José Luis Cervera, Director, DevStat, Spain, speaking at the WTIS 2014, International Coordination of ICT Measurement, 10th Anniversary of the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development, Tbilisi, Georgia.

©ITU/ R.Farrell

Vladimir Minkin, Chairman, WSIS+10 Multistakeholder Preparatory Platform and ITU Council Working Group on WSIS, speaking at the WTIS 2014, International Coordination of ICT Measurement, 10th Anniversary of the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development, Tbilisi, Georgia.

©ITU/ R.Farrell

Bribie Island development

July 1964

ID: 436411 photographic album

Negative number: C2-5032

"Bribie Island is the smallest and most northerly of three major sand islands forming the coastline sheltering the northern part of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. The others are Moreton Island and North Stradbroke Island. Bribie Island is 34 kilometres (21 miles) long, and 8 kilometres (5.0 miles) at its widest. Archibald Meston believed that the name of the island came from a corruption of a mainland word for it, Boorabee. meaning 'koala bear'.

Bribie Island hugs the coastline and tapers to a long spit at its most northern point near Caloundra, and is separated from the mainland by Pumicestone Passage. The ocean side of the island is somewhat sheltered from prevailing winds by Moreton Island and associated sand banks and has only a small surf break. The lee side is calm, with white sandy beaches in the south.

Most of the island is uninhabited national park (55.8 square kilometres or 21.5 square miles) and forestry plantations. The southern end of the island has been intensively urbanised as part of the Moreton Bay Region, the main suburbs being Bongaree, Woorim, Bellara and Banksia Beach. A bridge from Sandstone Point on the mainland was completed in 1963.

Buckley's Hole, at the southern tip of the island, is an important bird habitat and refuge...

There are many types of wildlife present on the island. Kangaroos, wallabies, emus, various snake species, green tree frogs and dingos can often be seen venturing from the national park into the surrounding suburbs.

Pumicestone Passage, located between the island and the mainland, is a protected marine park that provides habitat for dugongs, turtles and dolphins. There are also extensive mangrove forests in this area. Eucalypt forests, banksias and heathlands are the predominant vegetation elsewhere.

Bribie Island is home to around 350 species of bird. This includes a range of honeyeater species, lorikeets, waterbirds and birds of prey. Flying foxes (also called fruit bats) visit the area, along with several species of small insect-eating bats. Flying foxes are important pollinators and seed dispersers while the insect-eating bats help control mosquito and other insect populations.

Buckley's Hole, at the southern tip of the island, was declared an environmental park in 1992.

The island seems particularly prone to instances of bee swarming.”

Information from Bribie Island

2019 is a big year for health insurance developments affecting consumers and coverage options.

For over 30 years, Short term health insurance has provided coverage for a defined period of time and generally includes a much lower premium than other types of major medical coverage.

Until April of 2017, the coverage period was determined by state law, with the majority of states permitting terms of 364 days or less. Now, the final rule extends the duration of short term coverage from 3 months to 12 months (364 days) depending on state availability and limitations.

Specifically, the language in the plan must inform insureds that the plans do not comply with the Minimum Essential Coverage requirements of the Affordable Care Act. This is important because the ACA currently issues an individual mandate penalty, which equates to 2.5% of one’s yearly household income, or $695 per adult plus $347.50 per child with a $2,085 household maximum - whichever amount is greater.

This penalty will, however, be phased out as of January 1, 2019, meaning you could find and even apply for the best short term health insurance policy for you today without the financial burden of paying the individual mandate penalty.

The outgoing Obama administration made a significant change, issuing a regulatory final rule which cut the maximum duration term limit of short term health insurance from 12 to less than 3 months. This limit was changed on August 1, 2018 by another regulation designed to expand access to short term health coverage. The rule reinstates the 364 day maximum term limit and allows carriers to offer reapply options for up to 36 months. The changes officially took effect on October 2, 2018.

One of the most attractive aspects of short term health insurance is the cost, but many people shy away from short term plans because they are so limited. Why is that? When a plan is limited to three months, it may not address insurance needs fully. Now, however, the legislative change allows individuals to take advantage of more affordable health care for up to three years.

When you apply for a short term plan, you will need to go through medical underwriting. Applications can be rejected. Short term plans often do not cover many of the same things that ACA-compliant plans will address.

The Trump Regulation specifically states that the expansion will “expand more affordable coverage options to consumers who desire and need them, to help individuals avoid paying for benefits provided in individual health insurance coverage that they believe are not worth the cost, to reduce the number of uninsured individuals, and to make available more coverage options with broader access to providers than certain individual health insurance coverage has.”

With this rule now in place, Americans have more affordable choices than ever when it comes to finding the right health insurance for their budget.

7 Major Changes to Health Insurance in 2019

1. No Penalty: In 2019, there is no fine for not having health insurance from the ACA Healthcare Exchange

2. Longer Short Term Medical Plans: Plans can for up to 364 days in most states and 36 months in some others

3. Association Health Plans: Smaller companies and industry groups can now offer health plans with less comprehensive coverage at a lower rate.

4. Health Reimbursement Arrangements: As an alternative to group plans, employers can offer reimbursements for employees who buy their own health insurance.

5. Medicare Enrollment Changes: If you have Medicare Advantage, open enrollment now lasts from January 1st to March 31st where you can change your plan, or switch to Original Medicare.

6. More Ways to Get Insurance: Compare ACA plans with other alternatives on open marketplaces like AgileHealthInsurance.com to find health insurance that works for you.

Click to learn more, get a quote and save on quality short-term health insurance coverage today

www.agilehealthinsurance.com/...

GENERAL DISCLAIMERS

These Short Term Medical plans do not provide coverage for preexisting conditions nor the mandated coverage necessary to avoid a penalty under the Affordable Care Act. Each state has specific mandates for coverage so your plan may include additional benefits. Please consult your state-specific insurance certificate for more information. Short Term Health Insurance products underwritten by their respective companies. Product prices, benefits and availability may vary by state.

ACA DISCLAIMER

AFFORDABLE CARE ACT TAX (ELIMINATED UNDER CONGRESSIONAL TAX REFORM ACT STARTING IN 2019). SHORT TERM HEALTH INSURANCE IS HEALTH INSURANCE OUTSIDE OF THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT ("OBAMACARE"). IT DOES NOT INCLUDE ALL TEN OF THE MINIMUM ESSENTIAL BENEFITS OF OBAMACARE AND IT DOES NOT COVER PRE-EXISTING CONDITIONS. TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE TAX AND ITS EXEMPTIONS, SEE HERE. TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SHORT TERM HEALTH INSURANCE AND OBAMACARE, www.agilehealthinsurance.com/...

A117

Real Estate Development At Indirapuram

Photo Courtesy of the "Peace Plus One - World Sustainability Project"

www.SustainabilitySymbol.com

and McMaster Institute for Sustainable Development in Commerce

www.Dragonpreneur.com

www.PeacePlusOne.com

SUBJECT:

北京能源网络 Beijing Energy Network

in partnership with the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

presents

北耳 Beijing Energy & Environment Roundtable (BEER)

featuring

» Chivas Lam, Venture Partner, Qiming Venture Partners

» Mark Levine, Group Leader, China Energy Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Labs

» Sebastian Meyer, Director of Research & Advisory, Azure International

» Edward Steinfeld, Professor of Political Economy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

发展未来能源技术：中美合作是答案吗？Developing Energy Technologies for the Future: Are U.S.-China Partnerships the Answer?

5:00pm - 6:15pm: Cocktail Session

6:15pm - 7:30pm: Panel Discussion

** About the Talk (报告内容) **

In the 20th century, we understood energy technology development to be something that took place within the confines of single national economies. The development phases were long, the capital requirements intense, and the levels of uncertainty and risk extremely high. When energy technologies found their way across borders, if they did at all, they did so as mature systems, ones that could be "transferred" from one place to another. Today, an entirely new pattern seems to be afoot. Overseas innovators are teaming with Chinese partners to co-develop energy technologies. Upstream innovations -- often pioneered in Europe, the U.S., and Japan -- are being translated into commercially-viable systems on Chinese soil and in conjunction with Chinese corporate partners and Chinese financing. Yet, as this process surges forward -- both because of the demand for such technologies in China, and the availability of Chinese financing -- significant questions remain. At the commercial level, which technologies are most suited for cross-border development, and which are not? Once financing is secured and cross-border partnerships are established, what is required to make joint technology development actually work? How should the process be organized, and by whom? At the policy level, to what extent can governments be relied upon over the long run to support co-development efforts? What are the risks of protectionist backlash? Under what circumstances might public financing be withdrawn? How do political risks differ across various types of energy technology? This panel will take an "inside-out" look at cross-border technology co-development, starting from the perspective of the commercial players themselves -- the most active drivers of the process -- and then drawing the broader ramifications for public policy and national interest.

** About the Speakers (报告人简历) **

Chivas Lam is a Venture Partner of Qiming Ventures focusing on the Cleantech Sector. Chivas brings over 25 years of operational experience in the General Industrial Manufacturing and Energy Sector. Prior to joining Qiming, Chivas was the President Asia Pacific of the Morgan Crucible Company. He successfully led reengineering and integration of multiple business units and was instrumental to operational enhancement and profit growth. Prior to Morgan Crucible, Chivas held various Senior Positions with GEC Alstom in Project Management and Business Development in China and Australia. Chivas started his career with Hong Kong Electric Company Limited.

Mark Levine is the Group Leader of the China Energy Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). Previously, he was director of the LBNL's Environmental Division, which is a leader in research on buildings energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and various clean energy technologies. His major passion in the past two decades has involved analyzing and promoting energy efficiency in China. Dr. Levine is a board member of five leading non-profits in the United States (American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, Center for Clean Air Policy, Center for Resource Solutions, the US-China Green Energy Council, and California Clean Energy Fund, an innovative green venture capital fund) and one in Asia. He has also founded or co-founded two successful non-profits, including the acclaimed Beijing Energy Efficiency Center. Dr. Levine graduated summa cum laude from Princeton University, earned a PhD from the University of California.

Sebastian Meyer has covered the wind industry in China since 2004, and has built up a successful research and advisory practice focused on the alternative energy space. Sebastian came to China from London, where he specialized in due diligence supporting project finance and M&A transactions related to alternative energy. He also worked in the transition economies of Europe through the 90’s heading the Warsaw equity research team and covering industrial manufacturers and privatization programs for Creditanstalt Investmentbank - the leading western investment bank focused on the region at the time. Sebastian’s career spans debt and equity financing, project finance, equity research and valuation, mergers & acquisitions, and management consulting within the context of alternative energy and transition economies.

Edward Steinfeld is a professor of political economy in the MIT Department of Political Science and co-director of the China Energy Group in the MIT Industrial Performance Center. Steinfeld received his BA, MA, and PhD in political science from Harvard University. In addition to a variety of academic articles, Steinfeld is the author of Playing Our Game: Why China's Rise Doesn't Threaten the West and Forging Reform in China: The Fate of State-Owned Industry. Steinfeld is the author of numerous articles in both academic and non-academic journals, including Comparative Politics, Political Studies, World Development, The Far Eastern Economic Review, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, and The South China Morning Post. Steinfeld is a member of the board of directors of the National Committee on US-China Relations, as well as a member of the academic committee of the Center for Industrial Development and Environmental Governance at Tsinghua University.

** About BEN & BEER (北京能源网路和北耳简介) **

The Beijing Energy Network (BEN) is a grassroots organization with a mission of promoting knowledge sharing, networking, and collaboration in understanding and tackling China’s energy and environmental challenges among individuals and organizations from diverse sectors such as government, finance, industry, media, advocacy, think tanks and academia. Our membership currently stands at over 1,900 strong.

The flagship activity of BEN is the Beijing Energy & Environmental Roundtable (BEER), an approximately twice-monthly happy hour/speaker series. BEER events are free and open to all with no RSVP necessary. We hope you will come early, stay late, listen and ask questions, catch up with old friends and make new ones.

Please note, we ask that our speaker's remarks remain off the record unless they otherwise grant permission. A listing of our past events can be found here.

If you would like to learn more, receive email updates from BEN, have a suggestion for an event, or are interested in possibly being a speaker yourself, please sign up to our Google Group, or if you can't access that link from China, send an email to beijing-energy-network+owner@googlegroups.com.

I added a small scenic board alongside the narrow (one foot) hill baseboard. A block of four large terraced houses (the Kingsway TERBF kit) just fits on this. It acts as a background for photos taken at Trinity Square terminus and also as a 'blocker' in order to suggest new vistas.

The side elevation of the houses provides a means of blocking the view 'into reality' above the bill poster boards. This makes photography at the Trinity Square terminus more pleasing.

This aircraft spent a long time in the development stage. It was Grumman’s first successful venture into the area of twin-engine fighters A previously designed F5F, a rather strange looking aircraft with two radial engines mounted on the wings that, in turn, were located at the nose of the fuselage, fell short of success. The F7F, in contrast, was a very fine aircraft. Unfortunately, it entered Navy service too late to have made a major impact during World War II.

The Navy ordered the F7F in June 1941, the same time it ordered the F6F Wildcat. The specifications called for two engines producing in excess of 4,000 horsepower total, and firepower at least double that of the F4F Wildcat. Such a radical departure in design presented many problems for Grumman.

Originally, it was designed as a fighter-bomber, but once in the development stage, requirements were changed to produce many of the aircraft as night fighters. This was accomplished with the addition of airborne radar in the long nose. Operation of this equipment was the duty of a radar operator, whose station was located in the second seat. In those early years of airborne intercept, the equipment was very bulky and very heavy. This required a large, heavy, maneuverable aircraft with powerful engines. The Tigercat was well suited to fill this order.

While they were designed as carrier-borne fighters, it appeared that the only proposed 45,000 ton Midway class “supercarriers” would be able to operate them. Most of the F7Fs were allocated to the Marine Corps to be flown from island bases in the Pacific. The first of these aircraft arrived in Okinawa very shortly before the Japanese surrender and were modified to photo reconnaissance aircraft.

The Tigercat truly was a radical departure from all Grumman fighters. Not only was it a very large, twin-engine aircraft but, for the first time, a Navy fighter was designed with a tricycle landing gear. With its two large engines nacelles, the F7F is particularly suited to the arrangement. The main gear simply retracts into those large nacelles. All ground operations aare considerably simplified with this type of gear.

The first flight of the prototype was on 3 November 1943, almost 2 and ½ years after order placement. First delivery was on October 1944—again, a very long time span for those days of urgency. It is obvious that the radical departure in design was detrimental to its development.

This aircraft went through several major changes. Originally, it was to be a land-based, single seat fighter-bomber. As the need for fleet protection at night became critical, the demand for a night fighter increased dramatically. The F7F was the ideal aircraft for such a purpose. In this role, it would serve in much the same capacity as its Army Air Force relative, the Northrup P-61 Black Widow—primarily that of radar interception of night intruders. While unconfirmed at this writing, there were some reports that two squadrons of Marine F7Fs were active on Okinawa when hostilities ceased.

Final delivery of these aircraft was in December 1946. Approximately 240 had been built. The Tigercat did see combat duty during the Korean War as a night fighter—a role if filled very well. In the fall of 1956, F7Fs were still being flown by Marines stationed at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

After being stricken from Navy records, many of these aircraft saw service as fire bombers.

Operational Information:

Demanding Navy specifications caused many delays in the development and eventual acceptance of the F7F. Consequently, it was unable to take its rightful place in World War II. A very fast aircraft, it was particularly effective as a night fighter during the Korean War and played a very important role in the post-war era with the Marines in the Pacific, and in places such as Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. With its tremendous power and load-carrying capacity, it was a favorite of the fire bombers who flew these very dangerous peacetime missions.

Specifications and Performance:

•Crew: 2

•Length: 45 ft 4 in (13.82 m)

•Wingspan: 51 ft 6 in (15.70 m)

•Height: 16 ft 7 in (5.05 m)

•Wing area: 455 sq ft (42.3 m)

•Airfoil: root: NACA 23015; tip: NACA 23012

•Empty weight: 16,270 lb (7,380 kg)

•Max takeoff weight: 25,720 lb (11,666 kg)

•Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-2800-34W Double Wasp 18-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 2,100 hp (1,600 kW) each

•Propellers: 3-bladed constant-speed fully-feathering propellers

Performance

•Maximum speed: 460 mph (740 km/h, 400 kn)

•Range: 1,200 mi (1,900 km, 1,000 nmi)

•Service ceiling: 40,400 ft (12,300 m)

•Rate of climb: 4,530 ft/min (23.0 m/s)

Armament

•Guns: ** 4 × 20 mm (0.79 in) AN/M3 cannon (200 rpg, wing roots)

•4 × 0.50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine gun (400 rpg, in nose) (normal fighter versions only; replaced by radar unit in the -3N nightfighter)

•Bombs: ** 2 × 1,000 lb (454 kg) bombs or

•8 × 127mm unguided rockets under wings and

•1 × 150 gallon fuel or napalm tank under fuselage or

•1 × torpedo under fuselage (day fighter only)

History F7F “King of the Cats” at Palm Springs Air Museum:

Bureau Number 80412 was one of 189 F7F-3s built with improved armor, an 80 gallon auxiliary tank replacing the second seat and a larger vertical fin and rudder. It was delivered to the U.S. Navy on 28 April 1945 and assigned to the Marine Fleet Air Wing.

On 23 July 1945, it was assigned to Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) El Toro, California. In September 1945 it was transferred to Naval Air Station (NAS) Alameda, California and placed in storage. After overhaul at MCAS El Toro, it was placed in storage at Litchfield Park, Arizona in early 1950.

On 13 October 1950 80412 was taken out of storage, overhauled, and sent to MCAS Cherry Point, North Carolina, arriving on 2 January 1951.

In May 1952 it was transferred to NAS Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico for a brief time, returning to Cherry Point for the remainder of its active Navy life. On 16 October 1953 it was flown to Litchfield Park, Arizona and on 28 July 1956, was stricken from Navy records.

In 1958 it was one of five F7Fs purchased from USN at a cost of $1,200 each and converted into fire bombers and on 21 March 1958, it was sold to Collins Air Service, Anchorage, Alaska and registered at N-7628C. On 8 August 1960 it was sold to Cat Nat Airways, Grass Valley, California where it was used actively as a fire bomber.

In July 1966 it was involved in a belly landing at Ukiah, California and for the next three years was used as a parts source for Cal Nat. In 1969 it was sold to Sis Q Flying Service, Santa Rosa, California as a parts source and in 1972, the wreck was stored. On 16 December 1985 it was sold to Kermit Weeks and stored and dismantled at Borrego Springs, California.

After passing through hands, it was purchased by Robert Pond, the parts to be sent to Fighter Rebuilders at Chino, California for restoration. On July 8, 1991 the FAA reinstated the registration of N-7628C and it became a part of the Planes of Fame East Museum in Minnesota.

During the summer of 1996 it was ferried to Palm Springs Airport, California, where it was to become part of the Palm Springs Air Museum. It played a very important part in the museum’s spectacular opening day flight demonstrations.

Today Grumman F7F “King of the Cats” is proudly on display in the museum’ Pacific Hangar.

The former muffler shop is gone, seafront condos are coming, that's progress.

Oesterreichische Nationalbank

Logo of the Austrian National Bank

Headquarters Vienna, Austria

Central Bank of Austria

Currency€

To ISO 4217 EUR

website

www.oenb.at/

Previous Austro- Hungarian Bank

List of Central Banks

Oesterreichische Nationalbank, at Otto-Wagner -Platz No. 3, Vienna

The Austrian National Bank (OeNB), Austria's central bank as an integral part of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) and the Eurosystem. It is instrumental in the design of the economic development in Austria and in the euro area. Legally, the OeNB is a public limited company.. However, it is also subject to further enshrined in the National Bank Act regulations resulting from its separate position as a central bank. In the framework of the Eurosystem, the OeNB contributes to a stability-oriented monetary policy. At the national level, it cares about the preservation of financial stability and the money supply and manage foreign exchange reserves to hedge against the euro in times of crisis. The guideline values in terms of the tasks of the Austrian National Bank are "security, stability and trust".

Contents

1 History

1.1 1816 to 1818

1.2 1818 to 1878

1.3 1878 to 1922

1.4 1922 to 1938

1.5 1938 to 1945

1.6 1945 to 1998

1.7 From 1999

2 The OeNB as a modern central bank

3 Legal form and organs

3.1 Legal framework

3.2 organs

3.2.1 General

3.2.2 General

3.2.3 Board of Directors

4 Tasks

4.1 Monetary policy strategies and monetary policy decision-making process

4.1.1 Economic analysis

4.1.2 Production of statistical information

4.1.3 Contribute to international organizations

4.2 Implementation of monetary policy

4.2.1 use of monetary policy instruments

4.2.2 Reserve Management

4.2.3 Money Supply

4.3 Communication of monetary policy

4.4 ensure financial stability

4.4.1 Financial Stability

4.4.2 Payment System Stability and payments

5 The OeNB in the European System of National Banks

6 President / Governors

7 See also

8 Literature

9 links

10 Notes and references

History

1816-1818

As long as 50 years before the founding of the National Bank the Habsburgs carried out first experiments with securities in the form of paper money. Finally, in the 18th Century the issue of banknotes transferred to a state independent institution, while the issue of paper money called "Banco notes," founded in 1705 by the "Vienna City Bank" took place in 1762.

In wartime governance took back control of the money issue, so there was an inflation of Banco-Zettel 1796-1810. The state ordered the forced acceptance of paper money in private transport, which led to a fast-growing discount on bills in the market. 1799 was therefore one for 100 guilders paper money only 92 guilders in silver coins, and at the end of 1810 the value of the paper florin had fallen to 15 % of the nominal value of the Banco-Zettel. Later, the Habsburgs declared a devaluation of the Banco-Zettel in the ratio of 5:1. This act was considered by the business community as a sovereign default, which the paper money experienced a rapid devaluation.

At the end of the Napoleonic wars the Habsburg multinational state ( → Habsburg Monarchy) faced a new challenge: the restoration of a European balance. Church, the nobility, the army and the bureaucracy as elements in the Ancien Régime were not sufficient to solve this problem, a well -founded economic situation was needed. Moreover, one could not ignore readily the laws of supply and demand.

In this regard, were the first June 1816 by Emperor Francis I two patents issued (later to distinguish the "main patent" or "bank patent"), the "privileged Austrian National Bank", conceived as a public company, had to constitute itself as soon a possible, propose the emperor three of its directors for selection of the governor and take up their activity provisionally on 1 July 1816.

The National Bank had henceforth a monopoly on the issuance of paper money, which led to a slowdown in the Austrian monetary system and an increase in the value of paper money. The economy was again a solid source of money keeping constant the value of money regardless of the spending plans of the State. The equity of the Bank justified this by share issues.

Initially comprised the activities of the bank - under temporary management - the redemption of paper money and the issuance of shares. The full effectiveness attained the National Bank until after the issue of 1,000 shares and the associated possibility of shareholders to set the management themselves.

1818-1878

On 15 July 1817 recieved the National Bank as the "first Bankprivilegium" the exclusive right to unrestricted issue of banknotes and in this context a special position in terms of Rediskontgeschäfts (rediscount business). Beginning of 1818 the definitive bank management was ready. Part of it were among leading figures of Viennese society, including the banker Johann Heinrich von Geymüller and Bernard of Eskeles. From 1830 to 1837 the Office of the Governor was held by Adrian Nicholas Baron Barbier.

In the countries of the Habsburg Monarchy, which were characterized in large part by an agricultural oriented activity pattern, some regions showed a lively commercial-industrial growth. The goal now was to create a system of economic exchange between these areas. Successively established the National Bank branch network and thus guaranteed a uniform money and credit supply. From its headquarters in Vienna this network extended over early industrial areas and commercial centers in Eastern and Central Europe to the northern Mediterranean.

Trade bills and coins were preferred assets of the National Bank, less the supply of money to the state. With the exchange transactions, the National Bank supported the economic growth of the monarchy and secured at the same time the supply of silver coins in the event that the need for these increases in exchange for bank notes, contrary to expectations. 1818 was the National Bank, however, by increasing public debt, due to high spending in times of crisis, not spared to make an increase in the government debt positions on the asset side of its balance sheet.

The patent provisions of the founding of the National Bank not sufficiently secured against the autonomy of governance. At the center of the struggle for independence, this was the question of the extent to which the issue of banknotes must be made on the basis of government bonds. In 1841, a renewal of Bankprivilegiums got a weakening of the independence by pushing back the influence of the shareholders in favor of the state administration. During the revolution of 1848/49 followers of constitutional goals received great support from senior figures in the National Bank. For about a hundred years, the Austrian branch of the Rothschild bank (from which from 1855, the "Royal Privileged Austrian Credit-Institute for Commerce and Industry", the later Creditanstalt, was born) was playing a leading role in the banking center of Vienna. Salomon Mayer von Rothschild was involved during the pre-March in all major transactions of the National Bank for the rehabilitation of the state budget.

Special focus the National Bank was putting on the development of the premium that was payable at the exchange of banknotes into silver money in business dealings. The increase, which corresponded to a depreciation of the notes issued by the Bank should be prevented. From an overall state perspective, the increase of the silver premium means a deterioration in terms of the exchange ratio towards foreign countries, influencing the price competitiveness of the Austrian foreign trade adversely. The stabilization of the premium were set some limits. Although the height of the emission activitiy was depending on the Bank, but also the price of silver and the potential effects of increased government debt materially affected the silver premium. Especially the 1848 revolution and conflicts in the following years caused an increasement of the silver premium.

Mid-century, the private banking and wholesale houses were no longer able to cope with the rapidly growing financial intermediation of the Habsburg monarchy. New forms of capital formation were required. From an initiative of the House of Rothschild, the first by the government approved and private joint-stock bank was created. This formation was followed in 1863 and 1864 by two other joint-stock banks, whose major shareholders included important personalities of the aristocracy, who possessed large liquid funds. Overall, grew with these banks the money creation potential of the "financial center of Vienna".

The central bank faced another difficult task: with its limited resources it had to secure sufficient liquidity on the one hand and on the other hand prevent the inflationary expansion of the money supply. Through close contacts with the shareholders of Vienna was a financial center (informal) ballot, especially in times of crisis, easily dealt out. In contrast, it gave differences of opinion in the Fed Board, which required enforcement of decisions.

In 1861, Friedrich Schey Koromla became director of the National Bank. On 27 December 1862 experienced the Bankprivilegium another innovation. The independence of the National Bank of the State was restored and anchored. Furthermore, was introduced the direct allocation of banknotes in circulation by the system of "Peel'schen Bank Act", which states that the fixed budget of 200 million guilders exceeding circulation of banknotes must be covered by silver coins. In 1866, when the German war ended in defeat for Austria, the compliance of the system was no longer met. The state felt itself forced to pay compensation for breach of privilege. This balance was supported by a law of 1872, after the National Bank may issue notes up to a maximum of 200 million guilders and each additional payment must be fully backed by gold or silver.

1873 the economic boom of the Habsburg monarchy was represented in a long-lasting rise in the share price. A now to be expecting break could by the behavior of the Vienna Stock not be intercepted, so it came to the "Great Crash of 1873". The in 1872 fixed restrictions of the circulation of notes for a short time have been suspended. Contrary to expectations, the money supply in crisis peak but only outgrew by nearly 1% the prescribed limit in the bank acts. The banks and the industrial and commercial companies survived the crash without major losses, although the share prices significantly lay below the initial level.

The years with high growth were followed by a period of stagnation.

1878-1922

As part of the compensation negotiations between Austria and Hungary in 1867, the National Bank was able to exercise fully their Privilegialrechte, the Kingdom of Hungary but now had the certified right, every ten years exercisable, to found an own central bank (bank note). As resulted from the first 10 -year period that furthermore none of the two parts of the monarchy wanted to build an independent money-issuing bank (Zettelbank), was built on 28 June 1878, initially to 31 December 1887 limited, an Austro-Hungarian Bank, and equipped with the Fed privilege. The first privilege of the new bank was a compromise in which on the one hand, regulations on liability for national debts as well as regulations limiting the influence of the government on banking businesses were included. 1878 Gustav Leonhardt was Secretary of the Bank.

The General Assembly and the General Council formed the unit of the bank management. Two directorates and major institutions - in Vienna and Budapest - represented the dual nature of the bank. 1892-1900 followed a long discussion finally the currency conversion from guilders (silver currency) to the crown (gold standard) with "Gold Crown" said coins.

Since the new banknotes were very popular in the public, now many gold coins piled up in the vaults of the Austro-Hungarian Bank. This period was characterized by a balanced combination of price growth and damping, the "per capita national product" grew while prices remained mostly stable. Against this background, it was easy for the Fed to encourage a new wave of industrialization.

With a third privilege in 1899 conditions were established under which the bank could be put into the financial services of the two countries, on the other hand there have been important innovations that paved a good exchange policy. By 1914, the exchange ratio of the Austro-Hungarian currency was unchanged with only minor fluctuations. In contrast, was the by conflicts marked political development.

The expansive foreign policy quickly led to high costs from which had to be shouldered by the central bank a significant part. The stability of the currency was in danger. Shortly after the beginning of World War I in 1914, laid down the Military Command to indemnify any seized property with double the price. There was an increasing scarcity of goods, connected with an ongoing expansion of the money supply and finally the increase in the price level on the 16-fold.

The resulting cost of the war of the Dual Monarchy were covered to 40% on central bank loans and 60% through war bonds. Over the duration of the war, the power force built up in recent decades has been frozen at the end of the conflict in 1918, the real income of the workers had fallen to one-fifth of the last year of peace.

With the end of the war the end for the old order had come, too. The decay of Cisleithania and Transleithania caused in several successor states, despite the efforts of the central bank to maintain the order, a currency separation (see Crown Currency in the decay of the monarchy, successor states). First, a separate "Austrian management" of the bank was introduced. It was encouraged to shoulder the shortcomings of the state budget of the Republic of Austria founded in 1918.

The new South Slav state began in January 1919 stamping its crown banknotes. The newly founded Czechoslovak Republic retained the crown currency (to date), but their printed banknotes in circulation as of February 1919 with indications that now these ar Czechoslovak crowns. (The country could an inflation as experienced by Austria avoide.) In March 1919, German Austria began to stamp its crown banknotes.

The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 10 September 1919, by Austria on 25 October 1919 ratified and which on 16 July 1920 came into force, determined the cancellation and replacement of all crown banknotes of all successor states of Austria-Hungary as well as the complete liquidation of the Austro-Hungarian Bank under the supervision of the war winners. The last meetings of the Bank took place mid 1921 and at the end of 1922.

After a period of overvaluation of the crown the dollar rate rose from 1919 again. 1921, had to be paid over 5,000 Austrian crowns per dollar. In addition to the significant drop in the external value existed in Austria rising inflation. End of 1922 was ultimately a rehabilitation program with foreign assistance - the "Geneva Protocol" - passed which slowed down the inflation.

1922-1938

With Federal Law of 24 July 1922 the Minister of Finance was commissioned to build a central bank, which had to take over the entire note circulation plus current liabilities of the Austrian management of the Austro-Hungarian Bank. With Federal Law of 14 November 1922, certain provisions of the law were amended and promulgated the statutes of the Austrian National Bank. By order of the Federal Government Seipel I 29 December 1922, the Board of the Austrian Austro-Hungarian Bank issued authorization for the central bank union activity with 1 January 1923 have been declared extinct and was made ​​known the commencement of operations of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank this day.

The statutes of the Austrian National Bank (OeNB) secured the independence from the state, the independence of the Bank under exclusion of external influences and the corresponding equity. First, the stabilization of the Austrian currency was at the forefront. With the Schilling Act of 20 December 1924 was the schilling currency (First Republic) with 1 Introduced in March 1925, it replaced the crown currency. For 10,000 crowns now you got a shilling.

As an important personality in terms of the order of the state budget, Dr. Victor Kienböck has to be mentioned. He was in the time from 1922 to 1924 and from 1926 to 1929 finance minister of the First Republic and from 1932 to 1938 President of the Austrian National Bank. Through his work remained the Austrian Schilling, also beyound the global economy crisis, stable. Under this condition, the Fed was able to cope with the large number of bank failures of the past.

1938-1945

According to the on 13th March issued Anschlussgesetz (annexation law) , the Reichsmark with order of the Fuehrer and Chancellor of 17 was March 1938 introduced in the country Austria and determines the course: A Reichsmark is equal to one shilling fifty pence. On the same day, the Chancellor ordered that the management of the to be liquidated National Bank was transferred to the Reichsbank.

With regulation of three ministers of the German Reich of 23 April 1938, the National Bank was established as a property of the Reichsbank and its banknotes the quality as legal tender by 25 April 1938 withdrawn; public funds had Schilling banknotes until 15th of may in 1938 to accept. All the gold and foreign exchange reserves were transferred to Berlin.

The Second World War weakened the Austrian economy to a great extent, the production force after the war corresponded to only 40% of that of 1937 (see also air raids on Austria). To finance the war, the Reichsbank brought to a high degree banknotes in circulation, which only a great victory of the kingdom (Reich) actual values ​​would have been opposable. Since prices were strictly regulated, inflation virtually could be "banned" during the war.

1945-1998

In occupied postwar Austria about 10 billion shillings by Allied military occupying powers were initially printed, which contributed to significant price increases.

With the re-establishment of the Republic of Austria by the Austrian declaration of independence of 27 April 1945, it came to the resumption of activities of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank. By the "Fed Transition Act" of July 1945 preliminary legal regulations for the operations of the Bank have been established. The restoration of the Austrian currency was their first big job. The goal was the summary of all currencies, which at the time were in circulation, and their secondment to a new Austrian currency. The "Schilling Act" of November 1945, the basis for the re-introduction of the Schilling (Second Republic) as legal tender in Austria. The next step was to reduce excess liquidity to make necessary funds for new business investment available and to make the external value of the shilling for the development of the economy competitive. First, however, less changed the inflationary situation and also the shilling was still significantly undervalued in relation to other currencies.

The "Currency Protection Act" of 1947 brought a significant change in the monetary overhang. Some deposits have been deleted without replacement, others converted into claims against the Federal Treasury. The following exchange operations also significantly reduced the amount of cash: banknotes from 1945 were canceled and exchanged for new schilling notes in the ratio 1:3. Only 150 shillings per person could go 1-1.

To control inflation, the social partners came to the foreground. The associations of employers and employees set in 1947 prices for supplies, wages were also raised. This was the first of the five "wage-price agreements" of the social partners. In 1952, inflation was held back by limiting the use of monetary policy instruments by the National Bank. Also, the external sector slowly relaxed after the end of the Korean War.

In 1955, the Austrian National Bank was re-established by the new National Bank Act as a corporation and the by the National Bank Transition of Authorities Act (Nationalbank-Überleitungsgesetz) established provisional arragement abolished. The National Bank Act stipulated that each half of the capital should be situated at the federal government and private shareholders. In addition to the independence of bank loans of the state, the new National Bank Act also contained an order that the central bank must watch within their monetary and credit policies on the economic policies of the federal government. From now on also included within the instruments of the National Bank were the areas open market and minimum reserve policy.

The Austrian economy increasingly stabilized, through good fiscal and monetary policy a high growth could be attained, with low inflation and long-term maintenance of external equilibrium.

1960, Austria joined the European Free Trade Association and participated in the European integration.

In the sixties came the international monetary system based on gold-dollar convertibility into currency fluctuations and political reforms were necessary. First, the loosening of exchange rate adjustments between several states was an option. However, U.S. balance of payments problems brought with it restrictions on capital movements, and then the Euro-Dollar market was born. In 1971, the convertibility of the U.S. dollar was lifted.

1975 interrupted a recession increasing growth time. International unbalanced ayments caused very extensive foreign exchange movements, whereby the intervention force of Austrian monetary policy has been strongly challenged. Their task now was to control the effect of foreign exchange on domestic economic activities to stabilize the shilling in the context of constantly shifting exchange rates and to control the price rise appropriately. Since the inflow of foreign funds reached to high proportions, so that the economic stability has been compromised, the policy went the way of the independent course design in a pool of selected European currencies.

The collapse of the economy forced the policy makers to a new course with active mutual credit control, subdued wage growth, financial impulses in supply and demand, and interest rates are kept low. This system of regulation, however, kept back the need for structural change, so it had to be given up in 1979. In the same year a fire destroyed large parts of the main building of the Austrian National Bank in Vienna. The repairs lasted until 1985.

Target in the eighties was to strengthen the economic performance using a competitive power comparison. The findings from the seventies stimulated the Austrian monetary policy to align the Schilling course at the Deutsche Mark to ensure price stability in the country. In addition, the structural change was initiated by inclusion in a large area. Stable, if not necessarily comfortable environment of monetary policy was a prerequisite, to secure the companies long-term productivity gains and thus safeguard their position in the economy.

Initially, this development stood a high level of unemployment in the way. Growth until the second half of the decade increased, at the same time increased the competitiveness and current accounts could be kept in balance.

In the nineties, the annexation of Austria took place in the European Community. 1995 Austria became a member of the European Union (EU) and joined the exchange rate mechanism of the European Monetary System. In 1998, the Central Banks (ESCB) have established the independence of institutions or bodies of the European Community and the governments of the EU Member States through an amendment to the National Bank Act of the Austrian National Bank to implement the goals and tasks of the European System. Thus, the legal basis for the participation of Austria in the third stage of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) was created in 1999.

As of 1999

The Austrian National Bank, and other national central banks including the European Central Bank ( ECB), belongs to the European System of Central Banks.

On 1 January 1999 was introduced in the third stage of Economic and Monetary Union in Austria and ten other EU Member States, the euro as a common currency. The European Central Bank is henceforth responsible for monetary and currency policy, decisions in this regard will be taken in accordance with the Council of the European Central Bank.

Since May 2010, the OeNB is in full possession of the Republic of Austria, after originally lobbies, banks and insurance companies were involved with 50 % of the share capital in it. In 2011, the National Bank Act was adapted by an amendment (Federal Law Gazette I No. 50 /2011) in this circumstance, a renewed privatization is thus excluded by law.

The OeNB as a modern central bank

With the withdrawal from the retail business in the sixties as well as the first major internationalization and implementation of a strategic management in the seventies, the OeNB went on the way to a future-oriented central bank. Another major reform of banking began at the end of the eighties.

In terms of global development, the OeNB established in 1988 as a service company and expanded its guiding values ​​- "security, stability and trust" - to the principles of " fficiency" and "cost-consciousness". The business center was optimized and strategic business experienced through targeted improvements a reinforcement. Be mentioned as examples are intensifying domestic cooperation in the area of ​​payments by encouraging the creation of the Society for the Study co-payments (STUZZA), the liberalization of capital movements, the professional management of foreign exchange reserves, the improvement of the supply of money through the construction of the money center and the internationalization of business activities through the establishment of representative offices in Brussels (European Union), Paris (OECD) and the financial center of New York.

After Austria's accession to the EU in 1995, the OeNB participated in the European Monetary System (EMS ) and its Exchange Rate Mechanism. The integration in the third stage of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) was the next step towards further development of policy stability. Since the conclusion of the Maastricht Treaty, the Austrian National Bank has very fully considered its role in the ESCB and created a basis for inclusion in the community. The profound economic and monetary policy of Austria was also a reference that qualified the OeNB to actively participate in the monetary future of Europe, a greater harmonization of the statistical framework and monetary policy instruments with a view to the euro system, the preparation of the issue of European banknotes, and the establishment of operational processes and organizational integration of business processes within the ESCB being specific objectives of the OeNB.

In the following, it came, inter alia, to the establishement of an economic study department, of an education or training initiative and to strengthen the position of payment transactions through the TARGET system.

A in 1996 created "OeNB master plan" provided important points for the upcoming transition to the euro.

In May 1998, a new pension system came into force, by which new employees were incorporated into a two-pillar model.

1999, Austria's participation in the third stage of EMU was manifest. The Austrian National Bank - as part of the ESCB - became the owner of the European Central Bank and received new powers in this context in the sense of participation in the monetary policy decision-making at the level of the European Community. With the introduction of the euro, monetary policy functions of the General Council have been transferred to the Governing Council. However, the implementation remains the responsibility of national central banks.

Activities of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank were or are, for example, the further professionalization of asset management, the expansion of the network of representative offices by opening a representative office in the financial center of London, preparation of the smooth introduction of euro cash in 2002 and the participation of the OeNB on the creation of the "A-SIT" (Center for secure Information Technology Center - Austria) and the "A-Trust" (society of electronic security systems in traffic GmbH ) in order to promote security in information technology.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesterreichische_Nationalbank

Web Development - Silver Chair

Best viewed large :0)

A-50 Prototype

/ Ground

/ Photo by KAI (2003)

한국항공우주산업

At the business end of the new development at the site of the now demolished Firth Rixon Buildings, a similar view in June 2011 can be seen here-

www.flickr.com/photos/daohaiku/5830021734/

and, in May 2012, from the other side-

www.flickr.com/photos/daohaiku/7189909510/

looking towards the old Midland line in both cases which here crosses the substantial Ickles Viaduct taking the line over the River Don, which the blue girder bridge crosses on the left and further over in the left distance, the GCs line through Rotherham from Mexborough and on through Tinsley to Woodburn Junction. The new development here, which has been on-going for a few months now, is yet another Biomass FAcility and is starting to look like the one at Tinsley, in February 2014-

www.flickr.com/photos/daohaiku/12303260156/

and in December 2014-

www.flickr.com/photos/daohaiku/15951190496/

Its a shame that neither of these facilities, so close here to the 'Old Road' and at Tinsley close to the Midland Main line AND the GC line through Rotherham, make no attempt to use the Railway for bringing in the Biomass materials for burning at the generating facilities. IN this picture, the Rotherham Steel Terminal is with its sidings off the main line, is just a few hundred metres behind the camera and was, of course, the old, vast, Masbrough Sorting Sidings. This scene has, in similar fashion to the view at Barnetby in the direction of Wrawby Junction, a rather irksome post right in the picture where its least welcome; here ts a tall lamp standard which went straight across the front of the approaching GBRf loco; so it has been cloned out with a rather better outcome for the picture. Approaching the Ickles road bridge from the north is GBRf class 66, 66764 on the regular lunchtime service, 6X73, Doncaster Up Decoy to Toton North Yard with a 1235 tonne haul of canary yellow, Network Rail, points carriers. The site is under some clearance work so it is to be hoped the pictures here will get better, i.e. those damn birch tress will be removed from the side of the bridge. The access here is where, before redundancy in the mid-80's my father used to walk through, there being a high wall along here with a large arched doorway onto the side to the blue river over-bridge. The river in those days was disgusting to look at and foul to smell, but he plied his daily routing into the works of Steel, Peach and Tozer from just after to the last war to the mid-80s when Thatcher and her cronies, including the charming Ian MacGregor who was responsible for the governments closure of pits in the 1980s, see-

www.workersliberty.org/story/2008/11/04/great-miners-stri...

and subsequently the steel works where ultimately resulted in dad's early exit form a job he had had, in the main on shifts for almost 40 years. I go into this because this turns out to be a long story and now, instead of S.P.& T. and its subsequent nationalise operator, B.S.C., the steel industry may well be in its final death throes as TATA, the Indian owners of the UK's steel industry, attempt to sell of what's left of the business, with, at the present time, no apparent buyers... It comes around and goes around... .

Developmental psychology is the logical learn of modify that occur in person being over the route of their life.

A107

His was a time of toils, which laid the foundation for us to rise from. As he reminisced while overlooking at the rapid developments, we should be ever grateful to our elders who helped built this city. For we reaped the fruits of their labour and likewise pass it on to our future generations.

As easy and effortless as it sounds, custom software development complex and requires you as the developer to juggle through various tasks simultaneously. From choosing the technology to understanding the user to studying the market and even the existing systems, the developers have to face tough situations while managing the custom solution. Read More

(L:R) World Bank Director of Corporate Communications Richard Mills, World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim, President of the National Bank of Poland and Development Committee Chairman Marek Belka, and International Monetary Fund Managing Director Christine Lagarde at the Development Committee press briefing during the 2013 World Bank/IMF Annual Meetings at IMF Headquarters, Washington, D.C., October 12, 2013IMF Photo

Photo by Christopher Ulrich

Mayank Srivastava presents MVC 3 (Part 2) at the Microsoft Store in Oakbrook

Sunday, August 7, 2011, 1:00 PM

www.meetup.com/SoftDev/events/16818748/

Oakbrook Center (Microsoft Store) - Next to Create & Barrel

49 Oak Brook Center, Oak Brook, IL

www.microsoftstore.com/

The Software Development Community (SDC) is pleased to announce that on Sunday August, 7th @ 1PM at the Microsoft Store - 49 Oak Brook Center Oak Brook, IL, 60523 Mayank Srivastava will present MVC3 and the following technologies:

ASP.NET MVC (using version 3.0) - Session 2 of 2

Session 2 - Workshop

Building an application interactively using ASP.NET MVC 3.0

· Design Pattern and practices considerations.

· DI – implementing IoC container

· TDD –Mock helpers

· jQuery and Ajax

· Enhanced UX with jQuery UI

· Implementing Grid

· Implementing Charts

· Using HTML 5 with ASP.NET MVC

Attendees can bring their problems, issues from their projects, that they want to discuss and we can try to tackle them.

About Mayank Srivastava:

Mayank Srivastava has been in the industry for almost 9 years working on different areas in the Microsoft .Net framework and related technologies. He is enthusiastic about Web, Mobile & Cloud development and a proponent of open source and Agile. He has a keen interest in OOAD, design patterns and N-tier application design.

Sponsor: Platinum Consulting Services

Platinum Consulting Services has graciously provided pizza and drinks for this event.

We kindly ask that you update your RSVP to ensure the proper amount of food is order for the event.

www.hirepcs.com/

View the High Resolution Image on my Photo Website

Pictures.MichaelKappel.com

April 17, 2016 - WASHINGTON DC., 2016 World Bank / IMF Spring Meetings. A New Vision for Financing Development with Bill Gates.

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Co-Chair Bill Gates;World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim; UK Secretary of State for International Development Justine Greening; Reserve Bank of India Governor Raghuram Rajan; Ghana Minister for Finance and Economic Planning Seth Terkper; BBC News Correspondent (Moderator) Michelle Fleury. Photo: Simone D. McCourtie / World Bank

A-50 Prototype

/ Ground

/ Photo by KAI (2003)

한국항공우주산업

2013 World Bank Group / Fund Annual Meetings. 2013 Development Committee. Photos By: Eugene Salazar / World Bank

Photo ID: 101213_AM_DEVCOM_038_F

major works to the harbour largely complete, with some more work on the water affects required - not all smooth sailing, as you can see the multi-meter in the background as i've pickup some dead spots on my track that need work. Some ballasting underway.

Cabinteely, Dublin.

City of Fort Collins | Madeline Bechtel

Director General of Revenue of Somalia Jafar Mohamed Ahmed, Director General of Somalia National Bureau of Statistics Sharmarke Farah, Senior Economist Vincent de Paul Koukpaizan, and Deputy Division Chief of the IMF Statistics Department Zaijin Zhan participate in a Capacity Development Talk titled Building Capacity in Fragile States moderated by Noha El-Gebaly at the International Monetary Fund.

IMF Photo/Cory Hancock

12 April 2022

Washington, DC, United States

Photo ref: CH220412066.arw

Container Home In Houston, Texas

Professor Meenal Rana's Child Development 362 classroom activity.

bit.ly/24AkMro

December 23, 2013- Hajvery University (HU) hosted a lecture on The Role of Youth in Nation's Development by Honorable Mr. Asad Umar, Member National Assembly, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf. HU as part of its Great Minds Visit HU! Series invites accomplished individuals from all walks of life to share their success stories with the students and inspire them to follow their dreams at a time when the youth of Pakistan have too many reasons to be demoralised and not enough to become agents of change.

Mr. Asad Umar, MNA and Senior Member of PTI, gave an energized talk to the HU Students on the positive mindset required by today's youth to overcome the numerous challenges that Pakistan faces. He encouraged students to focus on the Entrepreneurial Mindset and use the skills learned at the University to start their own businesses. He further added that the Students must become agents of change in their individual capacities if they want to see Pakistan as a prosperous nation in the future. He stressed that Education is the driving force of a Knowledge based Economy and the students sitting here today in the HU Auditorium are as bright and intelligent as any other student in the world.

“I’ve had the good fortune of travelling the world and being associated with some of the best Organisations & Universities world over and I can reassure you that the students sitting here today in the Hajvery University’s Auditorium are as bright and intelligent as any other student in the world!

Mr. Asad Umar also took oath from 30 male and female students who formed the new Executive Counsel of the HU Student Societies, an initiative by the University to give students a platform to hone their unique talents various fields. The 5 Student Societies are mentioned below. Each consists of a President and 5 Vice Presidents.

1) HU Debating Society (HUDS)

2) HU Performing Arts & Dramatics Society (HU PADS)

3) HU Photography Society (HUPS)

4) HU Career Development Society (HU CDS)

5) HU Newsletter & Year Book Society ( HU NLYBS)

More Students Societies Executive Councils will be finalised in the upcoming weeks.

Mr. Asad Umar also officially Launched 2 Portals, HU Student Life Portal and HU Campus Beat Blog both of which are aimed at showcasing and sharing the Student led activities of Hajvery University to the rest of the world. Dr. Muhammad Khalid Pervaiz, Rector HU, expressed that students are keen to play an active role in Nation’s Development and such events allow them to take inspirations.

Mr. Fahd Sheikh, Director, HU while speaking on the occasion expressed that encouraging these students to play a positive role in nation building is pivotal to the success of the country. The University is taking initiatives such as Great Minds Visit HU! Series to continually invite such people who can have a positive impact of these students mindsets. He also expressed gratitude on behalf of the University to Mr. Asad Umar and his team members who very kindly graced the occasion and had an engaging session with the students. The event concluded with refreshments.

September 24, 2011- Washington DC., 2011 World Bank Annual Meetings. Realizing the Demographic Dividend: Challenges and Opportunities for Ministers of Finance and Development. Panelists:David Bloom , Clarence James Gamble Professor of Economics and Demography, Harvard University, United States; Melinda Gates , Co-Chair, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, United States; Maria Kiwanuka , Minister of Finance, Uganda; Andrew Mitchell , Secretary of State for International Development, United Kingdom; Thirachai Phuvanatnaranubala , Minister of Finance, Thailand (shown); Rajiv Shah , Administrator, US Agency for International Development, United States.

Photo: © Simone D. McCourite / World Bank

Photo ID: 092411-DemographicDividend_040F

Zack Phillips warms up

The Land Development Scheme of the Fitzroy Basin. A portion of the first burn viewed from the Eastern side.

December 1962.

Item: 436408

Neg: C2-4333

Once upon a time, I guess Kingsnorth was a small leafy village, set in loamy countryside, rarely visited. Indeed this is what Hasted suggests.

Set a mile or two outside Ashford, all was calm and peaceful until the railways came to Ashford and the town grew and grew.

In the 21st century, Kingsnorth is found from the main road into the town centre, along a busy road to where the old village pub still sits. And opposite is the start of Church Hill, at the top, not surprisingly, sits the church.

Inbetween now is a large and modern housing estate, and beside the church, a busy school, even busy on a Saturday morning due to football practice and the fleet of MPVs and Soccer Moms taking their darlings for a kickabout.

It is the modern way, after all.

St Michael sits quietly next door to the school, the end of a footpath leading to another housing development on the Brenzett road, were an old friend once had a house. And I can remember him leading us on a walk over the fields through clouds of Gatekeepers where we found, as today, the church open.

I took a few shots then, but am back now to complete the task.

First highlight was the 17th century graffiti in the porch.

In truth it is a small and simple church, mostly clear what looks like modern glass, though a single panel of ancient glass is in one of the north have windows and a single panel of wall painting on the side of the north chancel arch.

-------------------------------------------

KINGSNOTH,

THE next parish south-eastward is Kingsnoth, sometimes called Kingsnode, and by Leland written Kinges-snode.

THIS PARISH is so obscurely situated as to be but little known, the soil in it is throughout a deep miry clay; it is much interspersed with woodlands, especially in the south-east part of it, the whole face of the country here is unpleasant and dreary, the hedge rows wide, with spreading oaks among them; and the roads, which are very broad, with a wide space of green swerd on each side, execrably bad; insomuch, that they are dangerous to pass except in the driest time of summer; the whole of it is much the same as the parishes adjoining to it in the Weald, of which the church, which stands on the hill nearly in the middle of the parish, is the northern boundary, consequently all that part of it southward is within that district. There is no village, the houses standing single, and interspersed throughout it At no great distance eastward from the church is the manor house of Kingsnoth, still called the Park-house, the antient mansion, which stood upon a rise, at some distance from the present house, seems from the scite of it, which is moated round, to have been large, remains of Mosaic pavement, and large quantities of stone have been at times dug up from it. South-eastward from the church is Mumfords, which seems formerly to have been very large, but the greatest part of it has been pulled down and the present small farm-house built out of it; westward from the church stands the court-lodge, now so called, of East Kingsnoth manor, it is moated round, and seems likewise to have been much larger than it is at present, and close to the western boundary of the parish is the manor-house of West Halks, which has been a large antient building, most probably of some consequence in former times, as there appears to have been a causeway once from it, wide enough for a carriage, which led through the courtlodge farm towards Shadoxhurst, Woodchurch, and son on to Halden, remains of which are often turned up in ploughing the grounds. In the low grounds, near the meadows, is the scite of the manor of Moorhouse, moated round. The above mansions seem to have been moated round not only for defence, but to drain off the water from the miry soil on which they were built, which was no doubt the principal reason why so many of the antient ones, in this and the like situations were likewise moated round. There is a streamlet, which rises in the woods near Bromley green, and slows along the eastern par to this parish northward, and joining the Postling branch of the Stour near Sevington, runs with it by Hockwood barn and under Alsop green, towards Ashford. Leland in his Itinerary says, vol. vii. p. 145, "The river of Cantorbury now cawled Sture springeth at Kinges Snode the which standeth sowthe and a lytle by west fro Cantorbury and ys distant of Cant. a xiiii or xv myles."

THE ROYAL MANOR OF WYE claims paramount over this parish. The lord of that manor, George Finch Hatton, esq. of Eastwell, holds a court leet here for the borough of East Kingsnoth, which claims over this parish, at which a borsholder is yearly appointed; subordinate to which is THE MANOR OF KINGSNOTH, which in early times was the residence of a family to which it gave name, who bore for their coat armour, as appeared by seals appendant to their antient deeds, Ermine, upon a bend, five chevronels; and John de Kingsnoth, who lived here about the latter end of king Edward I. sealed with that coat of arms; yet I find that Bartholomew de Badlesmere, who was attainted about the 17th year of king Edward II had some interest in this manor, which upon his conviction escheated to the crown, and remained there until Richard II. granted it to Sir Robert Belknap, the judge, who had, not long before, purchased that proportion of this manor which belonged to the family of Kingsnoth, by which he became possessed of the whole of it; but he being attainted and banished in the 11th year of that reign, that part which had belonged to Badlesmere, and was granted by the king to Sir Robert Belknap, returned again to the crown, a further account of which may be seen hereafter. (fn. 1) But the other part of this estate, which belonged to the family of Kingsnoth likewise, henceforward called the manor of Kingsnoth, which seems to have been the greatest part of it, on the petition of Hamon Belknap his son to parliament, to be enabled in blood and lands to his father, notwithstanding the judgement against him, was restored to him, and he was found by inquisition to die possessed of it in the 7th year of king Henry VI. Soon after which I find Sir Thomas Browne, of Beechworth castle, treasurer of the king's houshold, to have become possessed of it; for in the 27th year of that reign, he obtained licence for a fair in this parish, on the feast of St. Michael, and that same year he had another to embattle his mansion here and to inclose a park, and for freewarren in all his demesne lands within this manor; and in a younger branch of his descendants this manor continued down to Richard Browne, esq. of Shingleton, in Great Chart, who married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Andrews, of Lathbury, in Buckinghamshire, and dying soon after the death of king Charles I. Elizabeth, their only daughter and heir, carried it in marriage to Thomas, lord Leigh, of Stoneleigh, who afterwards alienated it again to Andrews, in which name it continued till Alexander Andrews, executor and devisee of William Andrews, in 1690, conveyed this manor, with the farm called the Park, the manor of Morehouse, and other lands in this parish, being enabled so to do by act of parliament, to the company of haberdashers of London, as trustees, for the support of the hospital at Hoxton, commonly called Aske's hospital, in whom they are now vested. There is not any court held for this manor.

THE OTHER PART of the above-mentioned estate, which had formerly belonged to the family of Badlesmere, and had escheated to the crown on the attainder of Bartholomew de Badlesmere in the 17th year of king Edward II. remained there until Richard II. granted it to Sir Robert Belknap, on whose attainder and banishment in the 11th year of that reign it returned again to the crown, whence it seems, but at what time I have not found, to have been granted to the abbot and convent of Battel, in Sussex, by the name of THE MANOR OF EAST KINGSNOTH, together with the manors of West Kingenoth, in Pluckley; Morehouse, in this parish; and Wathenden, in Biddenden, lately belonging to that monastery, in as ample a manner as the late abbot, or any of his predecessors had possessed them, (fn. 2) and they continued part of the possessions of it till its dissolution in the 30th year of Henry VIII. when they came into the hands of the crown, where they staid but a short time; for the king that year granted these manors to Sir Edw. Ringsley for his life, without any rent or account whatsoever; and four years afterwards the king sold the reversion of them to Sir John Baker, one of his council, and chancellor of the first fruits and tenths, to hold in capite by knight's service. He died in 1558, possessed of this manor, with the advowson of the church of Kingsnoth, and the manors of West Kingsnoth and Morehouse, held in capite, in whose descendants the manor of East Kingsnoth, with the advowson of the church, descended down to Sir John Baker, bart. who, in the reign of king Charles I. passed it away by sale to Mr. Nathaniel Powell, of Ewehurst, in Sussex, and afterwards of Wiarton, in this county, who was in 1661 created a baronet; and in his descendants it continued down to Sir Christopher Powell, bart. who died possessed of it in 1742, s.p. leaving his widow surviving, whose trustees sold this manor and advowson, after her death, to Mrs. Fuller, widow of Mr. David Fuller, of Maidstone, attorney-at-law, who in 1775 devised them by will to her relation William Stacy Coast, esq. now of Sevenoke, the present owner of them. There is not any court held for this manor.

MUMFORDS, as it is now called, though its proper and more antient name is Montfort's, is a manor in this parish, which was once the residence of the family of Clerc, written in antient deeds le Clerc, and afterwards both Clerke and Clarke, in which it continued till about the latter end of the reign of king Edward I. when Henry le Clerc leaving no issue male, Susan his daughter and heir carried it, with much other inheritance, in marriage to Sir Simon de Woodchurch, whose descendants, out of gratitude for such increase of fortune, altered their paternal name from Woodchurch to Clerke, and in several of their deeds subsequent to this marriage, were written Clerke, alias Woodchurch. They resided at Woodchurch till Humphry Clerke, esq. removed hither in Henry VIII.'s reign. (fn. 3) His son Humphry Clerke, about the end of queen Elizabeth's reign, sold this manor to John Taylor, son of John Taylor, of Willesborough, who afterwards resided here. His son John Taylor, gent. of Winchelsea, alienated it, about the beginning of king Charles I.'s reign, to Edward Wightwick, gent. descended of a family originally of Staffordshire, who bore for their arms, Argent, on a chevron, argent, between three pheons, or, as many crosses patee, gules, granted in 1613. He afterwards resided here, as did his descendants, till at length Humphry Wightwick, gent. about the beginning of king George II.'s reign removed to New Romney, of which town and port he was jurat, in whose descendants this manor became afterwards vested in several undivided shares. At length Mr. William Whitwick, the only surviving son of Humphry, having purchased his mother's life estate in it, as well as the shares of his brother Martin's children, lately sold the whole property of it to Mr. Swaffer, the present possessor and occupier of it.

WEST HALKS, usually called West Hawks, is a manor, situated near the western bounds of this parish, being held of the manor of Kenardington; it formerly was the residence of a family of the name of Halk, who bore on their seals a fess, between three bawks, and sometimes only one, and were of no contemptible account, as appears by old pedigrees and writings, in which they are represented as gentlemen for above three hundred years. Sampson de Halk, gent. died possessed of this manor about the year 1360, and held besides much other land at Petham and the adjoining parishes; but about the latter end of king Henry VI.'s reign, this manor had passed from this family into that of Taylor, in which name it continued till the latter end of king Henry VII. when it was alienated to Clerc, whose descendant Humphry Clerke, esq. about the end of queen Elizabeth's reign, passed it away to Robert Honywood, esq, of Charing, who settled it on his fourth son by his second marriage Colonel Honywood. How long it continued in his descendants, I cannot learn; but it has been for some length of time in the name of Eaton, of. Essex, Mr. Henry Eaton being the present owner of it.

Charities.

HUMPHRY CLARKE, gent. of this parish, left by will in 1637, a parcel of land, called Pightland, containing about three acres, in the eastern part of this parish, for the benefit of the poor of it.

MRS. ELIZABETH MAY, in 1721, gave by will 9l. every third year, chargeable on Bilham farm, to be paid, clear of all deductions, to this parish in turn, during a term of years therein mentioned, to be applied yearly towards the binding out a child an apprentice, of the poorest people in three parishes in turn, as has been already mentioned more at large under Sevington. One girl only has as yet been put out apprentice from this charity, by this parish.

The number of poor constanly relieved are about twentyfive, casually twelve.

KINGSNOTH is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Limne.

The church, which is dedicated to St. Michael, is small, consisting only of one isle and one chancel, having a square tower steeple at the west end, in which are five bells. In the isle is an antient gravestone, coffin-shaped, with old French capitals round it, now illegible. In the chancel is a stone, with an inscription on it in brass, for Thomas Umfrey, rector, no date; and a monument for Thomas Reader, A. M. son of Thomas Reader, gent. of Bower, in Maidstone, obt. 1740. Against the north wall is the tomb of Humphry Clarke, esq. made of Bethersden marble, having the figures of him and his wife remaining in brass on it, and underneath four sons and five daughters. Over the tomb, in an arch in the wall, is an inscription to his memory, set up by his daughter's son Sir Martin Culpeper, over it are the arms of Clarke, Two pales wavy, ermine, impaling Mayney. In the glass of the south window of the isle are several heads remaining, and in the north-west window the figure of St. Michael with the dragon. The north chancel fell down about thirty years ago. It belonged to the manor of Mumfords, and in it were interred the Wightwicks, owners of that manor; the gravestones of them, nine in number, yet remain in the church-yard, shut out from the church; and on one next to theirs, formerly within this chancel, is the figure of a knight in armour, with a lion under his feet, and an inscription in brass, for Sir William Parker, son of William Parker, esq. citizen and mercer of London, obt. 1421; arms, On a fess, three balls.

The advowson of the rectory of this church was formerly parcel of the possessions of the priory of Christ-church, and at the dissolution of it in the 31st year of Henry VIII. came into the king's hands, where it remained till that king in his 34th year, granted it in exchange, among other premises, to archbp. Cranmer, (fn. 4) who did not keep it long; for four years afterwards, he reconveyed it, with the consent of his chapter, back again to the king, (fn. 5) who soon afterwards granted it to Sir John Baker, one of his council, and chancellor of his first-fruits and tenths, who died possessed of the manor of East Kingsnoth, together with the advowson of this church, in the year 1558, in whose descendants it continued down to Sir John Baker, bart. who in the reign of king Charles I. alienated it, with that manor, to Mr. Nathaniel Powell. Since which this advowson has continued in the like succession of ownership with that manor, as may be seen more fully in the account of it before, to the present patron of it, William Stacy Coast, esq. now of Sevenoke.

There was formerly a pension of forty shillings payable from this church to the abbot of Battel.

¶This rectory is valued in the king's books at 11l. 9s. 9½d. and the yearly tenths at 1l. 2s. 11¼d. In 1578 it was valued at sixty pounds, communicants one hundred. In 1640 it was valued at fifty pounds only, and there were the like number of communicants. It is now worth about one hundred and forty pounds per annum. The rector takes no tithes of wood below the hill southward. There are about seventeen acres of glebe land.

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol7/pp583-592

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There has been a Church in Kingsnorth from Saxon Times but the present building probably dates from the 11thC. There are examples of 13thC and 14thC stained glass remaining in some of the windows. The chancel was rebuilt in the 18thC following a storm and the two side chapels were demolished at this time. Major restoration was carried out in the 19thC at which time the stained glass in the East Window was installed. At this time and again in the 1920s work was carried out to try and cure the problem of rising damp due to the high water table. In 2006 major restoration was once again required and in addition to repairs to the tower and external stonework it was decided that an extension would be built on the site of the old chantry chapel on the north side of the building and that the interior of the church would be re-ordered. This involved digging out the interior of the church and laying a new suspended floor to try and cure the problem of the rising damp (This has been largely successful). The old pews and choir stalls were replaced with modern stackable pews to enable a more flexible use of the space, new lighting and a new heating system was installed. This has resulted in a light airy user friendly building. At the back of the church a glass screen was erected forming a separate area. This provides a space where parents can take their children if they become restless during the services. The ground floor of the extension consists of a large meeting room with kitchenette plus toilet. On the first floor there is a choir vestry and church office. There are currently plans to install a second toilet on this floor. On the second floor there is a further small meeting room and a store room.

www.kandschurches.org.uk/

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