containerization photos on Flickr

QUBE containerized grain at Flemo by Matt

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1104, 1431 & CM3314 lead QUBE containerized grain service 5164 through Flemington Goods Junction.

BatuwangalaMV_AnnualExcursion_129 by Aruna Chaminda

Batuwangala Maha Vidyalaya's students participated for their annual excursion from 03.08.2009 to 07.08.2009.This event was organized by the Buddhist Association of the college and was proposed at the English literary Association.The whole plan was to cover the most impotent places of the Sri Lankan culture.The late Kingdoms of ancient Sri lanka was given priority.We left the school early morning at about 3am of 03.08.2009 and traveled through Mathugama,Horana,Aththanagalla and reached to Dambulla area by 2pm.We had the day one break fast near Horana.We first visited the ' Namal Uyana temple near Dambulla,Sri Lanka.This temple was a full of collections of pictures.

The pictures were about the misbehavior of the people in this birth and consequences of the deeds when they enter the next birth.It was put in to pictures in a way kind of calling to one to refrain from bad deeds.Students were awarded of the Eight fold path way revealed by Loard Bhudhdha and the statues of the temple was very helpful to depict.After taking the lunch of the day one @ the same temple we left for Dambulla Rock temple.

Dambulla Rock temple is more impotent to Art Students coz of its wall paintings.Dambulla temple is one of the masters peace of Buddhist Rock cravings and the watershed technologies used by the ancient people.All the students climbed up to the caves and worshiped there.there after We left for Anuradhapura where our day one accommodations were readied.The Night meal was cooked by the accompanied parents with the help of teachers and Senior Girls.Senior Boys were divided in to groups and assigned duties Accordingly.The parents woke up early morning with teachers and again prepared breakfast and lunch all together.We server break fast and containerized the Lunch.We left the technical College of Anuradhapura At about 7.30am And reached to the Isurumuniya Raja Maha Viharaya by 10 minutes traveling.

Isurumuniya is another impotent place for Sinhala Buddhist.there is a 6th Century Gupta style carving. The woman, seated on the man's lap, lifts a warning finger, probably as a manifestation of her coyness; but the man carries on regardless."

The figures may represent The Great King Dutugemunu's son Saliya and the law caste (Sadol Kula) maiden Asokamala whom he loved. It's known that he gave up the throne for her.

After the Isurumuniya we left for 'mirisaweliya' next to it.Mirisawetiya was built by the great King Dutugamunu who reigned during the time (161-137 BC) and united Sri Lanka under a single flag.

It is believed that King Dutugamunu had a sceptre that contained a scared relic of the Buddha. While going to the tank “Tissawewa”, for a water festival, the King has planted the scepter in a certain place. When he came back, it is said that his men could not remove the scepter from the place.

Witnessing the miracle, the King decided to build a dagaba enclosing the scepter. Thus was the creation of Mirisawetiya.

The significance of the scepter is the fact that this was the king's "victory scepter" for his battles with Elara, and by building the Dagaba around it shows the tremendous dedication that the King had for Buddhism and his spirituality.Mirisawetiya was the first dagaba built by the great king Dutugamunu.

After that we left for Ruwanweli Saya.The Ruwanwelisaya is a stupa in Sri Lanka, considered a marvel for its architectural qualities and sacred to many Buddhists all over the world. It was built by King Dutugemunu, who became lord of all Sri Lanka after a war in which the Chola King Elara, were defeated. It is also known as Mahathupa, Swarnamali Chaitya and Rathnamali Dagaba.

The stupa is also one of the Solosmasthana (the 16 places of veneration) and the Atamasthana (the 8 places of veneration in the ancient sacred city of Anuradhapura). The stupa is one of the world's tallest monuments, standing at 300 ft (92 m) and with a circumference of 950 ft (292 m).

Then we left for Jaya Shi Maha Bodhiya.The 'Bo' ( 'Bodhi') tree or Pipal (ficus religiosa) was planted as a cutting brought from India by by emperor Ashoka's daughter, the Princess Sangamitta, at some point after 236 BC. Guardians have kept uninterrupted watch over the tree ever since. There are other Bo trees around the Sir Maha Bodhi which stands on the highest terrace. In April a large number of pilgrims arrive to make offering during the Snana Pooja, and to bathe the tree with milk. Every 12th year the ceremony is particularly auspicious.

After the Sri Maha Bhodiya we vent to worship Thuparamaya.Thera Mahinda him self had introduce Theravada Buddhism and also chetiya worship to Sri Lanka. At his request King Devanampiyatissa built Thuparamaya in which was enshrined the collarbone of the Buddha and is considered as the first dagaba built in Sri Lanka, after the introduction of Buddhism. This is considered the earliest monument of chronicled Sri Lanka. The name Thuparamaya comes from "stupa" and "aramaya" which is a residential complex for monks.

This chetiya was built in the shape of a heap of paddy. This dagaba was destroyed from time to time. During the reign of King Agbo II it was completely destroyed and the King restored it. What we have today is the construction of the dagaba, done in 1862 AD. As it is today, after several renovations, in the course of the centuries, the monument has a diameter of 59 ft (18 m), at the base. The dome is 11 feet 4 inches (3.45 m) in height from the ground, 164½ ft (50.1 m) in diameter. The compound is paved with granite and there are 2 rows of stone pillars round the dagaba. During the early period vatadage was built round the dagaba.

After that we went to see Sandakadapahana.The Best of the Moon Stones we have in Sri Lanka is the one which is at the entrance to the palace of King Mahasen. According to Dr. Senarath Paranawithana, there is a deep philosophy underlying these carvings found in this Moon Stone.

We can clearly see the Hindu influence on the Moon Stones of Polonnaruwa . In the Moonstones of Anuradhapura , among the animals carved out was an ox. Hindus consider the oxen as sacred. Hence we do not see the ox in the Moon Stones of Polonnaruwa.

Then we moved to see the Samadhi Statue.Samadhi statue is a statue situated at Mahamevuna Park in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. It is said that this is one of the best pieces of sculpture. The statue is 8 feet in height and made of granite and the Dhyana mudra is symbolished - The posture of meditation in which Buddha sits in the cross - legged position with upturned palms, placed one over the other on the lap.

Then we visited"kuttam Pokuna".One of the best specimen of bathing tanks or pools in ancient Sri Lanka is the pair of pools known as "Kuttam Pokuna" (Twin Ponds/Pools). The said pair of pools were built by the Sinhalese in the ancient kingdom of Anuradhapura. These are considered one of the significant achievements in the field of hydrological engineering and outstanding architectural and artistic creations of the ancient Sinhalese.

A garden was landscaped which separates the two ponds which in length is 18 1/2 ft. The larger pool of the two is 132ft by 51 ft, while the smaller pool is 91ft by 51 ft. The depths of the two pools is 14ft and 18ft for the smaller pool and the larger pool respectively.

The faces of the pools were cut granite slabs which includes the bottom and the sides of the pool. A wall was also built around the pool which encloses the compound. Flights of steps are seen on both ends of the pool decorated with punkalas, or pots of abundance and scroll design. Embankments were constructed to enable monks to bathe using pots or other utensils. Water to the pools were transferred through underground ducts and filtered before flowing to the pool and in a similar fashion the water was emptied.

Dr. Senerath Paranavithana was actively involved in the restoration of the ponds, in which small figures of fish, a conch, a crab and a dancing woman were found in the bottom.

With kuttampokuna we left the Ancient city Anuradhapura.Students wanted to have there Lunch on a Tank Dam.So we had our day two lunch on the dam of Nuwara wewa,Anuradhapura.But before lunch we did not forget to feel the breeze and the cold of the water.

By 2 pm day two we finished the Anuradhapura Visiting and left for Sigiriya.Student were curious and active.They took just 1hour to climb up to the Sigiya.Sigiriya (Lion's rock) is an ancient rock fortress and palace ruin situated in the central Matale District of Sri Lanka, surrounded by the remains of an extensive network of gardens, reservoirs, and other structures. A popular tourist destination, Sigiriya is also renowned for its ancient paintings (frescos), which are reminiscent of the Ajanta Caves of India. The Sigiriya was built during the reign of King Kassapa I (AD 477 – 495), and it is one of the seven World Heritage Sites of Sri Lanka.

Sigiriya may have been inhabited through prehistoric times. It was used as a rock-shelter mountain monastery from about the 5th century BC, with caves prepared and donated by devotees to the Buddhist Sangha. The garden and palace were built by King Kasyapa. Following King Kasyapa's death, it was again a monastery complex up to about the 14th century, after which it was abandoned. The ruins were discovered in 1907 by British explorer John Still. The Sigiri inscriptions were deciphered by the archaeologist Senarath Paranavithana in his renowned two-volume work, published by Oxford, Sigiri Graffiti. He also wrote the popular book "Story of Sigiriya".

The Mahavamsa, the ancient historical record of Sri Lanka, describes King Kasyapa as the son of King Dhatusena. Kasyapa murdered his father by walling him alive and then usurping the throne which rightfully belonged to his brother Mogallana, Dhatusena's son by the true queen. Mogallana fled to India to escape being assassinated by Kasyapa but vowed revenge. In India he raised an army with the intention of returning and retaking the throne of Sri Lanka which he considered was rightfully his. Knowing the inevitable return of Mogallana, Kasyapa is said to have built his palace on the summit of Sigiriya as a fortress and pleasure palace. Mogallana finally arrived and declared war. During the battle Kasyapa's armies abandoned him and he committed suicide by falling on his sword. Chronicles and lore say that the battle-elephant on which Kasyapa was mounted changed course to take a strategic advantage, but the army misinterpreted the movement as the King having opted to retreat, prompting the army to abandon the king altogether. Moggallana returned the capital to Anuradapura, converting Sigiriya into a monastery complex.

Alternative stories have the primary builder of Sigiriya as King Dhatusena, with Kasyapa finishing the work in honour of his father. Still other stories have Kasyapa as a playboy king, with Sigiriya a pleasure palace. Even Kasyapa's eventual fate is mutable. In some versions he is assassinated by poison administered by a concubine. In others he cuts his own throat when isolated in his final battle. Still further interpretations have the site as the work of a Buddhist community, with no military function at all.

We did not miss the beauty of sigiriya and to have some pictures of it.After the Sigiriya we Finished day two.Our day two Accommodation was ready @ Royal college Polonnaruwa.it was a nice experience coz all the students should experience a bath in a canal.most of them this was the first time to bath in a canal.

In early morning after taking the breakfast and the contained lunch we left to see polonnaruwa,the late kingdom of Sri Lanka.First fo all we went to see the statue of King Parakramabhahu facing the Parakrama Samudraya.it was another master peace of rock carvings.

then we traveled on the Dam of Parakrama Samudraya,the leargest tank of the polonnaruwa,and captured some occasions.We could visit the museum in frat of the Parakrama Samudraya.

After that we left for Dimbulagala.But we saw the Mahaweli river at Manampitiya and the newly built bridge.So we stopped there for the day three lunch.Students got the first chance to have a bath in the Mahaweli River.The water was cald and so clean even the dry season in the polonnaruwa area.it was so hot but still the water of Mahaweli river gave the full satisfaction of having a birth.with in 40 Minutes we finished the bathing and started to have our lunch.Students were very happy to have their lunch on a river bank.Dimbulagala is Another impotent Rock in polonnaruwa.After the lunch we left for Dimbulagala temple and visited the temple.After that we left for Mahiyanganaya.Our aim is to visit the ancient people in Sri lanka and to talk to them.We reached to the Dambana with the dawn an could talk to some Ancient people there.A gang of people there entertained us with some beautiful Veddas dance and songs.

After Dambana we went to our day three resting place.We stayed in a resthall at Mahiyanganaya.Like the two previous days cooking and containing food for the day was happened and we went to see mahiyangana Dagoba.Mahiyanganaya is one of a place where the lord Buddha has visited.We could capture the beauty of the dagoba to our lenses.

After that we went to see Soraborawewa.Another master piece of Tank technology by Ancient Sri lanken People.At sorabora wewa we went on a cane trip on the river and we found one capable oarsman with us on board.He too joined with other oarsman and took us around the Soraborawewa.

Then we left for Kandy.The road to Kandy to Mahiyanganaya was under construction but our two drivers took us to Kandy by 4.30pm.then we went to see Sri Dalandamaligawa.But on the way we impotent guests there.

According to Sri Lankan legends, when the Buddha died, his body was cremated in a sandalwood pyre at Kusinara in India and his left canine tooth was retrieved from the funeral pyre by Arahat Khema. Khema then gave it to King Brahmadatte for veneration. It became a royal possession in Brahmadatte's country and was kept in the city of Dantapuri (present day Puri in Orissa).

A belief grew that whoever possessed the Sacred Tooth Relic had a divine right to rule that land. Wars were fought to take possession of the relic. 800 years after the Buddha's death, in the 4th century CE, the tooth came into the possession of King Guhaseeva of Kalinga, which roughly corresponds to the present day state of Orissa.

Kalinga had become a Buddhist and begun to worship the Sacred Tooth relic. This caused discontent among some of the citizens, who went to King Paandu and said that King Guhaseeva had stopped believing in god and that he had started to worship a tooth.

King Paandu decided to destroy the relic, and ordered to it brought to the city. It is said that, as the tooth arrived at the city, a miracle occurred, and King Paandu converted to Buddhism.

When King Ksheeradara heard, he went with his army to attack Paandu in the city of Palalus. The invaders were defeated before reaching the city, and King Ksheeradara died.

A prince from the city of Udeni who had become a Buddhist came to worship the sacred tooth. King Guhaseeva was pleased with him, and let him marry his daughter. The prince was known as Dantha and the princess as Hemamala.

When they heard that King Ksheeradara had died in the war, his sons raised a large army to attack King Guhaseeva and destroy the relic. They entered the city, but King Guhaseeva secretly sent Dantha and Hemamala out of the city, with the relic.

According to legend, Hemamali hid the relic in her hair ornament and the royal couple disguised themselves as Brahmins in order to avoid discovery. They set sail from Tamralipti, a port at the mouth of the river Ganges, and landed in Sri Lanka at the port of Lankapattana (now Ilankeiturei).

It is said that Sri Lanka was chosen as the new home for the tooth relic because the Lord Buddha had declared that his religion would be safe in Sri Lanka for 2,500 years.[citation needed]

At the time of Dantha's and Hemamali's arrival on the island, King Kirti Sri Megavanna or Kithsirimevan ruled Sri Lanka. The King was overjoyed when he heard the news and warmly welcomed the royal couple and received the Sacred Tooth Relic with great veneration. He built a beautiful palace within the Royal Palace Complex itself and enshrined the Relic in it. Thereafter, he ordered that an annual perahera be held in honour of the Sacred Relic.

As time went on, as the land was threatened with foreign invasions, the seat of the kingdom was moved from Anuradhapura to Polonnaruwa, then to Dambadeniya and other cities. Upon each change of capital, a new palace was built to enshrine the Relic. Finally, it was brought to Kandy where it is at present, in the Sri Dalada Maligawa temple.

The Sacred Tooth Relic came to be regarded as a symbolic representation of the living Buddha and it is on this basis that there grew up a series of offerings, rituals, and ceremonies. These are conducted under the supervision of the two Mahanayake Theros of Malwatte, Asgiriya Chapters, and Diyawadana Nilame of the Maligawa. These have a hierarchy of officials and temple functionaries to perform the services and rituals.

Finally we visited the Peradeniya botonical guarden.Royal Botanical Garden, Peradeniya is located in close proximity to the city of Kandy in the Central Province of Sri Lanka. It is renowned for the collection the variety of Orchids,and has more than 300 varieties of Orchids, spices, medicinal plants and palms trees attach it is the National Herbarium. Total land mass of the botanical garden is 147 acres, 460 Meters above sea level with a 200 day annual rain fall, it is managed by the Division of National Botanic Gardens of the Department of Agriculture.

Finally we finished our Annual Excursion with lot of Joy and Knowledge,Experiences and lot more.We would like to thank the Two Rivers who took us all around this Island and parents,Teachers who helped to make this event a success.

Training Inside ABL’s Containerized Mission Control by ABL Space Systems

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In 2021, The Air Force Research Laboratory and ABL Space Systems partnered with operators from the 2nd Space Launch Squadron and 412th Test Wing at Edwards Air Force Base, California to demonstrate how launch systems can be operated rapidly by small teams from nontraditional sites. AFWERX, part of AFRL, brought together players from across the national security space enterprise for this rapid rocket launch concept of operations demonstration. The complete test campaign, from training to full operations with cryogenic rocket propellants, validated the strong training base and capability of U.S. Air Force and U.S. Space Force active-duty personnel in conducting liquid rocket CONOPS and fielding of novel deployable systems.

669-685 Hudson Street (AKA 22-36 Ninth Avenue And 355-361 West 13th Street) Herring Building by Emilio Guerra

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Meatpacking District, Manhattan

669-685 Hudson Street (AKA 22-36 Ninth Avenue And 355-361 West 13th Street) Herring Building

Ownership History (formerly lots 1 and 2) Col. Silas Clark and Caroline S. Tarbell Herring John and Alida R. Pettit Henry Jotham and Mary A. Gates Newton Stephen Philbin Estate (foreclosure) 14" Street and Ninth Avenue Corp. (John J. Gillen, James S. Maher) Produce Center Realty Corp. City Bank Farmers Trust Co. (foreclosure) Monash Family (Samuel, Alexander, Louis, Rose, Paul, Lillian, Rebecca) David Ellis Commercial Tenants Herring Safe &Lock Co.1 Herring, Fanel& Sherman1 Herring & Co. (1849-83); Martha Washington Flour Co. (1889); William Adams, fruit (1889); Joseph Mallard, fruit (1889); Vetelli & Vaccheri, grocers (1889); James Hughes, produce (1889); Hugh Reilly, produce (1889); John Higgins, liquor (1891); Martin Early, saloon (1892); William Ehlers, saloon (1897-1905); Osborn Mfg. Co., cages (1901-02); Frederick M. Beakes Specialty Co., grocer (1902); John J. Tarlton, grocer (1902); Hefner Gilding Co. (1904); William F. Lubbert, beer (1905-09); Horace E. Demorest, butter (1906-42); Winfield Mapes, butter, eggs, cheese (1906-08); William F. Bourke, butcher (1912); Louis J. Sice, restaurant (19 12); Charles Moewes, restaurant (1913- 17); Frederick Knippenberg, caf6 (1916-42); Elite Specialty Metal Co. (1928-33); Kleinhardt Hardware Co.1 Kleinhardt, Inc.1 Willets Mfg. Co., push carts (1929-70); Elson Express Co. (1929); Hyvis Motor Oil Co. (1929); Chelsea Wire Works (1929-38); Georgette Hat Co. (1929); Modern Office Devices (1929-42); R-X Filing Co. (1929); Charles H. Breese, William F. Clifford, provisions (1929-33); Brook Valley1 Oakleigh Farms (1929-42); Nathan Zarkower, butter and eggs (1929-42); Market Restaurant (1933-70); L.I. Transport Co. (1933); Acme Machine & Motor Co. (1933); Ballard's Motor Transportatin Co. (1933); Brut's Motor Service/Express (1933-42); Elson Trucking Co. (1933-42); M.S. Abraham, provisions (1936-38); Premier Rubber Mfg. Co. (1942); Merchants Trucking Co. (1942); Edwin Elevator Co. (1942-65); Apex Provision Co. (1946); E.F. Kaiser Co., engineering (1946-93); Majestic Elevator Co. (1946); Tricomi Machine & Mfg. Co. (1946); Cherra China, decorators (1946); Triangle Bar & Grill (1946-65); Leib & Mendell355 Meat Co., wholesale meats (1950-70); Brown & Langer, pickle products (1950); Marvin Ellis Co.1 Silk Screen Process Co., displays (1950-65); Syn-Craft Display Studios (1950); James Fancelli, produce (1955); Allied Wood Products (1959); Tele-Sound Corp. (1959); Dic Concrete Corp. (1965); Buy-Rite/ Chelsea Locksmith (1970); Circle Elevator Co. (1970-75); Ambassador Hotel Supply Co. (1970); Hudson General Concrete Co. (1970); Jumper Plumbing & Heating Corp. (1970-75); Jersey-Cursley Communications, Inc. (1975); Liberty Meats (1975); Funny Farm Restaurant, Inc. (1975-93); Metropolitan Community Church of New York (1980); Triangle, Barn, Attic, Sewer, J's Hangout, gay clubs; Hellfire, club (1971-2002); Two Flags Butcher Supplies (1986-93); Hog Pit, restaurant (1995-2003)

History

In 1849, Col. Silas C. Herring purchased this triangular-shaped parcel of land from Joseph Harrison. Herring (1803-1881), born in Vermont, moved to New York City in 1834 and launched a downtown grocery business that was wiped out in the fire of 1835. In 1841, Herring became the agent for inventor Enos Wilder's "Salamander" safe, a type of fireproof, plaster-of-Paris-lined metallic safe. Herring bought the sole manufacturing rights in 1844. He profitably manufactured and marketed the safes with shrewd advertising, making him "one of the foremost manufacturers in the country," according to the New York Times. Herring's first factories were located on Water and Washington Streets.

Based on tax records, this factory building was constructed immediately after his purchase of the land in 1849. A photograph c. 1854 by Victor Prevost shows that only the southern two-thirds of the five-story factory was standing at that time; another building was located to the north. Herring's building was covered by painted advertising signs. At some point prior to 1860, the northern portion of the factory was constructed. The building then had a pedimented parapet and central belvedere. The name of the firm changed by 1870 to Herring, Farrel& Sherman.

In the 1870s, the firm expanded to a second factory, across Hudson Street at No. 666.

After Clark's death, the structure was very briefly held in 1884 by J.D. Eldridge and converted to a store-and-loft building (Alt. 193-1884, Joseph Esterbrook, Jr., architect). It was probably at this time that the cornice and storefront cornice were added. The property was acquired in 1884 by John Petit, a major figure in New York real estate, as head of John Pettit Realty Co. and owner of the Bennett Building and other valuable downtown buildings (who mysteriously disappeared in 1898). The Herring Building was next purchased by Henry J. Newton (1823-1895), a former New York piano maker (1849-58) and president of the Henry-Bonnard Bronze Co., architectural and artistic bronzework, who also owned 339-349 West 13th Street (east of the historic district). Newton became a millionaire through his investments in New York real estate.

His experiments in photography, his hobby, led to his being called the "father of the dry-plate process in America." Newton was struck and killed by a Broadway streetcar in 1895. The Herring Building was foreclosed in 1898 and acquired by the Estate of lawyer Stephen Philbin. In 1923, the old "Chelsea Landmark" was sold to the 14'~S treet and Ninth Avenue Corp., whose principals were architect James S. Maher and developer John J. Gillen [see Architects Appendix, and 401-403 and 413-435 West 141h Street]. In 1927, when the new owner was the Produce Center Realty Corp., the basement had a restaurant and bowling alley, the ground story had stores, and the upper floors were used for manufacturing. The City Bank Farmers Trust Co. held the property for ten years after its foreclosure in 1934; it was sold in 1944 to the Monash family, who retained it for nearly thirty years.

The building, until just recently, has been known for its clubs over the last three decades, and was featured in the movie "The Hours" in 2002.

This vernacular1 neo-Grec style factory building, which is largely intact, contributes to the historically-mixed architectural character and varied uses - including industrial and market-related functions -of the Gansevoort Market fistoric District. Built c. 1849, with the northern section added by 1860, it is the earliest extant purpose-built industrial building in the first phase of development of the historic district. It further contributes to the visual cohesion of the district through its unusual triangular shape and placement at a very prominent and wide intersection, and through its three brick and stone facades and late-19"-century cornice.

----About the district----

The Gansevoort Market Historic District - consisting of 104 buildings - is distinctive for its architectural character which reflects the area's long history of continuous, varied use as a place of dwelling, industry, and commerce, particularly as a marketplace, and its urban layout. The buildings, most dating from the 1840s through the 1940s, represent four major phases of development, and include both purpose-built structures, designed in then-fashionable styles, and those later adapted for market use. The architecture of the district tells the story of an important era in New York City's history when it became the financial center of the country and when its markets were expanding to serve the metropolitan region and beyond. Visual cohesion is provided to the streetscapes by the predominance of brick as a facade material; the one- to six-story scale; the presence of buildings designed by the same architects, a number of them prominent, including specialists in market-related structures; the existence of metal canopies originally installed for market purposes; and the Belgian block paving still visible on most streets. The street layout is shaped by the transition between the irregular pattern of northwestern Greenwich Village (as far north as Gansevoort Street) and the grid of the 1811 Commissioner's Plan. Unusually large and open intersections contribute to the area's unique quality, particularly where Ninth Avenue meets West 14'~S treet and Gansevoort Street (which was widened in l887), and provide sweeping vistas that showcase the unusual building typology and mixed-use quality of the district. Aside from Tribeca, the Gansevoort Market Historic District is the only remaining marketplace district that served the once-flourishing Hudson River commercial waterfront.

The earliest buildings in the historic district date from the period between 1840 and 1854, most built as rowhouses and town houses, several of which soon became very early working-class tenements (all eventually had stores on the ground floor). The area's early mixed use, however, is evident in the rare surviving early factory building (c. 1849-60), on a flatiron-shaped lot, for Col. Silas C. Herring, a nationally significant manufacturer of safes and locks, at 669-685 Hudson Street.

This mixed use, consisting of single-family houses, multiple dwellings, and industry was unusual for the period. The stretch of Ninth Avenue between Gansevoort and West 15' Streets, albeit altered and interrupted with later additions, offers the vista of a distinctive Manhattan streetscape featuring twenty buildings of the 1840s: the rowhouses at Nos. 3-7 (c. 1849) and Nos. 21-27 (c. 1844-46), the Herring factory, and culminating in the rare, picturesque ensemble of twelve rowhouses and town houses, Nos. 44-60 Ninth Avenue and 351-355 West 14th Street (c. 1841-46), at the wide, angled intersection with Hudson and West 14" Streets. Another business from this period was the woodworking factory of the prominent building firm of James C. Hoe & Co. (c. 1850-54) at 52-58 Gansevoort Street (later altered).

After the Civil War, the area began to flourish commercially as New York City solidified its position as the financial center of the country, and construction resumed in the district in 1870. Two major businesses located here were A.H. Wellington's Merchants' Print Works (1 874, S. W. Johnson), cotton printers at 416-418 West 14" Street (later altered); and the Italianate style Centennial Brewery (1876, John B. Snook) at 409-41 1 West 14' Street.

The bulk of the buildings in the district date from the 1880s through the 1920s and were designed in then-popular historical revival styles. Residential and commercial development, including a variety of building types, was particularly spurred in the 1880s by two major factors. The first was the creation of two nearby municipal markets: the open-air Farmers' or Gansevoort Market (1 879), for regional produce, at Gansevoort and Washington Streets (adjacent to the historic district), and the West Washington Market (1889), for meat, poultry, and dairy products, on the river side of West Street. From the 1880s until World War II, wholesale produce, fruit, groceries, dairy products, eggs, specialty foods, and liquor (until Prohibition) were among the dominant businesses within the district in response to the adjacent markets, particularly along Gansevoort, Little West 12', and Washington Streets. The first of the two-story, purpose-built market buildings in the district were erected in 1880. These vernacular and neo-Grec style structures typified the low-rise market buildings constructed in the district over the next 90 years: produce (or, later, meat) handling on the ground story, shielded by a metal canopy over the sidewalk, and offices on the second story.

Commercial construction during this period, which represents the highest percentage of the district's varied yet distinctive building stock, included not only low-rise purpose-built market buildings, but also, in a variety of period styles, stables buildings, and five- and six-story store-and-loft buildings and warehouses were constructed to house and serve these businesses. The warehouses, in particular, are among the most monumental structures in the district.

The second factor spurring development within the historic district was the 1878 partition of real estate owned by the Astor family, which had remained underdeveloped since John Jacob Astor 1's acquisition in 1819. Of the 104 buildings in the district, over one-third of them were constructed by the Astors and related family members. Astor improvements included the market buildings at 823-833 Washington Street and 32-36 Little West 12" Street (1880, Joseph M. Dunn, James Stroud); the distinguished Queen Anne style French flats building (with stores) at 440 West 14" Street (1887, James W. Cole), the block-long Queen Anne style produce market building at 859- 877 Washington Street (1887, Cole), and the handsome Romanesque Revival style stables building (1893, Thomas R. Jackson) for the New York Biscuit Co. (later Nabisco), the world's largest supplier of crackers, at 439-445 West 14" Street. A number of other prominent owners also invested in real estate here and began to develop their properties: the Goelet family constructed the unusual flatiron-shaped store-and-loft building at 53-61 Gansevoort Street (1887, Dunn), which housed E.S.

Burnham & Co., clam canners; James AlfredRoosevelt owned the warehouse at 400 West 14thS treet (1886, Dunn); and former New York Mayor Hugh J. Grant developed the neo-Romanesque style warehouses (1 899-1900, George P. Chappell) at 97-103 Horatio Street. The Astors and other owners gave several commissions to architects Joseph M. Dunn, who designed seven buildings in the district, and James W. Cole, who designed three buildings in the district. These multiple commissions in the then-fashionable neo-Grec or Queen Anne styles contribute to the district's visual cohesion.

Between 1897 and 1935, nearly the entire block bounded by Gansevoort, Horatio, Washington, and West Streets was developed with a handsome neo-Classical style ensemble in tan brick, by noted architects Lansing C. Holden, J. Graham Glover, and John B. Snook Sons, that included a power plant and nine cold storage warehouses for the Manhattan Refrigerating Co. (incorporated 1894). The company was responsible for installing the system of underground pipes that carried refrigeration to market-related structures throughout the district by about 1906. This infrastructure, along with the completion by the N.Y.C. Dept. of Docks of the nearby Gansevoort Piers (1894-1902) and Chelsea Piers (1902-10, with Warren & Wetmore), docks for the great trans- Atlantic steamships (and the busiest section of New York's port), had profound impacts on the district. The distribution of wholesale meat, poultry, and seafood, particularly for hotels, restaurants, and steamships, emerged as an important business throughout the district, resulting in new construction as well as bringing new uses to existing buildings. Some companies were subsidiaries of major national meatpackers, while other independent firms were among the nation's largest.

The underground refrigeration system, the new piers, and the emergence of new uses relating to the burgeoning hotel and steamship industry further triggered the 20th-century construction and architectural change and flexibility that has shaped the character of the Gansevoort Market Historic District. Typically, commercial redevelopments of neighborhoods in New York City involved the demolition of earlier buildings for structures housing new uses. However, one of the district's unique qualities is that earlier buildings were retained and altered to market uses. Earlier examples include the Centennial Brewery (409-41 1 West 14" Street), converted to meat, produce, and dairy use in 1901, and 21-27 Ninth Avenue, rowhouses adapted in 1923-24 as meat market buildings.

Over the years, the Astors continued their policy of high-quality architectural commissions by hiring distinguished architects known for their significant public, commercial, and residential buildings, such as the neo-Classical style offices and printing plant (1901-02, Trowbridge & Livingston) of P.F. Collier & Son, publisher of books and the nationally-known magazine Collier's, at 416-424 West 13' Street; the neo-Romanesque style liquor warehouse at 29-35 Ninth Avenue (1902-03, Boring & Tilton); and the Arts and Crafts style warehouse building (1913, LaFarge, Morris & Cullen) at 5 Little West 1 2 '~S treet.

The completion of the Holland Tunnel (1927), the elevated Miller Highway (1931), and the New York Central Railroad's elevated freight railway (1934) providedeasier access between the area and the metropolitan region and spurred another major phase of new low-rise construction and the functional conversion of existing buildings for market use in the district. New structures included the earlyInternationa1 style General Electric Co. annex (1929-30, Lockwood Greene Engineers, Inc.) at 414 West 14' Street, and the Moderne style John Morrell & Co. meat market building (1936-37, H. Peter Henschien) at 446-448 West 14'~S treet. The unusually wide Gansevoort Street assumed its distinctive character of low-rise market buildings with metal canopies at this time, through such new construction as the fruitlproduce market building (1938-39, Charles H. Stadler) at No. 46-50, and the Moderne style R&L Restaurant (1949), at No.69, and newly adapted structures, including No. 52-58 (formerly James C. Hoe & Co.), altered as a market building in 1937, and No. 60-68 (1880-81 tenements), reduced to a two-story market building in 1940.

By World War II, poultry- and meat- packing had consolidated as the main commercial activity within the district. Maritime commerce along the Hudson River waterfront declined by the 1960s, however, with the end of the ocean liner era and the rise of containerized shipping. Changes in the meat and poultry industries meant a lessening presence in this area. The Manhattan Refrigerating Co. closed in 1979 and its buildings were subsequently converted to apartments.

The completion of several more transportation and development projects (most located outside the historic district) in the 1930s spurred another major phase of new low-rise construction and functional conversion for market use of existing buildings within the historic district. Easier access was provided between the market area and the metropolitan region. The construction of the elevated Miller Highway (1929-3 1) necessitated the displacement of some produce and meat and poultry merchants in both the Gansevoort and West Washington Markets, including the demolition of several buildings at the latter. The Port of New York Authority built the Union Inland Terminal No. 1 (1931-32, Abbott, Merkt & Co.), a unified truck-rail terminal (modeled functionally after the Starrett-Lehigh Building), just northeast of the district and occupying the entire block at Ninth Avenue and West 15" Street.

The New York Central Railroad's elevated freight railway (193 1-34) passed through some thirty buildings on its route southward to the new St. John's Park Freight Terminal at West and Clarkson Streets. This railway also used part of the Gansevoort Market site, and additionally, the City constructed a meat processing plant on the market site (1939). The Lincoln Tunnel (1937) provided a second automotive route to New Jersey. The Ninth Avenue el, which ran through the district, was demolished (c. 1940); streetcar tracks located below the el had been taken up in 1936.

The first new purpose-built low-scale (one-story) market building in the historic district was 14-20 Little West 12" Street (1928, John B. Snook Sons), for the Wendel family and used initially by produce merchants. The P.F. Collier & Son building at 416-424 West 13" Street became a warehouse of the General Electric Co. in 1929; an early International style annex (1929-30, Lockwood Greene Engineers, Inc.) was constructed next door at 414 West 14" Street. Owned by Vincent Astor, this was the last of the Astor improvements within the district. 13 and 15 Little West 12' Street (1933, Martin Smith) were one-story fruit market buildings. Designed in the Moderne style were the John Morrell & Co. meat market building (1936-37, H. Peter Henschien) at 446-448 West 14th Street; the meat market building at 837-843 Washington Street (1938, David M. Oltarsh); and the fruitlproduce market building at 46-50 Gansevoort Street (1938-39, Charles H. Stadler).

Built at a time when the growing prevalence of the automobile resulted in the predominance of new market types throughout the U.S. (such as drive-in markets, chain grocery stores, and supermarkets), these buildings are rare and late examples of the older market building typology.34 Many of the buildings in the district that were architecturally adapted for market functions were properties acquired through foreclosure at the height of the Depression. Most of these buildings were functionally maximized at two stories (vacant, formerly residential, upper stories were no longer necessary): the lower story was refrigerated for produce or meat use and the upper story held offices. The unusually wide Gansevoort Street assumed its distinctive character of low-rise market buildings with metal canopies at this time, largely through such newly-adapted structures, including the vernacular style No. 52-58 (formerly James C. Hoe & Co.), altered as a fruit and produce market building in 1937 (S. Walter Katz); the neo-Grec style No. 60-68 (five 1880-81 tenements), reduced to a two-story market building in 1940 (Voorhees, Walker, Foley & Smith); and No. 7 1-73 (aka 8 17- 821 Washington Street) (three 1886-87 Queen Anne style French flats buildings), reduced to three stories in 1940 for use as a meat market building. The neo-Grec and utilitarian style 823-833 Washington Street and neo-Grec style 32-36 Little West 12" Street, 1880 two-story market buildings, were also altered in 1940-41 for meat merchants.

By World War II, poultry- and meat- packing had consolidated as the main commercial activity throughout the district. The opening of the Queens Live Poultry Terminal Market (1941) caused poultry dealers to move from the West Washington Market, replaced in part by produce merchants. The creation in 1950 of the Gansevoort Market Meat Center on the site of Gansevoort Market and the demolition of the remaining West Washington Market buildings, with the associated displacement of the businesses at both locations, hastened changes within the district. In 1959, the Gansevoort Market area was referred to in the New York Times as "the largest meat and poultry receiving market in the world. In the district, 408-412 West 13" Street (1941, Charles N. & Selig Whinston) was a new two-story market building used by hides/skins and meat businesses, while 36- 40 Gansevoort Street (aka 831-835 Greenwich Street) (1947-48, Horace Ginsbern & Assocs.), for poultry businesses, was the last new purpose-built market building in the district. The Moderne style R & L Restaurant (1949), 69 Gansevoort Street, resulted from the alteration of a three-story house.

Alterations associated with conversions to meat market uses included 809-813 Washington Street (aka 70-74 Gansevoort Street) (1940-42, Voorhees, Walker, Foley & Smith), a freight trucking depot altered in 1950; 402-404 and 406 West 13th Street (1840s rowhouses) altered in1950 and 1955 (Abraham L. Seiden); and 15 and 13 Little West 12" Street (c. 1961 and 1969 additions, bylattributed to Seiden).

Today, the Gansevoort Market Historic District is a vibrant neighborhood of remaining meatpackers, high-end retail commerce, restaurants, offices, clubs, galleries, and apartments, that retains, despite recent changes, a strong and integral sense of place as a market district, due to its distinctive streetscapes, metal canopies, notable buildings, both purpose-built and those adapted over the years for market use, and unusual street pattern with its Belgian block paving.

- From the 2003 NYCLPC Landmark Designation Report

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