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My sister and Best friend <3 Est. 2007
www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJYXItns2ik
If you ever find yourself stuck in the middle of the sea,
I'll sail the world to find you
If you ever find yourself lost in the dark and you can't see,
I'll be the light to guide you
Find out what we're made of
When we are called to help our friends in need
You can count on me like one two three
I'll be there
And I know when I need it I can count on you like four three two
And you'll be there
'Cause that's what friends are supposed to do, oh yeah
Whoa, whoa
Ooh, ooh
Yeah, yeah
If you tossin' and you're turnin' and you just can't fall asleep
I'll sing a song
Beside you
And if you ever forget how much you really mean to me
Everyday I will
Remind you
Ooh
Find out what we're made of
When we are called to help our friends in need
You can count on me like one two three
I'll be there
And I know when I need it I can count on you like four three two
And you'll be there
'Cause that's what friends are supposed to do, oh yeah
Ooh, ooh
Yeah, yeah
You'll always have my shoulder when you cry
I'll never let go
Never say goodbye
You know you can
You can count on me like one two three
I'll be there
And I know when I need it I can count on you like four three two
And you'll be there
'Cause that's what friends are supposed to do, oh yeah
Ooh, ooh
You can count on me 'cause I can count on you
Pretty pink colours lighting shadows and delicate details again i tried to get as close as i could to get the whole flower in the photo with the busy bee on top,hope you like this one? I am quite pleased with this one with the yellow pollen scattered over the flower petals.
As shot RAW captured
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Count Slugula. (Name stolen from Beth.)
On Thursday the 13th, we walked 12 miles along the ridgeline. I have almost no pictures, despite it being gorgeous. And that is because about an hour into the day, lightning cracked directly overhead, and we got hailed on. And then it never stopped. We ducked into some bushes to get our raingear on (and that's when MF discovered his raincoat is moldy), and found a guy with a couple young boys. I think it was a boyscout troop or something doing a section hike. But he put them in the bushes to stay dry during the storm. I don't know what happened to them, because it rained for hours. It was really weird. If you aren't comfortable walking in a storm, you find a shelter. You either stay where you are, or you run to the next one. Sitting in the bushes slowly getting wet is a sure way to get hypothermia. And it was definitely a cold rain.
I'm back! It's only been, what, four months? Well, I guess I've been busy, and I had a bit of a mini-dark age. But, I didn't stop building too much. I got caught up with school and life (I know, lame, right?) But, It's summer now, so I should be back up and running again. I've had some stuff sitting around for a while that I'll upload in the next few days.
First off is something I've been meaning to build for quite a while. Dr. Who, based on the two part episodes Silence in the Library and Forest of the Dead.
Day 1 of a 5 day (count 'em) weekend.
And needless to say, we were awake and up at a very early hour as our brains wake us up when the sun rises.
But that means we could be out of the house very early, and on our way to a very spacial meadow. All meadows are special, but Kentish freshwater meadows are now very rare, apart from this one there might not be another.
The reason for going, and you won't be surprised, is to see an orchid. Trips out of East Kent are rare for orchids, but for the Early Marsh I am more than willing to make an excuse. Early Marsh are not that rare, nationally, but in Kent, most habitat has been drained for housing or industry. So, having seen photos of the spikes beginning to open online earlier in the week, its about time we paid our annual visit.
We were out of the house by half six, having had coffee. We would get breakfast at the filling station near the reserve we said. And park there for half an hour.
So we thought.
After a mostly uneventful journey up the A2 to the motorway, with just one lady driver who seemed to think indicators were for everyone else but her. She glared at me after I pass her having given her both barrels of the Audi headlights. I indicated I wanted to pass, she drifted over to block me off.
Anyway, we reach the motorway, then cruise up in lighter rush hour traffic, past Faversham and the Medway Towns, over the river before turning off and driving down the Medway valley through Cuxton.
Only to find the garage closed.
We park in a residential area nearby, away from houses so not to be trouble, grab my camera and we cross the road, walk through the industrial estate, past loading bays and stores of a distribution company. Through the underpass under the railway, and the sounds of the modern world left far behind.
We climb over the five bar gate, and into the water meadow, the soil a partially dried mud that we could just about get through.
We pass by a couple of ragged robin plants, fairly unusual in Kent, so I take shots. And then across the reserve, sticking to the poorly marked path leading to the far side where the orchids could be found.
And we find orchids. Including nearly a dozen Early Marsh, a huge increase on previous years. I snap most of them and the Southern Marsh there too. Although the CSOs were not in flower, but close.
We wander back, looking at each spike, taking shots so not to miss anything.
We walk back to the gate, climb back over and start to walk back to the car. Jools sees that the garage was open, so goes to get breakfast while I go to collect the car and will meet her back there.
Instead of eating in the car, we drive back towards the motorway, but stop at Ranscombe Farm and walk to the overlook with the river and viaducts leaping over the lazy water. We sit on the grass bank to eat, while a couple of Javelins zoom by.
I try to grab a shot with the compact.
After we had eaten, we walk back to the car and begin the trip hme, during which I had planned two or three further stops because orchids.
What were you expecting?
Next up was Stockbury, where I hoped to see the increasingly rare Lesser Butterfly.
Parking at reserves is tricky, not so bad now some of the lockdown has been lifted, but I make sure we park away from any houses, leaving us with a short hike up the lane to the reserve, and on the way I spot two Ivry Broomrape spikes, another fairly uncommon plant, one that leaches off ivy so need not photosynthesise.
Impressed, huh?
I snap those, then we walk up to the reserve, where just about every bluebell had gone to seed, and all that is left is dried spikes and collapsed leaves laying like seaweed on the ground. There's always next year.
We walk round, down the slip and into the lower meadow where there I spy an orchid. A butterfly orchid. Several butterfly orchids. Six butterfly orchids, all lessers.
Which is great. Up from just the one last year!
I take shots. Of course.
Further along are dozens of Lady, most just going over, showing how crazy early everything has been. I just take a group shot of three spikes looking good. We walk onto the lower road, now cleared of flytipped rubbish, and blocked off both ends well enough now to stop more dumping. The road is covered with an inch of dry leaves, turning the modern world back to nature.
Along the lane we find 31 Broad Leaved Heleborine spikes, which will be the highlight come July. But for now, a game to play in spotting them in the undergrowth.
Last call is back in Woolage to search for the Brdsnest.
I checked previous year's shots, and some years they showed late, so maybe we would find them?
Maybe not.
We park on the road, and search all at the east end of the wood, but find no sign.
Sigh.
But the White Helleborines are thriving, including one with three very open lips, which is unheard of. I take shots just to make sure, and another of a pale spike which I think is a var. chloriantha.
Or not.
And that is that.
So, back to the car for the final leg home, but going to visit Jen as I had not seen her in weeks. Anyway, she was in the process of getting a refund back from the cruise, so we sort ours out too, meaning we would no longer be in debt.
Which is nice.
Other than that, we are all well, though just wanting to get back to normal, if we just knew what normal would be.
We go home for lunch, and then a lazy afternoon spent in the sun (its too hot) and inside (its too cold) until it was time to cook dinner, which I tried some crossover cuisine: courgette AND aubergine fritters. Which come out very well I have to say. There was quite a pile, but we did make them all vanish.
The evening is made of Uckers and March Riley, until i decide at twenty to seven I needed to make a baked cheesecake, and as the baking part takes four hours, it was going to be a long evening.
I make the base, digestives, melted butter and sugar, then I mix up the filling; cream cheese, sour cream, eggs, sugar, vanilla seeds and extract.
It goes in the oven at half seven.
Four hours to kill.
There is radio, and sloe gin.
And sitting in the back garden under dark skies whilst a badger eats peanuts loudly out of view.
He is happy with the way the evening turned out.
And dead on half eleven, I turn the oven off and go to bed, slightly tipsy fart. And sleep soundly with Scully beside me.
Racked my brain for a few days trying to find a *tiny* stamp I felt I could base an entire card on! Used the sheep from Sky's the Limit clear set (CL270) for the "little" part, and then the HA Houndstooth with Versamark, embossed with clear embossing powder just for a bit of interest on the large circle and two smaller yellow circles. Colored the sheep with colored pencils and Gamsol, used Fiskars Apron Lace punch, and printed my sentiment from the computer (card says "Count some sheep, get lots of sleep and get well soon!") Other elements are string, Bazzill paper, pop dots and pearls. Thanks for looking!
I happened upon this sheep drive flowing past me along US Highway 14A through the Bighorn National Forest (where many livestock permits are granted for grazing rights to private individuals and larger operations). Although when I first spotted the activity I it seemed there was no human involved, there were at least five hard-working dogs assuring the sheep kept moving where they were supposed to.
The black sheep were belled.
Stitched on metallic gold paper. Read more at allthingspaper-annmartin.blogspot.com/2011/04/springtime-...
Last Thursday, Flickr was switched off, we were told it was for a test to see about moving to a new server farm, or something.
Until a couple of weeks back, I used to average 800-1200 views a day, and it didn't vary beyond that.
Two weeks ago, Flickr announced it changed the way counts were being recorded as contacts were seeing justified views on their homepage.
My views doubled over night.
The when the site was switched back on again on Thursday, those views doubled again.
Now, what with leaving 85% of the groups I was a member of yesterday, I thought that the view count would drop, not a bit of it. Something odd is happening...
former site of the Shrine of Our Lady of Ipswich, Lady Lane, Ipswich
On January 8th, 1297, a royal wedding took place in Ipswich. Princess Elizabeth, daughter of King Edward I, married the Count of Holland. Fitch, in his annals, records that Edward I stayed in the town for the ceremony with 'a splendid court', and that the three minstrels were paid 50s each for their services.The wedding took place, not in any of the parish churches of the town, but in one of England's major shrines of Marian pilgrimage; a shrine to which we may presume Edward I had a special devotion. This was the Shrine of Our Lady of Grace, also referred to in contemporary records as Our Lady of Ipswich.
This wedding is just the earliest record we have of a royal occasion at the shrine. Thereafter, a succession of visitors come here on pilgrimage, culminating in the early 16th century, when the pilgrimage cult was at its height. Between 1517 and 1522, both Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon made journeys to the shrine, set beside the Westgate in the parish of St Matthew. Other visitors included the local dignitary Cardinal Wolsey, and the future saint Thomas More.
It is hard for us to understand today the part that Mary played in the medieval economy of grace. Contrary to popular belief, there is considerable (and growing) evidence that the people of rural medieval England had an articulate and sophisticated understanding of the nature and purposes of intercessionary prayer. Although there may have been abuses, when people, in some sense, offered 'worship' to images of the Madonna, this was not a general practice, or even a common one. Mary was seen as a focus of prayer; contemporary images of medieval people frequently show them carrying their rosary beads.
To have some understanding of the role of Our Lady in the hearts and minds of medieval Suffolkers, we need to look at the church in southern Europe today. The spectacular processions, the colourful images, the celebrations and devotions would all have been a part of medieval Suffolk life. Fundamentally, the people of medieval Suffolk, in all their daily trials and tribulations, in the midst of their suffering and expectation of an early death, saw Mary as being on their side.
A surprising amount of evidence of the medieval affection for Mary survives in Suffolk, considering how this cult outraged the reformers of the 1540s, and was attacked by Puritans and Anglicans throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. A brief survey of churches with entries on this site will find the rosary dedication at the base of the tower at Helmingham, the Hail Mary monograms on each side of the tower at Stonham Parva, the so-called Doom painting at Cowlinge, where Mary tips the scales in favour of sinners, and many more. About half of the medieval churches in Suffolk are dedicated to St Mary. Although Orme has shown us that many current Anglican dedications are well-meaning 18th century inventions, will evidence proves that many of the Suffolk dedications to Mary are correct; except that the dedication would usually be to a Marian solemnity or devotion, most commonly the Assumption. This dedication has been restored correctly by the Anglo-catholics at Ufford. Of the churches not dedicated to Mary, all would have contained a Marian shrine.
These shrines were most commonly at the east end of the south aisle, and were often restored by the Victorians as a 'lady chapel'. Some of these shrines became famous as a result of reports of their efficacy. Some became so popular that they were translated to buildings of their own. This is probably how the shrine of Our Lady of Grace came to be, although its actual origins are lost in the mists of time.
There were four churches within a stones throw of the shrine, of which two, St Mary Elms and St Matthew, survive today. Edward I's visit to Ipswich came two hundred years after the founding of the greatest English Marian shrine at Walsingham, about sixty miles from Ipswich. We may assume that the fame of Ipswich grew in a similar way to that of Walsingham.There were other major shrines in Eastern England at Kings Lynn, Ely and Lincoln; in Suffolk, we know that pilgrimages were made to Bury, Woolpit and Sudbury, amongst others.
The fame and influence of the Ipswich shrine reached its peak in the early years of the 16th Century, after an incident known as the Miracle of the Maid of Ipswich. This occured in 1516 and was held in renown all over England in the few short years left before the Reformation intervened. The popularity of the Miracle, in which Joan, a young Ipswich girl, has a near-death encounter and experiences visions of the Virgin Mary, was widely used by the Catholic Church as a buttress against the murmurings of reformers.
The late Dr John Blatchly, in his book The Miracles of Lady Lane showed convincingly that the font in nearby St Matthew's church was paid for by the Rector John Bailey to celebrate the Miracle of the Maid of Ipswich, and the visit to Ipswich of Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon soon afterwards. The panels of the font depict events in the devotional story of Mary, mother of Jesus. These five reliefs, and a sixth of the Baptism of Christ, are amazing art objects. They show the Annunciation to the Blessed Virgin with Gabriel unfurling a banner from which a dove emerges to whisper in Mary's ear; The Adoration of the Magi, with the wise men pulling a blanket away from the Blessed Virgin and child as if to symbolise their revelation to the world; the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin, with Mary radiating glory in a mandala, which four angels use to convey her up to heaven in bodily form; the Coronation of the Queen of Heaven, the crowned figures of God the Father and God the Son placing a crown on the Blessed Virgin's head while the Dove of the Holy Spirit races down directly above her; and the Mother of God Enthroned, the crowned figure of the Blessed Virgin sitting on the left of and looking at (and thus paying homage to) her crowned son on the right, who is holding an orb.
Dr Blatchly thought that this last panel was a representation of Katherine of Aragon and her husband Henry VIII, which I think a little unlikely, although of course it could be both, one representing the other. Remarkably, two of the four figures around the base are probably intended as Joan, the Maid of Ipswich, and John Bailey the Rector himself.
In The Miracles of Lady Lane, which Dr Blatchly co-authored with Diarmaid MacCulloch, there is a fascinating if somewhat convoluted account of the battles between Bailey and Cardinal Wolsey, who was trying to consolidate his power in Ipswich by taking over the Shrine of Our Lady of Ipswich, which was in the parish of St Matthew. It is the kind of thing Trollope would have written about if he had been around in the 16th Century. Bailey's celebration of the Miracle was partly a way of competing with Wolsey for fame and influence, but Bailey's death in 1525 left the way open for the Cardinal, who in his turn would completely over-reach himself and fall in his own way.
The book is memorable as a picture of the incredible religious fervour in Ipswich in the early years of the 16th Century, enthusiasms that would spill over into passion and violence. Blatchly notes that the sequence of at least some of the Marian images on the font was replicated by a sequence of inns down the mile of Ipswich's main street, now Carr Street, Tavern Street and Westgate Street, which led to the shrine. One of the inns, the Salutation (ie, Annunciation) at the start of Carr Street, survives in business under the same name to this day. But in time of course Ipswich would become well-known as the most puritan of towns in the most puritan of England's regions.
The focus of any Marian shrine would be the statue of Mary, most often with the infant Christ on her knee. When the reformers of the 16th century set out to break the hold of the Church on the imagination of the people, statues of Mary and the saints were the first things to go. Poor William Dowsing, who inspected Suffolk churches for 'superstitious imagery' 100 years later in 1644, is often blamed for the destruction of these statues; but his meticulous journals do not suggest that a single one of them had survived to his time.
The shrines were suppressed in the spring of 1538, and Sir Charles Wriothesley, in his Chronicle, writes that in the moneth of July, the images of Our Lady of Wallsingham and Ipswich were brought up to London with all the jewelles that hang about them, at the Kinge's commandment, and divers other images... because the people should use noe more idolatrye unto them, and they were burnt at Chelsey by my Lord Privy Seal. Wodderspoon, in his memorials, records that (Thomas) Cromwell... caused this image of Our Lady to be pulled down from her niche, and after despoiling the effigy of its rich habilements and jewels... it was conveyed to London and destroyed. John Weever, writing a century after the event, reports that all the notable images, as the images of Our Lady of Walsingham, Ipswich, Worcester, the Lady of Wilsdon, the rood of grace of Our Lady of Boxley, and the image of the rood of St Saviour at Bermondsey, were brought up to London and burnt at Chelsey, at the commandment of the aforesaid Cromwell.
This is a particularly folkloric account, since we know that several of the images mentioned were not burnt at Chelsea, but were destroyed elsewhere. There is no evidence that any of the surviving reports are by eye-witnesses, and although there are many other reports of the burning, all are circumstantial, and most seem to be based on Wriothesley's Chronicle. Stanley Smith, in his majestic The Madonna of Ipswich, concludes that the conflagration took place at Thomas Cromwell's house at Chelsea on 26th September 1538, under the orders of Bishop Latimer, and before the eyes of the Lord Privy Seal. The Ipswich statue certainly made it to Chelsea. Thomas Cromwell's steward wrote to him that he had received it, with 'nothing about her but two half shoes of silver'. This report will be crucial, as our story develops.
In general, where a Marian shrine was not in a parish church, the building that had housed it did not survive for much longer. During the 17th and 18th centuries, several legal documents, especially those dealing with the transfer of ownership of land, make reference to the remains of the Shrine of Our Lady of Grace. John Waple bought land 'at the south end of the La. chapel wall' in 1566. In 1650, Edward Bartle was granted 'land on which once stood a chapel, called the Lady of Grace chapel, land whereon a stable is now built'. In 1761, a Mr Grove visiting from Richmond reports that 'there is scarce one stone left upon another'. Of course, the terrible irony of this is that we can use these land documents to pinpoint exactly where the shrine of Our Lady of Grace was. Another advantage to locating the shrine is that the general layout of streets in the centre of Ipswich has changed little since Saxon times, despite the best efforts of Sixties town planners.
The shrine, then, was just outside the west gate of the town wall. This was demolished in 1782, but photographs exist of a rather fanciful reconstruction put up for the Jubilee celebrations of 1887. The gate stood in Westgate Street, just beyond where a footpath now cuts through to the Civic Centre. The shrine stood on the next corner, where a Sixties block once housed a shoe shop and Tesco, but now contains rather dismal discount stores. The narrow road to the left here is called Lady Lane, and was certainly called that in 1761, although I cannot discover if this name was contemporary with the shrine.
We can also form some idea of what the shrine looked like. Stanley Smith records surviving wills which bequeathed items, including, in 1498, a porch and glass for the east and west windows. There was almost certainly a burial ground; this is referred to in a land transfer document and a will, and human remains were found on the site in the early 20th century. When Tesco was built in 1964, chunks of church masonry were discovered on the site; however, we should remember that, after the Reformation, rubble from many demolished religious buildings (of which Ipswich had plenty) were used in the construction of other buildings.
What appears to be a pilgrim's token was also found near the site; but, as Stanley Smith points out, pilgrim's tokens from many shrines have been found around Walsingham, and there is no reason to believe that this particular medal originally came from Ipswich.
In Lady Lane itself, a small statue was put up in the early 1990s as a memorial to the shrine; it replaced a 1960s plaque. This statue repays close inspection, because the story gets slightly more exciting at this point. Despite the conflagration at Chelsea in 1538, there is some evidence that the statue of Our Lady of Grace survived, and still exists today; and that this memorial statue is a true copy of it. In the Italian city of Nettuno, most famous perhaps for its harbour of Anzio, there is a shrine to Our Lady of Grace. There is a story that the image there was brought to Nettuno from England during the Jubilee year of 1550. There is some evidence in the town archives to support this. And the town archives also mention Ipswich.
It wouldn't be that improbable. Western mainland Europe is full of statues and sculptures produced in England during the 12th and 13th centuries. Many of them must have been exported at the time; Nottingham alabaster work, for instance, was greatly prized throughout Europe. But much probably went abroad at the time of the Reformation. It must be remembered that the Reformation in England placed quite a low priority on the new teachings of Luther and Calvin; they were the job of the theologians. But the state, which enforced the Reformation in England, was more concerned with wresting political power from the church, and enriching itself on the wealth of the churches, shrines and monasteries. It achieved both of these goals extremely successfully; the first is shown by the fact that there was no religious war in this country, and the second by the fact that the Tudor royal family amassed riches beyond its wildest dreams, much of it to be squandered by Elizabeth I and James I on high living and piratical expeditions to the 'New World'.
There was no evangelical agenda on behalf of the English state as there would be 100 years later under Oliver Cromwell. It is hard to imagine William Dowsing selling images abroad, but there is a great amount of circumstantial evidence that the cronies of Thomas Cromwell and Thomas Cranmer in the 1530s and 1540s did exactly this. It was a pragmatic approach; they wanted rid of images, and they wanted to accrue the wealth of the church. That said, the Nettuno legend records that the statue was rescued from the flames by secretly Catholic sailors, who spirited it safely abroad. I think the sales story outlined above is more likely, though.
The Nettuno image was identified as English as early as 1938 by an historian of 13th century iconography, Martin Gillett. He felt that considerable changes had been made to it; Mary's head had been replaced, and the posture of the infant Christ changed. The throne (no longer in existence) was a 19th century replacement. But the folds in the material, the features of the Christ child, the position of the infant on the right knee rather than the left, and the carving style, all strongly suggest an English origin.
And then war intervened. Anzio and Nettuno were the site of some of the fiercest fighting during the Allied landings in Italy, and the statue was seriously damaged. During its restoration on 1959, an antiquated English inscription was found below the Madonna's right foot: IU? ARET GRATIOSUS (thou art gracious). This supports, as Stanley Smith says, the local dedication of Madonna della Grazie. The inscription had been overwritten SANCTA MARIA, ORA PRO NOBIS, probably in the late 16th century.
Interestingly, no other major English Marian shrine was dedicated to Our Lady of Grace. Even more striking, when Martin Gillett first examined the statue in 1938, it was wearing two half shoes made of English silver, just like those described by Thomas Cromwell's steward 400 years before.
Obviously, there is a great yearning for it to be true. I think, on balance, that the statue at Nettuno probably is the statue of Our Lady of Ipswich. Other people seem certain of the fact; hence the replica in Lady Lane.
The Guild of Our Lady of Ipswich is an ecumenical group formed in the 1980s by people from the Catholic church of St Pancras and the Anglican church of St Mary Elms. They have re-established Marian shrines in both these churches, and meet monthly. They have also re-established the procession which Cardinal Wolsey instituted from St Peter (by his college) to the site of the shrine. They make this walk every year on the date of its predecessor, 7th September. Even more excitingly, they have also placed a replica of the Nettuno statue in the church at St Mary Elms. It was dedicated with great ecumenical ceremony under the watchful eye of the Guild in September 2002.
By counting each fruit that falls (called cocos in Peru for their resemblance to coconuts) and weighing the nuts inside, the scientists aim to measure whether logging near Brazil nut trees affects how much they produce. “The aim of this research is to inform the debate in a scientifically sound manner,” says senior CIFOR scientist Manuel Guariguata. Serapio Condori Daza a brazil nut harvester at work in Felicitas Ramirez Surco's concession, Madre de Dios, Peru.
Photo by Marco Simola/CIFOR
For more information on CIFOR's research on Brazil nuts in Peru, please contact Manuel Guariguata (mailto:m.guariguata@cgiar.org)
If you use one of our photos, please credit it accordingly and let us know. You can reach us through our Flickr account or at: cifor-mediainfo@cgiar.org and m.edliadi@cgiar.org
LAKE KIVU
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lake Kivu
Coordinates 2°0′S 29°0′ECoordinates: 2°0′S 29°0′E
Type Rift Valley lakes, Meromictic
Primary outflows Ruzizi River
Catchment area 2,700 km2 (1,000 sq mi)
Basin countries Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Max. length 89 km (55 mi)[1]
Max. width 48 km (30 mi)[1]
Surface area 2,700 km2 (1,040 sq mi)[1]
Average depth 240 m (787 ft)
Max. depth 480 m (1,575 ft)
Water volume 500 km3 (120 cu mi)
Surface elevation 1,460 m (4,790 ft)
Islands Idjwi
Settlements Goma, Congo
Bukavu, Congo
Kibuye, Rwanda
Cyangugu, Rwanda
Lake Kivu with Goma in the background
Lake Kivu is one of the African Great Lakes. It lies on the border between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda, and is in the Albertine Rift, the western branch of the East African Rift. Lake Kivu empties into the Ruzizi River, which flows southwards into Lake Tanganyika. The name comes from kivu which means "lake" in some Bantu languages, just like the words tanganyika or nyanza.[citation needed]
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
3 Chemistry
3.1 Methane extraction
4 Biology and fisheries
5 See also
6 References
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012)
People on the shore at Gisenyi
The first European to visit the lake was German Count Adolf von Götzen in 1894. Since then it has been caught up in the conflict between Hutu and Tutsi people in Rwanda, and their allies in DR Congo, which led to the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and the First and Second Congo Wars. Lake Kivu gained notoriety as a place where many of the victims of the genocide were dumped.
Geography
The lake covers a total surface area of some 2,700 km2 (1,040 sq mi) and stands at a height of 1,460 metres (4,790 ft) above sea level. Some 1 370 km2 or 58% of the lake's waters lie within DRC borders. The lake bed sits upon a rift valley that is slowly being pulled apart, causing volcanic activity in the area, and making it particularly deep: its maximum depth of 480 m (1,575 ft) is ranked eighteenth in the world.
The world's tenth-largest inland island, Idjwi, lies in Lake Kivu, as does the tiny island of Tshegera, which also lies within the boundaries of Virunga National Park; while settlements on its shore include Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake, and Goma in Congo, and Gisenyi, Kibuye, and Cyangugu in Rwanda.
Chemistry
Lake Kivu is a fresh water lake and, along with Cameroonian Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun, is one of three that experience limnic eruptions. Around the lake, geologists found evidence of massive biological extinctions about every thousand years, caused by outgassing events. The trigger for lake overturns in Lake Kivu's case is unknown, but volcanic activity is suspected. The gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes is unique to each lake; in Lake Kivu's case, methane and carbon dioxide due to lake water interaction with a volcano. The amount of methane is estimated to be 65 cubic kilometers (if burnt over one year, it would give an average power of about 100 gigawatts for the whole period). There is also an estimated 256 cubic kilometers of carbon dioxide. The water temperature is 24°C, and the pH level is about 8.6.[2] The methane is reported to be produced by microbial reduction of the volcanic CO2.[3] The risk from a possible Lake Kivu overturn is catastrophic, dwarfing other documented lake overturns at Lakes Nyos and Monoun, because of the approximately two million people living in the lake basin.
Cores from the Bukavu Bay area of the lake reveal that the bottom has layered deposits of the rare mineral monohydrocalcite interlain with diatoms, on top of sapropelic sediments with high pyrite content. These are found at three different intervals. The sapropelic layers are believed to be related to hydrothermal discharge and the diatoms to a bloom which reduced the carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitiate monohydrocalcite.[4]
Scientists hypothesize that sufficient volcanic interaction with the lake's bottom water that has high gas concentrations would heat water, force the methane out of the water, spark a methane explosion, and trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide.[5][6] The carbon dioxide would then suffocate large numbers of people in the lake basin as the gases roll off the lake surface. It is also possible that the lake could spawn lake tsunamis as gas explodes out of it.[7][8]
The risk posed by Lake Kivu began to be understood during the analysis of more recent events at Lake Nyos. Lake Kivu's methane was originally thought to be merely a cheap natural resource for export, and for the generation of cheap power. Once the mechanisms that caused lake overturns began to be understood, so did awareness of the risk the lake posed to the local population.
An experimental vent pipe was installed at Lake Nyos in 2001 to remove gas from the deep water, but such a solution for the much larger Lake Kivu would be considerably more expensive. No plan has been initiated to reduce the risk posed by Lake Kivu.[dubious – discuss] The approximately 500 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in the lake is a little under 2 percent of the amount released annually by human fossil fuel burning. Therefore the process of releasing it could potentially have costs beyond building and operating the system.
Methane extraction
Methane extraction platform.
Lake Kivu has recently been found to contain approximately 55 billion cubic metres (1.94 trillion cubic feet) of dissolved biogas at a depth of 300 metres (1,000 ft). Until 2004, extraction of the gas was done on a small scale, with the extracted gas being used to run boilers at a brewery, the Bralirwa brewery in Gisenyi.[9][10] As far as large-scale exploitation of this resource is concerned, the Rwandan government has negotiated with a number of parties to produce methane from the lake.
In 2011 ContourGlobal, a U.S. based energy company focused on emerging markets, secured project financing to initiate a large-scale methane extraction project. The project will be run through a local Rwandan entity called KivuWatt, using an offshore barge platform to extract, separate, and clean the gasses obtained from the lake bed before pumping purified methane via an underwater pipeline to on-shore gas engines. Stage one of the project aims to build and supply three "gensets" along the lake shore, totaling 25MW of electrical capacity. Initial project operations are scheduled to commence in 2012.[11] In addition to managing gas extraction, KivuWatt will also manage the electrical generation plants and on-sell the electrical power to the Rwandan government under the terms of a long-term Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). This allows KivuWatt to control a vertically integrated energy offering from point of extraction to point of sale into the local grid. Extraction is said to be cost-effective and relatively simple because once the gas-rich water is pumped up, the dissolved gases (primarily carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and methane) begin to bubble out as the water pressure gets lower. This project is expected to increase Rwanda's energy generation capability by as much as 20 times, and will enable Rwanda to sell electricity to neighboring African countries.[10] The firm was awarded the 2011 Africa Power deal of the year for innovation in the financing arrangements it obtained from various sources for the KivuWatt project. [12] .[13]
A problem associated with the prevalence of methane is that of mazuku.
Biology and fisheries
Fishing boats on Lake Kivu, 2009.
Reflection of the sky on Lake Kivu
The fish fauna in Lake Kivu is relatively poor with 28 species, including four introduced species.[14] The natives are the Lake Rukwa minnow (Raiamas moorii), four species of Barbus (B. altianalis, B. apleurogramma, B. kerstenii and B. pellegrini), an Amphilius catfish, two Clarias catfish (C. liocephalus and C. gariepinus), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and 15 endemic Haplochromis cichlids.[14] The introduced species are three cichlids, the longfin tilapia (Oreochromis macrochir), O. leucostictus and redbreast tilapia (Coptodon rendalli), and a clupeid, the Lake Tanganyika sardine, Limnothrissa miodon.[14]
The exploitable stock of the Lake Tanganyika sardine was estimated at 2000–4000 tons per year.[15] It was introduced to Lake Kivu in the late 1959 by a Belgian Engineer A. Collart. At present, Lake Kivu is the sole natural lake in which L. miodon, a sardine originally restricted to Lake Tanganyika, has been introduced initially to fill an empty niche. Prior to the introduction, no planktivorous fish was present in the pelagic waters of Lake Kivu. In the early 1990s, the number of fishers on the lake was 6,563, of which 3,027 were associated with the pelagic fishery and 3,536 with the traditional fishery. Widespread armed conflict in the surrounding region from the mid-1990s resulted in a decline in the fisheries harvest.[16]
Following this introduction, the sardine has gained substantial economic and nutritional importance for the lakeside human population but from an ecosystem standpoint, the introduction of planktivorous fish may result in important modifications of plankton community structure. Recent observations showed the disappearance during the last decades of a large grazer, Daphnia curvirostris, and the dominance of mesozooplankton community by three species of cyclopoid copepod: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis and Tropocyclops confinis.[17][18]
The first comprehensive phytoplankton survey was released in 2006.[19] With an annual average chlorophyll a in the mixed layer of 2.2 mg m-3 and low nutrient levels in the euphotic zone, the lake is clearly oligotrophic. Diatoms are the dominant group in the lake, particularly during the dry season episodes of deep mixing. During the rainy season, the stratified water column, with high light and lower nutrient availability, favour dominance of cyanobacteria with high numbers of phototrophic picoplankton.[19][20][21][22] The actual primary production is 0.71 g C m-2 d-1 (~ 260 g C m-2 y-1).[23]
A study of evolutionary genetics showed that the cichlids from lakes in northern Virunga (e.g., Edward, George, Victoria) would have evolved in a "proto-lake Kivu", much older than the intense volcanic activity (20,000-25,000 years ago) which cut the connection.[24] The elevation of the mountains west of the lake (which is currently the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, one of the largest reserves of eastern lowland (or Grauer's) gorillas in the world), combined with the elevation of the eastern rift (located in eastern Rwanda) would be responsible for drainage of water from central Rwanda in the actual Lake Kivu. This concept of "proto-lake Kivu" was challenged by lack of consistent geological evidence,[25] although the cichlid's molecular clock suggests the existence of a lake much older than the commonly cited 15,000 years.
Lake Kivu is the home of four species of freshwater crab, including two non-endemics (Potamonautes lirrangensis and P. mutandensis) and two endemics (P. bourgaultae and P. idjwiensis).[26] Among Rift Valley lakes, Lake Tanganyika is the only other with endemic freshwater crabs.[26]
1. Winter Sun, 2. Cold, 3. Snuggling, 4. Indiana Spring, 5. Imperfection, 6. South Shore Railroad, 7. Shocking, 8. Swallowtail Butterfly, 9. The Water Tower, 10. Kingfisher, 11. Umbrellas Chairs Surf Boards, 12. I'm starting a 365
Created with fd's Flickr Toys
Less than 24 hrs to go before Northampton station opens..seen here with the higher business innovation cube behind(started later,Completed earlier)...Saturday 10th Jan was the last day the old station was fully open as today its buses only so no access to the platforms...Jan 11 2015.
A visit to a friends small holding in the Lake district, they look to be a pig away from the good life. Very Jealous
FWC's Harmful Algal Bloom scientist counting Karenia brevis (red tide) cells during water sample processing.
The Scarlet Nautilus is my new ship. it has 12 sails, 15 cannons (on one side, two in the front), over 40 people on the crew, two longboats, 3 decks, lots of gold studs, and other things, including two captains cabins with balconies.
The ship is captained by Letayous Pride, who regained ownership of his vessel after a duel with his rival, Count Terring III.
WV02 KXG 'Count Smorltork'
ERF ECS
John Scarrott
Willen Lake, Milton Keynes, 6 August 2011
Ex Moreton C. Cullimore
A visit to the Willen Lake fair at the weekend revealed a couple of lorries parked in the corner that appear to be new into fairground life as both are in their previous owners' liveries and are not currently taxed. Although it isn't confirmed yet I suspect they belong to Scarrotts and WV02 KXG came from haulier Moreton C. Cullimore of Stroud. This company are famous for naming their equipment after Dickens characters, this one being 'Count Smorltork' from 'The Pickwick Papers'.