Kaleta Reserve, near Amboasary in southern Madagascar. The bird is sitting in a Tamarind tree.

From Wikipedia -

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) (from Latinization of Arabic: تمر هندي tamar Hind "Indian Date") is a tree in the family Fabaceae. The genus Tamarindus is monotypic (having only a single species).

Tamarindus indica is indigenous to tropical Africa, particularly where it continues to grow wild in Sudan - it is also cultivated in Cameroon, Nigeria and Tanzania. In Arabia it is found wild growing in Oman, especially Dhofar, where it grows on sea-facing mountains. It reached South Asia likely through human transportation, and cultivation several thousand years prior to the Common Era. It is widely distributed throughout the Tropical belt, from Africa to South Asia, and throughout South East Asia, Taiwan and as far as China. In the 16th century it was heavily introduced to Mexico, as well as South America, by Spanish and Portuguese colonists, to the degree that it became a common ingredient in everyday living.

One of the first tamarind trees in Hawaii was planted in 1797.

Description -

The tamarind is a long-lived, medium-growth bushy tree which attains a maximum crown height of 12.1 to 18.3 metres (40 to 60 feet). The crown has an irregular vase-shaped outline of dense foliage. The tree grows well in full sun in clay, loam, sandy, and acidic soil types, with a high drought and aerosol salt (wind-borne salt as found in coastal area) resistance.

Leaves are evergreen, bright green in colour, elliptical ovular, arrangement is alternate, of the pinnately compound type, with pinnate venation and less than 5 cm (2 inches) in length. The branches droop from a single, central trunk as the tree matures and is often pruned in human agriculture to optimize tree density and ease of fruit harvest. At night, the leaflets close up.

The tamarind does flower, though inconspicuously, with red and yellow elongated flowers. Flowers are 2.5 cm wide (one inch) five-petalled borne in small racemes, yellow with orange or red streaks. Buds are pink as the 4 sepals are pink and are lost when the flower blooms.

The fruit is an indehiscent legume, sometimes called a pod, 12 to 15 cm (3 to 6 inches) in length with a hard, brown shell. The fruit has a fleshy, juicy, acidulous pulp. It is mature when the flesh is coloured brown or reddish-brown. The tamarinds of Asia have longer pods containing 6-12 seeds, whereas African and West Indian varieties have short pods containing 1-6 seeds. The seeds are somewhat flattened, and glossy brown.

The tamarind is best described as sweet and sour in taste, and high in acid, sugar, vitamin B and, interestingly for a fruit, calcium.

As a tropical species, it is frost sensitive. The pinnate leaves with opposite leaflets giving a billowing effect in the wind. Tamarind timber consists of hard, dark red heartwood and softer, yellowish sapwood.

Tamarind is harvested by pulling the pod from its stalk. A mature tree may be capable of producing up to 175 kg (350 lb) of fruit per annum. Veneer grafting, shield (T or inverted T) budding, and air layering may be used to propagate desirable selections. Such trees will usually fruit within 3 to 4 years if provided optimum growing conditions.

Alternative names -

Globally, it is most numerous in South Asia, where it is widely distributed and has a long history of human cultivation. Many South Asian regional languages have their own unique name for the tamarind fruit. It is called the tetul (তেঁতুল) in Bangla; in India it is known in several languages. In Sanskrit, it is called tintiDi. In Oriya it is called tentuli, in Hindi it is called imli; In Gujarati the amli, and Marathi and Konkani the chinch; in Kannada it is called hunase (ಹುಣಸೆ), Telugu chintachettu (tree) and chintapandu (fruit extract) and in Malayalam its called Vaalanpuli (വാളന്‍പുളി ). In Pakistan in Urdu it is known as imli. In Sri Lanka in Sinhala call it the siyambala; and Northern areas in Tamil also as the puli (புளி). In the Cook Islands in Cook Islands Maori Māori Kūki Āirani or Rarotonganis language Tamarindus is called 'tamarene'.

In Indonesia, tamarind is known as the asam (or asem) Jawa (means Javanese asam), which in the Indonesian language, translates as Javanese sour [sic: fruit] (though the literature may also refer to it as sambaya). In Malaysia, it is also called "asam Jawa". In the Philippines, tamarind is referred to as Sampaloc, which is occasionally rendered as Sambalog in Tagalog and Sambag in Cebuano. Vietnamese term is me. In Taiwan it is called loan-tz. In Myanmar it is called magee-bin (tree) and magee-thee (fruit). The tamarind is the provincial tree of the Phetchabun province of Thailand (in Thailand it is called ma-kham). In Malagasy it is called voamadilo and kily.

In Colombia, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico and Venezuela it is called tamarindo. In the Caribbean, tamarind is sometimes called tamon.

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) should not be confused with the Manila tamarind (Pithecellobium dulce), which is a different plant, though also of Fabaceae.

The fruit pulp is edible and popular. The hard green pulp of a young fruit is considered by many to be too sour and acidic, but is often used as a component of savory dishes, as a pickling agent or as a means of making certain poisonous yams in Ghana safe for human consumption.

The ripened fruit is considered the more palatable as it becomes sweeter and less sour (acidic) as it matures. It is used in desserts as a jam, blended into juices or sweetened drinks, sorbets, ice-creams and all manner of snack. It is also consumed as a natural laxative.

In Western cuisine it is found in Worcestershire sauce, and HP sauce.

In Indian cuisine it is common. Imli Chutney and Pulusu use it. Along with tamarind, sugar and spices are added to (regional) taste for chutneys or a multitude of condiments for a bitter-sweet flavor. The immature pods and flowers are also pickled and used as a side dish. Regional cuisines such as Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh use it to make Rasam, Sambhar, Vatha Kuzhambu and Puliyogare. In Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, tender leaves of tamarind are used along with lentils and it is also dried and used in place of ripe tamarind for mild flavour.

In Guadeloupe, tamarind is known as Tamarinier and is used in jams and syrups.

In Mexico, it is sold in various snack forms: dried and salted; or candied (see for example pulparindo or chamoy snacks). The famous agua fresca beverage, iced fruit-bars and raspados all use it as the main ingredient. In the US, Mexican immigrants have fashioned the "agua de tamarindo" drink, the Jarritos Tamarind drink (the first introduced and second most popular flavour of the brand), and many other treats. Tamarind snacks such as Mexico's Pelon Pelo Rico, are available in specialty food stores worldwide in pod form or as a paste or concentrate.

In Egypt, a sour, chilled drink made from tamarind is popular during the summer.

A traditional food plant in Africa, tamarind has potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development and support sustainable landcare.

In southern Kenya, the Swahili people use it to garnish legumes and also make juices. In Madagascar, its fruits and leaves are a well-known favorite of the Ring-tailed Lemurs, providing as much as 50% of their food resources during the year if available. In Northern Nigeria, it is used with millet powder to prepare Kunun Tsamiya, a traditional Pap mostly used as breakfast, and usually eaten with bean cake.

The Javanese dish gurame and more so ikan asem, also known as ikan asam (sweet and sour fish, commonly a carp or river-fish) is popular throughout Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. Tamarind is also common in Manado, Sulawesi and Maluku cuisines.

In Lebanon, the Kazouza company sells a tamarind-flavoured carbonated beverage.

In Myanmar, young and tender leaves and flower buds are eaten as a vegetable. A salad dish of tamarind leaves, boiled beans, and crushed peanuts topped with crispy fried onions is very popular in rural Myanmar.

In the Philippines, tamarind is used in foods like sinigang soup, and also made into candies. The leaves are also used in sinampalukan soup.

In Thailand a specific cultivar has been bred specifically to be eaten as a fresh fruit, famous for being particular sweet and minimally sour. It is also sometimes eaten preserved in sugar with chili as a sweet-and-spicy candy. Pad Thai, a Thai dish popular with Westerners often include tamarind for its tart/sweet taste (with lime juice added for sourness and fish sauce added for saltiness). A tamarind-based sweet-and-sour sauce served over deep-fried fish is also a common dish in central Thailand.

Medicinal uses -

Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, sesquiterpenes, alkaloids and phlobatamins and other extracts active against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria, at temperatures of 4–30 °C (39–86 °F). Studies on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts on the test organisms showed that the lowest MIC and the MBC were demonstrated against Salmonella paratyphi, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi and the highest MIC and MBC was exhibited against Staphylococcus aureus.

Throughout Asia and Africa it is common for health remedies. In Northern Nigeria, fresh stem bark and fresh leaves are used as decoction mixed with potash for the treatment of stomach disorder, general body pain, jaundice, yellow fever and as blood tonic and skin cleanser. In Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines and Javanese traditional medicine use asem leaves as a herbal infusion for malarial fever, the fruit juice as an anti-septic, and scurvy and even cough cure.

Fruit of the tamarind is also commonly used throughout South East Asia as a poultice applied to foreheads of fever sufferers.

Tamarind is used as in Indian Ayurvedic Medicine for gastric and/or digestion problems, and in cardioprotective activity.

In animal studies, tamarind has been found to lower serum cholesterol and blood sugar levels. Due to a lack of available human clinical trials, there is insufficient evidence to recommend tamarind for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol) or diabetes.

Based on human study, tamarind intake may delay the progression of fluorosis by enhancing excretion of fluoride. However, additional research is needed to confirm these results.

Excess consumption has been noted as a traditional laxative.

Other medicinal uses include: Anthelminthic (expels worms), antimicrobial, antiseptic, antiviral, asthma, astringent, bacterial skin infections (erysipelas), boils, chest pain, cholesterol metabolism disorders, colds, colic, conjunctivitis (pink eye), constipation (chronic or acute), diabetes, diarrhea (chronic), dry eyes, dysentery (severe diarrhea), eye inflammation, fever, food preservative, food uses (coloring), gallbladder disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, gingivitis, hemorrhoids, indigestion, insecticide, jaundice, keratitis (inflammation of the cornea), leprosy, liver disorders, nausea and vomiting (pregnancy-related), paralysis, poisoning (Datura plant), rash, rheumatism, saliva production, skin disinfectant/sterilization, sore throat, sores, sprains, sunscreen, sunstroke, swelling (joints), urinary stones, wound healing (corneal epithelium).

In temples, especially in Buddhist Asian countries, the fruit pulp is used to polish brass shrine furniture, removing dulling and the greenish patina that forms.

The wood is a bold red color. Due to its density and durability, tamarind heartwood can be used in making furniture and wood flooring. A tamarind switch is sometimes used as an implement for corporal punishment.

Tamarind trees are very common throughout Asia and the tropical world as both an ornamental, garden and cash-crop. The tamarind has recently become popular in bonsai culture, frequently used in Asian countries like Indonesia, Taiwan and the Philippines. In the last Japan Airlines World Bonsai competition, Mr. Budi Sulistyo of Indonesia won the second prize with an ancient tamarind bonsai.

The seeds are sometimes used by children in traditional board games such as Chinese checkers (China), Dhakon (Java), and others.

The tamarind tree is the official plant of Santa Clara, Cuba. Consequently it appears in the coat of arms of the city.

Study now shows that Lowcarb High Meat diets are linked to Dementia. Eating an Atkins style diet of meat, bacon, steak, etc can result in becoming demented.

Steak and barbequed meats have now been traced to throat cancer, and cancer of the human butt. (Put "Meat Colorectal Caner" into google and look if you don't believe it).

Ladies... An experiment was done about Body Odor, it turned out if your husband, or boyfriend, or your date is a big meat-eater, he'll tend to have horrible wretched body odor. Women rated vegetarian men "more attractive" and had less putrid B.O. The reason is meat is acidic and contains Sulphurus compounds (think of Egg burps). In fact, if you thought the old myth about legumes (beans) leading to gas, that was found false too! It turns out that's mainly meat-eaters as well!

What happens is, that you have different bacteria living in your gut. Meat eaters grow an offensive type of bacteria in their stomachs and intestines called Bacterioides. When you become a vegetarian, these offensive gut bacteria change and go away. Since decayed meat is not there to grow it. So after becoming a vegetarian your BO and smell changes for the better. And also, vegetarians now increase the proper enzymes and (good) bacteria that can properly digest all the baked beans you eat without the same level of smell or much more gas at all! In other words, vegetarians and vegans who eat beans don't have any problem. It's meat eaters who generate horrendous fart gasses that contain the horrible rotten egg sulphurus smells that make you cringe. Meat eaters blame the vegetables or vegans or the beans, but it's really them.

You see, meat and steak comes from cows that have diseases. So livestock farmers also shoot these cattle up with Antibiotics. In fact, the meat industry is consuming a whopping 70%+ of the world's pharmaceuticalgrade antibiotics! These are taken away from the resources that could be used to save and help human beings.

In other words, instead of medicines going to help children, or poor people, or humans, livestock farmers are using up 70% of the world's supply of medicines and antibiotics that are going to inoculate cattle! Why? Because animals get sick! The cows that you're eating are susceptible to being infected with disease. If you get organic meat, it can have diseases. Things like brucellosis, and scabies! This is what the livestock farmers don't tell you. Your steak may have had scabies.

But when meat farmers doctor up your steak with antibiotics, that means YOU are now ingesting residues of tetracyclines, and other drugs left in the meat. And guess what. That KILLS your gut bacteria. It doesn't just kill the bad bacteria, it doesn't know the difference. It kills the good bacteria too. The kind you need for digestion.

Have you heard the word Pro Biotics? Know what that is? Good for you, right? Well that's the OPPOSITE of an ANTI-BIOTIC. ProBiotics help bacteria. Antibiotics KILL bacteria. That's what an anti-biotic does. So you're out there buying foods that have Pro Biotics, then you come home and eat a piece of steak which has residues of pet-grade ANTI Biotics in it which just killed all your beneficial bacteria that you were trying to get. See the problem?

Well, those anti-biotics in steak and meat also kill the bacteria and destroy the enzymes you need to digest food. So a meat-eater is deficient, and lacking in the proper enzymes and good bacteria. A meat-eater's gut is now destroyed, and then the meat sits there and putrifies inside a man's (or womans) insides. And then you smell him in the bathroom. It's horrible.

Vegetarians do not have this problem. Vegetarians have healthy pro biotic bacteria, that are not killed off, and enzymes that are intact. And can digest plants, legumes, tubers, beans and vegetables with no problem. Also vegetarians get more FIBER which meat is deficient in. So men who eat meat are better-smelling, and don't stink up the rest room, have less problems with stuck constipation like beef eaters, and get less growths around a man's underside like a barbeque-eating man will have.

Didn't know this? Well, just type "Vegetarian vs Meat Eater Body Odor Attractiveness" into google and you'll find out.

Meat Eaters also have horrible bad breath. Lowcarb Atkins high protein dieters have it even worse. Lowcarb diets result in a condition called Ketosis, which is a lack of and deficiency in carbs which produces what are known as Ketone bodies in the mouths of Lowcarb Diet people. This is why their breath smells so bad. It's like sour and rotted. Like something died in there when you wake up in bed and get a whiff. This is why women doing crossfit have such horrible brath and body odor. Crossfitters have horrible bad breath and B.O. because they often got duped by the now known debunked Paleo fad Diet, which has lots of bad meat and is deficient in fiber and carbs. So they exercise and their body gasses and milky sweat contains offensive ketone smells.

This is why crossfitters smell so bad and why they can't seem to shower it off. It lingers like a gas cloud being secreted by their body all workday long. Not just during a workout. It's coming from their bodily tissues because of what they ate.

Please make a note of it. Tell others. Girls and Women... now you know never to fall for getting duped into crossfit. And if you have a girlfriend doing it, or worse, your man...tell them to get out of it as soon as possible, or your bathrooms, car, house, and bed are going to smell horrible.

###

Secretos de Radiación. Es el proyecto con el que pretendo reflejar el deterioro físico y mental que sufren las mujeres que han recibido radiación por cáncer de cérvix y el deterior por efectos secundarios al tratamiento, el cual les salva la vida pero deja una gran huella en su cuerpo y mente. Esta marchitación interna les ocasiona una gran variedad de problemas como: resequedad, piel sensible, estreñimiento, sangrados, falta de lubricación y más. Ellas pierden su sexualidad al no poder intimar con su pareja, lo cual les lleva a cuestionar su cuerpo y persona lo que se convierte en un problema mental. Las mujeres que han pasado por esto por lo general cargan el problema en silencio y sin ayuda. Hay que poner la luz en esta situación y ver la forma de brindarles la información y ayuda adecuada.

Secrets of Radiation. It is the project that I intend to reflect the physical and mental deterioration suffered by women who have received radiation from cervical cancer and the deterioration due to side effects to the treatment, which saves their lives but leaves a great imprint on their body and mind . This internal wilting causes a great variety of problems such as: dryness, sensitive skin, constipation, bleeding, lack of lubrication and more. They lose their sexuality by not being able to intimate with their partner, which leads them to question their body and person which becomes a mental problem. Women who have gone through this usually carry the problem silently and unaided. We must put the light on this situation and see how we can provide them with the right information and help.

Secretos de Radiación. Es el proyecto con el que pretendo reflejar el deterioro físico y mental que sufren las mujeres que han recibido radiación por cáncer de cérvix y el deterior por efectos secundarios al tratamiento, el cual les salva la vida pero deja una gran huella en su cuerpo y mente. Esta marchitación interna les ocasiona una gran variedad de problemas como: resequedad, piel sensible, estreñimiento, sangrados, falta de lubricación y más. Ellas pierden su sexualidad al no poder intimar con su pareja, lo cual les lleva a cuestionar su cuerpo y persona lo que se convierte en un problema mental. Las mujeres que han pasado por esto por lo general cargan el problema en silencio y sin ayuda. Hay que poner la luz en esta situación y ver la forma de brindarles la información y ayuda adecuada.

Secrets of Radiation. It is the project that I intend to reflect the physical and mental deterioration suffered by women who have received radiation from cervical cancer and the deterioration due to side effects to the treatment, which saves their lives but leaves a great imprint on their body and mind . This internal wilting causes a great variety of problems such as: dryness, sensitive skin, constipation, bleeding, lack of lubrication and more. They lose their sexuality by not being able to intimate with their partner, which leads them to question their body and person which becomes a mental problem. Women who have gone through this usually carry the problem silently and unaided. We must put the light on this situation and see how we can provide them with the right information and help.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a flowering plant whose rhizome, ginger root or simply ginger, is widely used as a spice or a folk medicine.

It is a herbaceous perennial which grows annual stems about a meter tall bearing narrow green leaves and yellow flowers. Ginger is in the family Zingiberaceae, to which also belong turmeric (Curcuma longa), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), and galangal. Ginger originated in the tropical rainforest in Southern Asia. Although ginger no longer grows wild, it is thought to have originated on the Indian subcontinent because the ginger plants grown in India show the largest amount of genetic variation. Ginger was exported to Europe via India in the first century AD as a result of the lucrative spice trade and was used extensively by the Romans.

The distantly related dicots in the genus Asarum are commonly called wild ginger because of their similar taste.

ETYMOLOGY

The origin of "ginger" is from the mid-14th century, from Old English gingifer, from Medieval Latin gingiber, from Latin zingiberi, from Greek zingiberis, from Prakrit (Middle Indic) singabera, from Sanskrit srngaveram, from srngam "horn" + vera- "body", from the shape of its root. But this may be Sanskrit folk etymology, and the word may be from an ancient Dravidian name that also produced the Tamil and Malayalam name for the spice, inchi-ver, from inchi "root." cf. gin (v.). The word probably was readopted in Middle English from Old French gingibre (modern French gingembre).

HORTICULTURE

Ginger produces clusters of white and pink flower buds that bloom into yellow flowers. Because of its aesthetic appeal and the adaptation of the plant to warm climates, it is often used as landscaping around subtropical homes. It is a perennial reed-like plant with annual leafy stems, about a meter (3 to 4 feet) tall. Traditionally, the rhizome is gathered when the stalk withers; it is immediately scalded, or washed and scraped, to kill it and prevent sprouting. The fragrant perisperm of the Zingiberaceae is used as sweetmeats by Bantu, and also as a condiment and sialagogue.

USES

Ginger produces a hot, fragrant kitchen spice.[6] Young ginger rhizomes are juicy and fleshy with a very mild taste. They are often pickled in vinegar or sherry as a snack or cooked as an ingredient in many dishes. They can be steeped in boiling water to make ginger tisane, to which honey is often added; sliced orange or lemon fruit may be added. Ginger can be made into candy, or ginger wine, which has been made commercially since 1740.

Mature ginger rhizomes are fibrous and nearly dry. The juice from ginger roots is often used as a seasoning in Indian recipes and is a common ingredient of Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and many South Asian cuisines for flavoring dishes such as seafood, meat, and vegetarian dishes.

Fresh ginger can be substituted for ground ginger at a ratio of six to one, although the flavors of fresh and dried ginger are somewhat different. Powdered dry ginger root is typically used as a flavoring for recipes such as gingerbread, cookies, crackers and cakes, ginger ale, and ginger beer.

Candied ginger, or crystallized ginger, is the root cooked in sugar until soft, and is a type of confectionery.

Fresh ginger may be peeled before eating. For longer-term storage, the ginger can be placed in a plastic bag and refrigerated or frozen.

REGIONAL USES

In Indian cuisine, ginger is a key ingredient, especially in thicker gravies, as well as in many other dishes, both vegetarian and meat-based. Ginger also has a role in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. It is an ingredient in traditional Indian drinks, both cold and hot, including spiced masala chai. Fresh ginger is one of the main spices used for making pulse and lentil curries and other vegetable preparations. Fresh ginger together with peeled garlic cloves is crushed or ground to form ginger garlic masala. Fresh, as well as dried, ginger is used to spice tea and coffee, especially in winter. In south India, "sambharam" is a summer yogurt drink made with ginger as a key ingredient, along with green chillies, salt and curry leaves. Ginger powder is used in food preparations intended primarily for pregnant or nursing women, the most popular one being katlu, which is a mixture of gum resin, ghee, nuts, and sugar. Ginger is also consumed in candied and pickled form.

In Japan, ginger is pickled to make beni shoga and gari or grated and used raw on tofu or noodles. It is made into a candy called shoga no sato zuke. In the traditional Korean kimchi, ginger is either finely minced or just juiced to avoid the fibrous texture and added to the ingredients of the spicy paste just before the fermenting process.

In Burma, ginger is called gyin. It is widely used in cooking and as a main ingredient in traditional medicines. It is consumed as a salad dish called gyin-thot, which consists of shredded ginger preserved in oil, with a variety of nuts and seeds.

In Thailand' where it is called ขิง khing, it is used to make a ginger garlic paste in cooking.

In Indonesia, a beverage called wedang jahe is made from ginger and palm sugar. Indonesians also use ground ginger root, called jahe, as a common ingredient in local recipes.

In Malaysia, ginger is called halia and used in many kinds of dishes, especially soups.

Called luya in the Philippines, ginger is a common ingredient in local dishes and is brewed as a tea called salabat.

In Vietnam, the fresh leaves, finely chopped, can be added to shrimp-and-yam soup (canh khoai mỡ) as a top garnish and spice to add a much subtler flavor of ginger than the chopped root.

In China, sliced or whole ginger root is often paired with savory dishes such as fish, and chopped ginger root is commonly paired with meat, when it is cooked. Candied ginger is sometimes a component of Chinese candy boxes, and a herbal tea can be prepared from ginger.

In the Caribbean, ginger is a popular spice for cooking and for making drinks such as sorrel, a drink made during the Christmas season. Jamaicans make ginger beer both as a carbonated beverage and also fresh in their homes. Ginger tea is often made from fresh ginger, as well as the famous regional specialty Jamaican ginger cake.

On the island of Corfu, Greece, a traditional drink called τσιτσιμπύρα (tsitsibira), a type of ginger beer, is made. The people of Corfu and the rest of the Ionian islands adopted the drink from the British, during the period of the United States of the Ionian Islands.

In Arabic, ginger is called zanjabil and in some parts of the Middle East, gingayu (生姜湯). The Hebrew name for the spice, zangevil, is a variation on the name.

In Western cuisine, ginger is traditionally used mainly in sweet foods such as ginger ale, gingerbread, ginger snaps, parkin, ginger biscuits, and speculaas. A ginger-flavored liqueur called Canton is produced in Jarnac, France. Ginger wine is a ginger-flavored wine produced in the United Kingdom, traditionally sold in a green glass bottle. Ginger is also used as a spice added to hot coffee and tea.

SIMILAR INGREDIENTS

Myoga (Zingiber mioga 'Roscoe') appears in Japanese cuisine; the flower buds are the part eaten.

Another plant in the Zingiberaceae family, galangal, is used for similar purposes as ginger in Thai cuisine. Galangal is also called Thai ginger, fingerroot (Boesenbergia rotunda), Chinese ginger, or the Thai krachai.

A dicotyledonous native species of eastern North America, Asarum canadense, is also known as "wild ginger", and its root has similar aromatic properties, but it is not related to true ginger. The plant contains aristolochic acid, a carcinogenic compound.[9] The United States Food and Drug Administration warns that consumption of aristolochic acid-containing products is associated with "permanent kidney damage, sometimes resulting in kidney failure that has required kidney dialysis or kidney transplantation. In addition, some patients have developed certain types of cancers, most often occurring in the urinary tract."

PRODUCTION

In 2013, with a global production of 2.1 million tonnes of ginger, India accounted for 33%, followed by China (19%), Nepal, Indonesia, and Nigeria.

NUTRITIOAL INFORMATION

In 100 grams, ground dried ginger (10% water) provides numerous essential nutrients in high content, particularly the dietary mineral manganese as a multiple of its Daily Value (DV, table). In a typical spice serving amount of one US tablespoon or 5 g, however, ginger powder provides negligible content of essential nutrients, with the exception of manganese present as 79% of DV (USDA database).

Due to its higher content of water (80%), raw ginger root has lower overall nutrient content when expressed per 100 grams.

COMPOSITION AND SAFETY

If consumed in reasonable quantities, ginger has few negative side effects. It is on the FDA's "generally recognized as safe" list, though it does interact with some medications, including the anticoagulant drug warfarin and the cardiovascular drug, nifedipine.

Products of Chinese origin found in Taiwan contained ginger contaminated with diisobutyl phthalate, causing some 80,000 nutritional supplement capsules made with imported ginger powder to be seized by the Public Health Department of Taiwan in June 2011.

CHEMISTRY

The characteristic fragrance and flavor of ginger result from volatile oils that compose 1-3% of the weight of fresh ginger, primarily consisting of zingerone, shogaols and gingerols with [6]-gingerol (1-[4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone) as the major pungent compound. Zingerone is produced from gingerols during drying, having lower pungency and a spicy-sweet aroma.

BIOLOG'ICAL EFFECTS

Ginger has a sialagogue action, stimulating the production of saliva, which makes swallowing easier.

Ginger is a minor chemical irritant and, because of this, was used as a horse suppository by pre-World War I mounted regiments for gingering.

MEDICINAL USE AND RESEARCH

Oral or topical uses of ginger to treat various disorders, such as nausea or arthritis pain, are under research, but no conclusions are possible from these studies about its effectiveness or safety in long-term use.

In limited studies, ginger was found to be more effective than placebo for treating nausea caused by seasickness, morning sickness, and chemotherapy, although it was not found superior to placebo for treating postoperative nausea. Studies have found no clear evidence of harm from taking ginger during pregnancy, though its safety has not been established.

Allergic reactions to ginger generally result in a rash. Although generally recognized as safe, ginger can cause heartburn and other side effects, particularly if taken in powdered form. Unchewed fresh ginger may result in intestinal blockage, and individuals who have had ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease, or blocked intestines may react badly to large quantities of fresh ginger. It can also adversely affect individuals with gallstones and may interfere with the effects of anticoagulants, such as warfarin or aspirin.

Studies are inconclusive about the effects of using ginger for nausea or pain associated with various ailments. Side effects, mostly associated with consuming powdered ginger, are gas, bloating, heartburn, and nausea.

Ginger powder may be effective for primary dysmenorrhea.

Cultivars, preparation, and folk medicine

Ginger properties depend on a number of factors, such as cultivar, plant segment, and preparation method (dried or cooked). Examples:

One traditional medical form of ginger historically called "Jamaica ginger" was classified as a stimulant and carminative, and used frequently for dyspepsia, gastroparesis, slow gut motility symptoms, constipation, or colic.

Kampo Shokyo, Z. officinale, var. rubens, dried

Kampo Kankyo, Z. officinale, var. rubens, steamed and dried

Jamu Red ginger, Z. officinale, var. rubra

Shoga, Z. officinale, var. rubens

White ginger, Z. officinale, var. amarum

WIKIPEDIA

never thought i'd find a mulberry tree in the city, of all places, but life always have surprises!

Edibility

- Young leaves eaten as vegetable, particularly by nursing mothers.

- Fruit is edible.

- In China, the fruit is made into jam.

Folkloric

· For headaches, cough, and fever associated with influenza: Mix 6 to 12 gms of morera leaf preparation with Chrysanthemum and Mentha in 5:3:1 proportions. Boil to a concentrated decoction and drink.

· For persons who lacrimate when their faces are exposed to the wind: use 6 to 12 gms of leaf preparation with an equal volume of Sesame preparation, grind to a powder and drink with warm water.

· Constipation in the elderly: 6 to 15 gms dried fruit preparation, boil to a concentrated decoction and drink.

· Backache: 9-15 gms twig preparation, boil to a concentrated decoction and drink.

· Eyestrain causing reddening and pain in the eyes: get leaf preparation, steam in water, and expose eyes to the smoke which emanates from the preparation.

· Fever arising from lung complications, cough, and hemoptysis; also skin edema: use 9-15 gms of bark in decoction.

· Rheumatic arthritis, lumbago, leg pains: use 9-15 gm Morus twig material.

· Fever, cold and coughing: use 6 to 9 gms leafy drug in decoction.

· In Brazil, used for fever, lowering of cholesterol and blood pressure, and liver protection.

· Juice of fresh bark used for epilepsy in children and in dribbling of the saliva.

· Milky sap of the tree is used for aphthous stomatitis in infants, and in incised wounds caused by snake, centipede, and spider bites.

· Decoction of leaves used for sweating feet, dropsy, and intestinal disorders.

· Bruised leaves used for wounds and insect bites, and also to promote hair growth.

· Twigs considered prophylactic for all forms of cold; also, diuretic and pectoral.

· Lye made of ashes of mulberry wood used as stimulant and escharotic in scaly skin diseases and unhealthy granulations.

· Fruits have been used for diabetes.

source: stuart xchange

Secretos de Radiación. Es el proyecto con el que pretendo reflejar el deterioro físico y mental que sufren las mujeres que han recibido radiación por cáncer de cérvix y el deterior por efectos secundarios al tratamiento, el cual les salva la vida pero deja una gran huella en su cuerpo y mente. Esta marchitación interna les ocasiona una gran variedad de problemas como: resequedad, piel sensible, estreñimiento, sangrados, falta de lubricación y más. Ellas pierden su sexualidad al no poder intimar con su pareja, lo cual les lleva a cuestionar su cuerpo y persona lo que se convierte en un problema mental. Las mujeres que han pasado por esto por lo general cargan el problema en silencio y sin ayuda. Hay que poner la luz en esta situación y ver la forma de brindarles la información y ayuda adecuada.

Secrets of Radiation. It is the project that I intend to reflect the physical and mental deterioration suffered by women who have received radiation from cervical cancer and the deterioration due to side effects to the treatment, which saves their lives but leaves a great imprint on their body and mind . This internal wilting causes a great variety of problems such as: dryness, sensitive skin, constipation, bleeding, lack of lubrication and more. They lose their sexuality by not being able to intimate with their partner, which leads them to question their body and person which becomes a mental problem. Women who have gone through this usually carry the problem silently and unaided. We must put the light on this situation and see how we can provide them with the right information and help.

Secretos de Radiación. Es el proyecto con el que pretendo reflejar el deterioro físico y mental que sufren las mujeres que han recibido radiación por cáncer de cérvix y el deterior por efectos secundarios al tratamiento, el cual les salva la vida pero deja una gran huella en su cuerpo y mente. Esta marchitación interna les ocasiona una gran variedad de problemas como: resequedad, piel sensible, estreñimiento, sangrados, falta de lubricación y más. Ellas pierden su sexualidad al no poder intimar con su pareja, lo cual les lleva a cuestionar su cuerpo y persona lo que se convierte en un problema mental. Las mujeres que han pasado por esto por lo general cargan el problema en silencio y sin ayuda. Hay que poner la luz en esta situación y ver la forma de brindarles la información y ayuda adecuada.

Secrets of Radiation. It is the project that I intend to reflect the physical and mental deterioration suffered by women who have received radiation from cervical cancer and the deterioration due to side effects to the treatment, which saves their lives but leaves a great imprint on their body and mind . This internal wilting causes a great variety of problems such as: dryness, sensitive skin, constipation, bleeding, lack of lubrication and more. They lose their sexuality by not being able to intimate with their partner, which leads them to question their body and person which becomes a mental problem. Women who have gone through this usually carry the problem silently and unaided. We must put the light on this situation and see how we can provide them with the right information and help.

Health benefits of plantains

Plantain relatively has more calories weight for weight than that in the table bananas. 100 g plantain holds about 122 calories, while dessert banana has only 89 calories. Indeed, they are very reliable sources of starch and energy; ensuring food security for millions of inhabitants worldwide.

It contains 2.3 g of dietary fiber per 100 g (6% of DRA per 100 g). Adequate amount of dietary-fiber in the food helps normal bowel movements, thereby reducing constipation problems.

Fresh plátanos have more vitamin C than bananas. 100 g provide 18.4 mg or 31% of daily required levels of this vitamin. Consumption of foods rich in vitamin-C helps the body develop resistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful oxygen-free radicals. However, boiling and cooking destroys much of this vitamin in plantains.

Plantains carry more vitamin A than bananas. 100 g fresh ripe plantains contain 1127 IU or 37.5% of daily required levels of this vitamin. Besides being a powerful antioxidant, vitamin A plays a vital role in the visual cycle, maintaining healthy mucus membranes, and enhancing skin complexion.

As in bananas, they too are rich sources of B-complex vitamins, particularly high in vitamin-B6 (pyridoxine). Pyridoxine is an important B-complex vitamin that has a beneficial role in the treatment of neuritis, anemia, and to decrease homocystine (one of the causative factors for coronary artery disease (CHD) and stroke episodes) levels in the body. In addition, the fruit contains moderate levels of folates, niacin, riboflavin and thiamin.

They also provide adequate levels of minerals such as iron, magnesium, and phosphorous. Magnesium is essential for bone strengthening and has a cardiac-protective role as well.

Fresh plantains have more potassium than bananas. 100 g fruit provides 499 mg of potassium (358 mg per 100 g for bananas). Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids that helps control heart rate and blood pressure, countering negative effects of sodium.

One of many similar publicity booklets issued by Beecham's Pills Ltd. and intended, most likely, to be issued at fairs and exhibitions. It contains several pages of adverts for the laxative pills as well as hints for health and vitality; mostly based on the need to avoid constipation by taking the pills. This is one of the adverts asking if "you can sleep like a top every night?".

The laxative tablets were first made by Beecham, a businessman in Wigan, Lancashire, in 1842 and they developed into a worldwide brand largely due to Beecham's business and marketing acumen. The 'worth a guinea a box' strapline was first used in a local press advert in 1859 and can be considered one of the earliest examples of an advertiisng slogan. The company opened its first purpose built factory in the founder's home town of St. Helens in 1880. Beecham's developed into a pharmacutical company, now part of GSK, and the Pills were only discontinued in 1998.

en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarind

TUMKUR is famous for tamarind ( Best tamarind ) |the tropical plant|the South American monkey|Tamarin}}

Not to be confused with Tamarix (tamarisk), a genus of small flowering trees and shrubs.

For other uses, see Tamarind (disambiguation) and Tamarindo (disambiguation).

Tamarind

Tamarindus indica pods.JPG

Scientific classification

Kingdom:

Plantae

(unranked):

Angiosperms

(unranked):

Eudicots

(unranked):

Rosids

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Fabaceae

Subfamily:

Detarioideae

Genus:

Tamarindus

L.

Species:

T. indica

Binomial name

Tamarindus indica

L. 1753

Synonyms[2][3][4]

Cavaraea Speg. 1916

Cavaraea elegans Speg. 1916[1]

Tamarindus erythraeus Mattei 1908

Tamarindus occidentalis Gaertn. 1791

Tamarindus officinalis Hook. 1851

Tamarindus somalensis Matteqi 1908

Tamarindus umbrosa Salisb. 1796

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) is a leguminous tree (family Fabaceae) bearing edible fruit that is indigenous to tropical Africa. The genus Tamarindus is monotypic, meaning that it contains only this species.

The tamarind tree produces pod-like fruit that contains a brown, edible pulp used in cuisines around the world. The pulp is also used in traditional medicine and as a metal polish. The tree's wood can be used for woodworking and tamarind seed oil can be extracted from the seeds. Tamarind's tender young leaves are used in Indian cuisine, especially in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.[5] Because tamarind has multiple uses, it is cultivated around the world in tropical and subtropical zones.

Etymology:

Tamarindus leaves and fruit pod

The name derives from Arabic: تمر هندي‎, romanized tamar hindi, "Indian date". Several early medieval herbalists and physicians wrote tamar indi, medieval Latin use was tamarindus, and Marco Polo wrote of tamarandi.[6]

In Colombia, Ecuador, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Italy, Spain, and throughout the Lusosphere, it is called tamarindo. In those countries it is often used to make the beverage of the same name (or agua de tamarindo). In Timor-Leste it is also called sukaer. In the Caribbean, tamarind is sometimes called tamón.[7] In the Philippines, it is called sampalok or sampaloc in Filipino, and sambag in Cebuano.[citation needed] Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) is sometimes confused with "Manila tamarind" (Pithecellobium dulce). While in the same taxonomic family Fabaceae, Manila tamarind is a different plant native to Mexico and known locally as guamúchili.

Origin:

Tamarindus indica is probably indigenous to tropical Africa,[8] but has been cultivated for so long on the Indian subcontinent that it is sometimes reported to be indigenous there.[9] It grows wild in Africa in locales as diverse as Sudan, Cameroon, Nigeria, Zambia and Tanzania. In Arabia, it is found growing wild in Oman, especially Dhofar, where it grows on the sea-facing slopes of mountains. It reached South Asia likely through human transportation and cultivation several thousand years BC.[7][10] It is widely distributed throughout the tropical belt, from Africa to South Asia, northern Australia, and throughout Oceania, Southeast Asia, Taiwan and China.

In the 16th century, it was introduced to Mexico, and to a lesser degree to South America, by Spanish and Portuguese colonists, to the degree that it became a staple ingredient in the region's cuisine.[11]

Today, India is the largest producer of tamarind.[12] The consumption of tamarind is widespread due to its central role in the cuisines of the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and the Americas, especially Mexico.

Description:

A tamarind seedling

The tamarind is a long-lived, medium-growth tree, which attains a maximum crown height of 12 to 18 metres (39 to 59 ft). The crown has an irregular, vase-shaped outline of dense foliage. The tree grows well in full sun. It prefers clay, loam, sandy, and acidic soil types, with a high resistance to drought and aerosol salt (wind-borne salt as found in coastal areas).[13]

The evergreen leaves are alternately arranged and pinnately lobed. The leaflets are bright green, elliptic-ovular, pinnately veined, and less than 5 cm (2.0 in) in length. The branches droop from a single, central trunk as the tree matures, and are often pruned in agriculture to optimize tree density and ease of fruit harvest. At night, the leaflets close up.[13]

As a tropical species, it is frost-sensitive. The pinnate leaves with opposite leaflets give a billowing effect in the wind. Tamarind timber consists of hard, dark red heartwood and softer, yellowish sapwood.[14]

The tamarind flowers (although inconspicuously), with red and yellow elongated flowers. Flowers are 2.5 cm wide (one inch), five-petalled, borne in small racemes, and yellow with orange or red streaks. Buds are pink as the four sepals are pink and are lost when the flower blooms.[15]

Fruit:

The fruit is an indehiscent legume, sometimes called a pod, 12 to 15 cm (4.7 to 5.9 in) in length, with a hard, brown shell.[16][17][18]

The fruit has a fleshy, juicy, acidic pulp. It is mature when the flesh is coloured brown or reddish brown. The tamarinds of Asia have longer pods (containing six to 12 seeds), whereas African and West Indian varieties have shorter pods (containing one to six seeds). The seeds are somewhat flattened, and a glossy brown. The fruit is best described as sweet and sour in taste, and is high in tartaric acid, sugar, B vitamins, and, unusually for a fruit, calcium.[13]

The fruit is harvested by pulling the pod from its stalk. A mature tree may be capable of producing up to 175 kg (386 lb) of fruit per year. Veneer grafting, shield (T or inverted T) budding, and air layering may be used to propagate desirable cultivars. Such trees will usually fruit within three to four years if provided optimum growing conditions.[13]

Tamarind paste:

Tamarind balls from Trinidad and Tobago

Tamarinds, raw

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy

239 kcal (1,000 kJ)

Carbohydrates

62.5 g

Sugars

57.4

Dietary fiber

5.1 g

Fat

0.6 g

Saturated

0.272 g

Monounsaturated

0.181 g

Polyunsaturated

0.059 g

Protein

2.8 g

Tryptophan

0.018 g

Lysine

0.139 g

Methionine

0.014 g

Vitamins

Quantity %DV†

Vitamin A equiv.

0% 2 μg

Vitamin A

30 IU

Thiamine (B1)

37% 0.428 mg

Riboflavin (B2)

13% 0.152 mg

Niacin (B3)

13% 1.938 mg

Pantothenic acid (B5)

3% 0.143 mg

Vitamin B6

5% 0.066 mg

Folate (B9)

4% 14 μg

Choline

2% 8.6 mg

Vitamin C

4% 3.5 mg

Vitamin E

1% 0.1 mg

Vitamin K

3% 2.8 μg

Minerals

Quantity %DV†

Calcium

7% 74 mg

Copper

43% 0.86 mg

Iron

22% 2.8 mg

Magnesium

26% 92 mg

Phosphorus

16% 113 mg

Potassium

13% 628 mg

Selenium

2% 1.3 μg

Sodium

2% 28 mg

Zinc

1% 0.1 mg

Other constituents

Quantity

Water

31.40 g

USDA Database; entry

Units

μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams

IU = International units

†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.

Source: USDA Nutrient Database

The fruit pulp is edible. The hard green pulp of a young fruit is considered by many to be too sour, but is often used as a component of savory dishes, as a pickling agent or as a means of making certain poisonous yams in Ghana safe for human consumption.[19] As the fruit matures it becomes sweeter and less sour (acidic) and the ripened fruit is considered more palatable. The sourness varies between cultivars and some sweet tamarind ones have almost no acidity when ripe. In Western cuisine, tamarind pulp is found in Worcestershire Sauce[20] and HP Sauce.

Tamarind paste has many culinary uses including a flavoring for chutnies, curries, and the traditional sharbat syrup drink.[21] Tamarind sweet chutney is popular in India and Pakistan[22] as a dressing for many snacks. Tamarind pulp is a key ingredient in flavoring curries and rice in south Indian cuisine, in the Chigali lollipop, and in certain varieties of Masala Chai tea. Across the Middle East, from the Levant to Iran, tamarind is used in savory dishes, notably meat-based stews, and often combined with dried fruits to achieve a sweet-sour tang.[23][24] In the Philippines, the whole fruit is used as an ingredient in the traditional dish called sinigang to add a unique sour taste, unlike that of dishes that use vinegar instead. Indonesia also has a similarly sour, tamarind-based soup dish called sayur asem.

In Mexico and the Caribbean, the pulp is diluted with water and sugared to make an agua fresca drink.

Tamarind seed oil:

Tamarind seed oil is the oil made from the kernel of tamarind seeds.[25] Isolation of the kernel without the thin but tough shell (or testa) is difficult. Tamarind kernel powder is used as sizing material for textile and jute processing, and in the manufacture of industrial gums and adhesives. It is de-oiled to stabilize its colour and odor on storage.

Composition of tamarind seed kernel:

Composition Original De-oiled

Oil7.6%0.6%

Protein7.6%19.0%

Polysaccharide51.0%55.0%

Crude fiber1.2%1.1%

Total ash3.9%3.4%

Acid insoluble ash0.4%0.3%

Moisture7.1%

The fatty acid composition of the oil is linoleic 46.5%, oleic 27.2%,

and saturated fatty acids 26.4%. The oil is usually bleached after refining.

Fatty acid composition of tamarind kernel oil

Fatty acid(%) Range reported

Lauric acid (C12:0)tr-0.3

Myristic acid (C14:0)tr-0.4

Palmitic acid (C16:0)8.7–14.8

Stearic acid (C18:0)4.4–6.6

Arachidic acid (C20:0)3.7–12.2

Lignoceric acid (C24:0)4.0–22.3

Oleic acid (C18:1)19.6–27.0

Linoleic acid (18:2)7.5–55.4

Linolenic acid (C18:3)2.8–5.6

Cultivation:

Tamarind tree on the site of the founding of Santa Clara, Cuba

Seeds can be scarified or briefly boiled to enhance germination. They retain their germination capability for several months if kept dry.[citation needed]

The tamarind has long been naturalized in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Philippines, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Islands. Thailand has the largest plantations of the ASEAN nations, followed by Indonesia, Myanmar, and the Philippines. In parts of Southeast Asia, tamarind is called asam.[26] It is cultivated all over India, especially in Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Extensive tamarind orchards in India produce 275,500 tons (250,000 MT) annually.[13]

Tamarind flowers:

In the United States, it is a large-scale crop introduced for commercial use, second in net production quantity only to India, mainly in the southern states, notably south Florida, and as a shade tree, along roadsides, in dooryards and in parks.[27]

A traditional food plant in Africa, tamarind has the potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development and support sustainable landcare.[28] In Madagascar, its fruit and leaves are a well-known favorite of the ring-tailed lemur, providing as much as 50 percent of their food resources during the year if available.[29]

Folk medicine:

Throughout Southeast Asia, the fruit of the tamarind is used as a poultice applied to foreheads of fever sufferers.[16] The fruit exhibits laxative effects due to its high quantities of malic acid, tartaric acid, and potassium bitartrate. Its use for the relief of constipation has been documented throughout the world.[30][31]

Woodworking:

Tamarind lumber is used to make furniture, carvings, turned objects such as mortars and pestles, chopping blocks, and other small specialty wood items. Tamarind heartwood is reddish brown, sometimes with a purplish hue. The heartwood in tamarind tends to be narrow and is usually only present in older and larger trees. The pale yellow sapwood is sharply demarcated from the heartwood. Heartwood is said to be durable to very durable in decay resistance, and is also resistant to insects. Its sapwood is not durable and is prone to attack by insects and fungi as well as spalting. Due to its density and interlocked grain, tamarind is considered difficult to work. Heartwood has a pronounced blunting effect on cutting edges. Tamarind turns, glues, and finishes well. The heartwood is able to take a high natural polish.[32]

Metal polish:

In homes and temples, especially in Buddhist Asian countries, the fruit pulp is used to polish brass shrine statues and lamps, and copper, brass, and bronze utensils. The copper alone or in brass reacts with moist carbon dioxide to gain a green coat of copper carbonate. Tamarind contains tartaric acid, a weak acid that can remove the coat of copper carbonate. Hence, tarnished copper utensils are cleaned with tamarind or lime, another acidic fruit.[7]

Horticulture:

Throughout South Asia and the tropical world, tamarind trees are used as ornamental, garden, and cash crop plantings. Commonly used as a bonsai species in many Asian countries, it is also grown as an indoor bonsai in temperate parts of the world.[33]

Research:

In hens, tamarind has been found to lower cholesterol in their serum, and in the yolks of the eggs they laid.[34][35] Due to a lack of available human clinical trials, there is insufficient evidence to recommend tamarind for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia or diabetes.[36] Different parts of tamarind (T. indica) are recognized for their various medicinal properties. A previous study reported that the seed, leaf, leaf veins, fruit pulp and skin extracts of tamarind possessed high phenolic content and antioxidant activities.[37] The presence of lupanone and lupeol,[38] catechin, epicatechin, quercetin and isorhamnetin[37] in the leaf extract could have contributed towards the diverse range of the medicinal activities. On the other hand, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) analyses revealed that tamarind seeds contained catechin, procyanidin B2, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, chloramphenicol, myricetin, morin, quercetin, apigenin and kaempferol.[39] The treatment of tamarind leaves on liver HepG2 cells significantly regulated the expression of genes and proteins involved with consequential impact on the coagulation system, cholesterol biosynthesis, xenobiotic metabolism signaling and antimicrobial response.[40]

Historical tamarind

References:

^ Speg. Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 82: 223 1916

^ "Tamarindus indica L." The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2013. Retrieved February 28, 2017.

^ Quattrocchi U. (2012). CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Boca Raton, Louisiana: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 3667–3668. ISBN 9781420080445.

^ USDA; ARS; National Genetic Resources Program (February 10, 2005). "Cavaraea Speg". Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 28, 2017.

^ Borah, Prabalika M. (April 27, 2018). "Here's what you can cook with tender tamarind leaves". The Hindu.

^ Tamarind; Oxford English dictionary

^ a b c Morton, Julia F. (1987). Fruits of Warm Climates. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 115–121. ISBN 978-0-9653360-7-9.

^ Diallo, BO; Joly, HI; McKey, D; Hosaert-McKey, M; Chevallier, MH (2007). "Genetic diversity of Tamarindus indica populations: Any clues on the origin from its current distribution?". African Journal of Biotechnology. 6 (7).

^ Abukakar, MG; Ukwuani, AN; Shehu, RA (2008). "Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Tamarindus indica Pulp Extract". Asian Journal of Biochemistry. 3 (2): 134–138. doi:10.3923/ajb.2008.134.138.

^ Popenoe, W. (1974). Manual of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. Hafner Press. pp. 432–436.

^ Tamale, E.; Jones, N.; Pswarayi-Riddihough, I. (August 1995). Technologies Related to Participatory Forestry in Tropical and Subtropical Countries. World Bank Publications. ISBN 978-0-8213-3399-0.

^ Tamarind monograph; PDF format; retrieved May 2017

^ a b c d e "Tamarind – Tamarindus indica – van Veen Organics". van Veen Organics. Retrieved June 4, 2017.

^ "Tamarind: a multipurpose tree". DAWN.COM. July 9, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2017.

^ "Tamarind". Plant Lexica. Retrieved June 4, 2017.

^ a b Doughari, J. H. (December 2006). "Antimicrobial Activity of Tamarindus indica". Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 5 (2): 597–603. doi:10.4314/tjpr.v5i2.14637.

^ "Fact Sheet: Tamarindus indica" (PDF). University of Florida. Retrieved July 22, 2012.

^ Christman, S. "Tamarindus indica". FloriData. Retrieved January 11, 2010.

^ El-Siddig, K. (2006). Tamarind: Tamarindus indica L. ISBN 9780854328598.

^ "BBC Food:Ingredients—Tamarind recipes". BBC. Retrieved February 23, 2015.

^ Azad, Salim (2018). "Tamarindo—Tamarindus indica". In Sueli Rodrigues, Ebenezer de Oliveira Silva, Edy Sousa de Brito (eds.) (eds.). Exotic Fruits. Academic Press. pp. 403–412. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803138-4.00055-1. ISBN 978-0-12-803138-4.

^ The Complete Asian Cookbook. Tuttle Publishing. 2006. p. 88. ISBN 9780804837576.

^ "Tamarind is the 'sour secret of Syrian cooking'". PRI. July 2014

^ Nathan, Joan (2004). "Georgian Chicken in Pomegranate and Tamarind Sauce". New York Times

^ Tamarind Seeds. agriculturalproductsindia.com

^ "Asam or Tamarind tree (Tamarindus indica) on the Shores of Singapore". www.wildsingapore.com. Retrieved April 14, 2018.

^ "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations".

^ National Research Council (January 25, 2008). "Tamarind". Lost Crops of Africa: Volume III: Fruits. Lost Crops of Africa. 3. National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/11879. ISBN 978-0-309-10596-5. Retrieved July 17, 2008.

^ "Ring-Tailed Lemur". Wisconsin Primate Research Center. Retrieved November 14, 2016.

^ Havinga, Reinout M.; Hartl, Anna; Putscher, Johanna; Prehsler, Sarah; Buchmann, Christine; Vogl, Christian R. (February 2010). "Tamarindus Indica L. (Fabaceae): Patterns of Use in Traditional African Medicine". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 127 (3): 573–588. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.11.028. PMID 19963055.

^ Panthong, A; Khonsung, P; Kunanusorn, P; Wongcome, T; Pongsamart, S (July 2008). "The laxative effect of fresh pulp aqueous extracts of Thai Tamarind cultivars". Planta Medica. 74 (9). doi:10.1055/s-0028-1084885.

^ "Tamarind". The Wood Database. Retrieved December 22, 2016.

^ D'Cruz, Mark. "Ma-Ke Bonsai Care Guide for Tamarindus indica". Ma-Ke Bonsai. Retrieved August 19, 2011.

^ Salma, U.; Miah, A. G.; Tareq, K. M. A.; Maki, T.; Tsujii, H. (April 1, 2007). "Effect of Dietary Rhodobacter capsulatus on Egg-Yolk Cholesterol and Laying Hen Performance". Poultry Science. 86 (4): 714–719. doi:10.1093/ps/86.4.714. PMID 17369543. as well as in egg-yolk (13 and 16%)

^ Chowdhury, SR; Sarker, DK; Chowdhury, SD; Smith, TK; Roy, PK; Wahid, MA (2005). "Effects of dietary tamarind on cholesterol metabolism in laying hens". Poultry Science. 84 (1): 56–60. doi:10.1093/ps/84.1.56. PMID 15685942.

^ "Tamarindus indica". Health Online. Retrieved January 11, 2010.

^ a b Razali, Nurhanani; Mat-Junit, Sarni; Abdul-Muthalib, Amirah Faizah; Subramaniam, Senthilkumar; Abdul-Aziz, Azlina (2012). "Effect of various solvents on the extraction of antioxidant phenolics from the leaves, seeds, veins and skins of Tamarindus indica L.". Food Chemistry. 131 (2): 441–448. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.09.001.

^ Imam, S.; Azhar, I.; Hasan, M. M.; Ali, M. S.; Ahmed, S. W. (2007). "Two triterpenes lupanone and lupeol isolated and identified from Tamarindus indica linn". Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 20 (2): 125–7. PMID 17416567.

^ Razali, N.; Mat Junit, S.; Ariffin, A.; Ramli, N. S.; Abdul Aziz, A. (2015). "Polyphenols from the extract and fraction of T. indica seeds protected HepG2 cells against oxidative stress". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 15: 438. doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0963-2. PMC 4683930. PMID 26683054.

^ Razali, Nurhanani; Abdul Aziz, Azlina; Lim, Chor Yin; Mat Junit, Sarni (2015). "Investigation into the effects of antioxidant-rich extract of Tamarindus indicaleaf on antioxidant enzyme activities, oxidative stress and gene expression profiles in HepG2 cells". PeerJ. 3: e1292. doi:10.7717/peerj.1292. PMC 4636403. PMID 26557426.

[syn. Jacquemontia ovalifolia subsp. sandwicensis]

Pāʻūohiʻiaka or Oval-leaf clustervine

Convolvulaceae

Endemic to the Hawaiian Islands

Barber's Point, Oʻahu

White-flowered form

Hawaiian Names

Kākuaohiʻiaka. The word kākua means "to bind or fasten on, as a sarong or belt."

Pāʻuohiʻiaka or Pāʻū o Hiʻiaka is translated to mean "Hiʻiaka's skirt," the goddess sister of Pele.

Dried leaves and stems were made into a tea or mixed with niu (coconut) and eaten by early Hawaiians.

Medicinally, pāʻūohiʻiaka was used to treat babies with thrush (ʻea), as a laxative for lepo paʻa (constipation), and for babies with general weakness (pāʻaoʻao). It also was used to help babies and adults with ʻeha makaʻu (frightening pains or aches). The plant was mixed with kalo (taro) leaves and salt for cuts.

Etymology

The generic name Jacquemontia is named in behalf of Victor Jacquemont (1801-1832), a French geologist and botanical explorer.

The specific epithet sandwicensis refers to the "Sandwich Islands," as the Hawaiian Islands were once called, and named by James Cook on one of his voyages in the 1770s. James Cook named the islands after John Montagu (The fourth Earl of Sandwich) for supporting Cook's voyages.

nativeplants.hawaii.edu/search/?query=jacquemontia

www.desihealthtips.in/2018/09/take-these-measures-to-remo...

A card advertising the Artesian Tree, or "the tree that pumps water," in Miami, Florida, circa 1940. The water flowing out of the tree was the result of the pressure from an artesian aquifer underneath it.

On the back of the card is a notarized statement from a woman who was a "chronic sufferer of constipation and bladder trouble." It explains how she avoided the "harsh effects of the many laxatives" she took by drinking Artesian Tree water instead. I'm not sure if this convinced anyone to "Come out and let the tree pump you a glass of health," as it says on the front.

For a colorful postcard of the tree, see The Artesian Tree, Miami, Florida.

The Artesian Tree

1669 S. W. 37th Ave., or Douglas Road

You haven't seen Florida until you see the tree that pumps water.

Come out and let the tree pump you a glass of health.

Near Coliseum. Miami, Florida.

Phone 4-2391

Over

--------

On this 24th day of January, 1940, personally appeared before me Mrs. R. Brady, of 404 S. W. 5th Ave., who said:

I have been a chronic sufferer of constipation and bladder trouble for many years and have tried many remedies. The harsh effects of the many laxatives I have taken made a nervous wreck of me. I was finally persuaded by a friend to try the water from the Artesian Tree and after drinking this water for six weeks, I now feel like a new woman.

I am asking that this be printed as I feel sure others have suffered as much as I have, and I feel this water will help them.

Signed: Mrs. R. Brady

Gabriel Wolpert, notary public. My commission expires Feb. 10, 1943.

Pāpala, Pāpala kēpau

Australasian catchbird tree, Australasian catchbirdtree

Nyctaginaceae (Four O'Clock family)

Indigenous to the Hawaiian Islands (Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi Maui, and Hawaiʻi Island)

Oʻahu (Cultivated)

Hawaiian Names:

The name pāpala also is used for the native species of Charpentiera.

"Hawaiian Dictionaries" defines kēpau as "lead, pitch, tar, resin, pewter; gum, as on ripe breadfruit; any sticky juice, as of pāpala."

Pāpala kēpau are truly fascinating plants with a sad, but interesting, cultural history. A sinistral use for the sticky fruit was to trap native birds. [6] The captured victims provided feathers for the strikingly colorful cloaks (capes), helmets, lei, images and kāhili. Birds such as 'ō'ō and mamo were plucked of their few moulting yellow feathers and set free to grow more for the next season. However, this was not the case with the 'i'iwi and 'apapane which were covered with red- or green-colored feathers and would not have survived the plucking. They were captured, plucked and eaten.

Medicinally, early Hawaiians used the milky sap from pāpala kēpau was used for cuts. The cooked leaves were used to cure pāʻaoʻao (childhood disease with physical weakening) and for lepo paʻa (constipation).

They also used an adhesive gum from pāpala kēpau for repairing bowls.

Etymology

The former generic name Pisonia is named for William Piso (ca. 1611-1678), Dutch physician, pharmacist, botanist, and early writer on medicinal plants of Brazil.

Regarding the specific epithet "The Names of Plants" makes this comment:

"Brunonia, brunonianus -a -um, brunonis Smaethman’s* name to commemorate Robert Brown (vide infra) (Brunoniaceae) brunonianus -a -um, brunonis -is -e for Robert Brown FRS (1773–1858), English botanist."

* Henry Smeathman (1742–1786) was an English naturalist. He spend four years in and around the Sierra Leone studying the natural history.

all images- right click for larger sizes

A crappy attempt at product photography, but never mind that, what about the chain lube?

I normally use Muc-Off wet lube - the bottle has a long nozzle which helps getting into pivoty bits of derailleurs, it works well and smells like a brothel cat.

But I was on Wiggle the other day and I thought I'd give this a go, which I think is their own brand jobbie. This bottle thankfully also has the all important long nozzle, but it doesn't smell. It does look like Cherry Aid though, and if drunk would cure constipation no doubt. As a lube though it has been very good so far. It does string on application as you turn the pedals, but wiping off the excess with a rag sees the end of that. It's early days so far, just the two rides on Fatty so far, but they have seen a trip round the muddy woods, several runs through a ford and some flooded bits of road, as well as all the usual puddles and muddy lanes. Unlike the Muc-Off the chain has stayed pretty clean and clear of all the gunk that clings to it normally with the Muc-Off. The cassette is still looking remarkably clean and shiny too, and the lube doesn't appear to have washed off at all. So far then, it all seems pretty good and likely to be my new 'go to' lube.

Jeniang, Kedah, Malaysia.

Mature nutlets ready to take flight at a slightest wind thrust for seed dispersal. Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist. Asteraceae. CN: Flax-leaf fleabane, Ragweed, Rough conyza, Tall fleabane. Native obscure, but believed from the neotropics; elsewhere naturalized. Herb to 2 m tall. Habitat - clearings and waste ground. Lesser weed. Plant contains spasmogenic and spasmolytic constituents, which explains its medicinal use in constipation and diarrhea.

Synonym(s):

Many; see The Plant List www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/gcc-142320

Ref. and suggested reading:

FRIM Flora Database

www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/gcc-142320

florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/7939

www.cottoncrc.org.au/industry/Publications/Weeds/Weed_Ide...

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23467958

Hey everyone, you know how cool wheatgrass is? I mean super cool. When I was about 10 my parents did this cleanse through a local restaurant and a couple days a week I would tag along to lug back slowly shrinking packages of raw food and watch as they downed a wheatgrass shot. Smelling the stuff and experiencing the distaste on their faces afterwards made me quite confident that I would never ingest such a substance. But...recently I've been doing some research. And I would like to share it so here ya go. If your not a big reader I'm sorry, I won't be afforded if you stop here.

Increases red blood-cell count and lowers blood pressure. It cleanses the blood, organs and gastrointestinal tract of debris. Wheatgrass also stimulates metabolism and the body’s enzyme systems by enriching the blood. It also aids in reducing blood pressure by dilating the blood pathways throughout the body.

Stimulates the thyroid gland, correcting obesity, indigestion, and a host of other complaints.

Restores alkalinity to the blood. The juice’s abundance of alkaline minerals helps reduce over-acidity in the blood. It can be used to relieve many internal pains, and has been used successfully to treat peptic ulcers, ulcerative colitis, constipation, diarrhea, and other complaints of the gastrointestinal tract.

Is a powerful detoxifier, and liver and blood protector. The enzymes and amino acids found in wheatgrass can protect us from carcinogens like no other food or medicine. It strengthens our cells, detoxifies the liver and bloodstream, and chemically neutralizes environmental pollutants.

Fights tumors and neutralizes toxins. Recent studies show that wheatgrass juice has a powerful ability to fight tumors without the usual toxicity of drugs that also inhibit cell-destroying agents. The many active compounds found in grass juice cleanse the blood and neutralize and digest toxins in our cells.

Contains beneficial enzymes. Whether you have a cut finger you want to heal or you desire to lose five pounds…enzymes must do the actual work. The life and abilities of the enzymes found naturally in our bodies can be extended if we help them from the outside by adding exogenous enzymes, like the ones found in wheatgrass juice. Don’t cook it. We can only get the benefits of the many enzymes found in grass by eating it uncooked. Cooking destroys 100 percent of the enzymes in food.

Has remarkable similarity to our own blood. The second important nutritional aspect of chlorophyll is its remarkable similarity to hemoglobin, the compound that carries oxygen in the blood. Dr. Yoshihide Hagiwara, president of the Hagiwara Institute of Health in Japan, is a leading advocate for the use of grass as food and medicine. He reasons that since chlorophyll is soluble in fat particles, and fat particles are absorbed directly into the blood via the lymphatic system, that chlorophyll can also be absorbed in this way. In other words, when the “blood” of plants is absorbed in humans it is transformed into human blood, which transports nutrients to every cell of the body.

When used as a rectal implant, reverses damage from inside the lower bowel. An implant is a small amount of juice held in the lower bowel for about 20 minutes. In the case of illness, wheatgrass implants stimulate a rapid cleansing of the lower bowel and draw out accumulations of debris.

Externally applied to the skin can help eliminate itching almost immediately.

Will soothe sunburned skin and act as a disinfectant. Rubbed into the scalp before a shampoo, it will help mend damaged hair and alleviate itchy, scaly, scalp conditions.

Is soothing and healing for cuts, burns, scrapes, rashes, poison ivy, athlete’s foot, insect bites, boils, sores, open ulcers, tumors, and so on. Use as a poultice and replace every two to four hours.

Works as a sleep aide. Merely place a tray of living wheatgrass near the head of your bed. It will enhance the oxygen in the air and generate healthful negative ions to help you sleep more soundly.

Enhances your bath. Add some to your bath water and settle in for a nice, long soak.

Sweetens the breath and firms up and tightens gums. Just gargle with the juice.

Neutralizes toxic substances like cadmium, nicotine, strontium, mercury, and polyvinyl chloride.

Offers the benefits of a liquid oxygen transfusion since the juice contains liquid oxygen. Oxygen is vital to many body processes: it stimulates digestion (the oxidation of food), promotes clearer thinking (the brain utilizes 25% of the body’s oxygen supply), and protects the blood against anaerobic bacteria. Cancer cells cannot exist in the presence of oxygen.

Turns gray hair to its natural color again and greatly increases energy levels when consumed daily.

Is a beauty treatment that slows down the aging process when the juice is consumed. Wheatgrass will cleanse your blood and help rejuvenate aging cells, slowing the aging process way down, making you feel more alive right away. It will help tighten loose and sagging skin.

Lessens the effects of radiation. One enzyme found in wheatgrass, SOD, lessens the effects of radiation and acts as an anti-inflammatory compound that may prevent cellular damage following heart attacks or exposure to irritants.

Restores fertility and promotes youthfulness.

Can double your red blood cell count just by soaking in it. Renowned nutritionist Dr. Bernard Jensen found that no other blood builders are superior to green juices and wheatgrass. In his book “Health Magic Through Chlorophyll” he mentions several cases where he was able to double the red blood cell count in a matter of days merely by having patients soak in a chlorophyll-water bath. Blood building results occur even more rapidly when patients drink green juices and wheatgrass regularly.

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My brother's wife, Merriam; my mother missing; Merriam's son, John Jr. - c. 1942.

The photo albums that I lost in the 1970s contained many like the one above. My mother, Grace, removed any picture of herself that she did not like, leaving just a hole where she had been.

Family snapshots & formal portraits tend to reveal only socially acceptable aspects of selves. This does not imply that therefore such images are lies. Everyone except the severely mentally disabled is necessarily from childhood onward engaged in acquiring & projecting a persona that is in large degree controlled & maintained so that some share of social rewards are made obtainable. This projected identity is usually as real as any other, & just as honest, but it is never one's whole story.

My mother did not acquire or manage to shape a socially successful image. In almost all encounters with strangers, she began by asking the full date of their birth, & then used the answer to render an unflattering horoscope, intermingled with self-important but wrongheaded statements such as, "We have all of the original copies of Shakespeare's works in our home," topped off with a confusing mixture of quickly changing facial expressions indicating shyness, arrogance & apprehension, & if the stranger was an attractive male more than a little come-hither-with-me seduction.

In the 1920s my mother, Grace, became anemic, which became pernicious anemia, a serious, nerve damaging & exhausting condition for which no effective treatment existed at the time, other than eating liver & other iron rich foods, which perhaps helped her a little. The condition's cause was unknown, but months & years of living on soda crackers & mere nibbles of other foods when with Patrick, her husband & my father, probably contributed. My father ate well enough in restaurants, while at home my mother divided a single egg between me & my brother, eating none of it herself.

At some point in the '20s Grace became addicted to paregoric, a camphorated tincture of opium then available over the counter in any drug store for use, among other things, as an analgesic. I assume she began taking it to obtain some relief from unbearable joint & muscle pain that anemics experience when moving about or performing everyday chores. Unfortunately, although paregoric is a mild narcotic which most people tolerate well, Grace did not. During the 20 or more years she used the drug heavily, she was constipated, dizzy & frequently got tremors between doses. To control constipation she drank at least one 10 oz. bottle of mineral oil every day.

When she missed a dose & developed tremors so severe that she could not pour it into a tablespoon, I administered it to her. Just when the addiction began is unknown to me, but probably in the 1920s. Around 1943 her father, DM, offered her $10,000 to stop (equal to over $124,000 today). Somehow, she did stop, but continued drinking mineral oil a bottle at a time for many years.

However, all of those things aside, my mother adored children & showered them with care & affection, much of which was playful because she was herself a child.

We are all most comfortable with those who do not judge us, & she seldom experienced such comfort with any adult. I'll say something about my father, Patrick, elsewhere, but at times Grace surely felt freed of judgment when with him. Her mother & father looked down on him, & after she married him came quickly to hate him. DM, her father, saw & spoke with Patrick only once. Patrick rang the bell at the door of the great house to announce intent to wed Grace. The butler informed DM who was at the door, & DM came downstairs, entered the vestibule where my father was waiting, & said, before turning away forever & going back upstairs, "You are an Irishman, a Catholic, & you do not own a dime."

I do not think DM was wrong. Bigoted against the Irish, no doubt (as then was almost every American not Irish), but correct in his assessment that the marriage would not be one made in heaven. Nor do I believe that all could have been made better had DM supported the marriage with his considerable wealth. Still, DM might have tried. The thing is, I do not know all that passed between DM, his wife, Mary, & Patrick. I do know that my father pawned all of Grace's jewelry without asking (& never retrieved it), accosted Mary in the street calling her vile names, that he & 3 of his companions broke into the house & did damage, & that he permanently affected Robert's eyesight (my mother's elder brother) by pouring a gallon of lead based paint over his head (something Robert may have deserved, I should add).

Grace & Patrick married & divorced three times.

Two members of the Forked fern family (Gleicheniaceae) growing together in a Hawaiian forest.

Upper center & left: Uluhe lau nui* (Diplopterygium pinnatum)

Endemic to the Hawaiian Islands (All main islands except Niʻihau & Kahoʻolawe)

Lower center & right: Uluhe (Dicranopteris linearis)

Endemic to the Hawaiian Islands (All main islands except Niʻihau & Kahoʻolawe) www.flickr.com/photos/dweickhoff/14002480298/in/photolist...

Photo: Kaʻala Natural Area Reserve, Oʻahu

Medicinally, early Hawaiians used the juice of uluhe as a laxative for constipation.

Fronds were, and still are, used in lei making.

_____

* The name in Hawaiian is translated as "lau," leaf, and "nui" large, literally: large-leaved uluhe.

File name: 10_03_001134a

Binder label: Medical

Title: Carter's Little Liver Pills - sick headache. Biliousness. Constipation. Bad complexion. (front)

Created/Published: N. Y. : Stahl & Clause

Date issued: 1870-1900 (approximate)

Physical description: 1 print : chromolithograph ; 14 x 10 cm.

Subject: Men; Patent medicines

Notes: Title from item. Item verso is blank.

Collection: 19th Century American Trade Cards

Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department

Rights: No known restrictions.

This is a new herb in my herb garden.

For thousands of years, blue vervain has been used as an herbal remedy. The Chinese used this herb to treat malaria, dysentery, and congestion. It was also used during the middle Ages to help cure plagues. Blue vervain was also used by Native Americans as a natural tranquilizer for treating nervous conditions, along with female problems. In Germany, modern research has been found to support the use of blue vervain for the nervous system and for pain relief.

Because of its bitter taste, vervain is used by herbalists to improve digestion. Additionally, this herb was used to treat people with depression and spastic pains in the gastrointestinal tract. Blue vervain was also used as a mild diaphoretic and for all manner of female reproductive system problems that are associated with melancholy or anxiety. Physicians in the United States during the early 20th century believed that vervain may be helpful for mild digestive problems. This herb also had a reputation of being a traditional remedy for stimulating the production of breast milk. Although the active constituents of vervain have not been thoroughly demonstrated, it is believed that glycosides such as verbenalin and acucubin, as well as a volatile oil may be the key contributors to its activity.

Additional research shows that blue vervain has pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties that can help to relieve respiratory inflammation. These properties are also calming for coughs. This herb works to fight mucus, especially for coughs that are associated with colds. Dr. Edward E. Shook, a herbalist, recommended using blue vervain to treat all diseases of the spleen and liver. This herb is also used to restore circulation and alleviate menstrual symptoms, epilepsy, indigestion, and dyspepsia.

A vervain tea made from leaves and flowers can be prepared by adding one to two teaspoons to a pint of hot water. This is then left to steep, covered for ten to fifteen minutes. Doctors typically recommend that a person takes three cups each day. Because the taste of the tea is somewhat disagreeable, the majority of people prefer to take this extract in a tincture or pill form. A tincture of one to two teaspoons, three times daily, is also suggested to consume this extract.

No adverse effects of vervain have been reported to this date. However, vervain should be avoided during pregnancy. Even though it was used traditionally during the last two weeks of pregnancy to facilitate labor, if it is used during pregnancy, one should only do so under the guidance of a healthcare professional that is experienced in herbal medicine.

The entire herb is used to provide alterative, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, expectorant, nervine, and purgative properties. The primary nutrients found in blue vervain include calcium, manganese, and vitamin C and E. Primarily, blue vervain is extremely beneficial in dealing with asthma, bronchitis, poor circulation, colds, colon problems, congestion, convulstions, coughs, fevers, flu, gastric disorders, indigestion, insomnia, liver disorders, lung congestion, nervous conditions, pneumonia, seizures, upset stomach, sore throat, uterine problems, and worms.

Additionally, this herb is extremely helpful in treating catarrh, constipation, diarrhea, dysentery, earaches, epilepsy, gallstones, headaches, kidney problems, malaria, menstrual symptoms, excessive mucus, pain, skin diseases, sores, and spleen ailments. For additional information on the many beneficial effects of blue vervain, please contact a representative from your local health food store. Always purchase name brands to ensure quality and purity of the product you buy.

These are the three geared irrigators I have. They are adorable... aren't they?

Secretos de Radiación. Es el proyecto con el que pretendo reflejar el deterioro físico y mental que sufren las mujeres que han recibido radiación por cáncer de cérvix y el deterior por efectos secundarios al tratamiento, el cual les salva la vida pero deja una gran huella en su cuerpo y mente. Esta marchitación interna les ocasiona una gran variedad de problemas como: resequedad, piel sensible, estreñimiento, sangrados, falta de lubricación y más. Ellas pierden su sexualidad al no poder intimar con su pareja, lo cual les lleva a cuestionar su cuerpo y persona lo que se convierte en un problema mental. Las mujeres que han pasado por esto por lo general cargan el problema en silencio y sin ayuda. Hay que poner la luz en esta situación y ver la forma de brindarles la información y ayuda adecuada.

Secrets of Radiation. It is the project that I intend to reflect the physical and mental deterioration suffered by women who have received radiation from cervical cancer and the deterioration due to side effects to the treatment, which saves their lives but leaves a great imprint on their body and mind . This internal wilting causes a great variety of problems such as: dryness, sensitive skin, constipation, bleeding, lack of lubrication and more. They lose their sexuality by not being able to intimate with their partner, which leads them to question their body and person which becomes a mental problem. Women who have gone through this usually carry the problem silently and unaided. We must put the light on this situation and see how we can provide them with the right information and help.

Secretos de Radiación. Es el proyecto con el que pretendo reflejar el deterioro físico y mental que sufren las mujeres que han recibido radiación por cáncer de cérvix y el deterior por efectos secundarios al tratamiento, el cual les salva la vida pero deja una gran huella en su cuerpo y mente. Esta marchitación interna les ocasiona una gran variedad de problemas como: resequedad, piel sensible, estreñimiento, sangrados, falta de lubricación y más. Ellas pierden su sexualidad al no poder intimar con su pareja, lo cual les lleva a cuestionar su cuerpo y persona lo que se convierte en un problema mental. Las mujeres que han pasado por esto por lo general cargan el problema en silencio y sin ayuda. Hay que poner la luz en esta situación y ver la forma de brindarles la información y ayuda adecuada.

Secrets of Radiation. It is the project that I intend to reflect the physical and mental deterioration suffered by women who have received radiation from cervical cancer and the deterioration due to side effects to the treatment, which saves their lives but leaves a great imprint on their body and mind . This internal wilting causes a great variety of problems such as: dryness, sensitive skin, constipation, bleeding, lack of lubrication and more. They lose their sexuality by not being able to intimate with their partner, which leads them to question their body and person which becomes a mental problem. Women who have gone through this usually carry the problem silently and unaided. We must put the light on this situation and see how we can provide them with the right information and help.

This is the fruit of Ecballium elaterium. The name in Hebrew is "Donkey’s spit", and I'll tell you why:

The fruit is composed out of a stem, and oval ball. The ball contains juices and seeds, and as the fruit matures, it builds a very high pressure of juices inside.

When the fruit is ripe, it becomes a bit yellow, and the connection between the ball and the stem becomes very fragile. A slight touch or shake to that structure will cause the ball explode and to break from the stem, and the trapped juices inside will burst out in high pressure. This mechanism can spit the seeds out of the fruit for a distance of at least 6 meters.

At first they wanted to call it “Donkey’s ejaculation”, but they changed their minds…

The plant’s juice is poisonous. It was used to treat Jaundice, skin infections, skin-fungi, ear infections and constipation. It is also useful against dripping nose… I didn’t check it myself. Didn’t have Jaundice yet ;-))

Ecballium elaterium

ירוקת-חמור מצויה

Sometimes the optimism, the positive outlook and everything good in the world fails you.

You clench your jaw and strain to smile through the pain . . . but you end up looking like a escaped mental patient with a bit of constipation.

"I'm done." Those two words I can't seem to extract from my brain even though I know in crystal clear clarity I'm not done and all of this is far from over. Transitions aren't always easy. Fight it less and surrender more.

In our heavily medicated society the standard seems to swallow it down with a pill . . . . So instead I weeded the vegetable garden. When I was done and smelling of fresh dirt and tomatoes I was left with a contentedness and willingness to take on another day.

Français

Au bord de la route à la campagne, des milliers de figues de barbarie, On se sert de clôtures et on mange ses fruits bien sûr mais surtout avec modération sinon constipation assurée.

English

By the road in the country, thousands of figs of barbarity, We use as closing. And we eat its fruit of course but especially with moderation otherwise assured constipation.

Euphorbia candelabrum is a succulent species of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae, one of several plants commonly known as candelabra tree. It is endemic to the Horn of Africa and eastern Africa along the East African Rift system. It is known in Ethiopia by its Amharic name, qwolqwal, or its Oromo name, adaamii. It is closely related to three other species of Euphorbia: Euphorbia ingens in the dry regions of southern Africa, Euphorbia conspicua from western Angola, and Euphorbia abyssinica, which is native to countries including Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Somalia.

Its Latin name derives from its growth habit, often considered to resemble the branching of a candelabrum. Candelabra trees can be found in dry deciduous and evergreen open wooded grasslands, on rocky slopes and on rare occasions termite mounds. As rainfall decreases, so does E. candelabrum's habitat range. Trees typically grow to be 12 metres in height; however, some specimens have been recorded to grow up to 20 metres tall.

Species such as Grewia and those in the Euphorbiaceae are considered to be fire-sensitive and typically restricted to termite mounds instead of dominating the open savanna However, E. candelabrum is widespread throughout the savanna and short-grass areas of the Queen Elizabeth National Park in Uganda. This is an unusual habitat for tall succulents, as they have been proven to typically be poor invaders of frequently burned stands of land. E. candelabrum's success as a tall succulent seems to be a result of heavy grazing by African mammals such as the Ugandan kob (Kobus kob) and waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa) and an overall decrease in intense wildfires.

Some authorities further divide this species into two varieties, E. candelabrum var. candelabrum and E. candelabrum var. bilocularis.

Euphorbia candelabrum was used in traditional Ethiopian medicine. Mixed with clarified honey, its sap was used as a purgative to cure syphilis and, when mixed with other medicinal plants, as a salve to treat the symptoms of leprosy. The plant currently has negligible commercial value; Richard Pankhurst documents two different attempts near Keren in Eritrea to collect its gum before 1935, but neither attempt proved commercially viable.

Euphorbia candelabrum has been used in firewood, timber, and fencing. Its wood is light and durable, with a number of purposes including roofing, tables, doors, matches, boxes, mortars, musical instruments and saddles.

When damaged, E. candelabrum trees release an abundant amount of milky-white latex, which has a rubber content of 12.5%. This latex is extremely toxic due to its skin irritant and carcinogenic diterpene derivatives, mainly phorbol esters. In addition to irritation of the skin and mucous membranes, E. candelabrum latex may cause blindness if brought into contact with the eyes.

Various components of E. candelabrum plants can be utilized as poisons. The Ovaherero people of Namibia use its latex as an ingredient in arrow poison, while the Damara people use E. candelabrum latex extract or freshly pounded branches to poison water holes and streams. Its flowers produce nectar, but ingestion of E. candelabrum honey can cause a burning sensation in the mouth that is only intensified by drinking water.

Baboons seem to be unaffected by the sap and frequently consume the plant. A study done in Queen Elizabeth Park in West Uganda found that much of the damage done to E. candelabrum trees can be attributed to the feeding patterns of baboons. Fresh, young E. candelabrum branches are broken off by climbing baboons, which results in uneven growth. In addition to this, baboon feeding patterns affect the life cycle of E. candelabrum flowers and often causes sterility in many of the young stems.

Although Euphorbia candelabrum is known to be quite toxic, it has seen medicinal use. Its latex contains highly irritant ingenol diterpene esters, which prove to be both harmful and helpful. On top of blistering and irritation, ingenol products demonstrate tumour-promoting activity, causing cells to resist apoptosis and continue multiplying. A 1961 study found that latex from various Euphorbia species, including E. candelabrum, is a potent tumor-promoting agent. However, ingenol has been reported to encourage anti-HIV and anti-leukemia cellular activity that protects T-cells.

In folk medicine, in addition to being used as a purgative to cure syphilis or a salve to treat leprosy, E. candelabrum sap has been used in the treatment of coughs, tuberculosis, malaria and HIV infections. It has the ability to be mixed with fat and applied topically to heal wounds, sores, and warts. E. candelabrum latex is an effective abortifacient, and a concoction containing pith from the branches may be given to women after childbirth to assist in the expulsion of the placenta. Its roots can be boiled, and drinking this fluid is said to help with stomach aches, constipation, and infertility. Ash from the stems has also been used to treat eye infections.

Fresh herbal juice is probably one of the most healthy and invigorating complex that we can ingest substances.

It is administered in the form of drops or is used to buffer the diseased areas of the body.

It is obtained by pressing freshly picked herbs, and used immediately.

However, placed in sealed bottles well, herbal juices, can keep several months if kept refrigerated.

Natural treatments with fresh herbal juices.

Here are some examples of the use of herbal juices:

-Celery juice helps remove obesity, because it favors the removal of water from the body.

Celery juice is recommended for rheumatism and gout treatment.

- Beauty apple juice helps to tone the tissues, which can be applied by gently massaging the area that needs to be remedied.

- Cherry juice and cherries is useful in the treatment of hepatitis.

- Blackthorn juice help stop nose bleeds (buffering).

- Green coconut juice treat warts.

-Lemon juice treat sinusitis, thrush, tonsillitis, herpes, warts.

-Orange juice (buffering) treats gingivitis and stomatitis.

-Fig juice treat warts.

-Green bean pods juice cures acne in adolescents.

-Plums juice removes constipation.

- Carrot juice helps eliminate toxins from the body.

-Onion juice removes freckles and treats sores.

-Potato juice cure gastric disorders.

-Tomato juice is recommended in diets.

- Cabbage juice is recommended to be drunk to eliminate intestinal worms.

It is effective in the treatment of acne (buffering), gastritis and ulcers.

-Spinach juice we get rid of depression. … read more…

File name: 10_03_001223a

Binder label: Medical

Title: Biliousine is a sure cure for sick headache, dyspepsia, constipation, sour stomach, indigestion, heartburn &c. (front)

Date issued: 1870-1900 (approximate)

Physical description: 1 print : chromolithograph ; 8 x 12 cm.

Subject: Cats; Animals in human situations; Patent medicines

Notes: Title from item.

Statement of responsibility: Snowe & Earle

Collection: 19th Century American Trade Cards

Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department

Rights: No known restrictions.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brugmansia:

Toxicity

All parts of Brugmansia are potentially poisonous, with the seeds and leaves being especially dangerous.[21][27]

Brugmansia are rich in scopolamine (hyoscine), hyoscyamine, and several other tropane alkaloids which can lead to anticholinergic toxidrome and delirium.[28]

Effects of ingestion can include paralysis of smooth muscles, confusion, tachycardia, dry mouth, constipation, tremors, migraine headaches, poor coordination, delusions, visual and auditory hallucinations, mydriasis, rapid onset cycloplegia, and death.[29][30][31]

The hallucinogenic effects of Brugmansia were described in the journal Pathology as "terrifying rather than pleasurable".

The Man of Signs or zodiac man diagrams in almanacs associated body parts with astrological signs and calendar dates. This 1878 example promoted Hostetter’s Stomach Bitters throughout its forty-pages. Multiple articles promoted their product for unsettled nerves, insomnia, constipation, fever prevention, indigestion, biliousness, liver complaints, rheumatism, and as a safeguard against illness while traveling. Bitters usually contained water, alcohol, and bad tasting herbs.

Courtesy of Internet Archive

archive.org/details/hostettersillust00host/page/n1/mode/2up

Baptists preach religious intolerance at Gay Pride marchers. London, 02.07.2011

As this year's London Gay Pride parade made its way from Portland Place, down Regent Street and then on to Trafalgar Square, marchers and onlookers alike were quite shocked and generally offended to discover that there was a demonstration set up at the bottom of Waterloo Place by a group of so-called Christians from the Baptist Church - some of whom looked like they had been time-warped directly from the 1950's, complete with emotional constipation - who spent the entire afternoon insulting and demeaning all gay people and anyone who accepts homosexuality as a part of the enormously wide spectrum of human sexuality by cherry-picking snippets from the Bible - without proper context - and generally showing themselves up to be nothing more than a bunch of hate-filled bigots who laughably claim to love the people they were standing there belittling.

Needless to say the gay marchers responded with a continual torrent of cat-calls, laughter, jeering, rude hand-signals, kissing and even a bit of breast-bearing. All of this was just feeding the Baptist's justification for their prejudice, of course, and clearly this group of ideologically-driven individuals felt somehow emotionally nourished and vindicated by the experience, but the truth is that they came across as petty, arrogant and malicious anachronisms.

When I arrived on the scene two grinning lesbians with three large black umbrellas were pointedly blocking the public's view of the Baptists and as many of the large, lurid yellow placards erected by the religious zealots as they could. A little later on the onlookers erupted in cheers and whistles as two younger girls kissed right in front of the anti-gay demonstrators, and after that a young man demanded a copy of the Bible from the Baptists and proceeded to sit cross-legged on the pavement checking every single quote mentioned on the yellow boards so he could see for himself how the individual phrases had been quoted completely out of context, just to suit the zealots' low opinion. The preachers spent much of their time mentioning the Devil, but in my eyes the Devil was the one holding the microphone, waving a book around, trying to inflict their misery on everyone else...

All photos © 2011 Pete Riches

Do not reproduce, alter or reblog my images without my permission.

Hi-Res versions of these files are available on application

about.me/peteriches

*A RATHER COCKEYED DISCLAIMER (OF SORTS)*

CIRCA 1943-44...AS A VERY YOUNG CHILD, I LIVED IN A COMFORTABLE, PRETTY

HOUSE BY A LAKE OUTSIDE PALESTINE, TEXAS. MY OLDER BROTHER WAS AN

IMAGINATIVE, EGOTISTICAL ARIES MANIAC WHO WOULD TELL ME (SAGITTARIUS) THAT

IF I LEFT MY CLOSET DOOR OPEN AT NIGHT, JESUS WOULD APPEAR (GLOWING

INSIDE)...HE WOULD TELL ME THE PROBLEM OF CONSTIPATION COULD BE SOLVED BY

USE OF A SLIDE RULE AND A PENCIL, BUT HE WOULD NEVER EXPLAIN WHAT HE MEANT.

MY SISTER WORE HIGH-HEELED PLATFORM PUMPS, SNOODS AND STOMPED AROUND TRYING

HER BEST TO LOOK LIKE BETTY GRABLE. MY ARIES MOTHER GOT UP EVERY MORNING

AND "DID HERSELF UP FROM TOP TO BOTTOM" AND WENT OUT TO SHOP. MY LEO FATHER

WENT OUT TO FIND OIL LEASE PROPERTIES TO PAY FOR IT ALL. WE WERE ALL FIRE

SIGNS. WHEN ALONE, I WOULD SNEAK OUT FROM MY NAP AND STUFF BIG WADS OF

TOILET PAPER DOWN INTO MY WHITE UNDER SHORTS SO IT WOULD APPEAR AS IF I HAD

AN ADULT-SIZE CROTCH - THEN WOULD GO OUT AND SWING IN OUR HUGE ROPE SWING -

HIGH AS POSSIBLE - AND PRETEND I WAS TERRY (OF TERRY AND THE PILOTS). WE

HAD A LITTLE SPANIEL NAMED FRECKLES WHOSE EYES WERE PRONE TO POP. IT WAS

ALL PRETTY WILD!! IN MY HEART, I KNEW SOMETHING MORE WAS GOING ON THAN MET

THE EYE...AND, BY THE WAY, LEOMODGE'S LAST NAME *WAS* SPELLED WASHINTEN.

*WISHING YOU A VERY HAPPY VIOLET SUNDAY*

*FROM ROLLER*

*(VIOLET SUNDAY MUST BE SOMETHING LIKE BLACK FRIDAY...JUST GOTTA BE!!!)*

*COMPLETE TITLE OF PAINTING SEEN BELOW FOLLOWS:*

*SO - HERE THEY WERE, FROM LEFT TO RIGHT, LITTLE MEG JENKINS, LEOMODGE

WASHINTEN, LEOMODGE'S PET, MARTHA ANN, AND INEZ MARTINEZ...ARRIVING

FULL-BLOWN...UNKNOWINGLY PROGRAMMED TO SEED THE EARTH...IF NOT THIS ONE,

THEN ANOTHER...THEIR FATHER'S HOUSE HAD MANY MANSIONS...*

*JUST HAVING STEPPED OFF THE PLANK OF ONE OF THE POTENTIALLY COUNTLESS ARKS

OF NOAH...ALL ON NEARLY DRY LAND NOW - AN AREA WHICH COULD ONE DAY BECOME

SEATTLE... *

*IT WAS THE DE-BOARDING OF A CARNIVAL CRUISE LINE SHIP...WAY WAY PRIOR TO

ONE HAVING BECOME BOARDED...(OR, WAY WAY FOLLOWING - WHO NOSE? DOG KNOWS

!)...LUGGAGE MISPLACED...INEZ JUMPING, YAPPING, SNARLING, HUMPING...MARTHA

ANN IN LABOR, SQUIRMING, SCRATCHING, PECKING, CLUCKING...ALL A BIT CRANKY

AND HUNGRY, TO BOOT! MEG HAD BEEN LATE DELIVERING LUNCH...HER EYES WILD

FROM A FLEETING VISION THE CONDENSED MILK WOULD EVENTUALLY COME TO BE KNOWN

AS CARNATION...BUT, THEN, BY ANY OTHER NAME WOULD SMELL...*

*AND THE PLANK? IT SANK...BURIED AND UNSEEN FOR AN AMOUNT OF TIME REQUIRED

TO BECOME PETRIFIED...A FARMER?, A WHITE ONE...NEAR PONCA CITY, OKLAHOMA

WOULD ACCIDENTALLY EXCAVATE IT, THEN USE IT TO PRY OUT HIS OVERLY

CORPULENT VIETNAMESE MAIL-ORDER WIFE STUCK IN A TOO SMALL WALK IN TUB WHICH

SHE HAD MISTAKENLY ORDERED BY HOVERING HER CURSOR OVER THE WRONG ICON WITH

HER MOUSE...*

*AND A NEWLYWED SCIENTOLOGIST LESBIAN COUPLE PASSING BY FROM SEATTLE? BOTH

HAVING RECENTLY UNDERGONE GENDER REASSIGNMENTS...PULLING A U-HAUL ON THEIR

HONEYMOON... JUST HAPPENING TO HAVE A CAN OF CRISCO...AND THE DISH RAN

AWAY WITH THE SPOON...*

*IT WAS ALL BEYOND COMPLEX...IN ORDER TO EVEN BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND, ONE

WOULD HAVE HAD TO AT LEAST HALFWAY BEEN THERE FROM THE BEGINNINGS TO THE

END.*

*DONALD ROLLER WILSON*

*DONALD ROLLER WILSON, INC.*

*311 WEST MOUNTAIN STREET*

*FAYETTEVILLE**, ARKANSAS*

*72701*

*479-443-0077 OFFICE*

*EMAIL: MISSDOGAMERICA@AOL.COM *

*SITE: WWW.DONALDROLLERWILSON.COM *

Baptists preach religious intolerance at Gay Pride marchers. London, 02.07.2011

As this year's London Gay Pride parade made its way from Portland Place, down Regent Street and then on to Trafalgar Square, marchers and onlookers alike were quite shocked and generally offended to discover that there was a demonstration set up at the bottom of Waterloo Place by a group of so-called Christians from the Baptist Church - some of whom looked like they had been time-warped directly from the 1950's, complete with emotional constipation - who spent the entire afternoon insulting and demeaning all gay people and anyone who accepts homosexuality as a part of the enormously wide spectrum of human sexuality by cherry-picking snippets from the Bible - without proper context - and generally showing themselves up to be nothing more than a bunch of hate-filled bigots who laughably claim to love the people they were standing there belittling.

Needless to say the gay marchers responded with a continual torrent of cat-calls, laughter, jeering, rude hand-signals, kissing and even a bit of breast-bearing. All of this was just feeding the Baptist's justification for their prejudice, of course, and clearly this group of ideologically-driven individuals felt somehow emotionally nourished and vindicated by the experience, but the truth is that they came across as petty, arrogant and malicious anachronisms.

When I arrived on the scene two grinning lesbians with three large black umbrellas were pointedly blocking the public's view of the Baptists and as many of the large, lurid yellow placards erected by the religious zealots as they could. A little later on the onlookers erupted in cheers and whistles as two younger girls kissed right in front of the anti-gay demonstrators, and after that a young man demanded a copy of the Bible from the Baptists and proceeded to sit cross-legged on the pavement checking every single quote mentioned on the yellow boards so he could see for himself how the individual phrases had been quoted completely out of context, just to suit the zealots' low opinion. The preachers spent much of their time mentioning the Devil, but in my eyes the Devil was the one holding the microphone, waving a book around, trying to inflict their misery on everyone else...

All photos © 2011 Pete Riches

Do not reproduce, alter or reblog my images without my permission.

Hi-Res versions of these files are available on application

about.me/peteriches

Baptists preach religious intolerance at Gay Pride marchers. London, 02.07.2011

As this year's London Gay Pride parade made its way from Portland Place, down Regent Street and then on to Trafalgar Square, marchers and onlookers alike were quite shocked and generally offended to discover that there was a demonstration set up at the bottom of Waterloo Place by a group of so-called Christians from the Baptist Church - some of whom looked like they had been time-warped directly from the 1950's, complete with emotional constipation - who spent the entire afternoon insulting and demeaning all gay people and anyone who accepts homosexuality as a part of the enormously wide spectrum of human sexuality by cherry-picking snippets from the Bible - without proper context - and generally showing themselves up to be nothing more than a bunch of hate-filled bigots who laughably claim to love the people they were standing there belittling.

Needless to say the gay marchers responded with a continual torrent of cat-calls, laughter, jeering, rude hand-signals, kissing and even a bit of breast-bearing. All of this was just feeding the Baptist's justification for their prejudice, of course, and clearly this group of ideologically-driven individuals felt somehow emotionally nourished and vindicated by the experience, but the truth is that they came across as petty, arrogant and malicious anachronisms.

When I arrived on the scene two grinning lesbians with three large black umbrellas were pointedly blocking the public's view of the Baptists and as many of the large, lurid yellow placards erected by the religious zealots as they could. A little later on the onlookers erupted in cheers and whistles as two younger girls kissed right in front of the anti-gay demonstrators, and after that a young man demanded a copy of the Bible from the Baptists and proceeded to sit cross-legged on the pavement checking every single quote mentioned on the yellow boards so he could see for himself how the individual phrases had been quoted completely out of context, just to suit the zealots' low opinion. The preachers spent much of their time mentioning the Devil, but in my eyes the Devil was the one holding the microphone, waving a book around, trying to inflict their misery on everyone else...

All photos © 2011 Pete Riches

Do not reproduce, alter or reblog my images without my permission.

Hi-Res versions of these files are available on application

about.me/peteriches

Its real... Don't get a hemorrhoid...Mkayy?

File name: 10_03_001104b

Binder label: Medical

Title: Ayer's Pills, the best family medicine cure. Sick headache, constipation, dyspepsia and liver troubles. Easy to take. (back)

Created/Published: N. Y. : Knapp Lith

Date issued: 1870-1900 (approximate)

Physical description: 1 print : chromolithograph ; 14 x 8 cm.

Subject: Girls; Patent medicines

Notes: Title from item.

Statement of responsibility: Dr. J. C. Ayers & Co.

Collection: 19th Century American Trade Cards

Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department

Rights: No known restrictions.

I just can't pass one!

Back in my room. Red wine consumed. Started pulling silly poses in to the mirror. Not great photos but some funny expressions!

Looks like it's rhubarb & custard tonight then...followed by Quality Street...!

Rhubarb is usually considered to be a vegetable; however, in the United States, a New York court decided in 1947 that since it was used in the United States as a fruit, it was to be counted as a fruit for the purposes of regulations and duties. A side effect was a reduction on imported rhubarb tariffs, as tariffs were higher for vegetables than fruits.

Rhubarb also contains glycosides especially rhein, glucorhein and emodin which impart cathartic and laxative activities to it. It is hence useful as a cathartic in case of constipation...!

Stylus Painted with ArtRage for iPad

I was probably out of sorts and suffering with seasonal constipation. It seemed fitting today to send out my belated wishes to all of you by improvising my Valentine on a British Stool Colour Chart I came across while surfing the net. I swear I'm not joking! You have to admit, when it comes to languages, there are few more colorful than the English. And, you've gotta believe me when I tell you the names which were printed inside each dainty heart -

Left to right and top to bottom: Cream, Lemon, Spearmint, Soft Green, Olive, Orange, Muddy Puddle, French Grey and Cocoa.

Is euphemism an English word? Well, it is now.

However, all fun aside, I was struck by these lovely subtle shades which perhaps best denote British color sensibilities. And, though a Yank but an ardent Anglophile, these colors form a palette which I find almost ideal for painting - portrait or landscape.

If "French Grey" isn't the most exquisitely named shade to be found in this array, "Muddy Puddle" is nearly perfect....and those two, alone, have nailed the terra firma on either side of the Channel.

So, if you're out of sorts and looking for an inspired palette, here it is. And, I want to note that the background shade is my own. Any of you care to help me give it a proper name?

I just can't pass one!

Back in my room. Red wine consumed. Started pulling silly poses in to the mirror. Not great photos but some funny expressions!

Walnut is popularly called nucara, or walnut skinny, blooming in May.

Fresh leaves of walnut gather in June.

Green walnuts are harvested in mid-July, as long as can be pierced easily.

Green walnut shells can be harvested shortly before ripen and become brown and the fruit ripens in September.

Walnut-natural treatments

Walnut leaf tea is an effective in digestive disorders, constipation and loss of appetite so (lack of appetite), as well as blood cleansing.

Walnut is employed with good results in treating diabetes and jaundice.

An infusion of walnut leaves in addition to the bath water is good against scrofula and rickets, osteoporosis and swelling against the bone, like festering nails of the hands and feet.

In case of eczema and shells in the head or in the case of scabies irrigate the walnut leaves and you will see the result soon.

A concentrated infusion of walnut leaves added to bath water cure frostbite ... read more ...

The blue tube sells it for me.

I just can't pass one!

Back in my room. Red wine consumed. Started pulling silly poses in to the mirror. Not great photos but some funny expressions!

It is an uncommon sight to see the two indigenous Psilotum spp. naturally growing next to each other in the wild.

Location: Puʻu Kaua* in the Waiʻanae Mts., Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands

*Incidentally, in Hawaiian kaua means "war," kauā means "servant," and kāua is "Greetings!" from one person to another. It's all in the placement of the macron kahakō (dash) over the correct vowel in the correct place and helps with the proper pronunciation.

Pictured are the only two species in the genus Psilotum.

Left in the photo is: Moa nahele or Flat-stemmed whiskfern (Psilotum complanatum)

Right is: Moa or Upright whiskfern (Psilotum nudum), or perhaps a hybrid between the two known as Psilotum x intermedium. [confirmation needed]

Medicinally, moa (Psilotum spp.) was used by the early Hawaiians for kūkae paʻa (constipation) in newborn babies and elderly men and women. It was also mixed with other plants to treat akepau (tuberculosis, consumption), and various respiratory conditions. Additionally, extracts from moa were used as laxatives. The spores were used for diarrhea in infants and used like talcum powder to prevent chafing from loincloths called malo.

Moa was also used in lei making by early Hawaiians.

Early Hawaiian children would play a simple game of moa nahele (lit., chicken vegetation). "Plants in Hawaiian Culture" explains how this game was played: “Two children sat or stood facing one another, each holding a branched stem of moa. These they interlocked and then slowly pulled apart until the branches of one broke. The other child, without broken branches, was the winner and announced his victory by crowing like a rooster (moa).” One of the names ʻoʻō moa in fact means "cock's crow."

This photo was shot by Matthew Walters, my hiking buddy, and published with his permission.

nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Psilotum_complanatum

nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Psilotum_nudum

Metamfetamin kan brukas

Bipacksedel

Information till förskrivare

Diskutera här påFlickr om metamfetamin alltid behöver vara bra eller dåligt, eller om det finns mera nyanserade sätt att se på det hela.

Metamfetamin kan missbrukas och

-Metamfetamin kan missbrukas: se konsekvenserna

och missbruket ökar snabbt. Speciellt farligt för personer med ADHD då missbruk av metamfetamin reglerar ned densiteten på dopaminreceptorerna.

Metamfetamin - the faces of meth

Klassiker om vad som händer med metamfetaminmissbrukaren, åldrandet och tänderna. Blicken, huden och ödesränderna.

Meth större hjärna med mindre innehåll

Vad som händer i hjärnan hos Meth missbrukare, hjärnan växer på grund av att den svullnar och densiteten på dopaminreceptorerna regleras ned. Men också att metamfetamin rätt använt kan vara bra samt varför. Skillnaden mellan enantiomererna hur hur otroligt olika de verkar.

Metamfetamin & ADHD + Hel dokumentär

Hel dokumentärfilm från National Geographic om världens farligaste drog: Metamfetamin,

Den här dokumentären kanske om inte annat kan förklara lite av varför Metamfetamin fått det rykte som det har, vilka konsekvenserna av ett missbruk blir osv. Ãven om dokumentären inte alls förklarar att personer med ADHD löper en ökad risk att fastna i ett metamfetaminmissbruk och att det på sikt kommer att göra problemen mycket värre tack vare att höga doser reglerar ned antalet och densiteten på dopamin receptorerna. Så att det som frälser dig också kommer att döda dig har kanske aldrig varit sannare än här.

Metamfetamin de direkta & indirekta skadeverkningarna

-Se Oprahshow nedan om metamfetaminmissbruk

-ohämmad sex med främlingar och sambanden

Fler och fler rapporter kommer om metamfetamin eller crystal meth som en del föredrar att kalla det men skadeverkningarna av ett missbruk direkt säger kanske inte så mycket om de indirekta skadeverkningarna av missbruket, vilket varit väldigt vanligt och utbrett i vissa kretsar i bland annat New York.

Marknadsföringen av Meth amfetamin till gravida

Den Pengakåta pillerindustrin har genom åren haft en rad smaklösheter för sig förutom att dölja resultat som talar till sitt preparats nackdel så manipuleras och har det manipulerats en hel del igenom åren. En speciellt intressant grupp att kränga "de nya supervetenskapliga" produkterna till har varit kvinnor, ofta med någon skavank som medicinjättarna inte alls varit sena med att marknadsföra med vetenskap som täckmantel. Det kan vara den feta kvinnan, den okåta kvinnan, den otacksamma kvinnan eller bara kvinnan som inte hinner med att städa rent i hemmet. Eller varför inte suggan som blivit på smällen och fettnat till? Behöver inte hon lite metamfetamin?

så här farligt lever användarna

Metamfetamin utbrett i hela skåne

ny dödsdrog sprider ut sig

DN Metamfetamin 1 2 3

SvD 1 2 3 4 5

Sydsvenskan 1 2 3

Produktbeskrivning på Engelska

METH

Teratogenic effects: Pregnancy Category C. Methamphetamine has been shown to have teratogenic and embryocidal effects in mammals given high multiples of the human dose. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. METH tablets should

not be used during pregnancy unless the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Nonteratogenic effects: Infants born to mothers dependent on amphetamines have an increased risk of premature delivery and low birth weight. Also, these infants may experience symptoms of withdrawal as demonstrated by dysphoria, including agitation and significant lassitude.

Usage in Nursing Mothers: Amphetamines are excreted in human milk. Mothers taking amphetamines should be advised to refrain from nursing.

Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness for use as an anorectic agent in children below the age of 12 years have not been established. Long-term effects of methamphetamine in children have not been established (see WARNINGS). Drug treatment is not indicated in all cases of the behavioral syndrome characterized by moderate to severe distractibility, short attention span, hyperactivity, emotional lability and impulsivity. It should be considered only in light of the complete history and evaluation of the child. The decision to prescribe METH tablets should depend on the physicianâs assessment of the chronicity and severity of the childâs symptoms and their appropriateness for his/her age. Prescription should not depend solely on the presence of one or more of the behavioral characteristics. When these symptoms are associated with acute stress reactions, treatment with METH tablets is usually not indicated. Clinical experience suggests that in psychotic children, administration of METH tablets may exacerbate symptoms of behavior disturbance and thought disorder. Amphetamines have been reported to exacerbate motor and phonic tics and Touretteâs syndrome. Therefore, clinical evaluation for tics and Touretteâs syndrome in children and their families should precede use of stimulant medications.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

The following are adverse reactions in decreasing order of severity within each category that have been reported: Cardiovascular: Elevation of blood pressure, tachycardia and palpitation. Fatal cardiorespiratory arrest has been reported, mostly in the context of abuse/misuse. Central Nervous System: Psychotic episodes have been rarely

eported at recommended doses. Dizziness, dysphoria, overstimulation, euphoria, insomnia, tremor, restlessness and headache. Exacerbation of motor and phonic tics and Touretteâs syndrome. Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea, constipation, dryness of mouth, unpleasant taste and other gastrointestinal disturbances.

Hypersensitivity: Urticaria.

Endocrine: Impotence and changes in libido.

Miscellaneous: Suppression of growth has been reported with the

long-term use of stimulants in children (see WARNINGS).

DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE

Controlled Substance: METH tablets are subject to control under

DEA schedule II.

Abuse: Methamphetamine has been extensively abused. Tolerance, extreme psychological dependence, and severe social disability have occurred. There are reports of patients who have increased the dosage to many times that recommended. Abrupt cessation following prolonged high dosage administration results in extreme fatigue and mental depression; changes are also noted on the sleep EEG. Manifestations of chronic intoxication with methamphetamine include

severe dermatoses, marked insomnia, irritability, hyperactivity, and personality changes. The most severe manifestation of chronic intoxication is psychosis often clinically indistinguishable from schizophrenia. Abuse and/or misuse of methamphetamine have resulted in death. Fatal cardiorespiratory arrest has been reported in the context of abuse and/or misuse of methamphetamine.

OVERDOSAGE depressive symptoms should be adequately screened to determine if they are at risk for bipolar disorder; such screening should include a detailed psychiatric history, including a family history of suicide, bipolar disorder, and depression. Emergence of New Psychotic or Manic Symptoms: Treatment emergent psychotic or manic symptoms, e.g., hallucinations, delusional thinking, or mania in children and adolescents without a prior history of psychotic illness or mania can be caused by stimulants at usual doses. If such symptoms occur, consideration should be given to a possible causal role of the stimulant, and discontinuation of

treatment may be appropriate. In a pooled analysis of multiple short-term, placebo-controlledstudies, such symptoms occurred in about 0.1% (4 patients with events out of 3482 exposed to methylphenidate or amphetamine for several weeks at usual doses) of stimulant-treated patients compared to 0 in placebo-treated patients.

Aggression: Aggressive behavior or hostility is often observed in children and adolescents with ADHD, and has been reported in clinical trials and the postmarketing experience of some medications indicated for the treatment of ADHD. Although there is no systematic evidence that stimulants cause aggressive behavior or hostility, patients beginning treatment for ADHD should be monitored for the appearance of or worsening of aggressive behavior or hostility. There is some clinical evidence that stimulants may lower the convulsive threshold in patients with prior history of seizures, in patients with prior EEG abnormalities in absence of seizures, and, very rarely, in patients without a history of seizures and no prior EEG evidence of seizures. In the presence of seizures, the drug should be discontinued. Visual Disturbance Difficulties with accommodation and blurring of vision have been reported with stimulant treatment.

PRECAUTIONS

General: METH tablets should be used with caution in patients with even mild hypertension. Methamphetamine should not be used to combat fatigue or to replace rest in normal persons. Prescribing and dispensing of methamphetamine should be limited to the smallest amount that is feasible at one time in order to minimize the possibility of overdosage. Information for Patients: The patient should be informed that methamphetamine may impair the ability to engage in potentially hazardous activities, such as, operating machinery or driving a motor vehicle.

The patient should be cautioned not to increase dosage, except on advice of the physician. Prescribers or other health professionals should inform patients, their families and their caregivers about the benefits and risks associated with treatment with methamphetamine and should counsel them it its appropriate use. A patient Medication Guide is available for METH. The prescriber or health professional should instruct patients, their families, and their caregivers to read the Medication Guide and should assist them in understanding its contents. Patients should be given the opportunity to discuss the contents of the Medication Guide and to obtain answers to any questions they may have.

Drug Interactions: Insulin requirements in diabetes mellitus may be altered in association with the use of methamphetamine and the concomitant dietary regimen. Methamphetamine may decrease the hypotensive effect of guanethidine. METH should not be used concurrently with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (see CONTRAINDICATIONS). Concurrent administration of tricyclic antidepressants and indirect- acting sympathomimetic amines such as the amphetamines, should be closely supervised and dosage carefully adjusted. Phenothiazines are reported in the literature to antagonize the CNS stimulant action of the amphetamines.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: METH tablets are indicated as an integral part of a total treatment program which typically includes other remedial measures (psychological, educational, social) for a stabilizing effect in children over 6 years of age with a behavioral syndrome characterized by the following group of developmentally inappropriate symptoms: moderate to severe distractibility, short attention span, hyperactivity, emotional lability, and impulsivity. The diagnosis of this syndrome should not be made with finality when these symptoms are only of comparatively recent origin. Nonlocalizing (soft) neurological signs, learning disability, and abnormal EEG may or may not be present, and a diagnosis of central nervous system dysfunction may or may not be warranted. Exogenous Obesity: as a short-term (i.e., a few weeks) adjunct in a regimen of weight reduction based on caloric restriction, for patients in whom obesity is refractory to alternative therapy, e.g., repeated diets, group programs, and other drugs. The limited usefulness of METH tablets (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY) should be weighed against possible risks inherent in use of the drug, such as those described below.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

METH tablets are contraindicated during or within 14 days following the administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors; hypertensive crisis may result. It is also contraindicated in patients with glaucoma, advanced arteriosclerosis, symptomatic cardiovascular disease, moderate to severe hypertension, hyperthyroidism or known hypersensitivity or idiosyncrasy to sympathomimetic amines. Methamphetamine should not be given to patients who are in an agitated state or who have a history of drug abuse.

WARNINGS

Tolerance to the anorectic effect usually develops within a few weeks. When this occurs, the recommended dose should not be exceeded in an attempt to increase the effect; rather, the drug should be discontinued (see DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE).

Serious Cardiovascular Events

Sudden Death and Pre existing Structural Cardiac Abnormalities

or Other Serious Heart Problems:

Children and Adolescents: Sudden death has been reported in association with CNS stimulant treatment at usual doses in children and adolescents with structural cardiac abnormalities or other serious heart problems. Although some serious heart problems alone carry an increased risk of sudden death, stimulant products generally should not be used in children or adolescents with known serious structural cardiac abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, serious heart rhythm abnormalities, or other serious cardiac problems that may place them at increased vulnerability to the sympathomimetic effects of a

stimulant drug.

Adults: Sudden deaths, stroke, and myocardial infarction have been reported in adults taking stimulant drugs at usual doses for ADHD. Although the role of stimulants in these adult cases is also unknown, adults have a greater likelihood than children of having serious structural cardiac abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, serious heart rhythm abnormalities, coronary artery disease, or other serious cardiac problems. Adults with such abnormalities should also generally not be treated with stimulant drugs. Hypertension and other Cardiovascular Conditions: Stimulant medications cause a modest increase in average blood pressure (about 2-4 mmHg) and average heart rate (about 3-6 bpm), and individuals may have larger increases. While the mean changes alone would not be expected to have short-term consequences, all patients should be monitored for larger changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Caution is indicated in treating patients whose underlying medical conditions might be compromised by increases in blood pressure or heart rate, e.g., those with pre-existing hypertension, heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, or ventricular arrhythmia. Assessing Cardiovascular Status in Patients being Treated with Stimulant Medications: Children, adolescents, or adults who are being considered for treatment with stimulant medications should have a careful history (including assessment for a family history of sudden death or ventricular arrhythmia) and physical exam to assess for the presence of cardiac disease, and should receive further cardiac evaluation if findings suggest such disease (e.g., electrocardiogram and echocardiogram). Patients who develop symptoms such as exertional chest pain, unexplained syncope, or other symptoms suggestive of cardiac disease during stimulant treatment should undergo a prompt cardiac evaluation.

Psychiatric Adverse Events

Pre-existing Psychosis:

Administration of stimulants may exacerbate symptoms of behavior disturbance and thought disorder in patients with a pre-existing psychotic disorder. Bipolar Illness: Particular care should be taken in using stimulants to treat ADHD in patients with comorbid bipolar disorder because of concern for possible induction of a mixed/manic episode in suchpatients. Prior to initiating treatment with a stimulant,

METH®

Methamphetamine

Hydrochloride

Tablets, USP only

DESCRIPTION

METH® (methamphetamine hydrochloride tablets, USP), chemically known as (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine hydrochloride, is a member of the amphetamine group of sympathomimetic amines. It has the following structural formula:

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Methamphetamine is a sympathomimetic amine with CNS stimulant activity. Peripheral actions include elevation of systolic and diastolic blood pressures and weak bronchodilator and respiratory stimulant action. Drugs of this class used in obesity are commonly known as âanorecticsâ or âanorexigenicsâ. It has not been established, however, that the action of such drugs in treating obesity is primarily one of appetite suppression. Other central nervous system actions, or metabolic effects, may be involved, for example. Adult obese subjects instructed in dietary management and treated with âanorecticâ drugs, lose more weight on the average than those treated with placebo and diet, as determined in relatively short-term clinical trials.

The magnitude of increased weight loss of drug-treated patients over placebo-treated patients is only a fraction of a pound a week. The rate of weight loss is greatest in the first weeks of therapy for both drug and placebo subjects and tends to decrease in succeeding weeks. The origins of the increased weight loss due to the various possible drug effects are not established. The amount of weight loss associated with the use of an âanorecticâ drug varies from trial to trial, and the increased weight loss appears to be related in part to variables other than the drug prescribed, such as the physician-investigator, the population treated, and the diet prescribed. Studies do not permit conclusions as to the relative importance of the drug and non-drug factors on weight loss.

The natural history of obesity is measured in years, whereas the studies cited are restricted to a few weeks duration; thus, the total impact of drug-induced weight loss over that of diet alone must be considered clinically limited. The mechanism of action involved in producing the beneficial behavioral changes seen in hyperkinetic children receiving methamphetamine is unknown. In humans, methamphetamine is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The primary site of metabolism is in the liver by aromatic hydroxylation, N-dealkylation and deamination. At least seven metabolites have been identified in the urine. The biological half-life has been reported in the range of 4 to 5 hours. Excretion occurs primarily in the urine and is dependent on urine pH. Alkaline urine will significantly increase the drug half-life. Approximately 62% of an oral dose is eliminated in the urine within the first 24 hours with about one-third as intact drug and the remainder as metabolites.

METHAMPHETAMINE HAS A HIGH POTENTIAL FOR

ABUSE. IT SHOULD THUS BE TRIED ONLY IN

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY. HAVE A NICE DAY.

Bara metylfenidat rekommenderas av de europeiska kontrollmyndigheterna för behandling av ADHD

my last shot outside in our backyard this summer

I am most delighted to discover that the petals of the calendula are edible.

This is very reassuring in today's Austerity Climate Good to know that, with a few calendula plants in the garden we may be one square meal ahead of the neighbours and the others who are three meals away from anarchy. Just a thought.

Of course, when the NHS goes out of business (very soon, I expect; I'm awaiting an announcement that it's being abolished at about... ooh... 7pm on Sunday) then its medicinal properties (Plant pharmacological studies have suggested that Calendula extracts have anti-viral, anti-genotoxic and anti-inflammatory properties. Calendula in suspension or in tincture is used topically to treat acne, reducing inflammation, controlling bleeding and soothing irritated tissue. Calendula has been used traditionally for abdominal cramps and constipation. In experiments with rabbit jejunum the aqueous-ethanol extract of Calendula officinalis flowers was shown to have both spasmolytic and spasmogenic effects, thus providing a scientific rationale for this traditional use. An aqueous extract of Calendula officinalis obtained by a novel extraction method has demonstrated anti-tumor (cytotoxic) activity and immunomodulatory properties (lymphocyte activation) in vitro, as well as anti-tumor activity in mice.) will come in very handy.

Thanks to Wikipedia for all the brainy stuff.