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Schweiz / Uri - Schöllenen
Schöllenen Gorge (German: Schöllenenschlucht; Schöllenen) is a gorge formed by the upper Reuss in the Swiss canton of Uri between the towns of Göschenen to the north and Andermatt to the south. It provides access to the St Gotthard Pass.
Enclosed by sheer granite walls, its road and railway require several spectacular bridges and tunnels, of which the most famous is a stone bridge known as the Teufelsbrücke ("Devil's Bridge").
Geology
The lower Urseren marks the boundary of the Aar massif with the autochthonous sediment of the Gotthard nappe ("Urseren-Zone"). In Altkirch quarry, on the southern end of the gorge, Triassic and Jurassic sediments are exposed. In the Schöllenen Gorge (at the Urnerloch tunnel), the Reuss enters the cristalline Aar massif (Aar granite), the gorge itself being an exemplary late alpine fluvial Water gap.
History
Early history
The name of the gorge is from Rumantsch *scalinae ("stairs, steps"); recorded in German as Schellenden in 1420. It formed the upper limit of Alemannic settlement in the Alps prior to the 12th century, and the border between the bishoprics of Constance and Raetia Curensis.
The gorge appears to have been passable by a difficult footpath by the mid-12th century. This path was forced to avoid the southern part of the gorge, taking a steep ascent from Brüggliwaldboden, climbing above 1,800 m before descending to Hospental via Bäzberg. The eponymous scalinae presumably referred to steps hewn into the rock to facilitate the ascent.
The gorge was first opened up as a bridle path with the construction of a wooden bridge in c. 1230 (before 1234). This was of great strategic importance because it opened the Gotthard Pass, with historical consequences both regionally and to the Italian politics of the Holy Roman Empire.
The original bridle path across Schöllenen was realised by means of a wooden ledge attached to the rock wall, known as Twärrenbrücke, and a wooden bridge across the gorge, recorded as stiebende Brugge ("spray bridge") in 1306. The Twärrenbrücke (from twer "across, athwart") rested on beams laid across the gorge. A tradition imagining it as supported by hanging chains developed only after its collapse in the 18th century. The technology associated with the construction of the Twärrenbrücke is attributed to the Walser, who are known to have begun settlement in Urseren still in the 12th century. 16th-century historiography attributes the construction of the bridge to one Heini (Heinrich), blacksmith in Göschenen. Robert Schedler published a historical novel surrounding the construction of the Schöllenen bridle path, Der Schmied von Göschenen, in 1919.
Devil's Bridge legend
In Early Modern Switzerland, a legend developed which attributed the construction of the bridge to the Devil. This is a motif attached to numerous old bridges in Europe (see Devil's Bridge for a comparative account). The name Teiffels Brucken ("Devil's Bridge", modern German: Teufelsbrücke) is first recorded in 1587.
The legend is related by Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1716). According to Scheuchzer, he was told a local legend according to which the people of Uri recruited the Devil for the difficult task of building the bridge. The Devil requested to receive the first thing to pass the bridge in exchange for his help. To trick the Devil, who expected to receive the soul of the first man to pass the bridge, the people of Uri sent across a dog by throwing a piece of bread, and the dog was promptly torn to pieces by the Devil. Enraged at having been tricked the Devil went to fetch a large rock to smash the bridge, but, carrying the rock back to the bridge, he came across a holy man who "scolded him" (der ihn bescholten) and forced him to drop the rock, which could still be seen on the path below Göschenen. A modern retelling was published by Meinrad Lienert, Schweizer Sagen und Heldengeschichten (1915). According to Lienert's version, a goat was sent across the bridge instead of a dog, and instead of the holy man, the Devil, when he was taking a break exhausted from carrying the rock, came across an old woman who marked the rock with a cross, forcing the Devil to abandon it and flee.
The legend does not appear to have existed before the 16th century, and its origin in local tradition is uncertain. Lauf-Belart (1924) surmised that the name Teufelsbrücke was originally due to an erroneous interpretation by learned travellers, which only in the 17th century gave rise to the local legend involving the Devil.
The Devil's Stone (Teufelsstein) is a large block of granite near Göschenen, with a height of c. 12 m and a mass of c. 2200 tons. In 1887, it was sold to the Maestrani Schweizer Schokoladenfabrik for 80 francs. Painted yellow, it now served as an advertisement for chocolate. In 1923, there were plans to demolish it, but it was preserved on the initiative of Max Oechslin, president of Naturforschende Gesellschaft Uri. In 1970, the Devil's Stone was again scheduled for destruction, to make way for the N2 motorway. This time, there was a broad movement to preserve it, and in 1971, federal authorities agreed to move the stone, with projected costs of 250,000 francs (of which the canton of Uri was to contribute 7,000). This led to a popular campaign opposing the plan because the cost was seen as excessive. The liberal newspaper Gotthard-Post proposed to spend the money on the construction of a retirement home instead, collecting 1,000 signatures in support. The cantonal government now argued that there was no legal basis for the destruction of the stone because it had been the property of Naturforschende Gesellschaft Uri since 1925. On 1 September 1972, the Federal Council finally agreed to moving the stone, and it was moved 127 metres in an operation costing CHF 335,000. It is now situated on the ramp of exit 40 (Göschenen) of the motorway, at the entrance of Gotthard Road Tunnel, visible both from the railway and from the motorway.
Early modern history
In 1595 the wooden Stiebender Steg bridge was replaced by a stone bridge which came to be known as Devil's Bridge (German: Teufelsbrücke).
On St Patrick's Day (17 March) 1608, Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, was fleeing from Ulster to Rome with 98 of his fellow-Gaels. As they crossed the Devil's Bridge, one of the horses carrying his fortune plunged into the torrent below; the horse was recovered, but not the gold, which was lost in the raging torrent
A new road, including a tunnel with a length c. 60 m (200 ft),[14] replacing the Twärrenbrücke was built in 1707/08. The tunnel, constructed by Pietro Morettini (1660–1737) and known as the Urnerloch ("Uri Hole"), was the first road-tunnel to be built in the Alps. Following its construction, the Twärrenbrücke was no longer maintained and was allowed to collapse.
Hans Rudolf Schinz in 1783 mentions another bridge, marking the border between Uri and Urseren, known as Mittelbrücke or Tanzenbein.
In September 1799 the Teufelsbrücke became one of the sites of the battles at the Saint-Gotthard, and one of the most dramatic battles of Suvorov's Italian and Swiss expedition during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. The bridge was heavily damaged by the retreating French army. As a result, the route's trade with Italy shifted to the Splügenpass. In the 1890s the Russian Empire commissioned the Suvorov monument, just south of the Devil's Bridge.
Modern engineering
A replacement cut stone bridge was planned and executed by Karl Emanuel Müller (1804–1869), the cantonal engineer in charge of the stretch of the new Gotthard road between Göschenen and Hospental. Construction took 10 years, and was the subject of a famous painting by Karl Blechen in 1830–1832. The new bridge allowed (single-lane) motorized traffic, opening the Gotthard Pass to automobiles. The 1595 bridge fell out of use after the completion of the second bridge in 1830, and it collapsed in 1888.
The Gotthard railway project of 1872 avoided the Schöllenen Gorge by building the Gotthard Rail Tunnel under it, but the Schöllenenbahn, a rack railway, was built through the gorge in 1917. The modern road bridge and tunnel date to 1958. It served as the main road across the Central Alps during the 1960s and 1970s, but since the construction of the Gotthard Road Tunnel in 1980 it has only been of regional importance, connecting Uri with canton of Valais and the Surselva.
(Wikipedia)
Die Schöllenen (rätoromanisch La Scalina) ist eine Schlucht im schweizerischen Kanton Uri. Durch die Schlucht fliesst von der Gemeinde Andermatt im Süden die Reuss nach Göschenen im Norden. Über den Fluss führt im oberen Teil der Schlucht die bekannte Teufelsbrücke sowie nahe Göschenen die wiedererrichtete Häderlisbrücke.
Die wilde Schöllenenschlucht war seit alters ein nur schwer zu überwindendes Hindernis auf der Route über den Gotthardpass, die den Kanton Uri mit dem Tessin verbindet. Vermutlich um 1200 waren es Walser aus dem gegen Norden nur über den Bäzberg zu erreichenden Urserental, welche die Schlucht erstmals mit dem Bau eines für damalige Verhältnisse waghalsigen Saumweges mit mehreren Brücken begehbar machten, was einen bedeutenden Schritt in der Entwicklung der Schweiz darstellt.
Name
Früher bestand vom Bäzberg hinunter in die Schöllenen ein in den Fels gehauener Stufenweg. Die Einmündungsstelle in die Schlucht heisst Steiglen, was mit dem lateinischen Wort scalineae (= Treppe) und dem rätoromanischen Wort scalina als Ursprung der Bezeichnung Schöllenen übereinstimmt.
Geschichte
Twärrenbrücke
Bevor die erste Brücke über die Reuss gebaut werden konnte, musste zuerst die Schöllenen erschlossen werden. Da der harte, fast senkrecht zur Reuss abfallende Fels den Bau eines festen Weges unmöglich machte, kam gemäss der Überlieferung um 1220 ein Schmied aus Göschenen oder Andermatt auf die Idee, an der Felswand entlang des Chilchbergs Ketten zu befestigen, an denen aus dem Fels ragende Tragebalken hingen. Über diese Querbalken wurden Bretter gelegt, welche die eigentliche Brücke bildeten. Eine andere Theorie über die Bauweise des Steges besagt, dass in ausgeschlagenen Nischen lagernde Querbalken von Fels zu Fels gespannt waren, auf denen die eigentlichen Bretter des Steges lagen.
Es ist denkbar, dass die Walser bei der Errichtung des Weges durch die Schöllenen eine wichtige Rolle spielten. Man nimmt an, dass sie über technische Fähigkeiten verfügten, die sie beim Bau von Wasserleitungen (Suonen) in unwegsamem Gelände und von Wegen und Brücken in den steilen Walliser Tälern erworben hatten.
Über das genaue Datum des Baus besteht keine Einigkeit. Die erste überlieferte Beschreibung einer Reise über den Gotthard datiert aus dem Jahr 1234 und stammt vom Bremer Domherrn und Abt Albert von Stade.
Die 60 Meter lange Twärrenbrücke bestand bis zum Jahr 1707. Der Name Twärrenbrücke stammt von den quer liegenden Hölzern, über die der Weg führte. Oftmals wird die Twärrenbrücke irrtümlich als stiebender Steg bezeichnet. Der stiebende Steg jedoch ist eine andere Bezeichnung für die erste Teufelsbrücke.
Erste Teufelsbrücke
Die erste hölzerne Brücke über die Reuss wurde um 1230 errichtet. 1595 wurde sie durch eine massive Steinbrücke ersetzt. Nach Fertigstellung der zweiten Brücke 1830 wurde sie nicht mehr begangen und dem Verfall überlassen. Am 2. August 1888 stürzte sie ein. Auf der nördlichen Flussseite sind ihre Fundamente noch sichtbar.
Ein angelehnter Nachbau der zerstörten ersten steinernen Teufelsbrücke steht seit 1837 im Park Klein-Glienicke in Berlin, der eine Alpenüberquerung nachahmt: Der nördliche Parkteil repräsentiert mit seinen waldartigen Partien die deutschen Lande, der südlichere Parkteil zeigt hingegen weiteres, offenes Gelände wie in Italien. Dazwischen stellt ein für Berliner Verhältnisse beachtlicher Höhenzug die Alpen dar.
Erster Tunnel: Das Urnerloch
Da Brücke und Steg jedoch immer wieder durch die Reuss beschädigt wurden – 1707 riss eine grosse Überschwemmung die Twärrenbrücke weg – wurde nach einer anderen Möglichkeit gesucht, den Verkehr durch die Schlucht zu leiten. Noch ist eine Urkunde erhalten, in der es heisst: „Nachdem durch ein yberschwänchlich waszerflusz die brig, so von holz war, hinweg genommen, so ist mit Einsatz unsern gnäd. Herren von Ury Erachtet worden, durch den gählingen bärg zuo brächen, damit fürderhin die groszennkösten gedachter Holzinen Erspahrt werde.“
Am 20. September 1707 erhielt der aus Cerentino in der Valle Maggia stammende Festungsbaumeister Pietro Morettini, ein Schüler des französischen Festungsbaumeisters und Architekten Vauban, den Auftrag, eine neuwe Strass durch den lebendigen Felssen zu bauen. Mit dem Werk sei innerhalb von zwei Wochen zu beginnen und bis zur Vollendung durchzuführen, damit man spätestens im Frühling 1709 ungehindert und frei passieren könne. Den Vertrag unterzeichneten Morettini und im Namen des Thals Urssern Johannes Russi, der von 1700 bis 1702 Talammann im Urserental war.
Zur allgemeinen Verwunderung beendete man den 64 Meter langen Tunnel, den ersten Tunnel einer Alpenstrasse, schon nach elf Monaten, um den 15. August 1708. Der Ingenieur hatte groß Verdruss gehabt, den das Wärchkt ist schwär gewässen. Die Kosten fielen höher aus als berechnet, nicht durch die Schuld Morettinis: ohne seine Müehe undt Versaumbnuss. Gemäss Vertrag wären es 1680 französische Taler gewesen, tatsächlich kostete der Bau 3080. Damit Morettini keinen Schaden davontrug, sicherten ihm die Urner 1400 französische Taler als Trichkgelt zu. Ursern bezahlte und durfte dafür die Zölle erhöhen, bis die Auslagen gedeckt waren.
Zweiter Koalitionskrieg
Während des Zweiten Koalitionskriegs fanden in der Umgebung der Schöllenenschlucht am 25. September 1799 Kampfhandlungen zwischen napoleonischen Truppen unter Claude-Jacques Lecourbe (1758–1815) und von Feldmarschall Alexander Suworow befehligten russischen Truppen statt. Die erste Teufelsbrücke wurde dabei schwer beschädigt und unpassierbar. Erst über dreissig Jahre später wurde mit der zweiten Teufelsbrücke Ersatz geschaffen.
In der Nähe der Teufelsbrücke steht das 1898 errichtete Suworow-Denkmal, das an die Schlacht erinnert.
Zweite Teufelsbrücke
Nach dem Ende der Koalitionskriege 1815 herrschte im Kanton Uri wirtschaftliche Not. Brücke und Passweg konnten aufgrund fehlender Mittel vorerst nicht wieder begehbar gemacht werden, und der Verkehr nach Süden wurde zunehmend über den Splügenpass abgewickelt. Erst 1820 konnte der Auftrag für die Errichtung der zweiten Teufelsbrücke erteilt werden, die nach zehnjähriger Bauzeit fertiggestellt wurde und auch heute noch besteht. Sie wird heute vom Langsamverkehr genutzt und ist unter anderem Bestandteil der Nord-Süd-Route.
Schöllenenbahn
Die rund vier Kilometer lange Schöllenenbahn verbindet seit 1917 als zweite Verkehrsachse Göschenen mit Andermatt. Die Zahnradbahnstrecke weist eine Maximalsteigung von 179 Promille auf.
Staumauer
Zwischen 1920 und 1944 wurden mehrere Projekte für Wasserkraftwerke ausgearbeitet, die den Bau einer bis zu 208 Meter hohen Staumauer beim Urnerloch vorgesehen hätten. Es wäre ein Stausee im Urserental entstanden, der die Umsiedlung der Dörfer Andermatt, Hospental und Realp nötig gemacht hätte, wovon etwa 2000 Personen betroffen gewesen wären. Wegen des Widerstands der lokalen Bevölkerungen wurde das Projekt eines Urserenkraftwerkes 1954 aufgegeben. Anstelle dessen wurde im Urnerloch eine Wasserfassung für das Kraftwerk Göschenen gebaut.[5]
Dritte Teufelsbrücke
Die zweite Teufelsbrücke und die schmale Strasse waren Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts den Anforderungen des modernen Verkehrs nicht mehr gewachsen. 1958 wurde daher rund 30 Meter östlich der zweiten Brücke und etwas erhöht die dritte Teufelsbrücke eröffnet, die direkt in den ebenfalls neu erbauten Fadeggtunnel übergeht. Mit zwei Spuren konnte sie den zunehmenden Verkehr besser aufnehmen.
Über der Brücke prangt an der Felswand ein markantes Teufelsbild des Urner Malers Heinrich Danioth, geschaffen 1950 in Ölfarbe. 2008 wurde das rote Bild bei einem Vandalenakt mit blauer Ölfarbe beschmiert und darauf im Sommer 2009 aufwendig restauriert.
Sage zur Teufelsbrücke
Einer Sage zufolge wurde die erste Teufelsbrücke vom Teufel errichtet. Die Urner scheiterten immer wieder an der Errichtung einer Brücke. Schliesslich rief ein Landammann ganz verzweifelt aus: „Do sell der Tyfel e Brigg bue!“ (Da soll der Teufel eine Brücke bauen!) Kaum ausgesprochen, stand dieser schon vor der Urner Bevölkerung und schlug ihnen einen Pakt vor. Er würde die Brücke bauen und als Gegenleistung bekomme er die Seele desjenigen, der als Erster die Brücke überquere. Nachdem der Teufel die Brücke gebaut hatte, schickten die schlauen Urner einen Geissbock über die Brücke. Der Teufel war über diesen Trick sehr erzürnt und holte im Wassener Wald einen haushohen Stein, mit dem er die Brücke zerschlagen wollte. Es begegnete ihm aber eine fromme Frau, die ihn zu einer Rast während seiner schweren Arbeit überreden konnte. Während der Teufel ruhte, ritzte sie ein Kreuz auf den Stein. Der Teufel war nun nicht mehr in der Lage, den Stein aufzuheben und sei seither im Tal nie mehr gesehen worden.
Der 13 Meter hohe Felsblock aus Aaregranit unterhalb von Göschenen wird „Teufelsstein“ genannt. Für 80 Franken verkaufte der Bauer Josmarie Dittli im Jahr 1885 seine Matte mit dem Stein darauf an die Schokoladefabrik Maestrani. Fortan wurde der Stein als Werbefläche für Maestrani verwendet. Der Stein wurde braun bemalt und mit dem Schriftzug Maestrani versehen. Im Jahr 1905 wurde dieses Ärgernis sogar nochmals aufgefrischt. 20 Jahre später verschenkte Maestrani den Stein an die Naturforschende Gesellschaft Uri.[9] Die NGU kämpfte 50 Jahre später gegen die Sprengung des Steins zusammen mit dem Gemeinderat von Göschenen, der Urner Regierung, den Zeitungen, der Schuljugend oder der «Eidgenössischen Kommission für Natur- und Heimatschutz». Stattdessen wurde 1973 der rund 2000 Tonnen schwere Fels für damals 300'000 Franken um 127 Meter verschoben, um der Gotthardautobahn Platz zu machen. Die Verschiebung des Teufelssteins wird in einer modernen Erweiterung der Volkssage für die Häufung von Verkehrsunfällen bei Kilometer 4 des 17 Kilometer langen Gotthard-Strassentunnels verantwortlich gemacht. Die Naturforschende Gesellschaft Uri ist vertraglich verpflichtet, den Stein bis ans Ende aller Tage zu bewahren.
Geologie
Die Schöllenenschlucht entstand durch Auswaschungen der Reuss im Aarmassiv.[12] Das hiesige Gestein ist gleich- und mittelkörniger Biotitgranit, mit zum Teil schwach grünlich gefärbten Feldspäten. Die Klüfte in der Schöllenenschlucht sind durch Risse während der Extension entstanden.
(Wikipedia)
A tridimensional satellite view over the western coast of La Palma Island shows the consequences afteer more than 3 months of volcanic activity that radically change the geography of the island. Hotsposts of the lava flows are still visible, as well as emissions from the crater. Image acquired by Sentinel-2 satellite on Dec. 29
Ceriiko was a Toa of Psionics with great potential, who long ago was cast out from her village after losing control of her powers with tragic consequences. In her exile, she trained herself and honed her abilities to the point of perfection. Forgotten by many, the mysterious figure of Ceriiko came to be viewed by some as a kind of goddess of Psionic powers, occasionally glimpsed out of the corner of the eye in times of trouble.
I had fun with this build. I`ve had the painted Skull Spider mask for a while, and wanted to do something to go with it - and a Toa of Psionics seemed like the perfect fit. I thought having four arms would be fitting for a kind of goddess, and I knew from the start that her staff would be less like a weapon, and more something to focus her power with. I used Citadel Paints (Abaddon Black and Liberator Gold) on the mask and chestpiece.
The name `Ceriiko` comes from "Ce" as in "cerebral/cerebellum" etc., and "riiko" which is the Maori word for "bend" - as in "mind bending".
Two members of our rope team were sick and were moving slowly.
As a consequence, after 8 hours of climb on this sunny but windy day, we stopped at this point, at the bottom of the summit ridge :-(
At Midnight, once arrived to Camp V, i realized i had Frosbites on 3 fingers of my right hand, 2nd degree !
As often, I am the only Lady wearing the Red down jacket.
There are only 11% of Women on Denali !!!
May 15th, 2017 - Denali Climbing, Alaska Range, Alaska.
**This first paragraph is a consequence of information naming this building as the Mosquito Creek Hall. "Mosquito Creek was applied to a school south of Adelaide. This little government school is six miles from Langhorne's Creek on the main road to Wellington. It was opened in January 1913, has a roll number of under 20, but it has lately distinguished itself in a manner which has brought it prominently before the public. The Gould League for the protection of birds... yearly offers for competition among the schools a fine silver challenge cup for essays written on a tree and bird of any district. This year the winning essays were written by Annie Gardner, a pupil at the school. Mr Gregory Matthews, the renowned ornithologist... presented her with two beautiful books and the silver cup...
It closed in 1946. [Ref: Manning's Place Names of South Australia]
Mulgundawa is a locality on the north coast of Lake Alexandrina between Langhorne Creek and Wellington, South Australia.
Mulgundawa Inn was a popular stopping place during the gold rush of the 1850s. A school was built by 1882. The school was used for meetings and social events, many school fund-raising events and church was conducted there.
Australian Saltworks operates from the Mulgundawa Saltworks which is Australia’s oldest salt business. Salt harvesting at the company’s site commenced in the 1870s when salt was bagged and shipped from the Mulgundawa jetty by boat to Milang and then to market in Adelaide. Salt refining was well established on the site by the late 1890s.
Today Australian Saltworks operates solar salt fields in South Australia north of Lake Alexandrina near the mouth of the Murray River. The company is privately owned and has a history and reputation of reliable supply of quality solar salt products. [Ref: Australian Saltworks website]
September 1
The Mulgundawa jetty will very soon be out of the contractor's hands, but it will be very far from being available for the purpose for which it was intended. No tramway or truck (to say nothing of a crane) for conveying wheat &c, across the jetty to the boat: the metalled causeway to it neither blinded nor rolled: and, to crown all, the sides of the causeway have not the palpable necessary facing of stone to prevent the loose soil of which it is composed being washed away by high tides.
Nothing is more certain than if the sides of the embankment are not pitchpaved (I believe they call it), the way will become disintegrated by the wash of water during some of the gales which are not unfrequent here. In its present state it is anything but creditable to the foresight or resources of the Superintending Engineer or the magnates of the Public Works Department. [Ref: Southern Argus (Port Elliot SA) 4-9-1869]
Charles Johnston Knight arrived in South Australia from Scotland on the ‘Arab’ in 1843. He settled at Mulgundawa in 1856. He was one of the south’s earliest settlers. By 1910 he had retired and his sons John and Joseph managed the property.
The death is reported of Mr Charles Johnston Knight, of Mulgundawa, near Langhorne's Creek (South Australia).
He was 92 years of age and arrived in early manhood in South Australia. He was a noted breeder of Merino sheep, and in this connection was assisted by his two sons, John S and Joseph B Knight. [Ref: West Australian (Perth WA) Friday 23 July 1915]
School Board of Advice Strathalbyn August 11
The Minister to be informed …that the Mulgundawa School, as per map of school district, is not under the control of this board. [Ref: Southern Argus 16-8-1883]
May 13 - The Bremer last night at Langhorne's Bridge was over the banks. It has now gone down five or six feet. Eastward towards Mulgundawa the road was submerged for five or six feet, and today, in places, is for considerable distances under water. Mosquito Creek has a great flood, and though now somewhat subsided, is running strongly, in places a quarter of a mile wide, and flocks of ducks and teal are near the road. At Pott’s vast sheets of water are coming close to the house. There have been heavy rains and strong winds for several days about Wellington and the lake. [Ref: South Australian Advertiser 14-5-1884]
School Board of Advice - Notice received of Miss Skinner's resignation as provisional teacher at Mulgundawa School.
Board resolved to recommend that Mulgundawa school be included in Strathalbyn District. [Ref: Southern Argus 19-6-1884]
Provisional Teacher Harriet Dalton appointed to Mulgundawa. [Ref: Express and Telegraph (Adelaide) 13-12-1888]
The Marine Board
It was decided to approve the repairing of Milang jetty with material removed from Mulgundawa jetty. [Ref: Advertiser (Adelaide) 31-8-1894]
The late Mr H Daenke
Mr Daenke had been a resident of the Lake District for a long term of years, formerly conducting the Mulgundawa Hotel, and subsequently that at Langhorne's Creek, from which place he moved to Milang.
He had been associated with public matters during the whole of his residence in the south, occupying the position of district Councillor for a long term, and that of Chairman of the Bremer Council for several years, holding that Office at the time of his death. He was a Justice of Peace. [Ref; Southern Argus (Port Elliot) 9-7-1896]
A Rival - A new industry—that of salt-refining—is being established at Mulgundawa, (says the Mount Barker paper) where Messrs Templer and Benson are erecting works. The lagoons along the lake shores at this place are said to contain immense quantities of salt of excellent quality, and hopes are entertained of the industry becoming a large and profitable one. [Ref: Pioneer (Yorketown) 11-3-1898]
A lantern entertainment given on Saturday evening, June 11th, in the Mulgundawa schoolroom was a source of much pleasure and interest to the inhabitants scattered over this isolated district, there being a very good attendance. [Ref: Southern Argus (Port Elliot) 16-6-1898]
Stopped for the season
The Salt Company at Mulgundawa (writes the Langhorne's Creek correspondent to the "Register") have left off scraping for the season. They are of opinion that they have enough salt out to keep them going for a while. About fourteen men were paid off last week. [Ref: Pioneer (Yorketown) 10-3-1899]
£1 1s voted towards demonstration and entertainment of school children at Mulgundawa school on coronation day. [Ref: Southern Argus (Port Elliot) 19-6-1902]
A successful concert and social were given here on Friday evening last. The programme consisted of tableaux, songs, recitations, and dialogues by the school children.
Supper was provided by the ladies, and afterwards dancing was indulged in. A collection taken in aid of "Minda" amounted to £1 10/. [Ref: Advertiser (Adelaide) 15-11-1902]
On Monday morning, says the Southern Argus (Strathalbyn), Mr Charles Besley, who is in charge of the salt works at Mulgundawa, met with a painful accident, his right hand getting caught in the cog wheels of one of the machines. [Ref: Advertiser (Adelaide) 7-8-1903]
Provisional Teacher Ethel M Warner appointed Mulgundawa – On probation under regulation 295. [Ref: Adelaide Observer 26-11-1904]
Another Railway suggested
Langhorne’s Creek, August 30. A largely attended meeting was held this evening in the Oddfellows' Hall, to consider the question of a branch railway from Murray Bridge to Victor Harbour, passing through the districts of Mulgundawa, Langhorne's Creek, and Belvidere, to some point on the Port Victor line. Mr J Cheriton (Chairman of the Bremer Council) presided over the meeting, which included representatives from Mulgundawa, Angas Plains, Lake Plains, Belvidere, and Strathalbyn. [Ref; Register (Adelaide) 1-9-1909]
The permanent railway commission are today to visit the Mulgundawa country, driving from Murray Bridge over the suggested route of railway, and taking evidence. At Mulgundawa they will be met by motors and brought via Langhorne's Creek to Strathalbyn. [Ref: Southern Argus 12-6-1913]
*Unfortunately this railway did not eventuate.
Last week George Rednap was working as a labourer on a farm at Mulgundawa for a weekly wage: today he is worth £5,000 and will shortly be on his way to Cornwall. Two years ago he decided to search for a fortune in Australia.
Recently he bought a ticket in a Tattersall's Sweep, and it drew the first horse and £5000. He is supporting his widowed mother and is a quiet, steady fellow. His employer (Mr Schenscher) speaks highly of him. His mother has been asking him to return home for some time, and he states that he will now be able to gratify her wish. [Ref: Mount Barker Courier and Onkaparinga and Gumeracha Advertiser (SA)17-2-1911]
Late Private F Winter
Mr and Mrs Richard Winter, of Langhorne's Creek, have been advised of the death from wounds of their eldest son, Private Frank Winter.
Private Winter, who died on November 18 at the 38th Clearing Station in Belgium, was 26 years of age. He was born at Langhorne's Creek and spent most of his boyhood on Nalpa Station near Wellington. He was educated at the Mulgundawa and Flaxley schools. [Ref: Chronicle (Adelaide) 9-12-1916]
Late Sgt A Winter
Sgt A Winter was killed in action in France on April 26, was the second son of Mr and Mrs R Winter, of Langhorne’s Creek. He was born at Nalpa Station, near Wellington, and received his education at the Mulgundawa and Flaxley Schools.
He enlisted on March 5, 1915, and left for Egypt, in the following June, with reinforcements of the 10th Battalion. After a brief sojourn in Egypt he was sent to Gallipoli where he contracted measles and enteritis.
He was returned Alexandria. Early in the new year his brother joined him, and both were transferred into the same battalion. After spending a few months in the desert they departed for France, at the end of May, 1916.
Of three sons who enlisted, two have made the supreme sacrifice. [Ref: Register (Adelaide) 13-7-1918]
Murray Bridge to Mulgundawa Road
Mr H D Young MP, waited on the Commissioner of Crown Lands (Hon G R Laffer), and introduced a deputation from the District Councils of Murray Bridge and Brinkley asking that the road from Murray Bridge to Mulgundawa be placed on the main roads schedule and that in the meantime a grant, to enable the council to construct the road, be made. It was stated that a large amount of money had been spent on the road, but the councils had come to the end of their resources.
Fifteen years ago there were only two or three settlers in the district and now practically the whole of the land was settled.
The heavy mallee carting traffic had cut up the road badly. Patching had proved useless, and the council wanted immediate help. [Ref; Daily Herald 20-9-1920]
Mr W C Humphrey
A well-known personality of the Mulgundawa district in the person of Mr William Charles Humphrey, died at his residence, Murray Bridge, on Monday, in his 82nd year.
He was born at Finniss, and at the age of eight years, went to Mulgundawa with his parents, and subsequently took over the farm, which he worked till about 11 years ago, when he moved into Murray Bridge. He leaves a family of two sons and two daughters all of whom reside at Mulgundawa. [Ref: Southern Argus (Port Elliot) 16-1-1936]
Opera is such beautiful simplicity. The more simple the libretto it seems, the more it allows very complex musicality.
A sane conception for an outcast pair or so it seemed at creation...
They'd abandon together this mortal world and exist in eternal liberation.
But alas, they'd be severed to both their dismay; torn forever yearning...
Reaching for; wanting, that adulation that now lies in perpetuum-- burning.
United in love, divided by death such tragedy seems limitless...
for never again will our lovers relate, apart from their mournfulness.
I have been thinking about this for a while, didn't pull it off exactly how I had hoped to but its a start... its 16 layers of hacked together shots that closely resemble what I was going for...
Sometimes we try to stack the deck in our favor and have undesired consequences...
Strobist: The picture of the girl has one 400watt umbrella 45* facing her and off camera flash camera left 24mm 1/64 power, the couple has 1 umbrella 400 watt dead center over the camera
of modernization.
The inflating living expenses and modern advancements come with a price to pay.
Children are left alone on the responsibility of grandparents.
Seems like people of that generation got to handle children of two generation. Don't you worry, 'modern' parents will become grandparents too!
Zhongshan,China.
11/13 Paris Attack by Israeli Intelligence Services: Ken O'Keefe
VIDEO :
Kenneth O'Keefe
Ken O’Keefe discusses “who is ISIS” and the absurdity of what the mainstream media is telling us in this latest false flag manipulation brought to you by the powers that be.
O'Keefe served as a United States Marine in the Gulf War. According to O'Keefe's own website, he was discharged because he "spoke out openly about abuse of power by my 'superiors' and as a consequence I paid a heavy price. I realised that honour and integrity were virtues which are often punished rather than rewarded and the Marines supplied me with my first serious taste of injustice."
O'Keefe created a marine conservation social enterprise 'to protect and defend the marine environment' in Hawaii in 1996.This enterprise conducted ghost net recoveries and rescues of endangered Green Sea Turtle wrapped in monofilament fishing line. O'Keefe became a pioneer in sea turtle rescues in Hawaii and led a campaign to create a marine sanctuary (Pupukea MLCD) on the North Shore of Oahu. In 1998 he joined an anti-whaling campaign in which he was bloodied when attempting to retrieve a boat belonging to the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, of which he was a crew member. It was in this time he was mentored by Paul Watson. Eventually he served as the regional director for the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, in Hawaii.
In September 2013 O'Keefe joined David Icke in the team of The People's Voice, an internet TV station. In particular, he is presenting The Middle East Show, reporting news and comments on the subjects related to Middle east politics.
The State of Poverty in Pakistan PIDE Report 2021
pide.org.pk/research/the-state-of-poverty-in-pakistan/
file.pide.org.pk/uploads/rr-050-the-state-of-poverty-in-p....
Causes & Consequences of Poverty in Pakistan By Summia Batool Miankhail
www.qurtuba.edu.pk/jms/default_files/JMS/2_1/03_summia_ba...
Poverty in Pakistan : trends and issues
publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H043757.pdf
Governance and Poverty
in Pakistan By MIAN TAYYAB HASSAN
file.pide.org.pk/pdfpideresearch/mimap-13-governance-and-...
Pakistan Institute of Development Economics
95m Pakistanis live in poverty: World Bank
tribune.com.pk/story/2437352/95m-pakistanis-live-in-pover...
POVERTY IN PAKISTAN
ISSUES, CAUSES AND INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSES
www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/33...
Poverty in Pakistan, Malik Muhammad Ashraf September 01, 2023
www.nation.com.pk/01-Sep-2023/poverty-in-pakistan
Pakistan Gender and Social Inclusion Platform and
the Pakistan Poverty and Equity Program
documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099055002222210536/pd...
Europe, the Final Frontier.
These are the voyages of the Flying-Brick ‘Gnome’. Its continuing mission: to explore our world, to seek out my kids and to hug them, to boldly go where no gnome has gone before...
Chapter 1. We are where we are.
My mission: a Blog-a-day.
If you've come here to escape the viral madness, then you will be sorely disappointed. This virus has invaded every part of our lives and thus also insinuated itself into every part of this story.
We, in France, are once again in lockdown.
Once again I will attempt to post something every day, be it a photo, some words of wisdom, or a combination of the two. I'll try, but will probably fail on the wisdom bit...
Last time, now far into the distant past, I posted each day a photo of some random flower, insect, garden scene. After calls from you all to be silent, to desist, to shuffle off, and the occasional "Aarrgggghhhh!" I've decided to change my approach.
This is to be the story of our last trip in the Gnome, an adventure full of the complete gamut of emotions, of highs and of the deepest of lows.
Our voyage there and back again...
We are were we are, and we are here...
A distant fog submerges Montauban. A fog that stifles, that engulfs. It is a fog of facts and of fake news, a fog of information and of disinformation, a fog of danger with no safe place. At its heart is Covid. How do we calculate our route through all of this thick soup of fact and fiction?
There is no simple solution, there is no path to take that will be one hundred percent safe. All we do has risk and consequences, but how do we balance that against survival, against love, against a normal life, against living long enough to sup another glass of wine?
There is no more a 'normal' life. Thankfully there remain several sups of wine...
And so these were the questions we asked of ourselves whilst planning our odyssey into the plague.
Do we go or do we stay? How do we get there? How do we get back? How do we calculate the risks when the risks are constantly changing? How do we protect those that we are holden to shelter from harm? How many bottles of wine do we take?
When we originally planned this trip, this adventure, this odyssey, there was no doubt. It had been many months since seeing our close family in the UK. Too many months due to this pestilence. All we had to do was go there, visit each house which were each self isolating, share our love, then bugger off back to France.
Simple.
And yet, simple was the last thing that it turned out to be; simple it was not. Nothing went according to plan. This was a voyage into chaos, an adventure full of unforeseen risk and was fraught from the very start.
This is our story...
Tomorrow: Chapter 2, the surprising sequel to Chapter 1...
Exciting isn't it?
Back to Europe for a while..
These are some more shots of my Tour to Europe in Sept - Nov 2012. I has been a while since I last saw them.. great to be able to catch up on them at last!
This was my last day of the Cosmos Tour Oct 17, 2012 Spain. I took a morning trip to Toledo from Madrid.
The Primate Cathedral of Saint Mary of Toledo (Spanish: Catedral Primada Santa María de Toledo) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Toledo, Spain, see of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Toledo.
The cathedral of Toledo is one of the three 13th-century High Gothic cathedrals in Spain and is considered, in the opinion of some authorities, to be the magnum opus of the Gothic style in Spain. It was begun in 1226 under the rule of Ferdinand III and the last Gothic contributions were made in the 15th century when, in 1493, the vaults of the central nave were finished during the time of the Catholic Monarchs. It was modeled after the Bourges Cathedral, although its five naves plan is a consequence of the constructors' intention to cover all of the sacred space of the former city mosque with the cathedral, and of the former sahn with the cloister. It also combines some characteristics of the Mudéjar style, mainly in the cloister, and with the presence of multifoiled arches in the triforium. The spectacular incorporation of light and the structural achievements of the ambulatory vaults are some of its more remarkable aspects. It is built with white limestone from the quarries of Olihuelas, near Toledo.
It is popularly known as Dives Toletana (meaning The Rich Toledan in Latin).
For More Info: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Toledo
What I usually do in SL all day long
♪♫ Song ♫♪: PROFF feat Cory Friesenhan - Consequence Of You (Hexlogic Remix)
Animations: Abranimations - Ballet Set 2
Head: LeLutka - Fleur
Body: Maitreya Lara Petite
Skin: Pepe Skins - Miu
Hair: Truth - Elixir
Necklaces: SynCo - Crystal Pendants - Top, ~Moon Rabbit~ - MoonChoker~rigged
Dress: Cheezu - Sora Dress
Undergarment: Blueberry - Noelia Shorts
Tights: Izzie's High-Waisted Tights (system layer)
Shoes: S&P - Ballet Pointes
Skybox: BUENO - Before Dusk Skybox Dark 2
City of Truth or Consequences ( T or C ) Police Dept. 2009 Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor with ghost graphics.
T or C the county seat of Sierra County NM .
Berlin boasts two zoological gardens, a consequence of decades of political and administrative division of the city. The older one, called Zoo Berlin, founded in 1844, is situated in what is now called "City West". It is the most species-rich zoo worldwide. The other one, called Tierpark Berlin ("Animal Park"), was established on the long abandoned premises of Friedrichsfelde Palace Park in the eastern borough of Lichtenberg, in 1954. Covering 160 ha, it is the largest landcape zoo in Europe, but with less species.
Judas Goat.
Fantasmes visibles conséquences terribles démons de renseignement sagaces brute,
Zerstörung Sinne häufige Quellen Vereidigung Stimmen Verstellung Beobachtungen unwiderrufliche Aussehen,
недоброжелательные закаляет темные издеваться личные волокна, возвращающиеся зверства примитивные наклонности, виновные,
tanau llyncu ymadroddion rhyfedd eithafol trychinebau gostwng yn adfeilion bydol,
skille pest irriterende åndedrag sliter øyne drapene ulidelig pine sin galgen tid,
dramas indecifrável mal trágicas condições repulsa consciência despersonalização desertos desesperados sepulturas,
μετανοιωμένος αναμνήσεις σκουλήκια υπεροπτική πράξεις σέρνεται αγωγές γελοία σχέδια βαθιά έξαλλος διαψεύσεις,
vézna vonagló gépek felhagy zavargások narratívák koponyák tudattalan szándékok gonosz húsos narrátor megszorította,
leggi oppressive raccolti tormenti riordinare demoni canzoni,
裁判官不潔反射軽蔑偶像の異教徒が落下を嫌魂を悲しむ冒涜をねじります.
Steve.D.Hammond.
The main environmental issues associated with the implementation of the 5G network come with the manufacturing of the many component parts of the 5G infrastructure. In addition, the proliferation of new devices that will use the 5G network that is tied to the acceleration of demand from consumers for new 5G-dependent devices will have serious environmental consequences. The 5G network will inevitably cause a large increase in energy usage among consumers, which is already one of the main contributors to climate change. Additionally, the manufacturing and maintenance of the new technologies associated with 5G creates waste and uses important resources that have detrimental consequences for the environment. 5G networks use technology that has harmful effects on birds, which in turn has cascading effects through entire ecosystems. And, while 5G developers are seeking to create a network that has fewer environmental impacts than past networks, there is still room for improvement and the consequences of 5G should be considered before it is widely rolled out. 5G stands for the fifth generation of wireless technology. It is the wave of wireless technology surpassing the 4G network that is used now. Previous generations brought the first cell phones (1G), text messaging (2G), online capabilities (3G), and faster speed (4G). The fifth generation aims to increase the speed of data movement, be more responsive, and allow for greater connectivity of devices simultaneously.[2] This means that 5G will allow for nearly instantaneous downloading of data that, with the current network, would take hours. For example, downloading a movie using 5G would take mere seconds. These new improvements will allow for self-driving cars, massive expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) device use, and acceleration of new technological advancements used in everyday activities by a much wider range of people. While 5G is not fully developed, it is expected to consist of at least five new technologies that allow it to perform much more complicated tasks at faster speeds. The new technologies 5G will use are hardware that works with much higher frequencies (millimeter wavelengths), small cells, massive MIMO (multiple input multiple output), beamforming, and full duplex.[3] Working together, these new technologies will expand the potential of many of the devices used today and devices being developed for the future. Millimeter waves are a higher frequency wavelength than the radio wavelength generally used in wireless transmission today.[4] The use of this portion of the spectrum corresponds to higher frequency and shorter wavelengths, in this case in the millimeter range (vs the lower radio frequencies where the wavelengths can be in the meters to hundreds of kilometers). Higher frequency waves allow for more devices to be connected to the same network at the same time, because there is more space available compared to the radio waves that are used today. The use of this portion of the spectrum has much longer wavelengths than of that anticipated for a portion of the 5G implementation. The waves in use now can measure up to tens of centimeters, while the new 5G waves would be no greater than ten millimeters.[5] The millimeter waves will create more transmission space for the ever-expanding number of people and devices crowding the current networks. The millimeter waves will create more space for devices to be used by consumers, which will increase energy usage, subsequently leading to increased global warming. Millimeter waves are very weak in their ability to connect two devices, which is why 5G needs something called “small cells” to give full, uninterrupted coverage. Small cells are essentially miniature cell towers that would be placed 250 meters apart throughout cities and other areas needing coverage.[6] The small cells are necessary as emissions [or signals] at this higher frequency/shorter wavelength have more difficulty passing through solid objects and are even easily intercepted by rain.[7] The small cells could be placed on anything from trees to street lights to the sides of businesses and homes to maximize connection and limit “dead zones” (areas where connections are lost). The next new piece of technology necessary for 5G is massive MIMO, which stands for multiple input multiple output. The MIMO describes the capacity of 5G’s base stations, because those base stations would be able to handle a much higher amount of data at any one moment of time. Currently, 4G base stations have around eight transmitters and four receivers which direct the flow of data between devices.[9] 5G will exceed this capacity with the use of massive MIMO that can handle 22 times more ports. Figure 1 shows how a massive MIMO tower would be able to direct a higher number of connections at once. However, massive MIMO causes signals to be crossed more easily. Crossed signals cause an interruption in the transmission of data from one device to the next due to a clashing of the wavelengths as they travel to their respective destinations. To overcome the cross signals problem, beamforming is needed. To maximize the efficiency of sending data another new technology called beamforming will be used in 5G. For data to be sent to the correct user, a way of directing the wavelengths without interference is necessary. This is done through a technique called beamforming. Beamforming directs where exactly data are being sent by using a variety of antennas to organize signals based on certain characteristics, such as the magnitude of the signal. By directly sending signals to where they need to go, beamforming decreases the chances that a signal is dropped due to the interference of a physical object.
One way that 5G will follow through on its promise of faster data transmission is through sending and receiving data simultaneously. The method that allows for simultaneous input and output of data is called full duplexing. While full duplex capabilities allow for faster transmission of data, there is an issue of signal interference, because of echoes. Full duplexing will cut transmission times in half, because it allows for a response to occur as soon as an input is delivered, eliminating the turnaround time that is seen in transmission today. Because these technologies are new and untested, it is hard to say how they will impact our environment. This raises another issue: there are impacts that can be anticipated and predicted, but there are also unanticipated impacts because much of the new technologies are untested. Nevertheless, it is possible to anticipate some of detrimental environmental consequences of the new technologies and the 5G network, because we know these technologies will increase exposure to harmful radiation, increase mining of rare minerals, increase waste, and increase energy usage. The main 5G environmental concerns have to do with two of the five new components: the millimeter waves and the small cells. The whole aim of the new 5G network is to allow for more devices to be used by the consumer at faster rates than ever before, because of this goal there will certainly be an increase in energy usage globally. Energy usage is one of the main contributors to climate change today and an increase in energy usage would cause climate change to increase drastically as well. 5G will operate on a higher frequency portion of the spectrum to open new space for more devices. The smaller size of the millimeter waves compared to radio frequency waves allows for more data to be shared more quickly and creates a wide bandwidth that can support much larger tasks.[15] While the idea of more space for devices to be used is great for consumers, this will lead to a spike in energy usage for two reasons – the technology itself is energy demanding and will increase demand for more electronic devices. The ability for more devices to be used on the same network creates more incentive for consumers to buy electronics and use them more often. This will have a harmful impact on the environment through increased energy use. Climate change has several underlying contributors; however, energy usage is gaining attention in its severity with regards to perpetuating climate change. Before 5G has even been released, about 2% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to the ICT industry.[16] While 2% may not seem like a very large portion, it translates to around 860 million tons of greenhouse gas emissions.[17] Greenhouse gas emissions are the main contributors to natural disasters, such as flooding and drought, which are increasing severity and occurrence every year. Currently, roughly 85% of the energy used in the United States can be attributed to fossil fuel consumption.[18] The dwindling availability of fossil fuels and the environmental burden of releasing these fossil fuels into our atmosphere signal an immediate need to shift to other energy sources. Without a shift to other forms of energy production and the addition of technology allowed by the implementation of 5G, the strain on our environment will rise and the damage may never be repaired. With an increase in energy usage through technology and the implementation of 5G, it can be expected that the climate change issues faced today will only increase. The overall contribution of carbon dioxide emissions from the ICT industry has a huge impact on climate change and will continue to have even larger impacts without proper actions. In a European Union report, researchers estimated that in order to keep the increase in global temperature below 2° Celsius a decrease in carbon emissions of around 15-30% is necessary by 2020. Engineers claim that the small cells used to provide the 5G connection will be energy efficient and powered in a sustainable way; however the maintenance and production of these cells is more of an issue. Supporters of the 5G network advocate that the small cells will use solar or wind energy to stay sustainable and green.[20] These devices, labeled “fuel-cell energy servers” will work as clean energy-based generators for the small cells.[21] While implementing base stations that use sustainable energy to function would be a step in the right direction in environmental conservation, it is not the solution to the main issue caused by 5G, which is the impact that the massive amount of new devices in the hands of consumers will have on the amount of energy required to power these devices. The wasteful nature of manufacturing and maintenance of both individual devices and the devices used to deliver 5G connection could become a major contributor of climate change. The promise of 5G technology is to expand the number of devices functioning might be the most troubling aspect of the new technology. Cell phones, computers, and other everyday devices are manufactured in a way that puts stress on the environment. A report by the EPA estimated that in 2010, 25% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions comes from electricity and heat production making it the largest single source of emissions.[22] The main gas emitted by this sector is carbon dioxide, due to the burning of natural gas, such as coal, to fuel electricity sources.[23] Carbon dioxide is one of the most common greenhouse gases seen in our atmosphere, it traps heat in earth’s atmosphere trying to escape into space, which causes the atmosphere to warm generating climate change. Increased consumption of devices is taking a toll on the environment. As consumers gain access to more technologies the cycle of consumption only expands. As new devices are developed, the older devices are thrown out even if they are still functional. Often, big companies will purposefully change their products in ways that make certain partner devices (such as chargers or earphones) unusable–creating demand for new products. Economic incentives mean that companies will continue these practices in spite of the environmental impacts. One of the main issues with the 5G network and the resulting increase in consumption of technological devices is that the production required for these devices is not sustainable. In the case of making new devices, whether they be new smart-phones or the small cells needed for 5G, the use of nonrenewable metals is required. It is extremely difficult to use metals for manufacturing sustainably, because metals are not a renewable resource. Metals used in the manufacturing of the smart devices frequently used today often cannot be recycled in the same way many household items can be recycled. Because these technologies cannot be recycled, they create tons of waste when they are created and tons of waste when they are thrown away. There are around six billion mobile devices in use today, with this number expected to increase drastically as the global population increases and new devices enter the market. One estimate of the life-time carbon emissions of a single device–not including related accessories and network connection–is that a device produces a total of 45kg of carbon dioxide at a medium level of usage over three years. This amount of emission is comparable to that of driving the average European car for 300km. But, the most environmentally taxing stage of a mobile device life cycle is during the production stage, where around 68% of total carbon emissions is produced, equating to 30kg of carbon dioxide. To put this into perspective, an iPhone X weighs approximately 0.174kg, so in order to produce the actual device, 172 iPhone X’s worth of carbon dioxide is also created. These emissions vary from person to person and between different devices, but it’s possible to estimate the impact one device has on the environment. 5G grants the capacity for more devices to be used, significantly increase the existing carbon footprint of smart devices today. Energy usage for the ever-growing number of devices on the market and in homes is another environmental threat that would be greatly increased by the new capabilities brought by the 5G network. Often, energy forecasts overlook the amount of energy that will be consumed by new technologies, which leads to a skewed understanding of the actual amount of energy expected to be used.[30] One example of this is with IoT devices.[31] IoT is one of the main aspects of 5G people in the technology field are most excited about. 5G will allow for a larger expansion of IoT into the everyday household.[32] While some IoT devices promise lower energy usage abilities, the 50 billion new IoT devices expected to be produced and used by consumers will surpass the energy used by today’s electronics.
The small cells required for the 5G network to properly function causes another issue of waste with the new network. Because of the weak nature of the millimeter waves used in the 5G technology, small cells will need to be placed around 250 meters apart to insure continuous connection. The main issue with these small cells is that the manufacturing and maintenance of these cells will create a lot of waste. The manufacturing of technology takes a large toll on the environment, due to the consumption of non-renewable resources to produce devices, and technology ending up in landfills. Implementing these small cells into large cities where they must be placed at such a high density will have a drastic impact on technology waste. Technology is constantly changing and improving, which is one of the huge reasons it has such high economic value. But, when a technological advancement in small cells happens, the current small cells would have to be replaced. The short lifespan of devices created today makes waste predictable and inevitable. In New York City, where there would have to be at least 3,135,200 small cells, the waste created in just one city when a new advancement in small cells is implemented would have overwhelming consequences on the environment. 5G is just one of many examples of how important it is to look at the consequences of new advancements before their implementation. While it is exciting to see new technology that promises to improve everyday life, the consequences of additional waste and energy usage must be considered to preserve a sustainable environment in the future. There is some evidence that the new devices and technologies associated with 5G will be harmful to delicate ecosystems. The main component of the 5G network that will affect the earth’s ecosystems is the millimeter waves. The millimeter waves that are being used in developing the 5G network have never been used at such scale before. This makes it especially difficult to know how they will impact the environment and certain ecosystems. However, studies have found that there are some harms caused by these new technologies. The millimeter waves, specifically, have been linked to many disturbances in the ecosystems of birds. In a study by the Centre for Environment and Vocational Studies of Punjab University, researchers observed that after exposure to radiation from a cell tower for just 5-30 minutes, the eggs of sparrows were disfigured.[34] The disfiguration of birds exposed for such a short amount of time to these frequencies is significant considering that the new 5G network will have a much higher density of base stations (small cells) throughout areas needing connection. The potential dangers of having so many small cells all over areas where birds live could cause whole populations of birds to have mutations that threaten their population’s survival. Additionally, a study done in Spain showed breeding, nesting, and roosting was negatively affected by microwave radiation emitted by a cell tower. Again, the issue of the increase in the amount of connection conductors in the form of small cells to provide connection with the 5G network is seen to be harmful to species that live around humans. Additionally, Warnke found that cellular devices had a detrimental impact on bees.[36] In this study, beehives exposed for just ten minutes to 900MHz waves fell victim to colony collapse disorder.Colony collapse disorder is when many of the bees living in the hive abandon the hive leaving the queen, the eggs, and a few worker bees. The worker bees exposed to this radiation also had worsened navigational skills, causing them to stop returning to their original hive after about ten days. Bees are an incredibly important part of the earth’s ecosystem. Around one-third of the food produced today is dependent on bees for pollination, making bees are a vital part of the agricultural system. Bees not only provide pollination for the plant-based food we eat, but they are also important to maintaining the food livestock eats. Without bees, a vast majority of the food eaten today would be lost or at the very least highly limited. Climate change has already caused a large decline in the world’s bee population. The impact that the cell towers have on birds and bees is important to understand, because all ecosystems of the earth are interconnected. If one component of an ecosystem is disrupted the whole system will be affected. The disturbances of birds with the cell towers of today would only increase, because with 5G a larger number of small cell radio-tower-like devices would be necessary to ensure high quality connection for users. Having a larger number of high concentrations of these millimeter waves in the form of small cells would cause a wider exposure to bees and birds, and possibly other species that are equally important to our environment.As innovation continues, it is important that big mobile companies around the world consider the impact 5G will have on the environment before pushing to have it widely implemented. The companies pushing for the expansion of 5G may stand to make short term economic gains. While the new network will undoubtedly benefit consumers greatly, looking at 5G’s long-term environmental impacts is also very important so that the risks are clearly understood and articulated. The technology needed to power the new 5G network will inevitably change how mobile devices are used as well as their capabilities. This technological advancement will also change the way technology and the environment interact. The change from using radio waves to using millimeter waves and the new use of small cells in 5G will allow more devices to be used and manufactured, more energy to be used, and have detrimental consequences for important ecosystems. While it is unrealistic to call for 5G to not become the new network norm, companies, governments, and consumers should be proactive and understand the impact that this new technology will have on the environment. 5G developers should carry out Environmental Impact Assessments that fully estimate the impact that the new technology will have on the environment before rushing to widely implement it. Environmental Impact Assessments are intended to assess the impact new technologies have on the environment, while also maximizing potential benefits to the environment. This process mitigates, prevents, and identifies environmental harm, which is imperative to ensuring that the environment is sustainable and sound in the future. Additionally, the method of Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of devices would also be extremely beneficial for understanding the impact that 5G will inevitably have on the environment. An LCA can be used to assess the impact that devices have on carbon emissions throughout their life span, from the manufacturing of the device to the energy required to power the device and ultimately the waste created when the device is discarded into a landfill or other disposal system. By having full awareness of the impact new technology will have on the environment ways to combat the negative impacts can be developed and implemented effectively.
jsis.washington.edu/news/what-will-5g-mean-for-the-enviro...
Have a peaceful weekend, my friends !
Unfortunately I'm detained from taking photographs and working at my PC by consequences arising out of a herniated vertebral disk ...
Explore Frontpage
With a high level of biodiversity, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic has some of the most significant forest areas remaining in Southeast Asia. The country also harbors one of the largest remaining populations of Asian elephants. But Laos, once known as the Land of a Million Elephants, faces warnings from conservationists that it could lose its herds within 50 years if it does not move quickly to protect them with tourism eyed as a possible savior. Poaching and habitat loss from logging, agriculture and hydroelectric projects has caused a major decline in the number of both wild and domesticated Asian elephants in Communist Laos.
The main threats faced by elephants are poaching for ivory, being killed as a direct result of human–elephant conflict, and habitat loss. Poaching involves both local and transboundary hunters. Reports of crop-raiding and human deaths caused by elephants are on the increase in the country. Laos is thought to have only 700 left in the wild.
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) describes the Asian elephant as "being seriously threatened with extinction". There are 560 working animals left in Laos and a further 700 wild ones rapidly running out of habitat. The Elephant Festival has been organised to raise awareness of the need for action to protect the Asian elephant as part of the vital cultural and natural heritage of Laos and the countries of the region. Nowadays conservation of an important elephant population is undertaken by Wildlife Conservation Society in Protected Areas. They are trying to reduce human-elephant conflict. The working elephant is a main source of income of the people of this region especially for mahouts. Laos Elephant also attract tourist because of the facility of elephant riding and trekking. Tourism appears to be one answer with its good and bad consequences.
On our bikes we pass a little village Ban Thieng about 10km south from Vang Vieng, we cross a stream where a elephants indulge in playful water fights, squirting refreshing showers over themselves. We meet these two little mahouts (elephant handlers) taking care of their elephant like it was a puppy dog.
Laos, ooit bekend als het ”Land van een Miljoen Olifanten”, riskeert zijn olifantenkuddes binnen de 50 jaar kwijt te raken indien er niets wordt ondernomen om de dieren beter te beschermen. Een van de redders van de Aziatische olifant in Laos kan het toerisme zijn. Stroperij en verlies van leefgebieden door houtkap, landbouwactiviteiten en hydro-elektrische projecten heeft voor een sterke terugval gezorgd, zowel van werk- als wilde olifanten. Bezorgdheid over het lot van de Aziatische olifant in het conflict tussen mensen en olifanten, heeft de afgelopen jaren geleid tot oprichting van beschermde gebieden. Toerisme is ook nodig, want tot heel kort geleden werd in Laos geen enkele poging gedaan om olifanten beter te beschermen. Maar nu de toeristen komen lijkt er meer initiatieven tot bescherming van de olifanten mogelijk, want toeristen brengen natuurlijk geld in het laatje. En dat geld kan het verarmde land best gebruiken.
from ift.tt/1RbWcrd
I had to get up really early1 this morning to have blood drawn.2 I needed it for an as-yet-unscheduled appointment with the family doctor for a slut pill3 prescription.4 The phlebotomist today was stellar and hit the vein5 on her first try.6
On the way home, I stopped at the Wellness Center and joined.7 I had to pay $158 because my insurance apparently no longer foots the whole bill.9 The person signing me up told me I could pay another $5 and get a little scan-in card for my keychain. I said I’d memorize my 16 digit number.1011
I came home, called SSI for my review,12 finished reading Until You by Penelope Douglas, and took a nap.13 Nana called at around 4:00, which was also around the time I woke up. She asked if I’d gone for a walk yet, so14 I decided I should do that before dark.15 Amy had to go for her brief16 walks before I could go on mine.
I decided to bump my walk distance up today.17 I walked to the yard where Barks While He Twirls and The Plucky Sidekick live.18 They greeted me at the fence and I stuck my hand down to let them sniff. I didn’t pull my jacket’s sleeve up, which probably got BWHT a bit freaked out, so he bit me.
I don’t think he meant to bite me. He didn’t bite hard and the jacket did protect me from it breaking the skin. I wasn’t scared. I was a little surprised, but I realized that I probably was to blame for the bite, so I tried to greet him again. I rolled my sleeve up and calmly went in knuckles first, instead of the back of my hand. And guess what? He didn’t bite me. He and TPS demanded I pet them.19 He didn’t want me to stop petting him,20 but I did so that I could come home & ice my hand.
The bruise is worse now than it was when I took that picture, but not too bad. I think it’ll be okay, but it’s probably going to be sore for a while.
I couldn’t tell my family about the bite right when I got home because Mom was still talking to Nana. I knew even mentioning it would scare Nana.21 My dad was a little surprised when he heard because it’s such an un-BWHT thing to do.22 Mom is mainly trying to make sure an abrasion on my hand existed BEFORE I got bitten.23 I’m not worried about it.24
But I’ve learned that I need to be more careful in the future.25
For me. ↩
The fat girl special: lipid panel, A1C, & CMP. Yay, obesity! ↩
Norethindrone, aka a progesterone only birth control pill. I call them slut pills because anytime legislation comes up, someone has to say something about women spreading their legs. Yay, slut-shaming! ↩
I have to go back in for another three month prescription because my family doctor thinks my risk of blood clots is significant enough that I need regular monitoring. Yay, genetics! ↩
With a big old, regular needle in my arm, not a butterfly in my arm, wrist, hand, or foot. ↩
Yay, skilled medical professional! ↩
Yay, exercise! ↩
And I will have to continue to pay this amount every month. ↩
Yay, insurance!! ↩
Yay, debt & poverty! ↩
Yay, freaky memory! ↩
I confirmed that I’m still an impoverished disabled woman with no car. Yay, my life! ↩
Yay, preschool behavior! ↩
I felt guilty because I had been napping instead of exercising. ↩
#YesAllWomen. ↩
One-house ↩
My furthest distance since before my surgery. Yay, progress! ↩
Max and Mario. ↩
I’m easily bossed around by animals. ↩
Yay, renewed friendships! ↩
And she’d probably want us to call animal control on BWHT. ↩
Dad has interacted with BWHT as well. ↩
Yay, parents who are still overprotective of their adult daughter! ↩
So it better not kill me. ↩
Yay, painful life lessons! ↩
Related Posts:
Bad Blood (Vessels) June 22, 2015
Get A Location on That July 4, 2015
Not that hard of a stick July 9, 2010
Sinewy Badness July 18, 2013
Aleve-iate Your Pain (Or Maybe Not) September 1, 2015
"In consequence of her extraordinary learning, Saint Catharine is regarded as the patroness of Christian philosophy: and this circumstance, taken in connection with her successful apostolate for souls, is doubtless the main cause of her being considered as a special Protectress of the Order of Preachers, which glories in the name of the Order of Truth and has ever been distinguished alike for its eminent learning and its zeal for souls. The Saint has herself deigned on several occasions to manifest a particular interest in the children of Saint Dominic, as the lives of their Saints testify. To mention but three instances. It was she who, together with Saint Cecilia, accompanied our Blessed Lady when she anointed Blessed Reginald and gave him the habit of the Order, which she is said to have taken from the hands of the Virgin Martyr of Alexandria. The same two Martyr Spouses of Christ were again in attendance on the Mother of God when she showed herself to our Holy Father in the dormitory at Santa Sabina, sprinkling the Brethren with holy water as they slept. Finally, it was Saint Catharine who, in company with the other holy Protectress of the Order, Saint Mary Magdalen, came with the Queen of Heaven to bring the miraculous picture of Saint Dominic to Soriano."
This window of St Catherine of Alexandria, whose feast is today, is in the Priory of St Albert the Great in Oakland, CA.
Tuesday 22 November 2016, saw local Greater Manchester Police officers join HMP Manchester Community Team in a visit to St. Edward’s RC Priamry School in Lees, Oldham as part of the ‘Actions Have Consequences’ campaign.
‘Actions Have Consequences’ workshops inform pupils on how their actions can affect them and their local community and the negative outcomes that could occur if they were to stray off the beaten track.
Subjects include nuisance 999 calls, bullying, anti-social behaviour, stranger danger, internet safety as well as others. Although the workshops carry a serious message, they are structured to be fun, informative and engaging.
The HMP Community Team gave the young people an idea of the harsh reality of prison life and the dangers of knife and gang-related crime.
To find out more about Greater Manchester Police please visit our website.
You should call 101, the new national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111.
An Unexpected Consequence
Something woke me up around 3:30 am that Saturday morning, not sure what. But something since my head was throbbing, I assumed that was the culprit.
I slowly, silently arose, not wishing to disturb the others who had gathered in our suite's living room for a “sleepover after an evening of heavy partying. But by the looks, everyone was still passed out.
I wasn’t surprised, judging from the amount of drinks we all had consumed.
What happy drunks we had all been.
I carefully tiptoed amongst them through the room, deciding to get aspirin from my bathroom.
The girls and I had all fallen asleep in the living room instead of retiring to our respective bedrooms that connected to the master suite
I was surprised to see my bedroom door was closed.
Was someone else inside?
I looked around the room, not noticing anyone missing.
Shrugging it off, I went inside, closing the door behind me.
I saw my reflection in the wall-sized mirror at the end of the room, next to the surprisingly open outside balcony door.
“Looking good.” I complimented myself.
I was wearing my slinking long pure silk nightgown, coloured a deep chocolate brown. Along with my shiny matching robe. The robe was open and I could see my peaking out chest, my smallish mounds bulging, sexily outlined by my nightgown.
I ran my fingers down the front, touching them, feeling a rather pleasant sensation that I was still not awake enough to fully enjoy.
There is nothing like the feel of a bit of nice silk lying against one’s naked figure.
I took a step back, admiring my figure, clad tightly in shiny silk, with jewels sparkling that were reflected in the hotel suite's mammoth mirror.
For, from my evening out, I was still wearing my long diamond earrings(£18,000) and three diamond rings(£12,000,£5,000, £3,000) because I love to sleep with my diamonds on, and they had looked so pretty with my black satin evening gown, along with the rest of my diamonds, that I had worn out for the evening before.
They had looked even more delicious worn with my spaghetti strap chocolate silk slinky nightgown as I played with them,and myself, a wee bit more.
I guess I kept wearing them because I wanted the feeling to continue on, as it was.
We had all been dressed up to the nines, attire, and jewellery, Friday evening, including the three of us girls who were staying in the two connected rooms.
Though last night those rooms, like mine, had been empty since all of us were asleep in the living room, sort of an adult storytelling sleepover.
Though I will admit deep down a smouldering yearning was felt to have it being a role-playing sleepover.
Now as I looked myself over in the mirror I started to have a prickly sensation that I was after all, not alone in the room.
I literally jumped because that feeling was immediately confirmed as an unfamiliar male voice commanded:
“Freeze sister, not a peep out of you now!”
I froze… not knowing what the hell was going on.
Except I was correct in using the word ‘Hell’
^^^^
A thin, muscular male comes out of one of the room’s shadowy corners, facing me.
I could tell his intentions by the black tight-fitting spandex suit, gloves, and ski mask he was wearing.
He nodded his head to me….
“I don’t wish to hurt you, lady, I’m only after the “ice” I was told you were wearing out tonight. Now don’t scream. I will use force and some of your friends may be hurt. You don’t want that to happen, do you? Nod if you’re going to be a good lass.”
I nodded yes, feeling my earrings swing against my face.
“That’s the girl. Undo your pretty robe, drop it to the floor. Good. Now move it over unto the bed.”
I did so and he picked up my robe laying it out onto the end of the bed. Then he picked up my robe's satin sash.
“Now ladybird , hold out your hands.”
I obeyed. He looked down at my fingers. I could see my rings glistening and saw he was watching also.
He pleasurably sighed, then got to business.
“Spread out your fingers!”
I did and he slowly located, then worked off my three pretty rings. Reaching over, he plopped each onto my chocolate-coloured silk robe.
“Now sister, clasp your hands in front of you…”
I obeyed and he firmly tied my wrists together with the robe’s silk sash.
“Now lay back on the bed”
I did so and he lifted my bound wrists and using one of my long black satin gloves tied them to a bedpost. Then he took the other glove gagging my mouth with it.
I could see my reflection in the vanity mirror. Almost surreal, like I was watching someone else.
He turned on his torch, catching my long diamond earrings in the beam.
“Blinding those, lovely to look at, but I’m running out of time aren’t I? Leave them for later, eh luv!”
Moving easily like a muscular black panther, he rose and strolled over to the vanity dresser. He opened the pair of jewelry cases belonging to me and my sister-in-law Cadie.
The beam caught up with the reflection of the jewellery both contained. I could see them sparkling.
He turns, shined the light in my face…
I was told you birds were wearing “ice” but there’s much more here. Let’s say I save time by taking it all for sorting later..”
It wasn’t a question.
With a sigh, I watched as he emptied onto my silk robe, the glimmering contents of first one, then the other of our jewel cases.
The pile dazzled with explosive, expensive sparkling.
Discarding both emptied cases, he turned his light back on the dresser. There were more of our expensive personal items laid out there. Cadie’s, my husband’s, and mine.
Several times he reached in sweeping some of them into his palm. Dumping them onto the chocolate-coloured silk robe
My husband’s possessions. Rolex money clip, billfold, silver gunmetal cigarette case, and matching lighter.
Cade’s silver comb and mirror, silver makeup compact, and her satin evening clutch.
Along with my gold makeup compact kit, gold Lamé clutch purse, gold cigarette case, and gold lighter.
He next shined the light carefully around the room.
Stopping on the open closet.
He went over and rummaged through it.
He whistled, and from my close he pulled out my rust-coloured mink jacket, throwing it onto the bed.
Then he turned back, fingering through my good skirts, blouses, party dresses, gowns, satins, and silks all of them.
He pulled my back satin opera outfit, a long satin skirt with the rhinestone belt and matching rhinestone embellished jacket, that I usually wore with one of my silky long-sleeved high-neck tops.
Lovely this he said shingling his light so it sparkled.
Then he tossed it on my bed, covering the fur.
He happily “dived” back in, and I heard him exclaiming…
“This is more like it, good thing I didn’t take a pass on the closet.”
He was pulling out the black satin gown with rhinestone trimmings I had worn out this past evening. His light caught my beautiful broach (£38,000), which I had left attached.
it came into sparkling life under the torch beam.
He whistled as he walked over, eyeing it up.
The thief then shined his torch beam in my face
You weren’t going to try and hold this out now were you love? I’ll pretend you were going to point it out.”
He laid it out on the bed, then approached me…
“With that said, lady. Are you holding anything else out!”
I shook my head, no, my eyes pleading since my mouth was gagged into silence.
Grinning, his torch beam was shined into one ear then the other
“Not quite telling the truth, Lovely sparkler’s them.”
He reached up, I was limp, with no fight in me.
The thief then laid the torch on the bed…
With his teeth the wanker pulled off his thin black gloves, he looked positively evil wearing that ski mask. His eyes are large and I swear, beguilingly, studying me.
His mouth opened wide as he reached over with long touching fingers, to begin working off each of my earrings, tossing them onto the valuably shimmering piled out on my beautiful satiny silky robe.
Again he stared into my eyes, his own masked lined menacing one’s mere millimeters away.
“Not saying I don’t trust you telling your not hiding anything valuable, but, well luv, I’ll be having myself a look anyway. You’ll understand…”
I cringed, arching my back as his fingers grasped my arms.
He then reached down and squeezed around my bulging chest ,noticing they were hard and perking, pointing up through the sheer fabric of my silky nightgown like a pair of plump fleshy mounds with hard tips.
Then I felt his fingers smoothly running over along my silk-clad figure, until he reached my wet pussy and discovers why my “mounds” were so firm under his touch.
For yes, I will have to confess having been sinfully aroused throughout the whole wickedly hot experience.
You see it started when he was pulling off my rings.
No, actually I told a lie…
It was when he first grasped me:
The abruptness, the shock, and the surprise, quickly turned to aroused waves of tingling sexually tinged excitement at being held captive, by a thief after my jewels.
As he worked at stealing our valuables, a tingling, cringing feeling of helplessness and horror watching a masked man doing that, with the look of pleasure he had in his eyes.
Then as he pulled off my rings, well I realized I was growing even more acutely aroused in a quite “horney” role play’esque situation.
Arousal that began its stimulating flame, arising from the explosive emerging “kindling” that is one’s own erotica being played out for real when least expected.
He could see my struggle against my bonds, and he knew, the Git just instinctively knew why….
Then the prat just touched the hairs around my privates
Stroking gently, reaching deep enough inside my pussy hairs, just enough to keep me aroused, but not allowing me to come into orgasm.
My eyes were opened wide staring at his masked form hovering over me.
Then he plunged his fingers deeply inside.
My whole figure arched up, fingers tingling.
Then the stinking prat, he pulled back. The wanker knew and stopped, just as my figure was trying to come in a full-body arching, explosive orgasm.
It was bad enough The bloody thief was stealing my jewels, but adding in robbing me clean of a chance at feeling that titular flame of orgasmic stimulation as I had closed my eyes starting to wince with excitement, that was just bloody rude.
^^^^^^
Then he was done, all back to business, as he nimbly rose, then picking up his gloves said the chilling words as he put them back on….
“Do the other rich dame’s bedrooms have things this nice, as I was told. No answer eh? Well, we will see for me self now won’t I!”
He picked back up his torch, letting the beam play down the long chocolate-silken night gown I was wearing over my naked figure.
He nodded his head in disbelieving approval.
Turning it off, he pocketed the torch, then reaching down he rolled up my satin robe with our valuables in it.
Picking up a black backpack he purred…
“The lads that were following you birds around last night, they put me onto this job saying to just to snatch the shiny jewels you and your girlfriends wearing out this evening. But lady you have enough here I could make a bit extra for me self!”
He stuffed the chocolate satin robe inside his jogger's pack. Followed by cramming in my black gown with the broach.
Then lifting my mink he said
But I better see how much of the good stuff your lady friends have in their rooms first. But I’ll take this item in case I have the storage space.”
Extinguishing his torch, He started to walk out, then looked back at me and came to my bedside.
“And don’t worry about this”
he said touching my now still prickly, damp crotch.
"Your not the first broad I’ve tied up to rob whose felt this way, now we’re you!?”
Snickering, he confidently opened the door, slipping without a look back
He was now in the living room where the others were all sleeping!
^^^^
That night thief thoroughly cleaned us out of all our jewels and various other items of high value we had in our bedrooms.
Though it was a very nasty thing to have happened to all of us. I did feel a wee bit guilty.
For to tell the truth, since I had been erotically aroused by the entire incident that occurred in my bedroom under the thief’s hands whole robbing me, I didn’t quite feel as sad about it as my equally jewel-relieved girlfriends.
Fini
Dust from building sites and smog from cars covers the Beijing skies. 1,200 new cars are added to the congested roads each day.
I could hardly recognize the place - it's only been 18 months since my last visit.
Hasselblad 500C/M + 80mm + Ilford HP5
@10/01/2008 added border - looks better I think
Say NO to violence against women and girls! SPREAD THIS CAMPAIGN.
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" Violence against women stands in direct contradiction to the promise of the United Nations Charter to “promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom.” The consequences go beyond the visible and immediate. Death, injury, medical costs and lost employment are but the tip of an iceberg. The impact on women and girls, their families, their communities and their societies in terms of shattered lives and livelihoods is beyond calculation. Far too often, crimes go unpunished, and perpetrators walk free. No country, no culture, no woman, young or old, is immune." (UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on International Women's Day 2009.)
"Worst of all, violence against women and girls continues unabated in every continent, country and culture. It takes a devastating toll on women’s lives, on their families and on society as a whole. Most societies prohibit such violence -- yet the reality is that, too often, it is covered up or tacitly condoned." (UN SECRETARY-GENERAL in International Women’s Day 2007 Message.)
“Almost every country in the world still has laws that discriminate against women, and promises to remedy this have not been kept.” (UN High Commissioner for Human Rights on the eve of International Women's Day 2008)
According to one United Nations estimate, 113 to 200 million women are “demographically missing” from the world today. That is to say, there should be 113 to 200 million more women walking the earth, who aren’t. By that same estimate, 1.5 to 3 million women and girls lose their lives every year because of gender-based neglect or gender-based violence and Sexual Violence in Conflict.
In addition to torture, sexual violence and rape by occupation forces, a great number of women and girls are kept locked up in their homes by a very real fear of abduction and criminal abuse. In war and conflicts, girls and women have been denied their human right, including the right to health, education and employment. “Sexual violence in conflict zones is indeed a security concern. We affirm that sexual violence profoundly affects not only the health and safety of women, but the economic and social stability of their nations” –US Secretary of State, Condoleeza Rice, 19 June 2008 (Read more about UN Action against Sexual Violence in Conflict www.stoprapenow.org/ ).
Millions of young women disappear in their native land every year. Many of them are found later being held against their will in other places and forced into prostitution. According to the UNICEF ( www.unicef.org/gender/index_factsandfigures.html ),Girls between 13 and 18 years of age constitute the largest group in the sex industry. It is estimated that around 500,000 girls below 18 are victims of trafficking each year. The victims of trafficking and female migrants are sometimes unfairly blamed for spreading HIV when the reality is that they are often the victims.
According to the UNAIDS around 17.3 million, women (almost half of the total number of HIV-positive) living with HIV ( www.unaids.org ). While HIV is often driven by poverty, it is also associated with inequality, gender-based abuses and economic transition. The relationship between abuses of women's rights and their vulnerability to AIDS is alarming. Violence and discrimination prevents women from freely accessing HIV/AIDS information, from negotiating condom use, and from resisting unprotected sex with an HIV-positive partner, yet most of the governments have failed to take any meaningful steps to prevent and punish such abuse.
United Nations agencies estimated that every year 3 million girls are at risk of undergoing the procedure – which involves the partial or total removal of external female genital organs – that some 140 million women, mostly in Asia and Africa, have already endured.
We can point a finger at poverty. But poverty alone does not result in these girls and women’s deaths and suffering; the blame also falls on the social system and attitudes of the societies.
India alone accounts for more than 50 million of the women who are “missing” due to female foeticide - the sex-selective abortion of girls, dowry death, gender-based neglect and all forms of violence against women.
Since the late 1970s when the technology for sex determination first came into being, sex selective abortion has unleashed a saga of horror in India and other Asian countries. Experts are calling it "sanitized barbarism”. Worryingly, the trend is far stronger in urban rather than rural areas, and among literate rather than illiterate women, exploding the myth that growing affluence and spread of basic education alone will result in the erosion of gender bias. The United Nations has expressed serious concern about the situation.
The decline in the sex ratio and the millions of Missing Women are indicators of the feudal patriarchal resurgence. Violence against women has gone public – whether it is dowry murders, the practice of female genital mutilation, honour killings, sex selective abortions or death sentences awarded to young lovers from different communities by caste councils, rapes and killings in communal and caste violence, it is only women’s and human rights groups who are protesting – the public and institutional response to these trends is very minimal.
Millions of women suffer from discrimination in the world of work. This not only violates a most basic human right, but has wider social and economic consequences. Most of the governments turn a blind eye to illegal practices and enact and enforce discriminatory laws. Corporations and private individuals engage in abusive and sexist practices without fear of legal system.
More women are working now than ever before, but they are also more likely than men to get low-productivity, low-paid and vulnerable jobs, with no social protection, basic rights nor voice at work according to a new report by the International Labour Organization (ILO) issued for International Women’s Day 2008.
More than two-thirds of the women’s populations don’t have access to the financial system. Poor women are not considered credit worthy. “The idea of the business is only maximisation of profit. That is too narrow an interpretation of a human being. There should also be social business in the society, Every human being should have the “right to credit” because if people have money, they can change their lives. It is true for women. They have the ability, but are sitting at home. If we give them finances, their hobbies become business,” said noted economist, Nobel laureate, the Founder and Managing Director of Grameen Bank Bangladesh, Professor Muhammad Yunus.
( www.hindu.com/2009/03/31/stories/2009033155752000.htm )
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Unite To End Violence Against Women!
Say No To Sex Selection and Female Foeticide!!
Say No To Female Genital Mutilation!!!
Say No To Dowry and Discrimination Against Women!!!!
Say Yes To Women’s Resistance !!!!!
Educate & Empowered Women for a Happy Future !!!!!!
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Photo: Firoz Ahmad Firoz
Doosra Dashak's ( www.doosradashak.org ) Adolescent Girls Literacy Camp, Abu Road, Rajasthan, India
Consequences
Lots of rain means burns in spate and, for some, the risk of flooding.
P101-9161 Taken at: Buckie Braes, Perth, Scotland.
It has been 1,067 days since Russia invaded Ukraine – the war continues – normality does not settle in – yet life goes on amidst the war, its consequences, and its losses.
"We bear the consequences for what we have done to ourselves, and for the sin that rules this world. Jesus forgave the thief, but he didn't take him down off the cross." -Francine Rivers (A Voice in the Wind)
I love Francine Rivers. Everything she writes I just devour! I've read Redeeming Love three times in the past two years. And The Mark of the Lion series are my favorite books possibly ever.
Please ignore the sharpening. It might be better on black but then again meh.
Have a great evening!