View allAll Photos Tagged complex
When renovations began on a new sports complex three years ago, all youth sports teams were dispersed to fields around the installation as the new fields were completed.
Although the complex was scheduled to open this fall, youngsters will have to wait until spring to dig their cleats into the new grass.
Because the grass is not fully matured and ready for competition, the opening of the Youth Sports Complex has been pushed back from September to Spring 2013.
The Qalawun complex is a massive complex in Cairo, Egypt that includes a madrasa, a hospital and a mausoleum. It was built by the Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad Ibn Qalawun in the 1280s; some thirty surviving mosques were built during his time.
The Qalawun Complex was built over the ruins of the Fatimid Palace of Cairo, with several halls in the Palace. It was sold to several people until it was finally bought by the Sultan Qalawun in 1283 AD. The structure resides in the heart of Cairo, in the Bayn al-Qasrayn, and has been a center for important religious ceremonies and rituals of the Islamic faith for years, stretching from the Mamluk dynasty through the Ottoman Empire.
The Mausoleum of Sultan Qalawun in Cairo is considered by many to be the second most beautiful mausoleum, succeeded only by the Taj Mahal in India. Al-Nuwayri (an Arab Historian), has said in his book Nihayet al Irab (The Utmost Desire), that the Mausoleum was not intended to become a buriel site, but a Mosque and a school, and that it was first used as a tomb when he died, and hosted his body. His body was kept in the Cairo Citadel for two months until the tomb was ready to replace the Citadel's Burial location, later when Qalawun's son died, he too was buried in the Mausoleum. The mihrab of the mausoleum is often considered as the most lavish of its kind. This is in contrast to the mihrab of the madrasa, which is less grand in size and general esthetics. With a horse-shoe profile the mihrab is flanked by three columns made of marble. The Mausoleum later on, and under the mamluks included a Museum for Royal Cloths of those buried in it.
The Mausoleum of Qalawun is significant in that it’s dome served as a ceremonial center for the investing of new emirs. Indeed the dome was a symbol of new power, a changing of the guard, signifying a new center of Mamluk power, which enjoyed great prosperity at the time. The Mausoleum's Dome was demolished by the Ottoman Governor over Egypt Abdul-Rahman Katkhuda and was then rebuilt in Ottoman architecture, However the Comite for reservation of Arab monuments built another dome to replace that in 1908 [Wikipedia.org]
“Cami, medrese, imaret, türbe ve hanlardan meydana gelen, bulunduğu semte adını veren külliyenin bânisi Çelebi Sultan Mehmed’dir. Tarihî vesikalarda İmâret-i Sultân, İmâret-i Sultân Çelebi Mehmed Han gibi isimlerle anılmakla birlikte cami, türbe ve medresedeki çinilerden dolayı Yeşilcami Külliyesi adıyla meşhur olmuştur. [...] Çelebi Sultan Mehmed Edirne, Dimetoka, Merzifon gibi yerlerde mimari eserler inşa ettirmişse de içlerinde en muhteşemi bu külliyenin camisiyle türbesidir. [...] Çelebi Sultan Mehmed’in caminin tam karşısında bir tepecik üstündeki türbesi çinileriyle Bursa’nın sembolüdür. [...] Türbe kapsamlı bir onarımdan sonra 2009 yılında yeniden ziyarete açılmıştır.”
Kaynak: Doğan Yavaş, “TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi”, 2013, Cilt 43, ss. 492-495
#SALTAraştırma, Ali Saim Ülgen Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
New sports complex promises more room to practice
By Ambria Hammel | March 1, 2010 | The Catholic Sun
Home-field advantage will soon take on a whole new meaning for the Brophy Broncos.
The school’s new $5.2 million sports campus — which boasts separate practice and playing fields, a running track and a host of other amenities not offered in Bronco history — is nearly complete.
Construction workers are laying down the track, installing bleachers for some 800 fans and taking care of other finishing touches in time for an early April opening. They’ve been transforming the nine-acre campus from a rundown apartment complex to a multi-use sports haven for two years.
Its strategic location on the southwest corner of Seventh Street and Camelback Road sandwiches the sports campus between Brophy and Xavier College Preparatory. Commuters will see students from both schools using it daily for physical education classes.
Soccer teams from both schools will claim the artificial field as home turf each winter. The athletes broke in the natural grass field as a practice area when it opened in December. The lacrosse team is using it now.
“It’s a beautiful, huge, open space,” said Ben Anderson, captain of the varsity soccer team. Although Anderson didn’t get to use the playing field, he’s glad that the top-quality facilities finally mirror Bronco agility.
Marc Kelly, his coach and a 1987 Brophy grad, agreed.
“It’s a 21st-century facility that will honor the athleticism these guys have shown,” Kelly said.
The soccer team won state championships in 2008 and frequently fares well in league and division matches. Brophy football and lacrosse earned the state title in 2007 among other awards in its trophy case.
Kelly expects faster, more accurate play when the sports campus opens.
He also foresees fewer rained-out games thanks to a drainage system on the artificial field and wouldn’t be surprised if other schools ask to use the field to avoid cancellations.
Kelly also looks forward to holding simultaneous practice drills and speed training at the new sports campus. Loyola Field, Brophy’s sole practice field for all levels of play in four different sports — plus intramurals — rarely provided adequate space.
By the time spring sports teams hit the field, the trampled grass often became dirt and divots that bordered on unsafe, said Bob Ryan, principal. He’s happy that the sports complex will eliminate such problems.
It will allow for better scheduling opportunities too, he said.
Limited space made early morning and evening practices necessary. Pile that on top of long commutes for athletes hailing from Ahwatukee, New River and the far West Valley, and that made for long days.
Freshmen football resorted to 6 a.m. practices. Other athletes were bused daily to a school-owned practice facility at 20th Street and Campbell Avenue for practices, returning to campus around dinnertime.
“It’s going to cut down on travel so they can spend more time on homework,” Ryan said of the sports complex.
Other logistics problems will vanish too. The sports complex has team locker rooms, equipment storage and maintenance areas and restrooms.
Jeff Glosser, Brophy’s assistant principal for activities, estimated that nearly 900 students would regularly use the sports campus.
Once fully open, it will bring the track and field team home. The athletes had been running up and down Central Avenue for training and using the track at nearby Central High School for meets. The runners will soon use the new eight-lane, Olympic-sized track surrounding the artificial turf field.
The north end will feature other dedicated competition areas including long jump and shot put.
Varsity football games will remain at Phoenix College to better accommodate fans, when its season resumes in the fall.
Brophy administrators are planning a formal dedication of the sports campus April 15.
More: www.catholicsun.org
ORDERING INFORMATION
Looking for a glossy/matte copy of this photo? Please call 602-354-2132 or send an e-mail for ordering information. Please note the photo's title when ordering. Download the order form here.
Copyright 2006-2010 The Catholic Sun. All rights reserved. This photo and all photos on this Web site credited to The Catholic Sun are provided for personal use only and may not be published, broadcasted, transmitted or sold without the expressed consent of The Catholic Sun.
Density on field - TWDC - Designing connected places Summer School - Complexity Maps
Turin-Pollenzo 21-29 August
A skycrane helicopter fill its water tank in support firefighters working on the Leland Complex in Idaho. Photo by Idaho Department of Lands
The Qalawun complex is a massive complex in Cairo, Egypt that includes a madrasa, a hospital and a mausoleum. It was built by the Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad Ibn Qalawun in the 1280s; some thirty surviving mosques were built during his time.
The Qalawun Complex was built over the ruins of the Fatimid Palace of Cairo, with several halls in the Palace. It was sold to several people until it was finally bought by the Sultan Qalawun in 1283 AD. The structure resides in the heart of Cairo, in the Bayn al-Qasrayn, and has been a center for important religious ceremonies and rituals of the Islamic faith for years, stretching from the Mamluk dynasty through the Ottoman Empire.
The Mausoleum of Sultan Qalawun in Cairo is considered by many to be the second most beautiful mausoleum, succeeded only by the Taj Mahal in India.
Al-Nuwayri (an Arab Historian), has said in his book Nihayet al Irab (The Utmost Desire), that the Mausoleum was not intended to become a buriel site, but a Mosque and a school, and that it was first used as a tomb when he died, and hosted his body. His body was kept in the Cairo Citadel for two months until the tomb was ready to replace the Citadel's Burial location, later when Qalawun's son died, he too was buried in the Mausoleum. The mihrab of the mausoleum is often considered as the most lavish of its kind. This is in contrast to the mihrab of the madrasa, which is less grand in size and general esthetics. With a horse-shoe profile the mihrab is flanked by three columns made of marble. The Mausoleum later on, and under the mamluks included a Museum for Royal Cloths of those buried in it.
The Mausoleum of Qalawun is significant in that it’s dome served as a ceremonial center for the investing of new emirs. Indeed the dome was a symbol of new power, a changing of the guard, signifying a new center of Mamluk power, which enjoyed great prosperity at the time. The Mausoleum's Dome was demolished by the Ottoman Governor over Egypt Abdul-Rahman Katkhuda and was then rebuilt in Ottoman architecture, However the Comite for reservation of Arab monuments built another dome to replace that in 1908 [Wikipedia.org]
Foundation stone 19 Aug 1878 by F Basedow, designed by G R Johnson of Melbourne, opened Jul 1879 as German Club, complex sold 1899 to Salvation Army, used as citadel & People’s Palace, damaged by fire 1938, renovated & third floor added, architect Harold Griggs, re-opened 26 Nov 1938, sold 1979, redeveloped as offices, sold 2019 to Pelligra Group, renamed Allianz House and later Pirie House, now a facade in front of yet another multi-storey building.
“The German residents form a very important portion of the population of South Australia, and for more than 23 years has the Deutscher Club, been in existence, its members now numbering upwards of 400, including a few German-speaking Englishmen. . . Up till the present time the Hotel Europe, in Grenfell-street, has been the head-quarters of the Club, but owing to its increasing strength and prosperity it has become necessary to find more extensive accommodation for the Club in a building of its own. With this view a piece of ground has been purchased in Pirie-street, next the Freemasons' Hotel, and on which the Circus now stands, at a cost of £3,000.” [Express & Telegraph 5 Jan 1878]
“The ceremony of laying the foundation-stone of the new German Club-House in Pirie-street was performed on Monday, August 19. in the presence of upwards of 500 spectators. . . It is also proposed to build a large hall for dramatic purposes in the rear of the Club-House.” [Advertiser 20 Aug 1878]
“The design of the front elevation of the Club-House is French Renaissance in style, and is chaste and elegant, the monotony of the front being relieved by a fine central porch, surmounted by a balustraded balcony. The front part of the lower floor of the building will consist of offices which will be for business purposes, the kitchens, and dwelling-rooms for the porter. Above these will be the Club apartments, consisting of a handsome billiard-room. . . a room for social meetings. . . a library, reading-room, cardrooms, smoking-room, and six bedrooms. . . The bedrooms are intended for the use of country members.” [Register 20 Aug 1878]
“Opening of the New German Clubhouse. . . The supervising architect was Mr. G. Joachimi, and the contractor Mr. C. Farr. . . The plans and designs have been the work of Mr. G. R. Johnson, a Victorian architect, and the front elevation is French Renaissance in style. The Concordia Band having played ‘The Watch on the Rhine’, and the Liedertafel having sung ‘Hurrah, Germania’, from the balcony. . . A short time having been spent looking over the building, a move was made to the dining-room, where about 200 gentlemen sat down to a dinner laid out in first-class style by the caterer of the Club, Mr. Knick.” [Evening Journal 15 Jul 1879]
“The ordinary half-yearly general meeting of the. Metropolitan Brick Company was held at the office, German Club Buildings, Pirie street.” [Advertiser 27 Aug 1899]
“The offer of the Salvation Army for the German Club in Pirie street has been accepted, and the building will soon change hands. . . There are now only 84 subscribers to the club, which is altogether too big to be run by such a small coterie. . . The Allgemeiner Deutscher Verein in Grenfell street has taken most of the old members of the club.” [Northern Argus 16 Sep 1898]
“The German Club, which now has dwindled down to 84 members, has accepted the offer of £9,000 from the Salvation Army for the Albert Hall.” [Critic, Adelaide 17 Sep 1899]
“As extraordinary meeting of the Thebarton Distilling Company was held at the registered office, German Club buildings. Pirie-street.” [Advertiser 15 Oct 1899]
“The Salvation Army has not yet got into possession of the Albert Hall and its surrounding offices, although the German Club vacated it and passed into thin air before the end of last month. Most of the members of the defunct club have joined the Allgemeiner Deutscher Verein, but some have attached themselves to a little coterie who meet in Gay's Arcade. Soon, no doubt, the Army will be in full blast in Pine-street. . . At present Pirie-street is a comparatively quiet avenue, but its peace will soon be broken by cymbals, and there will be no more silence while the evening is young. I wonder what the proprietor of the next-door tavern will do when the Army comes.” [Mount Barker Courier 25 Nov 1899]
“The Salvation Army has renovated the Albert Hall in Pirie street, and it looks as good as new. The architectural design is, thanks to the judicious application of paint, now seen to the best advantage, and the building altogether is cleaner than it has ever been during the last 10 or 12 years. So far the inscription on the old foundation stone has not been obliterated, although it has been painted over. That is now the only sign that the edifice was once used as a German club. The select few who now remain to the institution are now located in a building in Grenfell street east, the private residence of Mr. P. .Gay having been
transformed for their use.” [Northern Argus 6 |Jan 1899]
“The Albert Hall in Pirie-street, which for many years has been known as the German Club, exists no longer in that capacity, for the Salvation Army, having taken the building over, has caused a complete transformation. The name has been altered from ’Albert’ to ‘Memorial’ Hall, to perpetuate the memory of the wife of the Army's founder, General Booth, and by liberal treatment with the paint brush, the carpenter's implements of trade, the old characteristics of the interior have vanished. Busy Salvation officers are now engaged in the room where the Single Tax League held its meetings, and the juvenile headquarters' officers are to be seen in the old meeting-place of the Lothian Club. The flasks and the haggis are supplanted by piles of juvenile literature, while the old time bar, at which the regular habitues of the premises were wont to foregather, is also devoted to the furtherance of the Army's operations.” [Advertiser 23 Feb 1899]
“An alteration has taken place in the staff of the Salvation Army, People's Palace, Pirie street. Matron Ensign Frost has been transferred to a similar position in Sydney, and Adjutant Harper from Melbourne, takes her place.” [Register 22 Jan 1916]
“The investigation of the conditions of the employee of hotels and coffee palaces. . . Staff Captain J. T. Ford of the Peoples Palace, Pirie street, said the establishment was carried on as a restaurant. They sold meals, let beds, and carried on on the restaurants award. They had found it difficult to carry on under that award at first, but now they were getting on all right.” [Daily Herald 20 Feb 1918]
“Staff-Capt. P. Dale (official architect of the Salvation Army) recently visited Adelaide and inspected the People's Palace in Pirie street. Salvation Army authorities hope to establish a modern building on the site of the existing premises. Capt. Dale has returned, to Melbourne, where plans for the new structure will be prepared.” [News 19 Feb 1929]
“Reconstruction work at the People's Palace, Pirie street. . . It is proposed to build three new stories on to the present structure. . . the building will also act as the divisional headquarters." [News 12 Mar 1929]
“Damage estimated at £5,000 was caused by a fire which broke out about 3.30 a.m. today in the People's Palace, conducted by the Salvation Army, in Pirie street, City. The upper story of the building was gutted, and only splendid work by the Adelaide Fire Brigade saved the structure from complete demolition. Forty-five guests who were sleeping on the first floor escaped in their night attire down the main stairway and the fire escape at the rear. Many of the guests lost their personal effects. The entire ceiling of the upper, story collapsed after the people had escaped into the street. Fifty of the 61 bedrooms in the palace were badly damaged by fire and water.” [News 19 Jan 1938]
“Tenders will be called this week for the remodelling and modernisation of the Salvation Army People's Palace in Pirie street. . . will include the addition of a third story. . . The existing Renaissance elevation to Pirie street will not be materially altered, but features of the design will be emphasised.” [News 4 Apr 1938]
“the Salvation Army People's Palace, in Pirie street. . . A tour of the building today with Mr. H. T. Griggs, architect for the £10,000 remodelling, showed how the beauties of moulded cornices and similar decorative features were lost when big rooms were divided into sleeping cubicles and other small apartments. . . In the internal reconstruction, the dignity of the work done by bygone artisans will be displayed again as far as possible.” [News 21 May 1938]
“the People's Palace. . . Re-constructed and enlarged at a cost of £12,000, it now provided modern accommodation for 107 guests.” [Advertiser 28 Nov 1938]
“New City Rest Room For Troops. Forty-eight hours after the idea was first suggested, a Red Shield rest room for soldiers has been opened at the People's Palace, Pirie street. The Divisional Commander of the Salvation Army (Brig. R. S. Harewood), who declared the room open, said it had been established because of the pressing need for more such rooms. Troops could call in at any time for tea and biscuits, to play games, write letters, or chat.” [News 26 Mar 1942]
“Postwar high wages and dear food caused many restaurants to close. . . the People's Palace, Pirie street, restricted meals to guests.” [The Mail 22 Nov 1952]
“In 1912 I boarded at the People's Palace. Pirie street, Adelaide, for 17/6 a week. They also supplied good clean and satisfying meals for sixpence.” [Advertiser 23 Dec 1954, Letter to Editor]
ALBERT HALL
Albert Hall opened 4 Oct 1880 behind German Club for entertainment & dancing, architect Beyer & Withall, renamed Memorial Hall by Salvation Army when they purchased German Club 1899, hall extended, destroyed by fire 1975, sold & site redeveloped as offices.
“A dinner, to be followed by a ball, is connection with the German Club will take place to-night in the new Albert Hall, Pirie-street.” [Register 4 Oct 1880]
“Adelaide Liedertafel. A Grand Concert will be given on Tuesday, October 12, in the new Albert Hall, German Club, Pirie-street, in aid of the Building Fund of same.” [Express & Telegraph 1 Oct 1880 advert]
“The opening of the new Albert Hall in connection with the German Club was celebrated on Monday, October 4, by a ball and banquet, upwards of 400 persons attending the former and nearly 200 sitting down to the latter. It is not many months since the spacious and handsome clubhouse in Pirie-street was formally opened, and the additions just completed were at that time contemplated. . . it was decided to construct a spacious and lofty concert hall, with a stage for ordinary entertainments, and a level floor for dancing. These are the purposes to which the Albert Hall will principally be devoted, but it may also be used for meetings and other gatherings of a public character. The building has been erected from designs by Messrs. Beyer and Withall.” [Advertiser 5 Oct 1880]
“The hall is 93 feet long by 48 feet wide, and 35 feet high, while the stage has a depth of 28 feet, the proscenium being 21 feet wide and 24 feet high; The main entrance to the hall is through the spacious centre passage of the clubhouse, and there are several exit doors, some of which will be utilised by-and-by to communicate with a gymnasium or other additions contemplated to be erected on the vacant block of ground in the rear. . A balcony or dress circle will also be added to the hall.” [Express & Telegraph 5 Oct 1880]
“The Adelaide Liedertafel gave a concert in the Albert Hall of the new German Clubhouse on Tuesday night, October 12, in aid of the Building Fund of the hall. There was a large attendance, and, as is always the case when our German friends give a musical entertainment, there was nothing wanting to make the concert a thorough success. The programme was of a high order, embracing selections from some of the best masters. . . A week ago the Albert Hall was formally opened by a ball, but its acoustic properties were not fairly put to the test till on this occasion.” [Evening Journal 13 Oct 1880]
“Professor J. H. Pepper has arranged to deliver under the auspices of the Chamber of Manufactures three popular science lectures in the Albert Hall, German Club-house, Pirie street.” [Advertiser 17 May 1881]
“Adelaide Orpheus Society.— The first concert arranged by this Society will be given in the Albert Hall to-night. . . A splendid programme has been arranged both as regards choruses and solos. The Society now numbers about fifty or sixty members, who have been carefully trained by Mr. C. J. Stevens.” Evening Journal 14 Jun 1888]
“Salvation Army. . . Considerable alterations and improvements have been made to the Headquarters Memorial Hall in Pirie-street, previously known as the Albert Hall under the auspices of the German Club. These comprise a new gallery affording seating accommodation for 250, a soldiers' platform holding 175 persons, and a new ceiling to improve the acoustic properties of the hall.” [Register 11 Aug 1900]
Angkor Wat or "Capital Temple" is a temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world. It was first a Hindu and later a Buddhist temple. It was built by the Khmer King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century in Yaśodharapura, present-day Angkor, the capital of the Khmer Empire, as his state temple and eventual mausoleum.
Breaking from the Shiva tradition of previous kings, Angkor Wat was instead dedicated to Vishnu. As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have remained a significant religious center since its foundation. The temple is at the top of the high classical style of Khmer architecture. It has become a symbol of Cambodia, appearing on its national flag, and it is the country's prime attraction for visitors. Angkor Wat combines two basic plans of Khmer temple architecture: the temple-mountain and the later galleried temple, based on early Dravidian architecture, with key features such as the Jagati. It is designed to represent Mount Meru, home of the devas in Hindu mythology: within a moat and an outer wall 3.6 kilometres long are three rectangular galleries, each raised above the next. At the centre of the temple stands a quincunx of towers. Unlike most Angkorian temples, Angkor Wat is oriented to the west; scholars are divided as to the significance of this. The temple is admired for the grandeur and harmony of the architecture, its extensive bas-reliefs, and for the numerous devatas adorning its walls.
The modern name, Angkor Wat, means "Temple City" or "City of Temples" in Khmer; Angkor, meaning "city" or "capital city", is a vernacular form of the word nokor (នគរ), which comes from the Sanskrit word nagara (नगर). Wat is the Khmer word for "temple grounds" (Sanskrit: वाट vāṭa ""enclosure").
HISTORY
Angkor Wat lies 5.5 kilometres north of the modern town of Siem Reap, and a short distance south and slightly east of the previous capital, which was centred at Baphuon. It is in an area of Cambodia where there is an important group of ancient structures. It is the southernmost of Angkor's main sites.
According to one legend, the construction of Angkor Wat was ordered by Indra to act as a palace for his son Precha Ket Mealea.
According to the 13th century Chinese traveler Daguan Zhou, it was believed by some that the temple was constructed in a single night by a divine architect. The initial design and construction of the temple took place in the first half of the 12th century, during the reign of Suryavarman II (ruled 1113-C. 1150). Dedicated to Vishnu, it was built as the king's state temple and capital city. As neither the foundation stela nor any contemporary inscriptions referring to the temple have been found, its original name is unknown, but it may have been known as "Varah Vishnu-lok" after the presiding deity. Work seems to have ended shortly after the king's death, leaving some of the bas-relief decoration unfinished.
In 1177, approximately 27 years after the death of Suryavarman II, Angkor was sacked by the Chams, the traditional enemies of the Khmer. Thereafter the empire was restored by a new king, Jayavarman VII, who established a new capital and state temple (Angkor Thom and the Bayon respectively) a few kilometers to the north.
In the late 13th century, Angkor Wat gradually moved from Hindu to Theravada Buddhist use, which continues to the present day. Angkor Wat is unusual among the Angkor temples in that although it was somewhat neglected after the 16th century it was never completely abandoned, its preservation being due in part to the fact that its moat also provided some protection from encroachment by the jungle.
One of the first Western visitors to the temple was António da Madalena, a Portuguese monk who visited in 1586 and said that it "is of such extraordinary construction that it is not possible to describe it with a pen, particularly since it is like no other building in the world. It has towers and decoration and all the refinements which the human genius can conceive of."
In the mid-19th century, the temple was visited by the French naturalist and explorer, Henri Mouhot, who popularised the site in the West through the publication of travel notes, in which he wrote:
"One of these temples - a rival to that of Solomon, and erected by some ancient Michelangelo - might take an honorable place beside our most beautiful buildings. It is grander than anything left to us by Greece or Rome, and presents a sad contrast to the state of barbarism in which the nation is now plunged."
Mouhot, like other early Western visitors, found it difficult to believe that the Khmers could have built the temple, and mistakenly dated it to around the same era as Rome. The true history of Angkor Wat was pieced together only from stylistic and epigraphic evidence accumulated during the subsequent clearing and restoration work carried out across the whole Angkor site. There were no ordinary dwellings or houses or other signs of settlement including cooking utensils, weapons, or items of clothing usually found at ancient sites. Instead there is the evidence of the monuments themselves.
Angkor Wat required considerable restoration in the 20th century, mainly the removal of accumulated earth and vegetation. Work was interrupted by the civil war and Khmer Rouge control of the country during the 1970s and 1980s, but relatively little damage was done during this period other than the theft and destruction of mostly post-Angkorian statues.The temple is a powerful symbol of Cambodia, and is a source of great national pride that has factored into Cambodia's diplomatic relations with France, the United States and its neighbor Thailand. A depiction of Angkor Wat has been a part of Cambodian national flags since the introduction of the first version circa 1863. From a larger historical and even transcultural perspective, however, the temple of Angkor Wat did not become a symbol of national pride sui generis but had been inscribed into a larger politico-cultural process of French-colonial heritage production in which the original temple site was presented in French colonial and universal exhibitions in Paris and Marseille between 1889 and 1937. Angkor Wat's aesthetics were also on display in the plaster cast museum of Louis Delaporte called musée Indo-chinois which existed in the Parisian Trocadero Palace from C. 1880 to the mid-1920s. The splendid artistic legacy of Angkor Wat and other Khmer monuments in the Angkor region led directly to France adopting Cambodia as a protectorate on 11 August 1863 and invading Siam to take control of the ruins. This quickly led to Cambodia reclaiming lands in the northwestern corner of the country that had been under Siamese (Thai) control since 1351 AD (Manich Jumsai 2001), or by some accounts, 1431 AD. Cambodia gained independence from France on 9 November 1953 and has controlled Angkor Wat since that time.
ARCHITECTURE
SITE AND PLAN
Angkor Wat, located at 13°24′45″N 103°52′0″E, is a unique combination of the temple mountain, the standard design for the empire's state temples and the later plan of concentric galleries. The temple is a representation of Mount Meru, the home of the gods: the central quincunx of towers symbolises the five peaks of the mountain, and the walls and moat the surrounding mountain ranges and ocean. Access to the upper areas of the temple was progressively more exclusive, with the laity being admitted only to the lowest level. Unlike most Khmer temples, Angkor Wat is oriented to the west rather than the east. This has led many (including Maurice Glaize and George Coedès) to conclude that Suryavarman intended it to serve as his funerary temple.Further evidence for this view is provided by the bas-reliefs, which proceed in a counter-clockwise direction - prasavya in Hindu terminology - as this is the reverse of the normal order. Rituals take place in reverse order during Brahminic funeral services. The archaeologist Charles Higham also describes a container which may have been a funerary jar which was recovered from the central tower. It has been nominated by some as the greatest expenditure of energy on the disposal of a corpse. Freeman and Jacques, however, note that several other temples of Angkor depart from the typical eastern orientation, and suggest that Angkor Wat's alignment was due to its dedication to Vishnu, who was associated with the west.
A further interpretation of Angkor Wat has been proposed by Eleanor Mannikka. Drawing on the temple's alignment and dimensions, and on the content and arrangement of the bas-reliefs, she argues that the structure represents a claimed new era of peace under King Suryavarman II: "as the measurements of solar and lunar time cycles were built into the sacred space of Angkor Wat, this divine mandate to rule was anchored to consecrated chambers and corridors meant to perpetuate the king's power and to honor and placate the deities manifest in the heavens above." Mannikka's suggestions have been received with a mixture of interest and scepticism in academic circles. She distances herself from the speculations of others, such as Graham Hancock, that Angkor Wat is part of a representation of the constellation Draco.
STYLE
Angkor Wat is the prime example of the classical style of Khmer architecture - the Angkor Wat style - to which it has given its name. By the 12th century Khmer architects had become skilled and confident in the use of sandstone (rather than brick or laterite) as the main building material. Most of the visible areas are of sandstone blocks, while laterite was used for the outer wall and for hidden structural parts. The binding agent used to join the blocks is yet to be identified, although natural resins or slaked lime has been suggested. The temple has drawn praise above all for the harmony of its design. According to Maurice Glaize, a mid-20th-century conservator of Angkor, the temple "attains a classic perfection by the restrained monumentality of its finely balanced elements and the precise arrangement of its proportions. It is a work of power, unity and style." Architecturally, the elements characteristic of the style include: the ogival, redented towers shaped like lotus buds; half-galleries to broaden passageways; axial galleries connecting enclosures; and the cruciform terraces which appear along the main axis of the temple. Typical decorative elements are devatas (or apsaras), bas-reliefs, and on pediments extensive garlands and narrative scenes. The statuary of Angkor Wat is considered conservative, being more static and less graceful than earlier work. Other elements of the design have been destroyed by looting and the passage of time, including gilded stucco on the towers, gilding on some figures on the bas-reliefs, and wooden ceiling panels and doors.
FEATURES
OUTER ENCLOSURE
The outer wall, 1024 by 802 m and 4.5 m high, is surrounded by a 30 m apron of open ground and a moat 190 m wide. Access to the temple is by an earth bank to the east and a sandstone causeway to the west; the latter, the main entrance, is a later addition, possibly replacing a wooden bridge. There are gopuras at each of the cardinal points; the western is by far the largest and has three ruined towers. Glaize notes that this gopura both hides and echoes the form of the temple proper. Under the southern tower is a statue of Vishnu, known as Ta Reach, which may originally have occupied the temple's central shrine.Galleries run between the towers and as far as two further entrances on either side of the gopura often referred to as "elephant gates", as they are large enough to admit those animals. These galleries have square pillars on the outer (west) side and a closed wall on the inner (east) side. The ceiling between the pillars is decorated with lotus rosettes; the west face of the wall with dancing figures; and the east face of the wall with balustered windows, dancing male figures on prancing animals, and devatas, including (south of the entrance) the only one in the temple to be showing her teeth. The outer wall encloses a space of 820,000 square metres, which besides the temple proper was originally occupied by the city and, to the north of the temple, the royal palace. Like all secular buildings of Angkor, these were built of perishable materials rather than of stone, so nothing remains of them except the outlines of some of the streets. Most of the area is now covered by forest. A 350 m causeway connects the western gopura to the temple proper, with naga balustrades and six sets of steps leading down to the city on either side. Each side also features a library with entrances at each cardinal point, in front of the third set of stairs from the entrance, and a pond between the library and the temple itself. The ponds are later additions to the design, as is the cruciform terrace guarded by lions connecting the causeway to the central structure.
CENTRAL STRUCTURE
The temple stands on a terrace raised higher than the city. It is made of three rectangular galleries rising to a central tower, each level higher than the last. Mannikka interprets these galleries as being dedicated to the king, Brahma, the moon, and Vishnu.
Each gallery has a gopura at each of the points, and the two inner galleries each have towers at their corners, forming a quincunx with the central tower. Because the temple faces west, the features are all set back towards the east, leaving more space to be filled in each enclosure and gallery on the west side; for the same reason the west-facing steps are shallower than those on the other sides.
The outer gallery measures 187 by 215 m, with pavilions rather than towers at the corners. The gallery is open to the outside of the temple, with columned half-galleries extending and buttressing the structure. Connecting the outer gallery to the second enclosure on the west side is a cruciform cloister called Preah Poan (the "Hall of a Thousand Gods"). Buddha images were left in the cloister by pilgrims over the centuries, although most have now been removed. This area has many inscriptions relating the good deeds of pilgrims, most written in Khmer but others in Burmese and Japanese. The four small courtyards marked out by the cloister may originally have been filled with water.
North and south of the cloister are libraries.
Beyond, the second and inner galleries are connected to each other and to two flanking libraries by another cruciform terrace, again a later addition. From the second level upwards, devatas abound on the walls, singly or in groups of up to four. The second-level enclosure is 100 by 115 m, and may originally have been flooded to represent the ocean around Mount Meru.
Three sets of steps on each side lead up to the corner towers and gopuras of the inner gallery. The very steep stairways represent the difficulty of ascending to the kingdom of the gods. This inner gallery, called the Bakan, is a 60 m square with axial galleries connecting each gopura with the central shrine, and subsidiary shrines located below the corner towers. The roofings of the galleries are decorated with the motif of the body of a snake ending in the heads of lions or garudas. Carved lintels and pediments decorate the entrances to the galleries and to the shrines. The tower above the central shrine rises 43 m to a height of 65 m above the ground; unlike those of previous temple mountains, the central tower is raised above the surrounding four. The shrine itself, originally occupied by a statue of Vishnu and open on each side, was walled in when the temple was converted to Theravada Buddhism, the new walls featuring standing Buddhas. In 1934, the conservator George Trouvé excavated the pit beneath the central shrine: filled with sand and water it had already been robbed of its treasure, but he did find a sacred foundation deposit of gold leaf two metres above ground level.
DECORATION
Integrated with the architecture of the building, and one of the causes for its fame is Angkor Wat's extensive decoration, which predominantly takes the form of bas-relief friezes. The inner walls of the outer gallery bear a series of large-scale scenes mainly depicting episodes from the Hindu epics the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Higham has called these, "the greatest known linear arrangement of stone carving".
From the north-west corner anti-clockwise, the western gallery shows the Battle of Lanka (from the Ramayana, in which Rama defeats Ravana) and the Battle of Kurukshetra (from the Mahabharata, showing the mutual annihilation of the Kaurava and Pandava clans). On the southern gallery follow the only historical scene, a procession of Suryavarman II, then the 32 hells and 37 heavens of Hindu mythology.
On the eastern gallery is one of the most celebrated scenes, the Churning of the Sea of Milk, showing 92 asuras and 88 devas using the serpent Vasuki to churn the sea under Vishnu's direction (Mannikka counts only 91 asuras, and explains the asymmetrical numbers as representing the number of days from the winter solstice to the spring equinox, and from the equinox to the summer solstice). It is followed by Vishnu defeating asuras (a 16th-century addition). The northern gallery shows Krishna's victory over Bana (where according to Glaize, "The workmanship is at its worst"). and a battle between the Hindu gods and asuras. The north-west and south-west corner pavilions both feature much smaller-scale scenes, some unidentified but most from the Ramayana or the life of Krishna. Angkor Wat is decorated with depictions of apsaras and devata; there are more than 1,796 depictions of devata in the present research inventory. Angkor Wat architects employed small apsara images (30–40 cm) as decorative motifs on pillars and walls. They incorporated larger devata images (all full-body portraits measuring approximately 95–110 cm) more prominently at every level of the temple from the entry pavilion to the tops of the high towers. In 1927, Sappho Marchal published a study cataloging the remarkable diversity of their hair, headdresses, garments, stance, jewelry and decorative flowers, which Marchal concluded were based on actual practices of the Angkor period.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
The stones, as smooth as polished marble, were laid without mortar with very tight joints that are sometimes hard to find. The blocks were held together by mortise and tenon joints in some cases, while in others they used dovetails and gravity. The blocks were presumably put in place by a combination of elephants, coir ropes, pulleys and bamboo scaffolding. Henri Mouhot noted that most of the blocks had holes 2.5 cm in diameter and 3 cm deep, with more holes on the larger blocks. Some scholars have suggested that these were used to join them together with iron rods, but others claim they were used to hold temporary pegs to help manoeuvre them into place. The monument was made out of millions of tonnes of sandstone and it has a greater volume as well as mass than the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. The Angkor Wat Temple consumes about 6 million to 10 million blocks of sandstone with an average weight of 1.5 tons each. In fact, the entire city of Angkor used up far greater amounts of stone than all the Egyptian pyramids combined, and occupied an area significantly greater than modern-day Paris. Moreover, unlike the Egyptian pyramids which use limestone quarried barely half a km away all the time, the entire city of Angkor was built with sandstone quarried 40 km (or more) away. This sandstone had to be transported from Mount Kulen, a quarry approximately 40 km to the northeast. The route has been suggested to span 35 kilometres along a canal towards Tonlé Sap lake, another 35 kilometres crossing the lake, and finally 15 kilometres upstream and against the current along Siem Reap River, making a total journey of 90 kilometres. However, Etsuo Uchida and Ichita Shimoda of Waseda University in Tokyo, Japan have discovered in 2012 a shorter 35-kilometre canal connecting Mount Kulen and Angkor Wat using satellite imagery. The two believe that the Khmer used this route instead.
Virtually all of its surfaces, columns, lintels even roofs are carved. There are miles of reliefs illustrating scenes from Indian literature including unicorns, griffins, winged dragons pulling chariots as well as warriors following an elephant-mounted leader and celestial dancing girls with elaborate hair styles. The gallery wall alone is decorated with almost 1000 square metres of bas reliefs. Holes on some of the Angkor walls indicate that they may have been decorated with bronze sheets. These were highly prized in ancient times and were a prime target for robbers. While excavating Khajuraho, Alex Evans, a stonemason and sculptor, recreated a stone sculpture under 1.2 m, this took about 60 days to carve. Roger Hopkins and Mark Lehner also conducted experiments to quarry limestone which took 12 quarrymen 22 days to quarry about 400 tons of stone. The labor force to quarry, transport, carve and install so much sandstone must have run into the thousands including many highly skilled artisans. The skills required to carve these sculptures were developed hundreds of years earlier, as demonstrated by some artifacts that have been dated to the seventh century, before the Khmer came to power.
ANGKOR WAT TODAY
The Archaeological Survey of India carried out restoration work on the temple between 1986 and 1992. Since the 1990s, Angkor Wat has seen continued conservation efforts and a massive increase in tourism. The temple is part of the Angkor World Heritage Site, established in 1992, which has provided some funding and has encouraged the Cambodian government to protect the site. The German Apsara Conservation Project (GACP) is working to protect the devatas and other bas-reliefs which decorate the temple from damage. The organisation's survey found that around 20% of the devatas were in very poor condition, mainly because of natural erosion and deterioration of the stone but in part also due to earlier restoration efforts. Other work involves the repair of collapsed sections of the structure, and prevention of further collapse: the west facade of the upper level, for example, has been buttressed by scaffolding since 2002, while a Japanese team completed restoration of the north library of the outer enclosure in 2005. World Monuments Fund began conservation work on the Churning of the Sea of Milk Gallery in 2008 after several years of conditions studies. The project restored the traditional Khmer roofing system and removed cement used in earlier restoration attempts that had resulted in salts entering the structure behind the bas-relief, discoloring and damaging the sculpted surfaces. The main phase of work ended in 2012, and the final component will be the installation of finials on the roof of the gallery in 2013. Microbial biofilms have been found degrading sandstone at Angkor Wat, Preah Khan, and the Bayon and West Prasat in Angkor. The dehydration and radiation resistant filamentous cyanobacteria can produce organic acids that degrade the stone. A dark filamentous fungus was found in internal and external Preah Khan samples, while the alga Trentepohlia was found only in samples taken from external, pink-stained stone at Preah Khan. Angkor Wat has become a major tourist destination. In 2004 and 2005, government figures suggest that, respectively, 561.000 and 677.000 foreign visitors arrived in Siem Reap province, approximately 50% of all foreign tourists in Cambodia for both years. The site has been managed by the private SOKIMEX group since 1990, which rented it from the Cambodian government. The influx of tourists has so far caused relatively little damage, other than some graffiti; ropes and wooden steps have been introduced to protect the bas-reliefs and floors, respectively. Tourism has also provided some additional funds for maintenance - as of 2000 approximately 28% of ticket revenues across the whole Angkor site was spent on the temples - although most work is carried out by foreign government-sponsored teams rather than by the Cambodian authorities. Since Angkor Wat has seen significant growth in tourism throughout the years UNESCO and its International Co-ordinating Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor (ICC), in association with representatives from the Royal Government and APSARA, organized seminars to discuss the concept of "cultural tourism". Wanting to avoid commercial and mass tourism, the seminars emphasized the importance of providing high quality accommodation and services in order for the Cambodian government to benefit economically, while also incorporating the richness of Cambodian culture. In 2001, this incentive resulted in the concept of the "Angkor Tourist City" which would be developed with regard to traditional Khmer architecture, contain leisure and tourist facilities, and provide luxurious hotels capable of accommodating large amounts of tourists. The prospect of developing such large tourist accommodations has encountered concerns from both APSARA and the ICC, claiming that previous tourism developments in the area have neglected construction regulations and more of these projects have the potential to damage landscape features. Also, the large scale of these projects have begun to threaten the quality of the nearby town's water, sewage, and electricity systems. It has been noted that such high frequency of tourism and growing demand for quality accommodations in the area, such as the development of a large highway, has had a direct effect on the underground water table, subsequently straining the structural stability of the temples at Angkor Wat. Locals of Siem Reap have also voiced concern over the charming nature and atmosphere of their town being compromised in order to entertain tourism. Since this charming local atmosphere is the key component to projects like Angkor Tourist City, local officials continue to discuss how to successfully incorporate future tourism without sacrificing local values and culture. At the ASEAN Tourism Forum 2012, both parties have agreed Borobudur and Angkor Wat to become sister sites and the provinces will become sister provinces. Two Indonesian airlines are considering the opportunity to open a direct flight from Yogyakarta, Indonesia to Siem Reap.
WIKIPEDIA
Cold trailing on the Leland Complex. This is a method of controlling a partly dead fire edge by carefully inspecting and feeling with the hand for heat to detect any fire, digging out every live spot, and trenching any live edge. Photo by Idaho Departmentn of Lands
Riese (German giant) - the name of the largest mining and construction project of
Nazis, started and unfinished in the Owl Mountains (Góry Sowie, Poland), and below the castle of Książ, in 1943-1945.
Riese (niem. olbrzym) – kryptonim największego projektu górniczo-budowlanego hitlerowskich Niemiec, rozpoczętego i niedokończonego w Górach Sowich, oraz
pod zamkiem Książ, w latach 1943-1945.
Fot. Mariusz Cieszewski
I find these pods fascinating. They shed their beautiful exterior to reveal a skeletal structure with another kind of beauty.
Aihole is a temple complex in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. It is a very popular tourist spot in north Karnataka. Aihole is to the east of Pattadakal, along the Malaprabha River, while Badami is to the west of both.
Aihole has the potential to be included as a UNESCO World heritage site.
Early inscriptions call this town Ayyavole and Aryapura. Aihole has its own historical significance and is called as cradle of Hindu rock architecture. Many temples and caves of historical importance can be found at Aihole.
Aihole was the first capital of the early Chalukyas. Here they built over 125 temples in various styles and is said to be a laboratory of experiments in rock cut architecture. Pulakesi I, one of the greatest rulers of this dynasty, moved the capital to Badami nearby. Badami was then known as Vatapi. It is from these temples that the Chalukyas gained their experience and went on to build the great temples of Pattadakal. The first phase of temple building in Aihole dates back to the 6th century CE, the second phase up to the 12th century CE. Some temples were even built as early as the 5th century CE.
Aihole, was the cradle of ancient Hindu temple architecture. It has more than 70 temples. The experimentation with different styles was undertaken by the artisans. The artisans worked on the rocks to create the earliest rock cut shrines. The artisans graduated to the full fledged Chalukya style of architecture.
The early Chalukyas inherited architectural styles largely from their neighbours to the north and south of their kingdom. Usage of curved towers decorated with blind arches came from northern India. Pilastered walls with panel inserts are a southern Indian style. The usage of Deccan style is in their balcony seating, angled eaves and sloping roofs, and elaborately carved columns and ceilings (George Michell,1997). In short, they artistically brought together the prevailing styles in their neighbourhood to create the Chalukya style.
Typical features unique to Badami Chalukyas architecture include mortarless assembly, an emphasis on length rather than width or height, flat roofs, richly carved ceilings, and, sculpturally, an emphasis on relatively few major figures, which tend to be isolated from each other rather than arranged in crowded groups. The aesthetic sensibility of sculpture from this period also seems to retain a certain classical quality whose impulse does not carry over into later periods of Indian art (Susan Huntington, 1985).
Lions Dryandra Woodland Village.
Currawong Complex is one of the styles of accommodation at the Dryandra Woodland Village, which provides dormitory style accommodation sleeping 56 plus a dining hall within three Nissen style huts. An ablution block with showers and toilets.
A Nissen hut is a prefabricated steel structure, made from a half-cylindrical skin of corrugated steel. Originally designed during World War I by engineer and inventor Major Peter Norman Nissen, it was used extensively during World War II.
Title: Spring Commencement '85
Creator: Valdosta State University
Date: June 8, 1985
Description: Spring Commencement on 6/8/85 at the P.E. Complex. Spectator Negatives, 1980-1985. Valdosta State University Archives and Special Collections.
Source:Spectator Negatives, 1980-1985 at Valdosta State University Archives and Special Collections
Subject: Commencement ceremonies -- Georgia -- Valdosta; Nineteen eighties
Identifier:
Format: image/jpeg
The 'Reputation Complex' is a moving combination of various factors, components and drivers that are linked in a close and complicated way. This combination brings with it, for all organizations, equal risks and opportunities – the first to be managed and the second to be exploited in the right manner.
MSLGROUP's Chief Strategy Officer Pascal Beucler shares his thoughts on the fast transformation of reputation management and what it means for our clients and for us.
September 27, 2016 - NYC - Governor Cuomo makes an announcement at Association for a Better New York Luncheon. Photo credit: Don Pollard/Office of Governor Andrew M. Cuomo
Mausoleum chapel and tomb of Az-Zahir Barquq with its mihrab in the centre and two majestic windows opening up unto El-Mo`ez Street (El-Nahassin) through which the deceased are believe to receive the blessings of the passers-by.
*****************************
The funerary complex was comissioned by the first Burji Mamluk Sultan after usurping government from the sons of Al-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1293-1294; 1299-1309 and 1309-1341).
Sultan Az-Zahir Barquq (r.1382-1389 and 1390-1399) sought to legitimize his rule by associating himself with the previous dynasty, the Bahri Mamluks, to whom the legacy of fending off the Crusaders and Mongols and espousing Sunni Islam was bequeathed. Having established himself socially by marrying Baghdad Khatun, a widow of Sultan Sha'ban, one of the last descendants of Sultan Qalawun, he ordered the construction of a funerary complex for his family. To emphasize the continuity he chose a site next to the earlier Qalawunid monuments of Al-Nassir Muhammad and his father, Qalawun who had first imported the Circassian slaves to whom Barquq belonged from the Tatar Golden Horde.
Between 1384 and 1386, Barquq commissioned the court architect Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tuluni to construct the mausoleum and the funerary complex under the supervision of Jarkas al-Khalili, Master of Horses under Barquq and the founder of Khan El-Khalili.
This resulted in a continuous wall of contiguous facades with window recesses, portals, crestings, domes, minarets, and bands of tiraz, all executed in different styles competing for visual dominance and attesting to the powerful role of Mamluk architecture in the political arena. Each facade represents an episode in history on the stage provided by the dismantled Fatimid palaces.
Nevertheless, Michael Rogers has demonstrated that this complex, with its marble paneling, bronze-plate doors, molded stone ornament, and elaborately worked minaret, was to set the tone for Cairene architectural decoration between 1400 and 1450.
The octagonal minaret departs from most minarets from this period in displaying a shaft with stone carving, which, in the 15th c., replaces the inlaid stone work characteristic of 14th c. minarets (e.g., Sarghatmish). The royal rank (blazon) is applied to basic objects and materials like window stucco grilles and rough wood, possibly because building materials were rare and precious.
According to Doris Behrens-Abouseif, the waqf deed refers to this complex as a madrasa-khanqah and to its dwelling units as a rab', a term usually used to denote collective housing. Instead of tabaqa, the term for an individual living unit in a domestic rab, the deed uses bayt, a term used interchangeably with khalwa in waqf documents to describe a living unit in a madrasa or khanqah. The addition of a Sufi program to a madrasa reflects the integration of Sufism into urban life in fifteenth-century Egypt.
There are six whole glasses in this photograph. Three of them are on their legs. Three are waving their legs in the air. The legs in the air are reflected through the transparent glasses, but they look like reflections, and it takes time to figure out which part belongs to which glass. In addition, there are in this photograph shadows and reflected lights that create interesting shapes.
=
Wine Glasses and Light
=
צילום מורכב
=
בצילום הזה יש שש כוסות שלמות. שלש מהן עומדות על רגליהן. שלש מניפות את רגליהן באוויר. הרגליים שבאוויר משתקפות מבעד לגביעים השקופים אבל נדמה שהן השתקפויות, ולוקח זמן להבין איזה חלק שייך לאיזה כוס. בנוסף יש בצילום הזה צללים והחזרי אור שיוצרים צורות מעניינות
American wildland firefighters work on the Tambo Complex in Australia.
Credit: National Interagency Fire Center
The 'Reputation Complex' is a moving combination of various factors, components and drivers that are linked in a close and complicated way. This combination brings with it, for all organizations, equal risks and opportunities – the first to be managed and the second to be exploited in the right manner.
MSLGROUP's Chief Strategy Officer Pascal Beucler shares his thoughts on the fast transformation of reputation management and what it means for our clients and for us.