue that Jews branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct monolatrous—and later monotheistic—religion centred on El/Yahweh. These foundational events, straddling the dawn of the 1st millennium BCE, assumed central symbolic importance for the Jewish people. The sobriquet of holy city (Hebrew: עיר הקודש, romanized: 'Ir ha-Qodesh) was probably attached to Jerusalem in post-exilic times. The holiness of Jerusalem in Christianity, conserved in the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, which Christians adopted as their own "Old Testament", was reinforced by the New Testament account of Jesus's crucifixion and resurrection there. In Sunni Islam, Jerusalem is the third-holiest city, after Mecca and Medina. The city was the first qibla, the standard direction for Muslim prayers (salah), and in Islamic tradition, Muhammad made his Night Journey there in 621, ascending to heaven where he speaks to God, according to the Quran. As a result, despite having an area of only 0.9 km2 (3⁄8 sq mi), the Old City is home to many sites of seminal religious importance, among them the Temple Mount with its Western Wall, Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Today, the status of Jerusalem remains one of the core issues in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, West Jerusalem was among the areas captured and later annexed by Israel while East Jerusalem, including the Old City, was captured and later annexed by Jordan. Israel captured East Jerusalem from Jordan during the 1967 Six-Day War and subsequently effectively annexed it into Jerusalem, together with additional surrounding territory.[note 6] One of Israel's Basic Laws, the 1980 Jerusalem Law, refers to Jerusalem as the country's undivided capital. All branches of the Israeli government are located in Jerusalem, including the Knesset (Israel's parliament), the residences of the Prime Minister (Beit Aghion) and President (Beit HaNassi), and the Supreme Court. The international community rejects the annexation as illegal and regards East Jerusalem as Palestinian territory occupied by Israel.
Etymology
The name "Jerusalem" is variously etymologized to mean "foundation (Semitic yry' 'to found, to lay a cornerstone') of the pagan god Shalem"; the god Shalem was thus the original tutelary deity of the Bronze Age city.
Shalim or Shalem was the name of the god of dusk in the Canaanite religion, whose name is based on the same root S-L-M from which the Hebrew word for "peace" is derived (Shalom in Hebrew, cognate with Arabic Salam). The name thus offered itself to etymologizations such as "The City of Peace", "Abode of Peace", "Dwelling of Peace" ("founded in safety"), or "Vision of Peace" in some Christian authors.
The ending -ayim indicates the dual, thus leading to the suggestion that the name Yerushalayim refers to the fact that the city initially sat on two hills.
Ancient Egyptian sources
The Execration Texts of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (c. 19th century BCE), which refer to a city called rwšꜣlmm or ꜣwšꜣmm, variously transcribed as Rušalimum, or Urušalimum, may indicate Jerusalem. Alternatively, the Amarna letters of Abdi-Heba (1330s BCE), which reference an Úrušalim, may be the earliest mention of the city.
Hebrew Bible and Jewish sources
The form Yerushalem or Yerushalayim first appears in the Bible, in the Book of Joshua. According to a Midrash, the name is a combination of two names united by God, Yireh ("the abiding place", the name given by Abraham to the place where he planned to sacrifice his son) and Shalem ("Place of Peace", the name given by high priest Shem).
Oldest written mention of Jerusalem
One of the earliest extra-biblical Hebrew writing of the word Jerusalem is dated to the sixth or seventh century BCE and was discovered in Khirbet Beit Lei near Beit Guvrin in 1961. The inscription states: "I am Yahweh thy God, I will accept the cities of Judah and I will redeem Jerusalem", or as other scholars suggest: "Yahweh is the God of the whole earth. The mountains of Judah belong to him, to the God of Jerusalem". An older example on papyrus is known from the previous century.
In extra-biblical inscriptions, the earliest known example of the -ayim ending was discovered on a column about 3 km west of ancient Jerusalem, dated to the first century BCE.
Jebus, Zion, City of David
An ancient settlement of Jerusalem, founded as early as the Bronze Age on the hill above the Gihon Spring, was, according to the Bible, named Jebus. Called the "Fortress of Zion" (metsudat Zion), it was renamed as the "City of David", and was known by this name in antiquity. Another name, "Zion", initially referred to a distinct part of the city, but later came to signify the city as a whole, and afterwards to represent the whole biblical Land of Israel.
Greek, Roman and Byzantine names
In Greek and Latin, the city's name was transliterated Hierosolyma (Greek: Ἱεροσόλυμα; in Greek hieròs, ἱερός, means holy), although the city was renamed Aelia Capitolina for part of the Roman period of its history.
Salem
The Aramaic Apocryphon of Genesis of the Dead Sea Scrolls (1QapGen 22:13) equates Jerusalem with the earlier "Salem" (שלם), said to be the kingdom of Melchizedek in Genesis 14. Other early Hebrew sources, early Christian renderings of the verse and targumim, however, put Salem in Northern Israel near Shechem (Sichem), now Nablus, a city of some importance in early sacred Hebrew writing. Possibly the redactor of the Apocryphon of Genesis wanted to dissociate Melchizedek from the area of Shechem, which at the time was in possession of the Samaritans. However that may be, later Rabbinic sources also equate Salem with Jerusalem, mainly to link Melchizedek to later Temple traditions.
Arabic names
In Arabic, Jerusalem is most commonly known as القُدس, transliterated as al-Quds and meaning "the holy" or "the holy sanctuary", cognate with Hebrew: הקדש, romanized: ha-qodesh. The name is possibly a shortened form of مدينة القُدس Madīnat al-Quds "city of the holy sanctuary" after the Hebrew nickname with the same meaning, Ir ha-Qodesh (עיר הקדש). The ق (Q) is pronounced either with a voiceless uvular plosive (/q/), as in Classical Arabic, or with a glottal stop (ʔ) as in Levantine Arabic. Official Israeli government policy mandates that أُورُشَلِيمَ, transliterated as Ūrušalīm, which is the name frequently used in Christian translations of the Bible into Arabic, be used as the Arabic language name for the city in conjunction with القُدس, giving أُورُشَلِيمَ-القُدس, Ūrušalīm-al-Quds. Palestinian Arab families who hail from this city are often called "Qudsi" (قُدسي) or "Maqdasi" (مقدسي), while Palestinian Muslim Jerusalemites may use these terms as a demonym.
Given the city's central position in both Jewish nationalism (Zionism) and Palestinian nationalism, the selectivity required to summarize some 5,000 years of inhabited history is often influenced by ideological bias or background. Israeli or Jewish nationalists claim a right to the city based on Jewish indigeneity to the land, particularly their origins in and descent from the Israelites, for whom Jerusalem is their capital, and their yearning for return. In contrast, Palestinian nationalists claim the right to the city based on modern Palestinians' longstanding presence and descent from many different peoples who have settled or lived in the region over the centuries. Both sides claim the history of the city has been politicized by the other in order to strengthen their relative claims to the city, and that this is borne out by the different focuses the different writers place on the various events and eras in the city's history.
Prehistory
The first archaeological evidence of human presence in the area comes in the form of flints dated to between 6000 and 7000 years ago, with ceramic remains appearing during the Chalcolithic period, and the first signs of permanent settlement appearing in the Early Bronze Age in 3000–2800 BCE.
Bronze and Iron Ages
The earliest evidence of city fortifications appear in the Mid to Late Bronze Age and could date to around the 18th century BCE. By around 1550–1200 BCE, Jerusalem was the capital of an Egyptian vassal city-state, a modest settlement governing a few outlying villages and pastoral areas, with a small Egyptian garrison and ruled by appointees such as king Abdi-Heba. At the time of Seti I (r. 1290–1279 BCE) and Ramesses II (r. 1279–1213 BCE), major construction took place as prosperity increased. The city's inhabitants at this time were Canaanites, who are believed by scholars to have evolved into the Israelites via the development of a distinct Yahweh-centric monotheistic belief system.
Archaeological remains from the ancient Israelite period include the Siloam Tunnel, an aqueduct built by Judahite king Hezekiah and once containing an ancient Hebrew inscription, known as the Siloam Inscription; the so-called Broad Wall, a defensive fortification built in the 8th century BCE, also by Hezekiah; the Silwan necropolis (9th–7th c. BCE) with the Monolith of Silwan and the Tomb of the Royal Steward, which were decorated with monumental Hebrew inscriptions; and the so-called Israelite Tower, remnants of ancient fortifications, built from large, sturdy rocks with carved cornerstones. A huge water reservoir dating from this period was discovered in 2012 near Robinson's Arch, indicating the existence of a densely built-up quarter across the area west of the Temple Mount during the Kingdom of Judah.
When the Assyrians conquered the Kingdom of Israel in 722 BCE, Jerusalem was strengthened by a great influx of refugees from the northern kingdom. When Hezekiah ruled, Jerusalem had no fewer than 25,000 inhabitants and covered 25 acres (10 hectares).
In 587–586 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar II of the Neo-Babylonian Empire conquered Jerusalem after a prolonged siege, and then systematically destroyed the city, including Solomon's Temple. The Kingdom of Judah was abolished and many were exiled to Babylon. These events mark the end of the First Temple period.
Biblical account
This period, when Canaan formed part of the Egyptian empire, corresponds in biblical accounts to Joshua's invasion, but almost all scholars agree that the Book of Joshua holds little historical value for early Israel.
In the Bible, Jerusalem is defined as lying within territory allocated to the tribe of Benjamin though still inhabited by Jebusites. David is said to have conquered these in the siege of Jebus, and transferred his capital from Hebron to Jerusalem which then became the capital of a United Kingdom of Israel, and one of its several religious centres. The choice was perhaps dictated by the fact that Jerusalem did not form part of Israel's tribal system, and was thus suited to serve as the centre of its confederation. Opinion is divided over whether the so-called Large Stone Structure and the nearby Stepped Stone Structure may be identified with King David's palace, or dates to a later period.
According to the Bible, King David reigned for 40 years and was succeeded by his son Solomon, who built the Holy Temple on Mount Moriah. Solomon's Temple (later known as the First Temple), went on to play a pivotal role in Jewish religion as the repository of the Ark of the Covenant. On Solomon's death, ten of the northern tribes of Israel broke with the United Monarchy to form their own nation, with its kings, prophets, priests, traditions relating to religion, capitals and temples in northern Israel. The southern tribes, together with the Aaronid priesthood, remained in Jerusalem, with the city becoming the capital of the Kingdom of Judah.
Classical antiquity
In 538 BCE, the Achaemenid King Cyrus the Great invited the Jews of Babylon to return to Judah to rebuild the Temple. Construction of the Second Temple was completed in 516 BCE, during the reign of Darius the Great, 70 years after the destruction of the First Temple.
Sometime soon after 485 BCE Jerusalem was besieged, conquered and largely destroyed by a coalition of neighbouring states. In about 445 BCE, King Artaxerxes I of Persia issued a decree allowing the city (including its walls) to be rebuilt. Jerusalem resumed its role as capital of Judah and centre of Jewish worship.
Many Jewish tombs from the Second Temple period have been unearthed in Jerusalem. One example, discovered north of the Old City, contains human remains in a 1st-century CE ossuary decorated with the Aramaic inscription "Simon the Temple Builder". The Tomb of Abba, also located north of the Old City, bears an Aramaic inscription with Paleo-Hebrew letters reading: "I, Abba, son of the priest Eleaz(ar), son of Aaron the high (priest), Abba, the oppressed and the persecuted, who was born in Jerusalem, and went into exile into Babylonia and brought (back to Jerusalem) Mattathi(ah), son of Jud(ah), and buried him in a cave which I bought by deed." The Tomb of Benei Hezir located in Kidron Valley is decorated by monumental Doric columns and Hebrew inscription, identifying it as the burial site of Second Temple priests. The Tombs of the Sanhedrin, an underground complex of 63 rock-cut tombs, is located in a public park in the northern Jerusalem neighbourhood of Sanhedria. These tombs, probably reserved for members of the Sanhedrin and inscribed by ancient Hebrew and Aramaic writings, are dated to between 100 BCE and 100 CE.
When Alexander the Great conquered the Achaemenid Empire, Jerusalem and Judea came under Macedonian control, eventually falling to the Ptolemaic dynasty under Ptolemy I. In 198 BCE, Ptolemy V Epiphanes lost Jerusalem and Judea to the Seleucids under Antiochus III. The Seleucid attempt to recast Jerusalem as a Hellenized city-state came to a head in 168 BCE with the successful Maccabean revolt of Mattathias and his five sons against Antiochus IV Epiphanes, and their establishment of the Hasmonean Kingdom in 152 BCE with Jerusalem as its capital.
In 63 BCE, Pompey the Great intervened in a struggle for the Hasmonean throne and captured Jerusalem, extending the influence of the Roman Republic over Judea. Following a short invasion by Parthians, backing the rival Hasmonean rulers, Judea became a scene of struggle between pro-Roman and pro-Parthian forces, eventually leading to the emergence of an Edomite named Herod. As Rome became stronger, it installed Herod as a client king of the Jews. Herod the Great, as he was known, devoted himself to developing and beautifying the city. He built walls, towers and palaces, and expanded the Temple Mount, buttressing the courtyard with blocks of stone weighing up to 100 tons. Under Herod, the area of the Temple Mount doubled in size. Shortly after Herod's death, in 6 CE Judea came under direct Roman rule as the Iudaea Province, although the Herodian dynasty through Agrippa II remained client kings of neighbouring territories until 96 CE.
Roman rule over Jerusalem and Judea was challenged in the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), which ended with a Roman victory. Early on, the city was devastated by a brutal civil war between several Jewish factions fighting for control of the city. In 70 CE, the Romans destroyed Jerusalem and the Second Temple. The contemporary Jewish historian Josephus wrote that the city "was so thoroughly razed to the ground by those that demolished it to its foundations, that nothing was left that could ever persuade visitors that it had once been a place of habitation." Of the 600,000 (Tacitus) or 1,000,000 (Josephus) Jews of Jerusalem, all of them either died of starvation, were killed or were sold into slavery. Roman rule was again challenged during the Bar Kokhba revolt, beginning in 132 CE and suppressed by the Romans in 135 CE. More recent research indicates that the Romans had founded Aelia Capitolina before the outbreak of the revolt, and found no evidence for Bar Kokhba ever managing to hold the city.
Jerusalem reached a peak in size and population at the end of the Second Temple Period, when the city covered two km2 (3⁄4 sq mi) and had a population of 200,000.
Late Antiquity
Following the Bar Kokhba revolt, Emperor Hadrian combined Iudaea Province with neighbouring provinces under the new name of Syria Palaestina, replacing the name of Judea. The city was renamed Aelia Capitolina, and rebuilt it in the style of a typical Roman town. Jews were prohibited from entering the city on pain of death, except for one day each year, during the holiday of Tisha B'Av. Taken together, these measures (which also affected Jewish Christians) essentially "secularized" the city. Historical sources and archaeological evidence indicate that the rebuilt city was now inhabited by veterans of the Roman military and immigrants from the western parts of the empire.
The ban against Jews was maintained until the 7th century, though Christians would soon be granted an exemption: during the 4th century, the Roman emperor Constantine I ordered the construction of Christian holy sites in the city, including the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Burial remains from the Byzantine period are exclusively Christian, suggesting that the population of Jerusalem in Byzantine times probably consisted only of Christians.
Jerusalem.
In the 5th century, the eastern continuation of the Roman Empire, ruled from the recently renamed Constantinople, maintained control of the city. Within the span of a few decades, Jerusalem shifted from Byzantine to Persian rule, then back to Roman-Byzantine dominion. Following Sassanid Khosrau II's early 7th century push through Syria, his generals Shahrbaraz and Shahin attacked Jerusalem (Persian: Dej Houdkh) aided by the Jews of Palaestina Prima, who had risen up against the Byzantines.
In the Siege of Jerusalem of 614, after 21 days of relentless siege warfare, Jerusalem was captured. Byzantine chronicles relate that the Sassanids and Jews slaughtered tens of thousands of Christians in the city, many at the Mamilla Pool, and destroyed their monuments and churches, including the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This episode has been the subject of much debate between historians. The conquered city would remain in Sassanid hands for some fifteen years until the Byzantine emperor Heraclius reconquered it in 629.
Middle Ages
After the Muslim conquest of the Levant, Byzantine Jerusalem was taken by Umar ibn al-Khattab in 638 CE. Among the first Muslims, it was referred to as Madinat bayt al-Maqdis ("City of the Temple"), a name restricted to the Temple Mount. The rest of the city "was called Iliya, reflecting the Roman name given the city following the destruction of 70 CE: Aelia Capitolina". Later the Temple Mount became known as al-Haram al-Sharif, "The Noble Sanctuary", while the city around it became known as Bayt al-Maqdis, and later still, al-Quds al-Sharif "The Holy, Noble". The Islamization of Jerusalem began in the first year A.H. (623 CE), when Muslims were instructed to face the city while performing their daily prostrations and, according to Muslim religious tradition, Muhammad's night journey and ascension to heaven took place. After 13 years, the direction of prayer was changed to Mecca. In 638 CE the Islamic Caliphate extended its dominion to Jerusalem. With the Muslim conquest, Jews were allowed back into the city. The Rashidun caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab signed a treaty with Christian Patriarch of Jerusalem Sophronius, assuring him that Jerusalem's Christian holy places and population would be protected under Muslim rule. Christian-Arab tradition records that, when led to pray at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, one of the holiest sites for Christians, the caliph Umar refused to pray in the church so that Muslims would not request conversion of the church to a mosque. He prayed outside the church, where the Mosque of Umar (Omar) stands to this day, opposite the entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. According to the Gaullic bishop Arculf, who lived in Jerusalem from 679 to 688, the Mosque of Umar was a rectangular wooden structure built over ruins which could accommodate 3,000 worshipers.
When the Arab armies under Umar went to Bayt Al-Maqdes in 637 CE, they searched for the site of al-masjid al-aqsa, "the farthest place of prayer/mosque", that was mentioned in the Quran and Hadith according to Islamic beliefs. Contemporary Arabic and Hebrew sources say the site was full of rubbish, and that Arabs and Jews cleaned it. The Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik commissioned the construction of a shrine on the Temple Mount, now known as the Dome of the Rock, in the late 7th century. Two of the city's most-distinguished Arab citizens of the 10th-century were Al-Muqaddasi, the geographer, and Al-Tamimi, the physician. Al-Muqaddasi writes that Abd al-Malik built the edifice on the Temple Mount in order to compete in grandeur with Jerusalem's monumental churches.
Over the next four hundred years, Jerusalem's prominence diminished as Arab powers in the region vied for control of the city. Jerusalem was captured in 1073 by the Seljuk Turkish commander Atsız. After Atsız was killed, the Seljuk prince Tutush I granted the city to Artuk Bey, another Seljuk commander. After Artuk's death in 1091 his sons Sökmen and Ilghazi governed in the city up to 1098 when the Fatimids recaptured the city.
A messianic Karaite movement to gather in Jerusalem took place at the turn of the millennium, leading to a "Golden Age" of Karaite scholarship there, which was only terminated by the Crusades.
Crusader/Ayyubid period
In 1099, the Fatimid ruler expelled the native Christian population before Jerusalem was besieged by the soldiers of the First Crusade. After taking the solidly defended city by assault, the Crusaders massacred most of its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants, and made it the capital of their Kingdom of Jerusalem. The city, which had been virtually emptied, was recolonized by a variegated inflow of Greeks, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Georgians, Armenians, Syrians, Egyptians, Nestorians, Maronites, Jacobite Miaphysites, Copts and others, to block the return of the surviving Muslims and Jews. The north-eastern quarter was repopulated with Eastern Christians from the Transjordan. As a result, by 1099 Jerusalem's population had climbed back to some 30,000.
In 1187, the city was wrested from the Crusaders by Saladin who permitted Jews and Muslims to return and settle in the city. Under the terms of surrender, once ransomed, 60,000 Franks were expelled. The Eastern Christian populace was permitted to stay. Under the Ayyubid dynasty of Saladin, a period of huge investment began in the construction of houses, markets, public baths, and pilgrim hostels as well as the establishment of religious endowments. However, for most of the 13th century, Jerusalem declined to the status of a village due to city's fall of strategic value and Ayyubid internecine struggles.
From 1229 to 1244, Jerusalem peacefully reverted to Christian control as a result of a 1229 treaty agreed between the crusading Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and al-Kamil, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, that ended the Sixth Crusade. The Ayyubids retained control of the Muslim holy places, and Arab sources suggest that Frederick was not permitted to restore Jerusalem's fortifications.
In 1244, Jerusalem was sacked by the Khwarezmian Tatars, who decimated the city's Christian population and drove out the Jews. The Khwarezmian Tatars were driven out by the Ayyubids in 1247.
Mamluk period
From 1260 to 1516/17, Jerusalem was ruled by the Mamluks. In the wider region and until around 1300, many clashes occurred between the Mamluks on one side, and the crusaders and the Mongols, on the other side. The area also suffered from many earthquakes and black plague. When Nachmanides visited in 1267 he found only two Jewish families, in a population of 2,000, 300 of whom were Christians, in the city. The well-known and far-traveled lexicographer Fairuzabadi (1329–1414) spent ten years in Jerusalem.
The 13th to 15th centuries was a period of frequent building activity in the city, as evidenced by the 90 remaining structures from this time. The city was also a significant site of Mamluk architectural patronage. The types of structures built included madrasas, libraries, hospitals, caravanserais, fountains (or sabils), and public baths. Much of the building activity was concentrated around the edges of the Temple Mount or Haram al-Sharif. Old gates to the Haram lost importance and new gates were built, while significant parts of the northern and western porticoes along the edge of the Temple Mount plaza were built or rebuilt in this period. Tankiz, the Mamluk amir in charge of Syria during the reign of al-Nasir Muhammad, built a new market called Suq al-Qattatin (Cotton Market) in 1336–7, along with the gate known as Bab al-Qattanin (Cotton Gate), which gave access to the Temple Mount from this market. The late Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Qaytbay also took interest in the city. He commissioned the building of the Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya, completed in 1482, and the nearby Sabil of Qaytbay, built shortly after in 1482; both were located on the Temple Mount. Qaytbay's monuments were the last major Mamluk constructions in the city.
Modern era
In 1517, Jerusalem and its environs fell to the Ottoman Turks, who generally remained in control until 1917.[180] Jerusalem enjoyed a prosperous period of renewal and peace under Suleiman the Magnificent—including the rebuilding of magnificent walls around the Old City. Throughout much of Ottoman rule, Jerusalem remained a provincial, if religiously important centre, and did not straddle the main trade route between Damascus and Cairo. The English reference book Modern history or the present state of all nations, written in 1744, stated that "Jerusalem is still reckoned the capital city of Palestine, though much fallen from its ancient grandeaur".
The Ottomans brought many innovations: modern postal systems run by the various consulates and regular stagecoach and carriage services were among the first signs of modernization in the city. In the mid 19th century, the Ottomans constructed the first paved road from Jaffa to Jerusalem, and by 1892 the railroad had reached the city.
With the annexation of Jerusalem by Muhammad Ali of Egypt in 1831, foreign missions and consulates began to establish a foothold in the city. In 1836, Ibrahim Pasha allowed Jerusalem's Jewish residents to restore four major synagogues, among them the Hurva. In the countrywide Peasants' Revolt, Qasim al-Ahmad led his forces from Nablus and attacked Jerusalem, aided by the Abu Ghosh clan, and entered the city on 31 May 1834. The Christians and Jews of Jerusalem were subjected to attacks. Ibrahim's Egyptian army routed Qasim's forces in Jerusalem the following month.
Ottoman rule was reinstated in 1840, but many Egyptian Muslims remained in Jerusalem and Jews from Algiers and North Africa began to settle in the city in growing numbers. In the 1840s and 1850s, the international powers began a tug-of-war in Palestine as they sought to extend their protection over the region's religious minorities, a struggle carried out mainly through consular representatives in Jerusalem. According to the Prussian consul, the population in 1845 was 16,410, with 7,120 Jews, 5,000 Muslims, 3,390 Christians, 800 Turkish soldiers and 100 Europeans. The volume of Christian pilgrims increased under the Ottomans, doubling the city's population around Easter time.
In the 1860s, new neighbourhoods began to develop outside the Old City walls to house pilgrims and relieve the intense overcrowding and poor sanitation inside the city. The Russian Compound and Mishkenot Sha'ananim were founded in 1860, followed by many others that included Mahane Israel (1868), Nahalat Shiv'a (1869), German Colony (1872), Beit David (1873), Mea Shearim (1874), Shimon HaZadiq (1876), Beit Ya'aqov (1877), Abu Tor (1880s), American-Swedish Colony (1882), Yemin Moshe (1891), and Mamilla, Wadi al-Joz around the turn of the century. In 1867 an American Missionary reports an estimated population of Jerusalem of 'above' 15,000, with 4,000 to 5,000 Jews and 6,000 Muslims. Every year there were 5,000 to 6,000 Russian Christian Pilgrims. In 1872 Jerusalem became the centre of a special administrative district, independent of the Syria Vilayet and under the direct authority of Istanbul called the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem.
The great number of Christian orphans resulting from the 1860 civil war in Mount Lebanon and the Damascus massacre led in the same year to the opening of the German Protestant Syrian Orphanage, better known as the Schneller Orphanage after its founder. Until the 1880s there were no formal Jewish orphanages in Jerusalem, as families generally took care of each other. In 1881 the Diskin Orphanage was founded in Jerusalem with the arrival of Jewish children orphaned by a Russian pogrom. Other orphanages founded in Jerusalem at the beginning of the 20th century were Zion Blumenthal Orphanage (1900) and General Israel Orphan's Home for Girls (1902).
The Kédougou region, in the south-east of Senegal, has important deposits of gold. Mining is both corporate and community driven and I visited one mining area, run by the Tomboronkoto community. HIstorically artisanal mining dominated but Senegal changed its legal/regulatory system early in this millenium to encourage international investment. Next to the entry of corporate miners this seems to have encouraged a far more active artisanal activity, with miners coming from neighbouring countries (Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea etc) and remitting cash back to their homelands. In fact most of the artisanal miners I spoke to were not Senegalese but were there with the permission of the village.
There are reports that this growth in mining, while providing valuable cash for the local area, has had some disadvantages: there have been bloody fights between miners (although other reports say there is now an operating framework that has reduced some of the friction), an increase in prostitution and STIs and, perhaps most importantly for the local community, the environmental impacts of mercury usage, reduced availability of clean water and a destruction of agricultural land.
Macro Mondays Theme - Drive Me Wild
It drives me wild that not all screws are driven like the one on the right!
The Pen EM is the first Japanese camera to have an electric driven motor drive and rewind system.
The Olympus Pen EM went on sale in 1965 with three new features: an electronic shutter, automatic film advance, and automatic rewind.
The electronic shutter allowed an exposure range from 30 sec. down to 1/500 sec. according to the brightness of the subject. Power for the shutter, film advance and rewind systems was provided by two AA batteries. While the Olympus Pen EM had a major influence on the future of electronic technology and automation in cameras, there were manufacturing problems that could not be overcome with the technology then available. Sadly, production ceased after just one year.
Specifications Olympus Pen EM 1965.
Picture size : 24 X 18mm (single Frame Pen size)
Lens : Zuiko 35mm F2. 6 elements in 4 groups.
Diaphragm scale : F2, F2.8, F5.6, F8, F11, and F16.
Shutter : Copal Elec electronic shutter (diaphragm priority type) using four high performance transistors.
Shutter speed : A (automatic) about 30sec (F16 )—1/500 sec , M (manual) 1/30 sec no visible scale indicator for shutter speeds.
Synchronizing : X contact point.
Film speed scale : ASA 10—400.
Camera focusing system : Zone focusing rotary helicoid, eye measuring type.
Distance : M (meter) ∞,5 , 3, 2, 1.2, 1, 0.9 . Albeda type light frame finder , magnification 0,6 time , with parallax aid marks for short range photography.
Film advance: Electrical motor driven ; advances film at a rate of one frame per second.
Film rewind: Quick rewind by electrical motor.
Film counter : Remaining number type , take-up stops automatically when “0” appears in the counter.
Power source: Two size “AA” 1.5 volt dry cells alkaline type. Will last for over 5 rolls of film.
Dimensions : 123 X 73 X 54 mm.
Weight : 540 grams.
I test drove this at Available Car in Castle Donington, Leicestershire.
If you are going to have a Volvo estate, then why not have the most nutty one available right?
The XC70 is nutty. 210mm of ground clearance, big plain plastic bumpers, M+S tyres, 4 wheel drive... even the dog guard is standard equipment (its is on gas struts so you can fold it up into the headlining when not required).
However, not is all it seems with this XC70. Its missing an important element that turns a nutty car into a nutty car that doesn't really make sense.
Excerpt from here: www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-reviews/volvo/volvo-xc70-drive-...
"On looks alone, this Volvo XC70 may seem like old news, yet it puts a whole new twist on the urban off-roader theme. Why? Because, despite the jacked-up stance, it’s actually front-wheel drive.
What’s happened to the 4x4 version? Don’t panic, it’s still on sale. The front-wheel drive XC70 has been introduced along with a front-drive XC60, both cars being cheaper and less polluting than the 4x4 variants that sired them."
So, this one isn't for us with its missing its 4 wheel drive and in basic trim (for Volvo). A more sensible choice would be the plain old V70.
House on the Rock, Spring Green WI
Here we have the desk in a sheriff's office in the old West. You can see his long-barreled Colt, antique handcuffs, wanted posters and ledger and law books. The medical specimen in the jar is supposedly the hand of "three-fingered Jack" Dunlop and the wax head is that of the famous California outlaw, Joaquin Murieta,
Murieta was a Sonoran forty-niner, a vaquero and a gold miner who became a famous outlaw in California during the California Gold Rush of the 1850s. The popular legend of Joaquin Murieta is that of a peace-loving man driven to seek revenge when he and his brother were falsely accused of stealing a mule. His brother was hanged and Joaquin horsewhipped. His young wife was gang raped and in one version she died in Joaquin's arms. Swearing revenge, Joaquin hunted down all who had violated his sweetheart. He embarked on a short but violent career that brought death to his Anglo tormentors. The state of California then offered a reward of up to $5,000 for Joaquin "dead or alive." He was reportedly killed in 1853, but the news of his death were disputed and myths later formed about him and his possible survival.
In 1919, Johnston McCulley supposedly received his inspiration for his fictional character Don Diego de la Vega—better known as Zorro—from the 1854 book entitled The Life and Adventures of Joaquín Murieta: The Celebrated California Bandit by John Rollin Ridge.
Fiesta Garage Driven by Ford at Bonnaroo Music Festival in Manchester, Tennessee - 2013 - © 2013 David Oppenheimer - Performance Impressions Concert Photography Archives - www.performanceimpressions.com
Astley Green colliery's No 1 shaft steam winding engine was installed in 1912 and was in use until the colliery closed in 1970. It is a four cylinder engine in twin tandem configuration, developing 3300 horsepower. It is believed to be the largest surviving colliery winding engine of its type in Europe.
The engine and engine house were saved from demolition when the colliery closed in 1970, and it has been restored by volunteers at the museum. The museum periodically runs the engine on compressed air.