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For the challenge to illustrate three things that I am thankful for that were not around when my parents were young.
Back when my parents were born, digital computers did not exist. The first computers were built in the 1940s to solve specific problems, such as code breaking or calculating ballistic tables. True general-purpose stored program computers did not arrive until the late 1940s, and remained cumbersome mainframe machines until the advent of personal computers such as the Apple II and the IBM PC in the late 70s and early 80s.
As an engineer, I am thankful that I have access to so much freely available computing power to help me solve problems. Many engineering problems involve things like differential or partial differential equations, which cannot normally be solved by textbook integration unless you are very lucky or can make some simplifying assumptions. Nowadays, I can perform simple numerical integrations in Excel; for something more complicated, there are any number of software packages that I could use to get the results that I'm looking for.
Since I can't really illustrate my point with anything from work, I have resorted to plotting fractals instead. This image is of part of a Julia set fractal, which requires an iterative calculation involving complex numbers to be performed for each individual pixel, to determine what colour it should be. Thanks to modern PC processing power, it plotted in hardly more than a second!
In this Tour direction and classification calculation are reversed. Two-time winner LUCIEN PETIT-BRETON - The Argentine - finds its self-confidence back thanks to the three hub gears of "Sturmey-Archer" (manufacturing company ) and surprises everyone. At the age of 30, he avoids all obstacles, sheep included and threatens Belgian leader Philippe Thys ... until he falls and is out of the race.
("100 years Tour de France 1903-2003", Het Laatste Nieuws, 2003)
"If my calculations are correct, when this baby hits 88 miles per hour, you're gonna see some serious shit."
Kangchenjunga is the third highest mountain in the world. It rises with an elevation of 8,586 m in a section of the Himalayas called Kangchenjunga Himal that is limited in the west by the Tamur River and in the east by the Teesta River. The Kangchenjunga Himal is located in eastern Nepal and Sikkim, India.
The main peak of Kangchenjunga is the second highest mountain in Nepal after Mount Everest. Three of the five peaks – Main, Central and South – are on the border between North Sikkim and Nepal. Two peaks are in the Taplejung District, Nepal. Kangchenjunga Main is the highest mountain in India, and the easternmost of the mountains higher than 8,000 m. It is called Five Treasures of Snow after its five high peaks, and has always been worshipped by the people of Darjeeling and Sikkim.
Until 1852, Kangchenjunga was assumed to be the highest mountain in the world, but calculations based on various readings and measurements made by the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India in 1849 came to the conclusion that Mount Everest, known as Peak XV at the time, was the highest. Allowing for further verification of all calculations, it was officially announced in 1856 that Kangchenjunga is the third highest mountain.
Kangchenjunga was first climbed on 25 May 1955 by Joe Brown and George Band, who were part of a British expedition. They stopped short of the summit as per the promise given to the Chogyal that the top of the mountain would remain inviolate. Every climber or climbing group that has reached the summit has followed this tradition. Other members of this expedition included John Angelo Jackson and Tom Mackinon.
The Kangchenjunga landscape is a complex of three distinct ecoregions: the eastern Himalayan broad-leaved and coniferous forests, the Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows and the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands. The Kangchenjunga transboundary landscape is shared by Bhutan, China, India and Nepal, and comprises 14 protected areas with a total of 6,032 km2:
- Nepal: Kanchenjunga Conservation Area.
- Sikkim, India: Khangchendzonga National Park, Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary, Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary, Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary, Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary, Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary
- Darjeeling, India: Jore Pokhri Wildlife Sanctuary, Singalila National Park, Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary, Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary, Neora Valley National Park.
- Bhutan: Torsa Strict Nature Reserve
These protected areas are habitats for many globally significant plant species such as rhododendrons and orchids and many endangered flagship species such as snow leopard, Asian black bear, red panda, white-bellied musk deer, blood pheasant and chestnut-breasted partridge.
GEOGRAPHY
The Kangchenjunga Himal section of the Himalayas lies both in Nepal and India, and encompasses 16 peaks over 7,000 m. In the north, it is limited by the Lhonak Chu, Goma Chu and Jongsang La, and in the east by the Teesta River. The western limit runs from the Jongsang La down the Gingsang and Kangchenjunga glaciers and the rivers of Ghunsa and Tamur. Kanchenjunga rises about 20 km south of the general alignment of the Great Himalayan range about 125 km east-south-east of Mount Everest as the crow flies. South of the southern face of Kanchenjunga runs the 3,000–3,500 m high Singalila Ridge that separates Sikkim from Nepal and north Bengal.
Four glaciers radiate from the peak, pointing roughly to the north-east, south-east, north-west and south-west. The Zemu glacier in the north-east and the Talung glacier in the south-east drain to the Teesta River, thereby forming a part of the Brahmputra catchment. The summit of Kangchenjunga is the highest point of the Brahmaputra basin. The Yalung glacier in the south-west and the Kangchen glacier in the north-west drain to the Arun and Kosi rivers, thereby forming a part of the Ganges catchment. The summit of Kangchenjunga, therefore, also forms a part of the Ganges basin. The glaciers spread over the area above approximately 5,000 m, and the glacialized area covers 314 km2 in total.
The main ridge of the massif runs from north-north-east to south-south-west and forms a watershed to several rivers. Together with ridges running roughly from east to west they form a giant cross. These ridges contain a host of peaks between 6,000 and 8,000 m. On the east ridge is Siniolchu (6,888 m). The west ridge culminates in the Jannu (7,710 m) with its imposing north face. To the south are Kabru North (7,338 m), Kabru South (7,316 m) and Rathong (6,678 m). The north ridge, after passing through the Kangchenjunga North (7,741 m), includes The Twins (7,350 m) and Tent Peak, and runs up to the Tibetan border by the Jongsang La, a 6,120 m high pass.
FIRST ASCENT
In 1955, Joe Brown and George Band made the first ascent on 25 May, followed by Norman Hardie and Tony Streather on 26 May. The full team also included John Clegg (team doctor), Charles Evans (team leader), John Angelo Jackson, Neil Mather, and Tom Mackinnon.
The ascent proved that Aleister Crowley's 1905 route (also investigated by the 1954 reconnaissance) was viable. The route starts on the Yalung Glacier to the southwest of the peak, and climbs the Yalung Face, which is 3,000 metres high. The main feature of this face is the "Great Shelf", a large sloping plateau at around 7,500 metres, covered by a hanging glacier. The route is almost entirely on snow, glacier, and one icefall; the summit ridge itself can involve a small amount of travel on rock. The first ascent expedition made six camps above their base camp, two below the Shelf, two on it, and two above it. They started on 18 April, and everyone was back to base camp by 28 May.
TOURISM
Some of the most famous views of Kangchenjunga are from the hill station of Darjeeling and Antu Dada of Illam, Nepal. The Darjeeling War Memorial is among the most visited places from which Kangchenjunga is observed. On a clear day it presents an image not so much of a mountain but of a white wall hanging from the sky. The people of Sikkim revere Kangchenjunga as a sacred mountain. Permission to climb the mountain from the Indian side is rarely given.
Due to its remote location in Nepal and the difficulty involved in accessing it from India, the Kangchenjunga region is not much explored by trekkers. It has, therefore, retained much of its pristine beauty. In Sikkim too, trekking into the Kangchenjunga region has just recently been permitted. The Goecha La trek is gaining popularity amongst tourists. It goes to the Goecha La Pass, located right in front of the huge southeast face of Kangchenjunga. Another trek to Green Lake Basin has recently been opened for trekking. This trek goes to the Northeast side of Kangchenjunga along the famous Zemu Glacier.
IN MYTH
The area around Kangchenjunga is said to be home to a mountain deity, called Dzö-nga or "Kangchenjunga Demon", a type of yeti or rakshasa. A British geological expedition in 1925 spotted a bipedal creature which they asked the locals about, who referred to it as the "Kangchenjunga Demon".
For generations, there have been legends recounted by the inhabitants of the areas surrounding Mount Kanchenjunga, both in Sikkim and in Nepal, that there is a valley of immortality hidden on its slopes. These stories are well known to both the original inhabitants of the area, the Lepcha people, and those of the Tibetan Buddhist cultural tradition. In Tibetan, this valley is known as Beyul Demoshong. In 1962 a Tibetan Lama by the name of Tulshuk Lingpa led over 300 followers into the high snow slopes of Kanchenjunga to ‘open the way’ to Beyul Demoshong.
IN LITERATURE
- In the Swallows and Amazons series of books by Arthur Ransome, a high mountain (unnamed in the book, but clearly based on the Old Man of Coniston in the English Lake District) is given the name "Kanchenjunga" by the children when they climb it in 1931.
- In The Epic of Mount Everest, first published in 1926, Sir Francis Younghusband: " For natural beauty Darjiling (Darjeeling) is surely unsurpassed in the world. From all countries travellers come there to see the famous view of Kangchenjunga, 28,150 feet (8,580 m) in height, and only 40 miles (64 km) distant. Darjiling (Darjeeling) itself is 2,100 m above sea-level and is set in a forest of oaks, magnolia, rhododendrons, laurels and sycamores. And through these forests the observer looks down the steep mountain-sides to the Rangeet River only 300 m above sea-level, and then up and up through tier after tier of forest-clad ranges, each bathed in a haze of deeper and deeper purple, till the line of snow is reached; and then still up to the summit of Kangchenjunga, now so pure and ethereal we can scarcely believe it is part of the solid earth on which we stand; and so high it seems part of the very sky itself."
- In 1999, official James Bond author Raymond Benson published High Time to Kill. In this story, a microdot containing a secret formula for aviation technology is stolen by a society called the Union. During their escape, their plane crashes on the slopes of Kangchenjunga and James Bond becomes part of a climbing expedition in order to retrieve the formula.
- The Inheritance of Loss by Kiran Desai, which won the 2006 Man Booker Prize, is set partly in Kalimpong, a hill station situated near Kangchenjunga.
WIKIPEDIA
Petroleum makes the world go round, doesn't it...
If this were a "Tardis" (a magical phone booth for transporting "Dr. Who") all of our transportation fantasies could come true! Maybe Algore will start working on that soon so we can all be saved from our Doomsday devices. Until then... "Fill 'er up!"
A question for you to ponder... If all the polar ice melted, would it be enough to flood the planet? Do you really believe it could? Let's leave aside the calculations about the mass of the ice versus the size of the planet for absorption of all that liquid runoff, because it's at least partially irrelevant and easy enough for even a child to prove. When's the last time you had a cup of ice water overflow because the ice melted? Ever happened to you? The proposition that polar ice melting will flood the planet could hardly be more absurd. Anyone with a glass of ice water can see it for themselves. Admittedly this only accounts for the seaborn ice that's not over the land, yet the seaborn ice is a huge factor in the overall equation accounting for from thousands to tens of thousands of square miles of ice.
Algore would've had a coronary if he'd have been around at the end of the last Ice Age wouldn't he have? All that "man made" global warming with neither a computer, nor a microphone with which to convince the lowly peons of their imminent demise. Only God knows how mankind has ever made it this far without having to move our huts out of the rising salt water. Ohhhh... maybe we just moved the huts. My bad! (...or did all "intelligent" life die at the end of the last Ice Age?)
The earth has a well established history of repeating itself in it's weather patterns, which demonstrates that it heals itself and finds an equilibrium. We've gone from warming periods to Ice Ages and back again. If it could be proven that we are in "another" warming trend, it wouldn't be a cause for alarm. Our life spans just aren't long enough to see both ends of the cycle so we are easily manipulated by the so called experts. The fact is that in the '70's they were telling us we were bringing the next Ice Age upon ourselves by our car driving/polluting ways. In all fairness, I might have missed an Ice Age between then and now... I've been known to miss things like that when I wasn't paying attention. We're a lot smarter now though, aren't we?
The "hypothetical" problem is a "manufactured" political problem about how to deal with lost titles to land (political boundaries)... it's not an environmental problem. It's about the "hypothetical" problem of people being displaced from their property by rising sea levels. I don't know anyone stupid enough to drown because they couldn't figure out how to move to higher ground. Do you know anyone like that? Think about the presumptions that have been made about your level of intelligence in order to convince you of the danger of "man made" global warming. Do they think we're daft? I think they just might... I think they're counting on it.
So... What about all this talk about "Carbon Dioxide"?
We need greenhouse gases to survive on this planet. CO2 is a greenhouse gas. They taught us in school that plants need Carbon Dioxide to live, and that they need it as humans need Oxygen to live. This is a truly symbiotic relationship. This is not a parasitic relationship. If it were a parasitic relationship we would only take and and give nothing in return. We would only drain the life out of the host organism until it died (or we died). Plants clean the air for humans, humans clean the air for plants. If we stopped producing CO2 (that's what we exhale along with animals and cars) plant life could die. It's a symbiotic relationship that we have. To add a little bit of "green" parlance to the discussion feel free to substitute the word "sustainable" for the word "symbiotic" as in this case the connotations are consistent.
Methane is another greenhouse gas that humans produce along with animals, rice paddies, and volcanoes. Yes, rice paddies produce greenhouse gases! There, I said it! Even some plant life and the earth itself produce greenhouses gases and then we have all the animals that are producing greenhouse gases 24 hours a day, 7 days a week right alongside us. Greenhouse gases are to plants what strawberry syrup is to humans! How could you even think of depriving plant life of such a treat? Have a heart! en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field
Ready for another greenhouse gas? How about "water vapor"? That's right, water vapor is a greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases are a vital part of the process of photosynthesis.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis maintains livable conditions for both plants and humans. Yes, we "need" greenhouse gases to live in this world as we know it. I shouldn't be so presumptuous about what you were taught in school... Maybe these were "Inconvenient Truths" that were never taught in your classroom. Maybe they were too busy teaching propaganda films. We've long joked about politicians who would tax us on the air we breathe if they could only figure out how to do it. Think about that, let it sink in... "Our" politicians (yours and mine) are trying to tax us on the air we breathe! Do you support them in this? Are you doing it "for the children"? Are you being manipulated???
If your friends could use a refresher on common sense send them here! ...and don't allow the politicians to steal both your tax money and your common sense!
Everyone join in! Three cheers for critical thinking skills! Pass them on! Just do it quick; they tell us that soon we'll be up to our eyeballs in seawater!
P.S. Please leave a note about where you saw this if you're so inclined. I've had many viewers outside of flickr.com and I'm curious to know where it's being seen. Thanks
So I have had Calculation Theme by Metric stuck in my head for fucking forever! It was rather annoying after awhile. Soooo, I did this. I created a song...lyric...page...thing?....whatever.... Enjoy. Really fucking large - even after fucking Flickr resized it. -_-
I recycled some of my sims for this picture. Some of you may or may not recognize them. If you do, good for you. If you don't, so what.
Moehne lake (Germany) - Moehne dam
The Möhne Reservoir, or Moehne Reservoir, is an artificial lake in North Rhine-Westphalia, some 45 km east of Dortmund, Germany. The lake is formed by the damming of two rivers, Möhne and Heve, and with its four basins stores as much as 135 million cubic metres of water.
In 1904 calculations about the future demand for water for people and industry in the growing Ruhr-area determined that the existing storage volume of 32.4 million m³ in dams of the Ruhr river system needed tripling. Thus, on 28 November 1904, the general assembly of the Ruhrtalsperreverein decided to construct additional dams. During 1908 to 1913 they built the Möhnetalsperre at a cost of 23.5 million marks.
When opened, the dam was the largest dam in Europe. 140 homesteads with 700 people had to move. It was built to help control floods, regulate water levels on the Ruhr river downstream, and generate hydropower. Today, the lake is also a tourist attraction.
The dam (51.489307°N 8.058772°E) was breached by RAF Lancaster Bombers ("The Dambusters") during Operation Chastise on the night of 16–17 May 1943, together with the Edersee dam in northern Hesse. Bouncing bombs had been constructed which were able to skip over the protective nets that hung in the water. A huge hole of 77 m by 22 m was blown into the dam. The resulting huge floodwave killed at least 1,579 people, 1,026 of them foreign forced labourers held in camps downriver. The small city of Neheim-Hüsten was particularly hard-hit with over 800 victims, among them at least 526 victims in a camp for Russian women held for forced labour.
Though the Organisation Todt quickly repaired the dams through the labor of 7,000 men taken from the construction of the Atlantic Wall, the impact of the raid on German industry in the Ruhr valley and on the civil population was significant. According to Albert Speer, "the power plant at the foot of the shattered dam looked as if it had been erased, along with its heavy turbines." "Industry was brought to a standstill", due to the "electrical installations being soaked and muddied."
Three other reservoirs were still intact, though the largest, the Sorpe Dam, had a hole above the water line. Another destroyed dam, the Edersee Dam, "had nothing to do with the supply of water to the Ruhr." The Mohne Dam was repaired by 23 September 1943, in time to collect water for needs the following summer, when the British failed to follow up with additional raids to hamper reconstruction.
(Wikipedia)
Der Möhnesee ist ein Stausee an der Möhne. Er liegt im Gemeindegebiet von Möhnesee im nordrhein-westfälischen Kreis Soest. Bei Stauziel hat die Hauptsperre 10,37 Quadratkilometer Wasseroberfläche und einen Speicherraum von 126,05 Millionen Kubikmetern; mit den zwei größten Vorsperren und einem Ausgleichsbecken sind es 134,5 Millionen Kubikmeter. Das Wasser wird durch eine 40,3 Meter hohe und 650 Meter lange Staumauer aufgestaut.
Der Möhnesee liegt am Nordwestrand des Naturparks Arnsberger Wald. Südlich entlang dem zur Westfälischen Bucht überleitenden Haarstrang zieht er sich in Ost-West-Richtung durch die nach ihm benannte Gemeinde Möhnesee und staut, neben kleineren Bächen, die Möhne und die Heve.
Die Aufstandsfläche der Talsperre befindet sich im oberen Bereich der Auflockerungszone der oberkarbonischen Arnsberg-Schichten, einer Wechsellagerung von intensiv gefalteten Sandsteinen, Grauwacken und Tonsteinen. Durch eine intensive tektonische Beanspruchung während der variszischen Gebirgsbildung sind die Gesteine intensiv gefaltet worden. Der Bereich des Möhnetals ist zudem durch das Vorhandensein von großen Störungszonen gekennzeichnet. Nördlich der Talsperre werden die gefalteten paläozoischen Schichten diskordant von Ablagerungen der Münsterländer Kreide überlagert. Die oberkreidezeitliche Abfolge fällt flach in nördliche Richtungen ein und beginnt mit einem glaukonithaltigem Grünsand der Essen-Grünsand-Formation aus dem Cenomanium und wird von Plänerkalken der Erwitte-Formation des Coniaciums und Turoniums und den Mergeln der Büren-Formation sowie der Pläner der Oerlinghausen-Formation des Turoniums überlagert. Die geologische Grenze zwischen paläozoischen und kreidezeitlichen Schichten bildet auch die geographische und naturräumliche Grenze zwischen Arnsberger Wald (Sauerland) und Haarstrang.
Die Möhnetalsperre dient der Niedrigwasseraufhöhung, dem Hochwasserschutz und der Stromerzeugung aus Wasserkraft. Vorrangiges Ziel ist die Niedrigwasseraufhöhung der Ruhr, in die das Wasser der Talsperre über den Unterlauf der Möhne und den Zusammenfluss im Arnsberger Stadtteil Neheim gelangt. Die Regulation des Wasserstands der Ruhr garantiert eine gleichmäßige Versorgung des Ruhrgebiets mit Roh- und Brauchwasser. Eigentümer und Betreiber der Talsperre ist der Ruhrverband.
Der Möhnesee, der nebst der Rurtalsperre und dem Biggesee zu den größten Stauseen in Nordrhein-Westfalen zählt, wie auch der angrenzende Arnsberger Wald sind vor allem für Menschen aus dem Ruhrgebiet bedeutende Naherholungsgebiete. Daher gibt es ein umfangreiches wassersportliches Angebot sowie jährlich einen großen Triathlonwettbewerb am Möhnesee. Möglich sind hier Grillen auf dem See, Segeln, Motorbootfahren mit Elektromotor und Tauchen bis zu Tiefen von 25 Metern. Entlang des Sees führt auf beiden Seiten der Möhnetalradweg von Brilon nach Neheim.
Hauptsperre
Der Stau- oder Speicherraum der Hauptsperre kann 126,05 Millionen m³ Wasser aufnehmen. Der Möhnesee ist mit seinen vier Abschnitten über zehn Kilometer lang und rund 10,37 km² groß. Bei Vollstau liegt seine tiefste Stelle mit 36 Metern beim Linkturm, der nach dem Erbauer Ernst Link benannt wurde.
Das Absperrbauwerk der Talsperre, das als Gewichtsstaumauer erbaut wurde, besteht aus Bruchsteinmauerwerk, ist nach dem Intze-Prinzip gebaut und hat eine Kronenlänge von 650 m.
Um bei Hochwasser einen Überlauf zu ermöglichen sind in der Mauerkrone, unterhalb der Fahrbahn, 105 Öffnungen eingelassen. Ein Teil der Energie des herabströmenden Wassers wird auf der Luftseite der Staumauer durch die hervorstehenden Bruchsteinquader bereits umgewandelt. Um die Mauer zu schonen und wegen der Energieerzeugung wird ein Überlaufen über die Öffnungen der Hochwasserentlastung möglichst vermieden. Zuletzt lief die Talsperre im August 2007 über, infolge extremer Niederschläge im Einzugsgebiet – zum Beispiel in Warstein am 9. August 2007 in drei Stunden 58,5 mm. Das vorletzte Überlauf-Ereignis war 1984.
Direkt unterhalb der Staumauer befindet sich ein Ausgleichsbecken (Ausgleichsweiher), das als Tosbecken dient. Der Stauraum ist 0,66 Millionen m³ groß und das Stauziel liegt auf 183,65 m ü. NHN.
Das Wasserkraftwerk hat eine Ausbauleistung von 7,04 MW; seine mittlere Gesamtjahresenergieerzeugung liegt bei 12,9 Millionen kWh.
Berechnungen des zukünftigen Bedarfs an Trink- und Brauchwasser für das wachsende Ruhrgebiet im Jahre 1904 hatten ergeben, dass zu den bereits vorhandenen Talsperren im Flusssystem der Ruhr mit einem Stauvolumen von 32,4 Millionen m³ die dreifache Menge erforderlich wäre, nämlich etwa 100 Millionen m³ Stauraum. Bis zum Jahr 1925 schätzte man sogar ein Anwachsen auf fast 200 Millionen m³. Daher wurde von der Generalversammlung des Ruhrtalsperrenvereins am 28. November 1904 eine Satzungsänderung zum Bau eigener Talsperren beschlossen. Am 22. Mai 1905 wurde zum ersten Mal über den Plan gesprochen, im Möhnetal eine große Talsperre zu bauen. Die Möhnetalsperre wurde daraufhin in den Jahren 1908 bis 1912 nach Plänen des Regierungsbaumeisters Ernst Link und nach einem Entwurf des Kölner Architekten Franz Brantzky für die Staumauer mit einem Kostenaufwand von 23,5 Millionen Mark erbaut und am 12. Juli 1913 vom Ruhrtalsperrenverein eingeweiht. Im Jahr der Einweihung war die Talsperre die größte Stauanlage in Europa. Der ehemalige Ort Kettlersteich versank vollkommen im Wasser. Das Dorf Delecke (Alt-Delecke) wurde ebenfalls zum größten Teil geflutet. Dem See mussten 140 Gehöfte mit 700 Menschen weichen.
Die Möhnetalsperre wurde im Zweiten Weltkrieg durch einen Operation Chastise (deutsch Züchtigung) genannten britischen Bombenangriff, geleitet durch Wing Commander Guy Gibson, in der Nacht vom 16. auf den 17. Mai 1943 stark beschädigt.
Um die Abwehranlagen am Stausee zu umgehen, wurden eigens zu diesem Zweck konstruierte über das Wasser hüpfende Rollbomben von nachtflugtauglichen Langstreckenbombern des Typs Avro Lancaster von der No. 617 Squadron abgeworfen. Diese Rollbomben hüpften bei flachem Auftrittswinkel aufgrund ihrer schnellen Eigendrehung über das Wasser und sprangen über die Torpedoabfangnetze hinweg. Anschließend prallten sie gegen die Staumauer, wobei ihr Drall dafür sorgte, dass sie rasch zum Mauersohlengrund sanken, wo sie dann in einer Tiefe von 10 bis 15 Metern explodierten. Eine von mehreren in kurzer Folge abgeworfenen Bomben erreichte ihr Ziel und führte zur Mauerbeschädigung. Der Stauraum war zum Zeitpunkt des Bombenangriffs Mai 1943 voll gefüllt. Es entstand so zunächst ein kleiner Riss, der sich durch den Druck der ausströmenden Wassermassen schnell erweiterte und zuletzt eine trapezförmige Lücke mit 77 m Breite und 22 m Tiefe ergab.
Aufgrund der hierdurch entstandenen Flutwelle, die sich über die Möhne bis weit ins Ruhrtal ergoss, kamen verschiedenen Angaben zufolge mindestens 1284 oder sogar über 1600 Menschen ums Leben. Der von der Abwurfstelle am weitesten entfernte Todesfall in Zusammenhang mit der Flutwelle ereignete sich in Essen-Steele, über 100 Kilometer jenseits der Staumauer. Ein Mahnmal am früheren Kloster Himmelpforten erinnert heute an die Toten der Katastrophe. Neheim, heute ein Stadtteil von Arnsberg, wurde besonders schwer getroffen; die Flutwelle war dort über 12 Meter hoch. Die meisten Menschen kamen im Neheimer Zwangsarbeiterlager Möhnewiesen ums Leben. In Neheim gibt es vor der St. Johannes-Kirche eine weitere Gedenkstätte.
Zweck dieses Angriffs, bei dem gleichzeitig auch die Edertalsperre und der Sorpesee angegriffen wurden, war mittelbar die Beeinträchtigung der Rüstungsindustrie im Ruhrgebiet; der Sorpedamm wurde aufgrund seiner speziellen Bauweise aus Beton mit Erd- und Steinüberschüttung kaum beschädigt.
Der Angriff auf die Staumauer wurde 1954 in dem britischen Spielfilm Mai '43 – Die Zerstörung der Talsperren (The Dam Busters) von Michael Anderson nachgezeichnet.
Der Wiederaufbau der Staumauer unter einem Aufgebot von mehreren tausend Arbeitskräften rund um die Uhr und unter Verwendung der ursprünglichen Baumaterialien wurde, trotz der damals sehr angespannten allgemeinen Material- und Kräftelage, unmittelbar nach der starken Beschädigung eingeleitet und konnte schon am 3. Oktober 1943 mit dem Auftragen der Fahrbahndecke auf der Dammkrone abgeschlossen werden. Der schnelle Fortgang der Arbeiten wurde schließlich auch durch die Nazi-Propaganda ausgenutzt, um der kriegsmüden Bevölkerung zumindest kleine Erfolge vorzuführen. Der Einfluss des Angriffes auf die Kriegswirtschaft des Ruhrgebietes war nicht so nachhaltig ausgefallen, wie von den Alliierten ursprünglich erhofft. Sie griffen die Großbaustelle bzw. die dann fertiggestellte Staumauer bis Kriegsende nicht mehr an.
Von 1972 bis 1979 fand eine umfassende Sanierung der Möhnetalsperre statt. Durch Sprengungen legte man entlang der Gründungssohle der Staumauer einen Kontrollgang an, von dem aus die Mauer verpresst und mit Drainagebohrungen versehen wurde.
Auch auf der freien Seite der Staumauer nagte am Mauerwerk der Zahn der Zeit. Durch die Risse drang Wasser ins Mauerwerk, einsetzender Frost beschädigte Steine. In den entstandenen Hohlräumen sammelten sich Samen an, keimten und bildeten Baum- und Strauchwerk aus, welches mit seinen Wurzeln die Mauer weiter schädigte. Von 1992 bis 2000 wurden umfassende Sanierungsarbeiten an der etwa 2,5 Hektar umfassenden Luftseite vorgenommen. Da Stein- und Fugensanierungen nur im Sommerhalbjahr durchgeführt werden konnten zog sich die Sanierung über acht Jahre.
Wie bei vielen anderen Stauseen finden sich unterhalb der Wasseroberfläche Relikte aus vergangenen Tagen. Im Spätsommer 2003 musste wegen Reparaturarbeiten an den Absperrschiebern des Hevevorbeckens der Wasserstand so weit abgesenkt werden, bis das Hevebecken vollständig entleert war. Zum Vorschein kam die alte Brücke mit der über ihr verlaufenden Straße.
Die Talsperrenmauer ist als Baudenkmal in die Denkmalliste der Gemeinde Möhnesee eingetragen.
Anlässlich des 100. Jahrestages der Vollendung der Talsperre im Jahre 1912 gab die Deutsche Post AG mit dem Erstausgabetag 4. April 2013 ein Sonderpostwertzeichen im Wert von 90 Eurocent mit Sonderstempeln und dem Text 100 Jahre Möhnetalsperre heraus. Der Entwurf stammt von den Grafikern Gerda M. und Horst F. Neumann aus Wuppertal.
2013 erscheint der Roman Nachtauge von Titus Müller, der die Geschichte des Ortes Neheim und die Flutkatastrophe aus der Perspektive historischer bzw. fiktiver Figuren realistisch, eindrucksvoll zum Leben erweckt und durch Lesungen vor Ort würdigt.
Unter dem Motto Jahrhundertleuchten wurden zum Jubiläum einen Monat lang rund um den Ausgleichsweiher eine Vielzahl von Lichtinstallationen ausgestellt. Zentrales Element war eine Videoinstallation, die auf 160 × 40 Meter der Bruchsteinoberfläche der Staumauer zwischen den Türmen mittels Dia- und Videoprojektoren 100 Jahre deutsche Geschichte mit dem Staudamm im Mittelpunkt zusammenfasste. Sie wurde von Britta und Wolfgang Flammersfeld erstellt.
(Wikipedia)
Wrought iron cross for church tower--Mission Espiritu Santo; drawing is full size rendering of cross.
Early date: 1934
Late date: 1945
Stiff, buff-colored paper, pencil drawing. Mathematical calculations in UR and LL. LN: 28.625 x WD: 22.75.
Life's a calculation, try and multiply your happiness ....
And yeah, clean your calculator often :D
Q: Ever wondered why the Del and AC buttons are always red? Even though logic dictates = would be the most used button ...
A: People more often make mistakes than arrive at answers ...
your CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be?
CIA Whore and MURDERER, Jami Rose. her photo, right here :)
www.flickr.com/photos/89268704@N08/8123854555/in/photostream
JamiRoseCIAWhore
jami rose cia whore all those people that she killed all that damage that she caused
looking for who is responsible for the aurora colorado july 19 2012 theatre shooting for the dark night rises? look no further.. CIA Whore Jami Rose, right here
JamiRoseCIAWhore
jami rose cia whore all those people that she killed all that damage that she caused
1)hurricane katrina
2)bp oil spill
3)japan tsunami
and most recently, Aurora Colorado Batman Murders,
and many others in time.
raped. robed. murdered. dismembered.
never punished for her crimes
born on april 4 1980.
here you go :)
by entering in her information from date of birth here:
www.timeanddate.com/date/duration.html
you can monitor her information that is used by the world markets on a daily basis, not only that, but control for what is in numerical belief, thru out the us and the rest of the world.
on a daily basis. in forward motion time placement.
also,
www.timeanddate.com/date/durationresult.html?m1=01&d1...
(The stasis of origin should show in the above link, like what is just listed below. why not tell people? :)
From and including: Saturday, January 1, 0001 (Julian calendar)
To, but not including : Friday, April 4, 1980 (Gregorian calendar)
It is 722,910 days from the start date to the end date, but not including the end date
Or 1979 years, 3 months, 3 days excluding the end date
Note:The From date is a Julian calendar date. The current Gregorian calendar was adopted in United States where Thursday, September 3, 1752 was the first of 11 days that were skipped. This has been accounted for in this calculation. Read more about the Julian and Gregorian calendars
Alternative time units
722,910 days can be converted to one of these units:
62,459,424,000 seconds
1,040,990,400 minutes
17,349,840 hours
103,272 weeks (rounded down)
if you need a little help to her "stasis of orgin" here you go. if you're not smart enough to know what a birthday does in time, its an active measure for which you create throught your life span. there, i said it. don't like that intelligent secret? millions people living, and not knowing that. how could anyone not know? :)
and all those people she killed. never punished
thomas warn varnas will make sure that happens, won't he?
you attempted two murders on his life at 143 Rue Esplanade and Villa Du Lac,
by channeling his dreams with tenants and parking cars outside of his residence, capturing him..
how does it feel now Jami, to know the same is happening
to you :)
:)
there you go :)
Kangchenjunga is the third highest mountain in the world. It rises with an elevation of 8,586 m in a section of the Himalayas called Kangchenjunga Himal that is limited in the west by the Tamur River and in the east by the Teesta River. The Kangchenjunga Himal is located in eastern Nepal and Sikkim, India.
The main peak of Kangchenjunga is the second highest mountain in Nepal after Mount Everest. Three of the five peaks – Main, Central and South – are on the border between North Sikkim and Nepal. Two peaks are in the Taplejung District, Nepal. Kangchenjunga Main is the highest mountain in India, and the easternmost of the mountains higher than 8,000 m. It is called Five Treasures of Snow after its five high peaks, and has always been worshipped by the people of Darjeeling and Sikkim.
Until 1852, Kangchenjunga was assumed to be the highest mountain in the world, but calculations based on various readings and measurements made by the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India in 1849 came to the conclusion that Mount Everest, known as Peak XV at the time, was the highest. Allowing for further verification of all calculations, it was officially announced in 1856 that Kangchenjunga is the third highest mountain.
Kangchenjunga was first climbed on 25 May 1955 by Joe Brown and George Band, who were part of a British expedition. They stopped short of the summit as per the promise given to the Chogyal that the top of the mountain would remain inviolate. Every climber or climbing group that has reached the summit has followed this tradition. Other members of this expedition included John Angelo Jackson and Tom Mackinon.
The Kangchenjunga landscape is a complex of three distinct ecoregions: the eastern Himalayan broad-leaved and coniferous forests, the Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows and the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands. The Kangchenjunga transboundary landscape is shared by Bhutan, China, India and Nepal, and comprises 14 protected areas with a total of 6,032 km2:
- Nepal: Kanchenjunga Conservation Area.
- Sikkim, India: Khangchendzonga National Park, Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary, Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary, Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary, Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary, Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary
- Darjeeling, India: Jore Pokhri Wildlife Sanctuary, Singalila National Park, Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary, Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary, Neora Valley National Park.
- Bhutan: Torsa Strict Nature Reserve
These protected areas are habitats for many globally significant plant species such as rhododendrons and orchids and many endangered flagship species such as snow leopard, Asian black bear, red panda, white-bellied musk deer, blood pheasant and chestnut-breasted partridge.
GEOGRAPHY
The Kangchenjunga Himal section of the Himalayas lies both in Nepal and India, and encompasses 16 peaks over 7,000 m. In the north, it is limited by the Lhonak Chu, Goma Chu and Jongsang La, and in the east by the Teesta River. The western limit runs from the Jongsang La down the Gingsang and Kangchenjunga glaciers and the rivers of Ghunsa and Tamur. Kanchenjunga rises about 20 km south of the general alignment of the Great Himalayan range about 125 km east-south-east of Mount Everest as the crow flies. South of the southern face of Kanchenjunga runs the 3,000–3,500 m high Singalila Ridge that separates Sikkim from Nepal and north Bengal.
Four glaciers radiate from the peak, pointing roughly to the north-east, south-east, north-west and south-west. The Zemu glacier in the north-east and the Talung glacier in the south-east drain to the Teesta River, thereby forming a part of the Brahmputra catchment. The summit of Kangchenjunga is the highest point of the Brahmaputra basin. The Yalung glacier in the south-west and the Kangchen glacier in the north-west drain to the Arun and Kosi rivers, thereby forming a part of the Ganges catchment. The summit of Kangchenjunga, therefore, also forms a part of the Ganges basin. The glaciers spread over the area above approximately 5,000 m, and the glacialized area covers 314 km2 in total.
The main ridge of the massif runs from north-north-east to south-south-west and forms a watershed to several rivers. Together with ridges running roughly from east to west they form a giant cross. These ridges contain a host of peaks between 6,000 and 8,000 m. On the east ridge is Siniolchu (6,888 m). The west ridge culminates in the Jannu (7,710 m) with its imposing north face. To the south are Kabru North (7,338 m), Kabru South (7,316 m) and Rathong (6,678 m). The north ridge, after passing through the Kangchenjunga North (7,741 m), includes The Twins (7,350 m) and Tent Peak, and runs up to the Tibetan border by the Jongsang La, a 6,120 m high pass.
FIRST ASCENT
In 1955, Joe Brown and George Band made the first ascent on 25 May, followed by Norman Hardie and Tony Streather on 26 May. The full team also included John Clegg (team doctor), Charles Evans (team leader), John Angelo Jackson, Neil Mather, and Tom Mackinnon.
The ascent proved that Aleister Crowley's 1905 route (also investigated by the 1954 reconnaissance) was viable. The route starts on the Yalung Glacier to the southwest of the peak, and climbs the Yalung Face, which is 3,000 metres high. The main feature of this face is the "Great Shelf", a large sloping plateau at around 7,500 metres, covered by a hanging glacier. The route is almost entirely on snow, glacier, and one icefall; the summit ridge itself can involve a small amount of travel on rock. The first ascent expedition made six camps above their base camp, two below the Shelf, two on it, and two above it. They started on 18 April, and everyone was back to base camp by 28 May.
TOURISM
Some of the most famous views of Kangchenjunga are from the hill station of Darjeeling and Antu Dada of Illam, Nepal. The Darjeeling War Memorial is among the most visited places from which Kangchenjunga is observed. On a clear day it presents an image not so much of a mountain but of a white wall hanging from the sky. The people of Sikkim revere Kangchenjunga as a sacred mountain. Permission to climb the mountain from the Indian side is rarely given.
Due to its remote location in Nepal and the difficulty involved in accessing it from India, the Kangchenjunga region is not much explored by trekkers. It has, therefore, retained much of its pristine beauty. In Sikkim too, trekking into the Kangchenjunga region has just recently been permitted. The Goecha La trek is gaining popularity amongst tourists. It goes to the Goecha La Pass, located right in front of the huge southeast face of Kangchenjunga. Another trek to Green Lake Basin has recently been opened for trekking. This trek goes to the Northeast side of Kangchenjunga along the famous Zemu Glacier.
IN MYTH
The area around Kangchenjunga is said to be home to a mountain deity, called Dzö-nga or "Kangchenjunga Demon", a type of yeti or rakshasa. A British geological expedition in 1925 spotted a bipedal creature which they asked the locals about, who referred to it as the "Kangchenjunga Demon".
For generations, there have been legends recounted by the inhabitants of the areas surrounding Mount Kanchenjunga, both in Sikkim and in Nepal, that there is a valley of immortality hidden on its slopes. These stories are well known to both the original inhabitants of the area, the Lepcha people, and those of the Tibetan Buddhist cultural tradition. In Tibetan, this valley is known as Beyul Demoshong. In 1962 a Tibetan Lama by the name of Tulshuk Lingpa led over 300 followers into the high snow slopes of Kanchenjunga to ‘open the way’ to Beyul Demoshong.
IN LITERATURE
- In the Swallows and Amazons series of books by Arthur Ransome, a high mountain (unnamed in the book, but clearly based on the Old Man of Coniston in the English Lake District) is given the name "Kanchenjunga" by the children when they climb it in 1931.
- In The Epic of Mount Everest, first published in 1926, Sir Francis Younghusband: " For natural beauty Darjiling (Darjeeling) is surely unsurpassed in the world. From all countries travellers come there to see the famous view of Kangchenjunga, 28,150 feet (8,580 m) in height, and only 40 miles (64 km) distant. Darjiling (Darjeeling) itself is 2,100 m above sea-level and is set in a forest of oaks, magnolia, rhododendrons, laurels and sycamores. And through these forests the observer looks down the steep mountain-sides to the Rangeet River only 300 m above sea-level, and then up and up through tier after tier of forest-clad ranges, each bathed in a haze of deeper and deeper purple, till the line of snow is reached; and then still up to the summit of Kangchenjunga, now so pure and ethereal we can scarcely believe it is part of the solid earth on which we stand; and so high it seems part of the very sky itself."
- In 1999, official James Bond author Raymond Benson published High Time to Kill. In this story, a microdot containing a secret formula for aviation technology is stolen by a society called the Union. During their escape, their plane crashes on the slopes of Kangchenjunga and James Bond becomes part of a climbing expedition in order to retrieve the formula.
- The Inheritance of Loss by Kiran Desai, which won the 2006 Man Booker Prize, is set partly in Kalimpong, a hill station situated near Kangchenjunga.
WIKIPEDIA
Kangchenjunga is the third highest mountain in the world. It rises with an elevation of 8,586 m in a section of the Himalayas called Kangchenjunga Himal that is limited in the west by the Tamur River and in the east by the Teesta River. The Kangchenjunga Himal is located in eastern Nepal and Sikkim, India.
The main peak of Kangchenjunga is the second highest mountain in Nepal after Mount Everest. Three of the five peaks – Main, Central and South – are on the border between North Sikkim and Nepal. Two peaks are in the Taplejung District, Nepal. Kangchenjunga Main is the highest mountain in India, and the easternmost of the mountains higher than 8,000 m. It is called Five Treasures of Snow after its five high peaks, and has always been worshipped by the people of Darjeeling and Sikkim.
Until 1852, Kangchenjunga was assumed to be the highest mountain in the world, but calculations based on various readings and measurements made by the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India in 1849 came to the conclusion that Mount Everest, known as Peak XV at the time, was the highest. Allowing for further verification of all calculations, it was officially announced in 1856 that Kangchenjunga is the third highest mountain.
Kangchenjunga was first climbed on 25 May 1955 by Joe Brown and George Band, who were part of a British expedition. They stopped short of the summit as per the promise given to the Chogyal that the top of the mountain would remain inviolate. Every climber or climbing group that has reached the summit has followed this tradition. Other members of this expedition included John Angelo Jackson and Tom Mackinon.
The Kangchenjunga landscape is a complex of three distinct ecoregions: the eastern Himalayan broad-leaved and coniferous forests, the Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows and the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands. The Kangchenjunga transboundary landscape is shared by Bhutan, China, India and Nepal, and comprises 14 protected areas with a total of 6,032 km2:
- Nepal: Kanchenjunga Conservation Area.
- Sikkim, India: Khangchendzonga National Park, Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary, Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary, Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary, Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary, Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary
- Darjeeling, India: Jore Pokhri Wildlife Sanctuary, Singalila National Park, Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary, Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary, Neora Valley National Park.
- Bhutan: Torsa Strict Nature Reserve
These protected areas are habitats for many globally significant plant species such as rhododendrons and orchids and many endangered flagship species such as snow leopard, Asian black bear, red panda, white-bellied musk deer, blood pheasant and chestnut-breasted partridge.
GEOGRAPHY
The Kangchenjunga Himal section of the Himalayas lies both in Nepal and India, and encompasses 16 peaks over 7,000 m. In the north, it is limited by the Lhonak Chu, Goma Chu and Jongsang La, and in the east by the Teesta River. The western limit runs from the Jongsang La down the Gingsang and Kangchenjunga glaciers and the rivers of Ghunsa and Tamur. Kanchenjunga rises about 20 km south of the general alignment of the Great Himalayan range about 125 km east-south-east of Mount Everest as the crow flies. South of the southern face of Kanchenjunga runs the 3,000–3,500 m high Singalila Ridge that separates Sikkim from Nepal and north Bengal.
Four glaciers radiate from the peak, pointing roughly to the north-east, south-east, north-west and south-west. The Zemu glacier in the north-east and the Talung glacier in the south-east drain to the Teesta River, thereby forming a part of the Brahmputra catchment. The summit of Kangchenjunga is the highest point of the Brahmaputra basin. The Yalung glacier in the south-west and the Kangchen glacier in the north-west drain to the Arun and Kosi rivers, thereby forming a part of the Ganges catchment. The summit of Kangchenjunga, therefore, also forms a part of the Ganges basin. The glaciers spread over the area above approximately 5,000 m, and the glacialized area covers 314 km2 in total.
The main ridge of the massif runs from north-north-east to south-south-west and forms a watershed to several rivers. Together with ridges running roughly from east to west they form a giant cross. These ridges contain a host of peaks between 6,000 and 8,000 m. On the east ridge is Siniolchu (6,888 m). The west ridge culminates in the Jannu (7,710 m) with its imposing north face. To the south are Kabru North (7,338 m), Kabru South (7,316 m) and Rathong (6,678 m). The north ridge, after passing through the Kangchenjunga North (7,741 m), includes The Twins (7,350 m) and Tent Peak, and runs up to the Tibetan border by the Jongsang La, a 6,120 m high pass.
FIRST ASCENT
In 1955, Joe Brown and George Band made the first ascent on 25 May, followed by Norman Hardie and Tony Streather on 26 May. The full team also included John Clegg (team doctor), Charles Evans (team leader), John Angelo Jackson, Neil Mather, and Tom Mackinnon.
The ascent proved that Aleister Crowley's 1905 route (also investigated by the 1954 reconnaissance) was viable. The route starts on the Yalung Glacier to the southwest of the peak, and climbs the Yalung Face, which is 3,000 metres high. The main feature of this face is the "Great Shelf", a large sloping plateau at around 7,500 metres, covered by a hanging glacier. The route is almost entirely on snow, glacier, and one icefall; the summit ridge itself can involve a small amount of travel on rock. The first ascent expedition made six camps above their base camp, two below the Shelf, two on it, and two above it. They started on 18 April, and everyone was back to base camp by 28 May.
TOURISM
Some of the most famous views of Kangchenjunga are from the hill station of Darjeeling and Antu Dada of Illam, Nepal. The Darjeeling War Memorial is among the most visited places from which Kangchenjunga is observed. On a clear day it presents an image not so much of a mountain but of a white wall hanging from the sky. The people of Sikkim revere Kangchenjunga as a sacred mountain. Permission to climb the mountain from the Indian side is rarely given.
Due to its remote location in Nepal and the difficulty involved in accessing it from India, the Kangchenjunga region is not much explored by trekkers. It has, therefore, retained much of its pristine beauty. In Sikkim too, trekking into the Kangchenjunga region has just recently been permitted. The Goecha La trek is gaining popularity amongst tourists. It goes to the Goecha La Pass, located right in front of the huge southeast face of Kangchenjunga. Another trek to Green Lake Basin has recently been opened for trekking. This trek goes to the Northeast side of Kangchenjunga along the famous Zemu Glacier.
IN MYTH
The area around Kangchenjunga is said to be home to a mountain deity, called Dzö-nga or "Kangchenjunga Demon", a type of yeti or rakshasa. A British geological expedition in 1925 spotted a bipedal creature which they asked the locals about, who referred to it as the "Kangchenjunga Demon".
For generations, there have been legends recounted by the inhabitants of the areas surrounding Mount Kanchenjunga, both in Sikkim and in Nepal, that there is a valley of immortality hidden on its slopes. These stories are well known to both the original inhabitants of the area, the Lepcha people, and those of the Tibetan Buddhist cultural tradition. In Tibetan, this valley is known as Beyul Demoshong. In 1962 a Tibetan Lama by the name of Tulshuk Lingpa led over 300 followers into the high snow slopes of Kanchenjunga to ‘open the way’ to Beyul Demoshong.
IN LITERATURE
- In the Swallows and Amazons series of books by Arthur Ransome, a high mountain (unnamed in the book, but clearly based on the Old Man of Coniston in the English Lake District) is given the name "Kanchenjunga" by the children when they climb it in 1931.
- In The Epic of Mount Everest, first published in 1926, Sir Francis Younghusband: " For natural beauty Darjiling (Darjeeling) is surely unsurpassed in the world. From all countries travellers come there to see the famous view of Kangchenjunga, 28,150 feet (8,580 m) in height, and only 40 miles (64 km) distant. Darjiling (Darjeeling) itself is 2,100 m above sea-level and is set in a forest of oaks, magnolia, rhododendrons, laurels and sycamores. And through these forests the observer looks down the steep mountain-sides to the Rangeet River only 300 m above sea-level, and then up and up through tier after tier of forest-clad ranges, each bathed in a haze of deeper and deeper purple, till the line of snow is reached; and then still up to the summit of Kangchenjunga, now so pure and ethereal we can scarcely believe it is part of the solid earth on which we stand; and so high it seems part of the very sky itself."
- In 1999, official James Bond author Raymond Benson published High Time to Kill. In this story, a microdot containing a secret formula for aviation technology is stolen by a society called the Union. During their escape, their plane crashes on the slopes of Kangchenjunga and James Bond becomes part of a climbing expedition in order to retrieve the formula.
- The Inheritance of Loss by Kiran Desai, which won the 2006 Man Booker Prize, is set partly in Kalimpong, a hill station situated near Kangchenjunga.
WIKIPEDIA
Foam in place, calculations figgered, team at ready to staunch blood or administer CPR, should the figgerin' not be figgered too well.. Not graceful, but effective for downstream river passage. All for the da Vinci Days Kinetic Sculpture Race July 20-21, in Corvallis, Oregon..
and the actual mud exit.. www.youtube.com/watch?v=6qYqKvVMykY
lazy river float during the race:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Elc5LNk5XDY
4th racing Water entry, into Humboldt Bay, 9 1/2 months later:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=2vottUgo9dE For The Glory!!
'Prolific' on Sydney Harbour 1972.
Details :
Name: Prolific – Ex Terri
Type: Tug/Houseboat
Length: Actual 45 ft
Dimensions for calculation tonnage
Length 40.25 ft
Beam: 14 ft
Depth: 6.83 ft
Tonnage: (Volumetric measure 1 ton = 100 cubic ft)
Gross: 29 ton
Underdeck: 23.08 ton
Net: 10 ton
Engine: Motor 6Cy.5½"-6" 4SA Cummins diesel .
Built: Manning River Taree NSW
Builder: W. O. Ryan
Launched: 1945
Designer: Arthur Swinfield
Official Number: 317457
Identifying Numbers: (To be confirmed)
Owners:
- Nicholson Bros Harbour Transport Pty Ltd, Sydney. (1964 – 1968)
- Stannard Bros Launch Services Pty Ltd. (1968 – 1976)
- Albert (Bertie) Webster (1976 – ?)
- Michael Webster (? – 2016)
- Kris Mitchell ( 2016 - )
Construction:
- Planking: Carvel 2" hardwood & oregon, copper fastened. Copper sheathed.
- Framing: 2¾"x1¾" @ 9" centres.
- Engine beds: 11¾"x6".
- Bulkheads: Two double diagonal T&G, one waterproof ply.
- Stringers: 3 per side 5"x2".
- Shelf: 5"x2".
- Clamp: 6"x2".
- Keel: 10"x8".
- Deck beams: 5"x3" @ 1'9" centres.
- Deck: 1⅝" oregon.
- Deckhouse: Plywood on 3½"x2½" studs with ⅝" tie rods.
- Wooden rudder: 4'3" x 2'3", hand steering via chains and rods to quadrant.
- Wooden mast.
- Bulwarks: 14" high aft. 8' draft.
Location
The portion of land used for the shipyard, was situated in the vicinity between the end of Stevenson Lane and the banks of Browns Creek. (also known as Crooked Creek)
Now known as Muscio Park, Taree NSW.
Latitude: -31°53'54.6" S
Longitude: 152°28'4.43" E
Launch
After the vessels were launched, the hulls were then towed out of the creek into the Manning River and upstream to the North Coast Steam Navigation Company wharf.
The engines, machinery and metal work were installed by Mr Hector Haden’s engineer's, whilst Mr. A. Butterworth was in charge of fitting the electrical systems.
A team of carpenters added the superstructure and finished off the craft before they were test run on the river, and handed over for service.
History:
WWII Construction of Vessels in Australia
A program for Australian Construction was set up to supply craft for the U.S. Army, Australian Army, & the Royal Navy, through the Australian Shipbuilding Board, who distributed the orders to the various shipyards.
W. Ryan & Son's, of Taree, and E. Wright of Tuncurry were just two of many shipyards contracted to under take the orders for the various classes of vessels.
Boats built by W. Ryan & Sons were fully completed and tested, whereas E. Wright's shipyard at Tuncurry, supplied the hulls only, which were towed to either Sydney or Newcastle .
Standard 45ft Work boat built in 1945 for the Ministry of Munitions by W. Ryan’s shipyard Manning River NSW.
1945
WWII Service history:
Name: Terri (Further details unknown)
Standard 45ft Work boat built in 1945 for the Ministry of Munitions by W. Ryan’s shipyard Manning River NSW.
1949
Nicholson Bros Harbour Transport Pty Ltd.
Towards the end of the war, Nicholson Brothers was employed to complete a number of these US–Army style tugs. Eric Nicholson was so impressed with the design that, after the war, he purchased a number of them to add to his fleet around 1949.
Renamed with a company prefix “Pro-...)” the ex Terri became the Prolific, working in and around Sydney Harbour as a tug and towboat.
1964
Steering gear overhauled, new chains, pins and blocks fitted, steering tested & found satisfactory on the 7th October.
Inspected on slip at Greenwich on the 14th October, survey completed. Class VII Limited Coast Trade certificate carrying 3 crew off the coast of NSW with a radius of 26 nautical miles of Port Jackson , subsequently increased (c1970) to 4 crew. Harbour & River Class VIII certificate carrying 2 crew and Harbour & River Class IV certificate to carry 12 pax & 2 crew, both within a straight line drawn from Cannae Point to Hornby Light, Port Jackson, when bad weather signals are flying at South Head Signal Station or Fort Denison within a straight line from Green Point to George's Head only.
1960’s
Tugs fitted with an upper wheelhouse to design of Eric Nicholson, modification made to improve visibility from the wheel when towing punts laden high with timber.
1964-1974
Tug on Sydney Harbour, licenced to carry passengers, surveyed annually. Sydney No.3 of 1965.
1965
Inspected afloat at Birchgrove on the 3rd March.
Inspected on slip at Drummoyne, 1st November, metal on hull patched especially rudder post, rudder let go to enable this work.
1966
Eric Nicholson, who had been running the business, passed away suddenly on the 1st June. His older brother Stan took over the running of the business.
1968
Stannard Bros Launch Services Pty Ltd.
Allan Stannard accepted an offer, and acquired the Nicholson Bros business on the 2nd January 1968.
The Prolific was inspected on Lavender Bay slip on the 24fh October, rotten decking on quarters renewed, survey completed Circular Quay on the 16th January 1969.
1970
4th June inspected at Broken Bay prior to undertaking towage.
1972
Inspected on slip at Lavender Bay, Sydney, 6th October.
1973
Inspected on slip at Berry's Bay on 25th September, metal patched especially aft in way of rudder post.
Inspected afloat at Birchgrove on 31st October at Birchgrove.
Permission sought for vessel to tow punt from Sydney to Port Kembla on the 26th November.
1974
Registered out of commission on 1st October.
1976
20th April, inspected on slip at Berry's Bay.
Sold on the 14th July fitted out for private use.
1977
Reported on Parramatta River. Converted to private cruiser.
1991
26th January operating under private ownership at Darling Harbour.
2004
Converted to houseboat by 2004. sighted in December at berth in Snail's Bay, Sydney.
2016
Advertised for sale – Sold in August 2016.
2018
Sank at her moorings in Burraneer Bay NSW.
Raised and scrapped in November 2018.
A sad ending to a colourful career.
Image Source: Graeme Andrews. A lower resolution image is available from City of Sydney Archives Graeme Andrews 'Working Harbour' Collection: Image 092637.
Acknowledgements: The assistance of Mori Flapan (Mori Flapan boatregister) by providing access to his extensive database is greatly appreciated.
All Images in this photostream are Copyright - Great Lakes Manning River Shipping and/or their individual owners as may be stated above and may not be downloaded, reproduced, or used in any way without prior written approval.
GREAT LAKES MANNING RIVER SHIPPING, NSW - Flick Group --> Alphabetical Boat Index --> Boat builders Index --> Tags List
This image may be used as a free stock photo for non-adult contexts with proper photographer attribution.
PHILIPPINE SEA (Nov. 11, 2009) Quartermaster Seaman Samantha Elwell, from Hudson, N.H., calculates the range distance as the Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyer USS Mustin (DDG 89) approaches the Military Sealift Command fleet replenishment oiler USNS Rappahannock (T-AO 204) for an underway replenishment. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Nardelito Gervacio/Released)
A-4 (V2) Rakete Steurung
A4 (V2) Rocket Control System
My impression of the A-4 as a student of the history of technology
As in many other technical areas, the most advanced technologies are developed initially for destructive means. The A4 was the first real rocket and the technology (and the engineers developing it) went on to pioneer the American space program and play important roles in the Russian space development as well. In the history of technology this was a pioneering effort - and like much of the other war technology developed by Germany, United States, Great Britain, Japan, and Russia - it was applied to improve the course of man eventually.
From the Deutsches Museum Display
Die Steurung der A-4 Rakete musste in ihrer Antreibsbahn sehr präzise erfolgen.
Guiding the A-4 rocket on it's course required great precision.
Dies gesach automatisch durch Verwendung einer Tragheitslenkung.
It was controlled automatically by an inertial steering mechanism.
Ihre Entwicklung bedeuete eine weitere Pionierleistung.
It's development signifies yet another pioneering feat.
(brewbooks note - following is my poor translation)
Die A4 besass vier Ruder am Ende der Flossen
The A4 had four rudders at the end of the fins.
Components of A4 Rocket Control System (from diagram)
Ortungssystem und Steursignalerrechung
Bearing System and Control Signal Calculation
i061706 144
your CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be?
CIA Whore and MURDERER, Jami Rose. her photo, right here :)
www.flickr.com/photos/89268704@N08/8123854555/in/photostream
JamiRoseCIAWhore
jami rose cia whore all those people that she killed all that damage that she caused
looking for who is responsible for the aurora colorado july 19 2012 theatre shooting for the dark night rises? look no further.. CIA Whore Jami Rose, right here
JamiRoseCIAWhore
jami rose cia whore all those people that she killed all that damage that she caused
1)hurricane katrina
2)bp oil spill
3)japan tsunami
and most recently, Aurora Colorado Batman Murders,
and many others in time.
raped. robed. murdered. dismembered.
never punished for her crimes
born on april 4 1980.
here you go :)
by entering in her information from date of birth here:
www.timeanddate.com/date/duration.html
you can monitor her information that is used by the world markets on a daily basis, not only that, but control for what is in numerical belief, thru out the us and the rest of the world.
on a daily basis. in forward motion time placement.
also,
www.timeanddate.com/date/durationresult.html?m1=01&d1...
(The stasis of origin should show in the above link, like what is just listed below. why not tell people? :)
From and including: Saturday, January 1, 0001 (Julian calendar)
To, but not including : Friday, April 4, 1980 (Gregorian calendar)
It is 722,910 days from the start date to the end date, but not including the end date
Or 1979 years, 3 months, 3 days excluding the end date
Note:The From date is a Julian calendar date. The current Gregorian calendar was adopted in United States where Thursday, September 3, 1752 was the first of 11 days that were skipped. This has been accounted for in this calculation. Read more about the Julian and Gregorian calendars
Alternative time units
722,910 days can be converted to one of these units:
62,459,424,000 seconds
1,040,990,400 minutes
17,349,840 hours
103,272 weeks (rounded down)
if you need a little help to her "stasis of orgin" here you go. if you're not smart enough to know what a birthday does in time, its an active measure for which you create throught your life span. there, i said it. don't like that intelligent secret? millions people living, and not knowing that. how could anyone not know? :)
and all those people she killed. never punished
thomas warn varnas will make sure that happens, won't he?
you attempted two murders on his life at 143 Rue Esplanade and Villa Du Lac,
by channeling his dreams with tenants and parking cars outside of his residence, capturing him..
how does it feel now Jami, to know the same is happening
to you :)
:)
there you go :)
8296348544 CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore and MURDERE
8296348544 CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore and MURDERE
8296348544 CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore and MURDERE
8296348544 CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore and MURDERE
8296348544 CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be?
CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore and MURDERER, Jami Rose. her photo, right here :)
www.flickr.com/photos/89268704@N08/81238 54555/in/photostrea
CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore and MURDERER, Jami Rose. her photo, right here :) www.flickr.com/photos/89268704@N08/81238 54555/in/photostream JamiRoseCIAWhore
your CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be?
CIA Whore and MURDERER, Jami Rose. her photo, right here :)
www.flickr.com/photos/89268704@N08/8123854555/in/photostream
JamiRoseCIAWhore
jami rose cia whore all those people that she killed all that damage that she caused
looking for who is responsible for the aurora colorado july 19 2012 theatre shooting for the dark night rises? look no further.. CIA Whore Jami Rose, right here
JamiRoseCIAWhore
jami rose cia whore all those people that she killed all that damage that she caused
1)hurricane katrina
2)bp oil spill
3)japan tsunami
and most recently, Aurora Colorado Batman Murders,
and many others in time.
raped. robed. murdered. dismembered.
never punished for her crimes
born on april 4 1980.
here you go :)
by entering in her information from date of birth here:
www.timeanddate.com/date/duration.html
you can monitor her information that is used by the world markets on a daily basis, not only that, but control for what is in numerical belief, thru out the us and the rest of the world.
on a daily basis. in forward motion time placement.
also,
www.timeanddate.com/date/durationresult.html?m1=01&d1...
(The stasis of origin should show in the above link, like what is just listed below. why not tell people? :)
From and including: Saturday, January 1, 0001 (Julian calendar)
To, but not including : Friday, April 4, 1980 (Gregorian calendar)
It is 722,910 days from the start date to the end date, but not including the end date
Or 1979 years, 3 months, 3 days excluding the end date
Note:The From date is a Julian calendar date. The current Gregorian calendar was adopted in United States where Thursday, September 3, 1752 was the first of 11 days that were skipped. This has been accounted for in this calculation. Read more about the Julian and Gregorian calendars
Alternative time units
722,910 days can be converted to one of these units:
62,459,424,000 seconds
1,040,990,400 minutes
17,349,840 hours
103,272 weeks (rounded down)
if you need a little help to her "stasis of orgin" here you go. if you're not smart enough to know what a birthday does in time, its an active measure for which you create throught your life span. there, i said it. don't like that intelligent secret? millions people living, and not knowing that. how could anyone not know? :)
and all those people she killed. never punished
thomas warn varnas will make sure that happens, won't he?
you attempted two murders on his life at 143 Rue Esplanade and Villa Du Lac,
by channeling his dreams with tenants and parking cars outside of his residence, capturing him..
how does it feel now Jami, to know the same is happening
to you :)
:)
there you go :)
A payroll is a company's list of its employees, but the term is commonly used to refer to: the total amount of money that a company pays to its employees. a company's records of its employees' salaries and wages, bonuses, and withheld taxes. the company's department that calculates and pays these.
Visit Our Website : www.alpconsulting.in/payroll-services.html
your CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be?
CIA Whore and MURDERER, Jami Rose. her photo, right here :)
www.flickr.com/photos/89268704@N08/8123854555/in/photostream
JamiRoseCIAWhore
jami rose cia whore all those people that she killed all that damage that she caused
looking for who is responsible for the aurora colorado july 19 2012 theatre shooting for the dark night rises? look no further.. CIA Whore Jami Rose, right here
JamiRoseCIAWhore
jami rose cia whore all those people that she killed all that damage that she caused
1)hurricane katrina
2)bp oil spill
3)japan tsunami
and most recently, Aurora Colorado Batman Murders,
and many others in time.
raped. robed. murdered. dismembered.
never punished for her crimes
born on april 4 1980.
here you go :)
by entering in her information from date of birth here:
www.timeanddate.com/date/duration.html
you can monitor her information that is used by the world markets on a daily basis, not only that, but control for what is in numerical belief, thru out the us and the rest of the world.
on a daily basis. in forward motion time placement.
also,
www.timeanddate.com/date/durationresult.html?m1=01&d1...
(The stasis of origin should show in the above link, like what is just listed below. why not tell people? :)
From and including: Saturday, January 1, 0001 (Julian calendar)
To, but not including : Friday, April 4, 1980 (Gregorian calendar)
It is 722,910 days from the start date to the end date, but not including the end date
Or 1979 years, 3 months, 3 days excluding the end date
Note:The From date is a Julian calendar date. The current Gregorian calendar was adopted in United States where Thursday, September 3, 1752 was the first of 11 days that were skipped. This has been accounted for in this calculation. Read more about the Julian and Gregorian calendars
Alternative time units
722,910 days can be converted to one of these units:
62,459,424,000 seconds
1,040,990,400 minutes
17,349,840 hours
103,272 weeks (rounded down)
if you need a little help to her "stasis of orgin" here you go. if you're not smart enough to know what a birthday does in time, its an active measure for which you create throught your life span. there, i said it. don't like that intelligent secret? millions people living, and not knowing that. how could anyone not know? :)
and all those people she killed. never punished
thomas warn varnas will make sure that happens, won't he?
you attempted two murders on his life at 143 Rue Esplanade and Villa Du Lac,
by channeling his dreams with tenants and parking cars outside of his residence, capturing him..
how does it feel now Jami, to know the same is happening
to you :)
:)
there you go :)
Emphasis on the 'problems' part. This is what you get when you make an attorney do math. I realized after I took this shot that my calculations looked a lot like the rantings of the crazy homeless guy from a few posts ago. Who knows, maybe once upon a time he was an attorney who was forced to work with numbers and it drove him stark, raving bonkers.
I spent a good chunk of yesterday afternoon and this morning reviewing the assets and liabilities of a married couple who own a government contracting company and winnowing through their tax returns to try and figure out how much of their collective income was attributable to each spouse. They had applied for certification as a disadvantaged business and I had to see if the program office's determination that the couple was not economically disadvantaged was legally supportable. Which meant I had to do math.
Math is not my friend. It was always my worst (and least favorite) subject in school. It's not a widely known fact, but most lawyers are terrible at anything involving numbers. We tend to react to numbers like Superman does to Kryptonite and vampires do to crosses. If we were good at math we wouldn't go to law school. We'd be doctors or scientists or engineers instead (or in my case, an architect), or something useful like that. But we suck at math so we wind up lawyers by default.
After a lengthy and awkward struggle (and a bit of cheating using the QuickMath automatic math solutions website -- man I love that website), I was finallly able to determine that the couple's adjusted net worth was below the $750,000 threshold but their average two-year incomes were in excess of $200,000, which put them in the upper percentiles of all U.S. taxpayers and therefore precluded them from being deemed economically disadvantaged.
Anyone who wasn't math illiterate probably could've figured that out in about 20 minutes, tops. Making an attorney do math is like giving a monkey a chainsaw -- it might turn out all right, but the odds are it's going to result in something messy and unpleasant.
(October 23, 2008)
Sorry but photographer knows nothing about the actual level of her knowledge in the branch of triple integrals calculations. But it seems she has no any problem at least with PROPORTIONS
Увы, фотограф пребывает в полном неведении насчёт её нынешнего уровня знаний в области вычисления тройных интегралов. Но очевидно, что, по крайней мере, с ПРОПОРЦИЯМИ - у неё никаких проблем
Introduction :
Since substituting for complex raw ceramic materials involves calculation that many potters are not familiar with and since we have found a way to substitute for most of these we offer to the community of ceramists the results of our research.
This research project originated very spontaneously while calculating to substitute for spodumene by lithium carbonate, kaolin and silica. Our approach is for those who are not familiar with glaze chemistry or for those who do not own a computer. This research project was conducted between 1993 and 1995, before the popularization of computer glaze softwares and home personal computers. Even at the present time only 20% of Quebec households own a computer and only 6% of them have a link to Internet (1997).
After succeeding our first substitution for spodumene the results were sent to W. Hunt, editor with Ceramics Monthly, who really appreciated our method. His letter of May 19, 1993 was a real boost for us: “I appreciated you sending us this fascinating discussion on substituting for spodumene. With your permission, I’d like to use parts of this in our Letters column”. Then we decided to apply our method to the substitution for feldspars, felspathoids and other raw materials, as you will see later. The results were sent to W. Hunt on a slow basis, in a “chapter by chapter” like manner, as new hypotheses came to our mind. Then on March 17, 1994 he send his final comments on what we had sent thus far. The chapter on lepidolite was done after receiving his last letter but the same methodology was applied.
We used general formulas rather than complex analysis and carried 3 decimal places, rounding the fourth on the third. We used the notional oxide KNAO. We also used a few other personal tricks. Our goal was to obtain substitutions in which new unity formulas were the closest possible to the original ones, which we achieved on each occasion.
Since the formulas of feldspars and feldspar-like materials are somewhat similar to those of glazes we used this last principle to find adequate substitutions. The idea was to consider the complex materials to be substituted for as glazebase unity formulas to be converted to batch recipes, then they were divided by 100 to be inserted easily in glaze recipes.
According to the method for glaze calculation: “Glaze calculation, theory and objectives”; “Glaze calculation using materials containing more than one oxide” and “Calculating glaze formulas from batches or recipes” (Daniel Rhodes, Clay and glazes for the potter, revised edition, 1973) we used different materials to achieve our goal which was to make a mixture having, once fired, the formula of feldspars and feldspar-like materials.
Naturally some minor adjustments had to be made, by the method of trials and errors (on a mathematical basis), to the results of the first try (first substitution) to obtain a satisfactory fit. Then when necessary and/or possible, the results of the second try (second substitution) were tested a few more times in different recipes to eliminate possible good results due solely to chance.
Finally we applied our method to materials far less complex than feldspars and feldspar-like materials.
Sincerely
Edouard Bastarache
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
National Library of Canada 1998
Bibliothèque Nationale du Québec 1998
ISBN 2-9805901-1-8
Copyright
Canada
Registration: No. 462038
Date of Registration: May 26 1997
All rights reserved
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ceramics Monthly
Post Office Box 12448
1609 Northwest Boulevard,Columbus, Ohio 43212
Telephone 614-488-8236
Fax 614-488-4561
May 19, 1993
Edouard Bastarache
2340 Des Erables
Sorel-Tracy, Quebec
CANADA J3R 2W3
Dear Mr. Bastarache :
I appreciated you sending us this fascinating discusion on
substituting for spodumene.
Sincerely,
Wiilam Hunt
Editor
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ceramics Monthly
Post Office Box 12448
1609 Northwest Boulevard,Columbus, Ohio 43212
Telephone 614-488-8236
Fax 614-488-4561
March 17, 1994
Edouard Bastarache
2340, boul. Des Érables
Sorel-Tracy (Québec)
J3R 2W3
Canada
Dear Mr. Bastarache:
We are truly amazed at all these submissions that you have sent concerning ceramic materials substitutions. I can’t think of the last time someone sent us this much data – enough for a substantial book. These texts go beyond anything we could publish in Ceramics Monthly, so I’m wondering if you’d allow us to post these in our research library where the staff or other potters visiting the library would have access to your research. Of course, if you would rather us return this material to you we would, should you request it.
I thank you for thinking of us with all your detailed and thoughtful research; I look forward to hearing from you further as to its disposition.
Sincerely,
William Hunt
Editor
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CONTENTS
I- INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………….........9
II- SUBSTITUTIONS FOR SPODUMENE …………………………………….15
III- SUBSTITUTIONS FOR PETALITE ………………………………………...31
IV- SUBSTITUTIONS FOR LEPIDOLITE ………………………….…………45
V- SUBSTITUTIONS FOR POTASSIUM SPARS
(Custer spar) ……………………………………………………………….......103
VI- SUBSTITUTIONS FOR CORNWALL STONE …………………………..119
VII- SUBSTITUTIONS FOR SODIUM/CALCIUM SPARS
(Kona F-4 spar) ………………………………………………………….........165
VIII- SUBSTITUTIONS FOR POTASSIUM/CALCIUM SPARS
(G-200 spar) ……………………………………………………………..........195
IX- SUBSTITUTIONS FOR PLASTIC VITROX ……………………………..239
X- SUBSTITUTION FOR VOLCANIC ASH …………………………………265
XI- SUBSTITUTIONS FOR MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS …………….271
Substitution for Dolomite ……………………………………………...........273
Substitution for Wollastonite ………………………………………….........279
Substitutions for Pyrophyllite …………………………………….…...........285
Substitution for Talc …………………………………………………...........295
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thank you so much for sending the books with Michel. They are
amazingly thorough and fill an important void in my library. As both
potter and educator very concerned with the use of materials it is
great to have them. I have known about them for some years, but, as I
will soon be slowing down on the teaching end of things, hadn't got
around to getting them. When Michel was coming for a visit and
sometimes works in your studio, it seemed like an ideal time to add
them to my library.
Much appreciated, thank you.
Robin Hopper
Potter,
BC, Canada
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Invaluable resource
I have to admit, when I bought this book, part of my reasons were to
support an online friend and fellow clayarter, by adding his book to my
collection. It was very pleasant to receive the book and realize what a
wonderful addition to my clay book library it is! I wanted to share my
reactions by sending my review.
Being a potter who mixes glazes from scratch, I sometimes will go to make
up a recipe and realize that I'm missing one of the ingredients or don't
have quite enough. This book is an invaluable resource for such a
situation where quick re-stocking of chemicals is not always an option.
The book is arranged by chemical being substituted for, with variations in
the ingredients used as replacement. Monsieur Bastarache has generously
shared many recipes, showing a sample substitution for each variation.
Potters are known for sharing glaze recipes and in this age of electronic
communication, many recipes are being shared online far and wide around the
world. Some of the glaze ingredients are not available in all parts of the
world, without exhaustive shipping costs.With this book as resource,
potters in areas where some chemicals aren't common can easily substitute
and get similar results on their clay pieces.
The book is spiral bound with a good quality cover for convenience and ease
of use in the studio. I would like to commend Edouard for creating this wonderful
reference.
Michelle Lowe, potter in the Phoenix desert
mishlowe@indirect.com
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fine compilation of work
Hello Edouard!
So I finally had the chance to go through your work. This is truly quite a
fine compilation of work.
Jonathan
Jonathan Kaplan, president
Ceramic Design Group
PO Box 775112
Steamboat Springs CO 80477
jdkaplan@cmn.net
info@ceramicdesigngroup.net
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Incredible book
Dear Edouard,
I received the review copy and I, too am very impressed. I agree with all
the wonderful comments from people that are highly respected in our
industry
Thank you again for the opportunity to sell your incredible book
Anne
Bracker's Good Earth Clays, Inc.
1831 E 1450 Road
Lawrence, KS 66044
bracker@midusa.net
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A tribute by a friend
Dear Édouard,
Most sincere congratulations for the realization of your book. It is really the results of a maniac of research, a mad one about ceramics like there is no one else in Quebec. I have read with pleasure your new book and it was for me a return on my past as a technologist of ceramics. I am thus happy to share your joy of this publication, that will incite ceramists who prepare their glazes, to launch out towards creative adventures of new shades and colors. As for the cover of your book, accept my congratulations because it is a very beautiful.
HEARTY CONGRATULATIONS AND GREETINGS
Julien Cloutier, ceramicist, technologist and author
of « Matériaux du Céramiste Québecois » (Materials for the Quebec Ceramicist)
Cap-Rouge
Quebec
Canada
January 31,1998
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Works really well
Congratulations on your publication.
My copy works really well.
Rhonda Reed,
Potter
reed@gva.net
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Amount of research
"I found the book to be quite interesting and I admire the amout of research that must have gone into it"
Frank Tucker
Tucker's Pottery Supplies
Richmond Hill
Ontario
Canada
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Options. Isn't that what it's all about?
If you're a potter who mixes glazes from scratch, realizing that you're missing one of the ingredients or don't have quite enough can be an inconvenience. Substitutions for Raw Ceramic Materials is an invaluable resource for this situation when quick re-stocking of chemicals is not a timely choice.
The book is arranged by chemical, with variations of the ingredients used as a replacement. The author has generously shared many glaze recipes, showing a sample substitution for each variation.
As a rule, potters are known for sharing glaze recipes. With the use of the internet, many recipes are being shared online around the globe. As you can imagine, some of the glaze ingredients are not available in all parts of the world and without exhaustive shipping costs. With Edouard's book as resource, potters can easily substitute other chemicals and produce similar results.
The book is spiral bound with a good quality cover for convenience and ease of use in the studio.
Clayworld
claylady@apex.net
Hickory
Kentucky
USA
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Immensely thankful
I received your book and I am certain that I will use it very often.
I am immensely thankful for that, and also for the chance to have
participated a little in the making (translating) of your book ,
available here in Portuguese.
Cecília Alvim Dequech
São Paulo
Brazil
rdequech@uol.com.br
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tour de force
Edouard Bastarache's book « Substitutions for Raw Ceramic Materials » is a 'tour de force' of substitutions of particular ceramic materials with others. The book is the result of a research project undertaken between 1993 and 1995 before computer glazing programs became widely available and is targeted to those ceramic artists and potters who don't have computer access to help them with otherwise complex calculations in materials substitutions.
This is a comprehensive publication on glaze materials substitutions and includes 10 chapters filled with glaze recipies using the sustitution method. Both the original and substituted recipies are provided. Materials substituted include Spodumene, Petalite, Lepidolite, Potash Feldspars, Cornish Stone, Sodium/Calcium Spars (Kona F-4), Potassium/CalciumSpars (G-200) , Plastic Vitrox, Volcanic Ash, Dolomite, Wollastonite, Pryophyllite and Talc. Three hundred pages contain several hundred glazes. In a typical glaze materials substitution, Custer Feldspar might be substituted by Nephelene Syenite and Silica, or Spodumene by Lithium Carbonate, Silica and Kaolin, etc.
Edouard Bastarache lives in Quebec, Canada, and has a colorful history. He studied surgery, internal medicine and neuroendecrine physiology and has been a consultant in occupational and environmental medicine for 25 years. At the same time as his medical studies, he studied ceramics under Julien Cloutier at La Boutique d'Argile (The Clay Shop) and later also taught at the same school. Bastarache now lives in the Sorel-Tracy region of Quebec, near the St. Lawrence river. He uses waste materials from steel plants located in the area to color many of his glazes and clays. He fires most of his work to cone 9 1/2 in reduction in a 60 cubic foot downdraft gas kiln.
His book Substitutions for Raw Ceramic Materials is the result of a total of 38 years dabbling in ceramics and a 3 year research project.
It is currently available directly from Edouard ,
Potters Shop (USA),
Bracker’s Good Earth Clays Inc (USA),
Laguna Clay (USA),.
Tuckers Canada,
Diaz de Santos (Spain)
Steven Goldate
CeramicsToday
Australia
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hello Édouard,
The more I learn about the world of potters, the more I think that your idea to write a book on raw materials substitutions is brilliant. None or only a few potters calculate or convert mineral chemical formulas. It must annoy them to calculate, or then they do not know how.
Denis Caraty
Céramiste
smart2000@wanadoo.fr
perso.wanadoo.fr/smart2000/index.htm
Gien
France
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
My gosh Edouard you have contributed such a vast amount of great information to the art and science of clay work that I truly respect and admire your dedication and love for the craft. Never mind trying to figure out just how the heck you find the time to do all that you do...."
Rod Wuetherick
rod@redironstudios.ca
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Edouard,
Your glazes are really out of this world.
Superb.
Rhonda Reed
Virginia
USA
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Through precise calculation, we can know the orbit of the sun, also the relative proportion of the sun and the foreground. When the photographer is about 6km away from the Beijing Olympic Tower, the sun and the Beijing Olympic Tower will form an interesting view, just like the lit Olympic torch.
According the first calculations before 2007 the building should cost about 77 million €. By 2013 the cost for the taxpayer amounted to 789 million €. The project should have been finshed years ago, but it still is under construction.
www.hafencity.com/en/home.html
"MS Cap San Diego is a general cargo ship, situated as a museum ship in Hamburg, Germany. Notable for its elegant silhouette, it was the last of a series of six ships known as the white swans of the south atlantic, and marked the apex of German-built general cargo ships before the advent of the container ship and the decline of Germany's heavy industry.
The Cap San Diego was built and launched by Deutsche Werft in 1961 for Hamburg Süd as the last of a series of six ships. The 159 m, 10000 dwt ship ran a regular schedule between Germany and South America, completing 120 round trips until 1981. After being sold and running under different names and flags of convenience as a tramp trader, the run-down ship was scheduled for scrapping in 1986, when it was bought by the city of Hamburg."
Source: wikipedia.org
Simulation of water ripple. It would be useful to hide the tripod and stitch failure.
In the calculation, I put a virtual nadir plain and a virtual zenith plain. Zenith plain contacts with the projection sphere at the zenith, while the distance from center of sphere to nadir plain is variable. In this picture nadir plain is placed just below the center of the sphere. Then upper hemisphere is projected onto the zenith plain and the reflection in the nadir plain is calculated. In the calculation, i put a periodic perturbation to the reflection angle, which produces the ripple. Reflection image is cut in appropriate shape in Photoshop and translucently merged with the original equirectangular image.
See in Immersive viewer how it works.
The pixel at latitude θ' North is projected to θ South in reflection image by the following formula:
L/tan(θ) + (1+L)/tan(θ+δ) = 1/tan θ',
where L is the distance from center of sphere to nadir plain. δ is the perturbation angle and I defined as δ=A sin 2πNx, where x=L/tanθ.
Such a post-processing is possible because orientational information is conserved in equirectangular image. Even in regular retilinear shot, it will be possible if lens FOV is known.
The program is written in C, but it will be easy to be written in mathmap.
I'm back to the world of the living! At least for the time being, until my next exam. By my complex trigonometric calculation, I've got three weeks until the clock resets, and anxiety settles back in before my CSET exams.
But let's talk present tense. If you haven't noticed, I'm posting this installment of my 52-week project late in the week, At the end of the week, in fact. Cutting it close.
Now past tense; This past Thursday I had my CBEST examination, so the days leading up to the exam were spent taking care of easy loads of consistent studying. The day of the exam was very stressful due to reasons out of my hands -the exam conductors computers were having technical difficulties, and my exam was nearly cancelled. With some persistence, patience, and two hours of waiting time, things pulled though. I took the exam as planned, somewhat. At least I did not need to reschedule for another day as some others did.
I definitively passed two out of three sections of the exam -my results were provided to me upon completion of the exam. The remaining third section has been submitted to a committee for review and scoring. This scoring will take about two to three weeks, after which time I will receive my score by mail. A great way to start the test taking spree I am on!
Now future tense. This entire month has been amazing, and the upcoming month of May will only prove to be exponentially more amazing. Trust me, while these two months will prove to be months of progress [hopefully], they will also be months of change ... and believe you me, May has got it going on. Stay tuned for updates on that!
I remember a high school teacher once telling me that everything changes, except for change itself. Periodically, I do find myself having a hard time dealing with change. Dealing with cumbersome re-acclimation to new circumstances. I really do my best to accept it though -partially because more times than not, there is nothing we can do about change. When it comes, sometimes we are forewarned, other times it sneaks up on us. And when change occurs, we're forced to either stay stuck in our ways and fail and stress, or adapt and learn to lean in to the turns. I continually insist on the latter option.
It's been a while since I've been able to get out and shoot, and practice some strobist work! This photo was taken at an abandoned postal station. I'd imagine this place serves as a shelter for homeless persons at times, or a smoking spot for cannabis friendly people; this place had a very grimy feel to it. But today, this place served as the site for my self portrait.
The only thing that makes me sad right now is that some gusts of wind blew over both of my light stands, and broke both of my umbrellas :( They're still usable, but by the looks of them their lifespan has been significantly reduced. But on the upside, I should be happy that none of my speedlites were damaged.
Lighting: Canon 430EX far cam right @ 1/16 bare, Speedlite cam left key @ 1/2 shoot thru, Speedlight cam right @ 1/4 shoot thru, triggered via poverty wizards.
#FlickrFriday - #Numbers - I try to shot more focus on the icon of love and smile than the not on calculator to describe the title of image. And the explanation about the title is the #numbers calculation always rational
8263139693 CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore and MURDERER, Jami Rose. her photo, right here :)
www.flickr.com/photos/89268704@N08/81238 54555/in/photostrea
CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore and MURDERER, Jami Rose. her photo, right here :) www.flickr.com/photos/89268704@N08/81238 54555/in/photostream JamiRoseCIAWhore
your CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be?
CIA Whore and MURDERER, Jami Rose. her photo, right here :)
www.flickr.com/photos/89268704@N08/8123854555/in/photostream
JamiRoseCIAWhore
jami rose cia whore all those people that she killed all that damage that she caused
looking for who is responsible for the aurora colorado july 19 2012 theatre shooting for the dark night rises? look no further.. CIA Whore Jami Rose, right here
JamiRoseCIAWhore
jami rose cia whore all those people that she killed all that damage that she caused
1)hurricane katrina
2)bp oil spill
3)japan tsunami
and most recently, Aurora Colorado Batman Murders,
and many others in time.
raped. robed. murdered. dismembered.
never punished for her crimes
born on april 4 1980.
here you go :)
by entering in her information from date of birth here:
www.timeanddate.com/date/duration.html
you can monitor her information that is used by the world markets on a daily basis, not only that, but control for what is in numerical belief, thru out the us and the rest of the world.
on a daily basis. in forward motion time placement.
also,
www.timeanddate.com/date/durationresult.html?m1=01&d1...
(The stasis of origin should show in the above link, like what is just listed below. why not tell people? :)
From and including: Saturday, January 1, 0001 (Julian calendar)
To, but not including : Friday, April 4, 1980 (Gregorian calendar)
It is 722,910 days from the start date to the end date, but not including the end date
Or 1979 years, 3 months, 3 days excluding the end date
Note:The From date is a Julian calendar date. The current Gregorian calendar was adopted in United States where Thursday, September 3, 1752 was the first of 11 days that were skipped. This has been accounted for in this calculation. Read more about the Julian and Gregorian calendars
Alternative time units
722,910 days can be converted to one of these units:
62,459,424,000 seconds
1,040,990,400 minutes
17,349,840 hours
103,272 weeks (rounded down)
if you need a little help to her "stasis of orgin" here you go. if you're not smart enough to know what a birthday does in time, its an active measure for which you create throught your life span. there, i said it. don't like that intelligent secret? millions people living, and not knowing that. how could anyone not know? :)
and all those people she killed. never punished
thomas warn varnas will make sure that happens, won't he?
you attempted two murders on his life at 143 Rue Esplanade and Villa Du Lac,
by channeling his dreams with tenants and parking cars outside of his residence, capturing him..
how does it feel now Jami, to know the same is happening
to you :)
:)
there you go :)
8296348544 CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore and MURDERE
8296348544 CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore and MURDERE
8296348544 CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore and MURDERE
8296348544 CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore and MURDERE
8296348544 CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be?
CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore and MURDERER, Jami Rose. her photo, right here :)
www.flickr.com/photos/89268704@N08/81238 54555/in/photostrea
CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be? CIA Whore and MURDERER, Jami Rose. her photo, right here :) www.flickr.com/photos/89268704@N08/81238 54555/in/photostream JamiRoseCIAWhore
your CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be?
CIA Whore and MURDERER, Jami Rose. her photo, right here :)
www.flickr.com/photos/89268704@N08/8123854555/in/photostream
JamiRoseCIAWhore
jami rose cia whore all those people that she killed all that damage that she caused
looking for who is responsible for the aurora colorado july 19 2012 theatre shooting for the dark night rises? look no further.. CIA Whore Jami Rose, right here
JamiRoseCIAWhore
jami rose cia whore all those people that she killed all that damage that she caused
1)hurricane katrina
2)bp oil spill
3)japan tsunami
and most recently, Aurora Colorado Batman Murders,
and many others in time.
raped. robed. murdered. dismembered.
never punished for her crimes
born on april 4 1980.
here you go :)
by entering in her information from date of birth here:
www.timeanddate.com/date/duration.html
you can monitor her information that is used by the world markets on a daily basis, not only that, but control for what is in numerical belief, thru out the us and the rest of the world.
on a daily basis. in forward motion time placement.
also,
www.timeanddate.com/date/durationresult.html?m1=01&d1...
(The stasis of origin should show in the above link, like what is just listed below. why not tell people? :)
From and including: Saturday, January 1, 0001 (Julian calendar)
To, but not including : Friday, April 4, 1980 (Gregorian calendar)
It is 722,910 days from the start date to the end date, but not including the end date
Or 1979 years, 3 months, 3 days excluding the end date
Note:The From date is a Julian calendar date. The current Gregorian calendar was adopted in United States where Thursday, September 3, 1752 was the first of 11 days that were skipped. This has been accounted for in this calculation. Read more about the Julian and Gregorian calendars
Alternative time units
722,910 days can be converted to one of these units:
62,459,424,000 seconds
1,040,990,400 minutes
17,349,840 hours
103,272 weeks (rounded down)
if you need a little help to her "stasis of orgin" here you go. if you're not smart enough to know what a birthday does in time, its an active measure for which you create throught your life span. there, i said it. don't like that intelligent secret? millions people living, and not knowing that. how could anyone not know? :)
and all those people she killed. never punished
thomas warn varnas will make sure that happens, won't he?
you attempted two murders on his life at 143 Rue Esplanade and Villa Du Lac,
by channeling his dreams with tenants and parking cars outside of his residence, capturing him..
how does it feel now Jami, to know the same is happening
to you :)
:)
there you go :)
So CIA Whore and MURDERER Jami Roses Ordiance of time 12395 this day next year set the sentate committtee's selection of CIA Director Brenan 12 to 3 are you serious?
www.timeanddate.com/date/durationresult.html?m1=04&d1...
From and including: Friday, April 4, 1980
To, but not including : Wednesday, March 12, 2014
It is 12,395 days from the start date to the end date, but not including the end date
Or 33 years, 11 months, 8 days excluding the end date
Alternative time units
12,395 days can be converted to one of these units:
1,070,928,000 seconds
17,848,800 minutes
297,480 hours
1770 weeks (rounded down)
You created the channel and placed Alisa inside of you and never even asked me if you could what do you think is going to happen to you CIA Whore and MURDERER Jami Rose?
Still creating that "natural order" and ordinance of time of yours on a daily monthly weekly yearly basis and killing people in time, CIA Whore and MURDERER Jami Rose? :)
how much longer do you think before it ends up, on *your* end :)
you set up the channel without even asking me jami, and then you did what you wanted to, in 2005 and 2006. you chose murder jami, you chose
who supported you jami.. and why did you accept $$,$$$ to contain 176 at 1831 salecdo/guyaso, and let those people die.. without even asking
me, if you could could create that channel, if you contain me. you chose jami. you chose murder. who supported you?
your CIA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be?
CIA Whore and MURDERER, Jami Rose. her photo, right here :)
www.flickr.com/photos/89268704@N08/8123854555/in/photostream
JamiRoseCIAWhore
jami rose cia whore all those people that she killed all that damage that she caused
JamiRoseCIAWhore
jami rose cia whore all those people that she killed all that damage that she caused
1)hurricane katrina
2)bp oil spill
3)japan tsunami
and many others in time.
raped. robed. murdered. dismembered.
never punished for her crimes
born on april 4 1980.
here you go :)
by entering in her information from date of birth here:
www.timeanddate.com/date/duration.html
you can monitor her information that is used by the world markets on a daily basis, not only that, but control for what is in numerical belief, thru out the us and the rest of the world.
She creates a natural order in time with her existance and by her date of birth, on a daily basis, weekly basis, yearly basis and in forward motion time placement. :)
Its also an Ordinance in time,
(but she's KILLING people in time. THOUSANDS of people,
and *thats* accepted. :) not anymore, huh, CIA Whore and MURDERER Jami Rose. :) not anymore :)
also,
www.timeanddate.com/date/durationresult.html?m1=01&d1...
(The stasis of origin should show in the above link, like what is just listed below. why not tell people? :)
From and including: Saturday, January 1, 0001 (Julian calendar)
To, but not including : Friday, April 4, 1980 (Gregorian calendar)
It is 722,910 days from the start date to the end date, but not including the end date
Or 1979 years, 3 months, 3 days excluding the end date
Note:The From date is a Julian calendar date. The current Gregorian calendar was adopted in United States where Thursday, September 3, 1752 was the first of 11 days that were skipped. This has been accounted for in this calculation. Read more about the Julian and Gregorian calendars
Alternative time units
722,910 days can be converted to one of these units:
62,459,424,000 seconds
1,040,990,400 minutes
17,349,840 hours
103,272 weeks (rounded down)
if you need a little help to her "stasis of orgin" here you go. if you're not smart enough to know what a birthday does in time, its an active measure for which you create throught your life span. there, i said it. don't like that intelligent secret? millions people living, and not knowing that. how could anyone not know? :)
and all those people she killed. never punished
thomas warn varnas will make sure that happens, won't he?
you attempted two murders on his life at 143 Rue Esplanade and Villa Du Lac,
by channeling his dreams with tenants and parking cars outside of his residence, capturing him..
how does it feel now Jami, to know the same is happening
to you :)
:)
there you go :)
btw, did i channel her ill will and associations unknowingly, and did it kill alisa ferraro and paul gagnon in time, to?
to me, that warrants enough to blow her head off.
sorry. but thats the way i feel, at the moment
~peace
thomas :) (not smiling) (but its about to get better :)
:) account created on 12396.. noted. :) ~peace thomas :)