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Here is the first screenshot of my new flickr app : 365 project
A simple and intuitive way to show your own 365 project in a calendar style, take a look : 365.statsr.net
You can find the app in the Flickr app garden : www.flickr.com/services/apps/72157625784913627/
Application tracking spreadsheet, file management, stenciled envelope, photo corners, golden paper clips, 11 pages, just to apply for jobs?! Jeez.
Application tracking spreadsheet, file management, stenciled envelope, photo corners, golden paper clips, 11 pages, just to apply for jobs?! Jeez.
This is a shot of an old version of Anxiety, a dashboard widget running through Amnesty Singles that works as a simple to do list. However, I've since abandoned this version, in favor of a sleeker 100% cocoa application, which syncs with iCal and Mail; pictures of the newer version can be found in my flickr photos.
KATOOMBA AIRFIELD - Main runway 06/24- 3,116 ft - 950m - Unsealed
Closed since 13 January 2020, after the Department of Planning, Industry and the Environment rejected a lease application due to overwhelming community opposition.
Andy Garner, IAEA Nuclear Applications Laboratory Coordinator, shows IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano the location of the new ReNuAL site during the Director General’s visit to the laboratories in Seibersdorf on 12 April 2016.
From left to right: Andy Garner, IAEA Nuclear Applications Laboratory Coordinator, Yusuke Kuno, IAEA Director of Safeguards Analytical Services (SGAS), Yukiya Amano, Raja Abdul Aziz Raja Adnan, Special Assistant to the Director General for the IAEA Department of Nuclear Applications and Sciences and Department of Technical Cooperation.
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
Avaya IP Office Customer Call Reporter with location-based business intelligence provides performance by geography allowing small and medium enterprises to personalize customer service.
Sherborne School Archives, Sherborne School, Abbey Road, Sherborne, Dorset, UK, DT9 3AP oldshirburnian.org.uk/school-archives/
Title page of George Medd Butt's 'Sherborne Castle, A Descriptive Poem, in Two Cantos, with other pieces of verse'. The volume was printed by Cruttwell of Sherborne, Dorset (where G.M. Butt was bound as an apprentice), and published by subscription in October 1815 by Penny and Hodges.
The volume of poems was published when George Medd Butt was 18 years old, and also included the following poems: ‘Henry and Anna, A Ballad’, ‘To a Gentleman, on his presenting the author with the poems of Cowper’, ‘Sorrow, Pity, and the Muse’, ‘Lines occasioned by H.R.H. the Princess Charlotte’s visit to Earl Digby, at Sherborne Castle, November 9, 1814’, ‘The Tear of the Brave’, ‘Strephon and Love’, ‘Lines on the Conclusion of Peace with America, December, 1814’, ‘Waterloo’, ‘The Celestial Decree’.
The volume includes a list of subscriber and raised £100.
Five copies of the volume are known to exist: two are held at Sherborne Castle (both covered with grey boards), one copy is held at Sherborne School Library, one at the Bodleian Library at Oxford University and one at the British Library.
GEORGE MEDD BUTT QC (1797-1860) was born on 18 January 1797 at Sherborne, Dorset son of John Butt [a cordwainer?] and Frances. He was christened at Sherborne Abbey on 25 February 1797. In 1797, John Butt owned and occupied premises in Hound Street.
Siblings: Thomas Butt; Sarah Butt; Susannah Butt (1794-); Frances Elizabeth Butt (1803-1875, married name Storey); Jane Butt (1807-), married name John Jeanes, New Bond Street, London).
George Medd Butt attended the writing school at Sherborne, Dorset. He was bound as an apprentice at the printing office of Cruttwell’s Journal in Sherborne.
George Medd Butt went on to became editor to one of the minor London papers which supported his establishment in the legal profession
In 1830, he was called to the bar by the Hon. Society of the Inner Temple, and went on the Western Circuit, where he soon rose into reputation, and acquired an extensive practice.
George Medd Butt was married by licence at Sherborne Abbey on 7 September 1830 to Frances Jane Ffooks. The marriage was conducted by the Rev. Thomas Woodforde. Frances Jane Ffooks (1808-1887) was the daughter of Thomas Ffooks (1775-1845) and Frances Sophia (née Woodforde) (1777-1842) of Greenhill House, Sherborne. Thomas Ffooks was a solicitor, Clerk of the Peace, Governor & Warden of Sherborne School, Steward of the Sherborne Hundred, and placed notices on certain bridges in Dorset: ‘ANY PERSON WILFULLY INJURING ANY PART OF THIS COUNTY BRIDGE WILL BE GUILTY OF FELONY AND UPON CONVICTION LIBABLE TO BE TRANSPORTED FOR LIFE BY THE COURT. T. FOOKS’ (Grey’s Bridge, Dorchester & Sturminster Newton Bridge)
In 1843, during the Chancellorship of Lord Lyndhurst, George Medd Butt was made a Queen’s Counsel (QC), and shortly afterwards was elected a bencher of the Inner Temple. He was also Conservative MP for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis (returned 10 July 1852).
George Medd Butt made his last will and testament on 9 December 1858. He was then living at 17 Eaton Square, Middlesex. By his will, George left to his wife the dwelling house, stable, coach house and premises at 17 Eaton Square for life. After her death the same to my godson, Alan George Howell. Gives to his wife all my household furniture, plate, linen goods, chattels and effects belonging to the dwelling house, stable, coach house and premises. Leaves to his wife £100 immediately after my decease free of legacy duty. To my brother Thomas Butt, my trustee, £500. To my sister Susan Butt £400. To my sister Frances Elizabeth Storey, widow, £500. To my sister Jane, the wife of John Jeanes of New Bond Street, £400, for her sole and separate use free from the control of her husband. To Susan Salter, my wife’s maid, in case she shall be living with my wife at the time of my decease, £50 free and clear of legacy duty. Appoint my wife and my brother Thomas Butt executrix and executor. Residue of my estate and effects to Thomas Butt upon trust to pay the interest and annual proceeds to my wife for her life and after her death or remarrying, to be paid in equal share to: Thomas Butt, Susan Butt, Frances Elizabeth Storey and Jane Jeanes for life. One moiety of the residue to Alan George Howell and his sister Gertrude Lucy Howell. Witnessed by Charles Lempriere of the Inner Temple, Barrister, and William Henry Smith, 3 Tanfield Court Temple.
By a codicil made to his will on 31 May 1860, George Medd Butt, gave the additional legacies: to my brother Thomas Butt £200; to my sister Susan Butt £200; t my sister Frances Storey £200. Witnessed by F.J. Butt, 17 Eaton Square, George Morris, 17 Eaton Square.
George Medd Butt died on 11 November 1860 at 17 Eaton Square, London. Probate granted to his widow, Frances Jane Butt, and his brother, Thomas Butt of 46 Bedford Row, gent.
Frances Jane Butt installed a window, designed by Clayton & Bell, in the south aisle of the nave of Sherborne Abbey, in memory of her husband George Medd Butt.
Devizes and Wiltshire Gazette, 15 November 1860:
'Death of Mr G.M. Butt, Q.C. We regret to announce the death of Mr George Medd Butt, Q.C. formerly M.P. for Weymouth, which event occurred at his residence in Eaton Square on Sunday last. The deceased gentleman was the son of Mr John Butt, of Sherborne, and in early life practised for some years with great success as a special pleader. In 1830, being then 33 years of age, he was called to the bar by the Hon. Society of the Inner Temple, and went to the Western Circuit, where he soon rose in reputation, and acquired an extensive practice. In 1843, during the Chancellorship of Lord Lyndhurst, Mr Butt was made a Queen’s Counsel, and shortly afterwards was elected a bencher of the Inner Temple. At the general election in July, 1847, Mr Butt offered his services to the electors of Weymouth, but was defeated, losing his election, however, by only three votes. In July, 1852, he again stood for Weymouth, and this time with more success, as he was at the head of the poll, the other candidates being Colonel W. Freestun and Mr Oswald. Mr Butt during the time he was member for Weymouth was rarely absent from his Parliamentary duties, and was a frequent speaker, although he never addressed the House at any great length. He protested adherence to the Conservative party, but was opposed to the re-imposition of a duty on foreign corn. He was in favour of Mr Spooner’s annual motion for an inquiry respecting Maynooth, and was so far a Reformer that he desired the removal of all serious blots and anomalies in the representative system. It was confidently expected that Mr Butt would have been raised to the judicial bench during Lord Derby’s tenure of office, but his chance never came. In private life and in the profession of which he was a member, Mr Butt was held in high esteem.'
Dorset County Chronicle:
'George Butt (for so he was called at Sherborne) was the self-taught architect of his own fortune. He was born in that town, of poor but respectable parents, who gave him the education they could afford at a long established writing school, over-shadowed by the venerable old Abbey Church. Being naturally studious and plodding, he spent his evenings at home in eargerly reading whatever books he could procure. His mother was anxious that he should be early bound as an apprentice at the printing office of Cruttwell’s Journal. Here he began his literary career when about 13 years of age, and in his leisure hours at the office devoted himself to studies of all kinds. He had a taste for poetry, and this he fostered by copying into a common-place book every scrap of verse that passed through his hands in setting up the types. After this training he aspired to be himself an author and wrote a creditable poem, entitled “Sherborne Castle,” which was published by subscription, and patronised by the whole town and neighbourhood. The amount realised was £100, a great sum for George in those days, and which he richly deserved, from his unwearied assiduity. To make the best interest of his fortune, one of his patrons, Peter Batson, prevailed on a Quaker of unbounded reputation for honesty to take, as a great favour, the lad’s riches at five per cent., on his own security; but Obadiah soon after failed in business, and cheated George, and many other hard-working youths, of the fruits of their industry. The event was not without its moral, and its ultimate advantage – Tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito. George acted upon this advice, and struggled manfully against his misfortune, and years after, when he had been admitted as a barrister at the Temple, Peter Batson, the father of the Dorsetshire attorneys, gave him his first brief. The stepping-stone to the long robe was the press, for, on leaving Sherborne, he became editor to one of the minor London papers, by which he raised funds for his support until he was established in the legal profession. This was at length accomplished by close application to business, and taking pupils for instruction at his chambers, in Tanfield Court; and then he ventured on the Western Circuit, with what result we need not here detail, as his position in society, and his title Q.C., are the best proofs of his success. When in his zenith, Mr Butt offered himself as a candidate on the Conservative interest, to represent Weymouth, and sat for that borough during two consecutive Parliaments, but failed in again obtaining the hnour, after the dissolution in 1857. Mr Butt, in 1835 [sic], was married to Frances, eldest daughter of Thomas Ffooks, esq., many years Clerk of the Peace for the county of Dorset, but leaves no issue to inherit his fortune and his good name.'
E.C. Ffooks, 'The Family of Ffooks of Sherborne' (Privately printed in 1958): footnote on page 30: 'Frances Butt (née Ffooks) gave to Sherborne Abbey in her husband’s memory a stained glass window in the South Aisle embodying the History of St. Joseph of Arimathea.'
John Hutchins, 'History of Dorset' (3rd ed. Vol.IV), p.241:
'The south aisle, called St Mary’s Aisle, has three Perpendicular windows, of which two are filled with diapered quarries, and the central one with stained glass by Clayton and Bell, embodying the History of St. Joseph of Arimathea. It is intended as a memorial to the late George Medd Butt, esq., formerly MP for Weymouth and a native of Sherborne. The window was presented by his widow.'
List of subscribers to 'Sherborne Castle, A Descriptive Poem, in Two Cantos, with other pieces of Verse' (1815):
Her Royal Highness The Princess Charlotte of Wales.
The Right Hon. Earl Digby.
The Lord Bishop of Salisbury.
Miss Armitage, Sherborne.
Mr Allford, Henstridge, Somerset.
Mr James Allford, Axbridge, Somerset.
Sir Richard Borough, Bart, Baseldon Park, Berks.
Hon. Lady Borough, Baseldon Park, Berks. (2 copies)
E.R. Borough, Esq., Baseldon Park, Berks.
Mrs Burland, Leweston House, Dorset.
Rev. W.L. Bowles, Bremhill, Wilts. (2 copies)
Mr Batson, Sherborne.
Edmund Batten, Esq., Yeovil, Somerset.
H. Biging, Esq., Bourton, Dorset.
Mr J.K. Biging, Penzelwood, Somerset.
Mr T. Bartlett, junior, Wareham, Dorset.
Mr T. Brown, junior, Salisbury.
Mr William Brown, Tooley Street, Southwark.
Mr J. Burfit, Bourton, Dorset.
Mr T. Blake, Sherborne.
Mr C. Brooks, Sherborne.
Mrs J. Bishop, senior, Sherborne.
Mr John Bishop, junior, Sherborne.
Mr Bridle, Milborne Wick, Somerset.
Mrs Bradshaw, Cumberland Street, London.
Rev. J. Cutler, MA, Sherborne. [John Cutler (1756-1833), Headmaster of Sherborne School 1790-1823]
Rev. Dr. Colston, Lydford Rectory, Somerset.
Rev. B. Cooper, Yetminster, Dorset.
B.F. Coleman, Esq., Holwell, Somerset.
Mrs Cruttwell, Sherborne.
Miss Cruttwell, Sherborne.
Mr J. Cruttwell, Sherborne. (2 copies)
Rev. R. Cruttwell, Sherborne.
Mr Cooper, Sherborne.
Mrs Cooke, Yeovil, Somerset.
Mr Chaffey, Sherborne.
Mrs Cox, Sherborne.
Mrs T. Cox, Sherborne.
Mr Charles Cox, Sherborne.
Mr S. Cox, Bourton, Dorset.
Mr P. Crocker, Stourton, Wilts.
Mr T. Charlton, senior, Stourton, Wilts.
Mr G. Clark, Dorchester.
Mr William Carter, Yeovil, Somerset.
Mr Clayton, Whitchurch.
Mr J.M. Cape, Sherborne.
Mr C. Cape, London.
Miss S. Cape, Freemantle Park, Southampton.
Mr James Crofts, Yeovil, Somerset.
Mr John Corbin, Sherborne.
Mr Joseph Coombs, Henstridge, Somerset.
Captain Digby, Royal Navy, Holnest Lodge, Dorset.
Rev. Charles Digby, Bishop’s Caundle, Dorset.
Rev. William Douglas, Canon of Salisbury and Prebendary of Westminster.
James Dale, Esq., Glanville’s Wootton, Dorset.
G.S. Dawe, Esq., Ditcheat, Somerset.
Miss Dalton, Lattiford House, Somerset.
Mrs A. Deering, Sherborne.
Mr S. Dibsdall, Bristol.
Mr Dando, Bristol,
Mr James Drew, Bath.
John Edye, Esq., Pinney House, Somerset.
Mr J.B. Evans, Hindon, Wiltshire.
Rev. Mr. Frome, Folke, Dorset.
Mrs Frome, Folke, Dorset.
Rev. G. Frome, Folke, Dorset.
Mr T. Fooks, Sherborne. [Thomas Ffooks of Greenhill House, Sherborne (1775-1845). In 1830, G.M. Butt married his daughter, Frances Jane Ffooks]
Mr Fellows, Sherborne.
Mr Fleetwood, Sherborne.
Rev. J. Fawcett, Holland’s Cottage, Yeovil.
Rev. J. Fullager, Isle of Wight.
Mr R. Fitchett, Yeovil, Somerset.
Mr H. Feaver, Milborne Port, Somerset.
Mr Grantham Farrow, Reading.
Mr James Farrow, Reading.
Miss Farrow, Reading.
R. Gordon, Esq., MP, Leweston House, Dorset.
Robert Goodden, Esq., Compton House, Dorset.
Wyndham Goodden, Bath.
Mr Gray, Sherborne.
Miss Gray, Sherborne.
Mr S. Gould, Sherborne.
Mr H. Gifford, Sherborne.
Mr Gutch, Wincanton, Somerset.
Mrs G. Hawker, Sherborne.
Rev. J. Hawarden, Stourton, Wilts.
Mr N. Highmore, Sherborne.
Mr John Hellyar, junior, Sherborne.
Mr William Hodges, Sherborne.
Mr T. Hilliar, Sherborne.
Miss Hill, Compton, Dorset.
Miss E. Henning, Milborne Port, Somerset.
Miss Hyde, Castle Cary, Somerset.
Mr J. Hawkins, Sherborne. (2 copies)
Mr Hebert, Bishopsgate Street, London.
Mr Hardyman, Bristol.
Mr James, Sherborne.
Mrs W. Jeffery, Sherborne.
Miss Jeffery, junior, Sherborne.
Mr J. Jeanes, Bourton, Dorset.
Mr Kidgell, Pangborn, Berks.
Mr L. King, Sherborne.
Mr James Knight, Castle Cary, Somerset.
Rev. Mr Lynam, Silton Rectory, Dorset.
[] Lydiatt, Esq., Sherborne.
Mr James Langdon, Sherborne.
Mr John Longman, junior, Sherborne.
Mr R.S. Langdon, Yeovil, Somerset.
Mr Josiah Lowe, Goldsmith Street, Wood Street, Cheapside, London.
J. Melliar, Esq., Sherborne.
Rev. Thomas Maurice, MA, British Museum. (2 copies)
Miss Mitchell, Sherborne.
Mr J.P. Melmoth, Sherborne.
Mrs Messam, Baseldon, Berks.
Mr G. Mayo, Compton, Dorset.
Mr D. Maggs, Bourton, Dorset.
Mr Morris, Titchfield, Hants.
Mr H. Melhuish, Wincanton, Somerset.
G.M.B. Napier, Esq., Pennard House, Somerset.
Mrs Noake, Sherborne.
Mr H. Newman, Babcary, Somerset.
W.M. Pitt, Esq., MP, Kingston House, Dorset.
Rev. J. Parsons, Sherborne.
Dr Pew, Sherborne. (2 copies)
S. Pretor, Esq., Sherborne. (2 copies)
Rev. Mr Putt, Trent Rectory, Somerset.
Rev. E. Poulter, Close, Winchester. (2 copies)
Miss Poulter, Close, Winchester.
Rev. C.H. Pulsford, Charlton Adam, Somerset.
R. Pattison, Esq., Dorchester.
J. Parry, Esq., Chester.
Rev. D. Phelps, Snodling Parsonage, Kent.
Rev. J. Page, Baseldon, Berks.
W. Price, Esq., Lincoln’s Inn, London.
Mr E. Penny, Sherborne. (2 copies)
Mr C. Penny, London.
Mr Prebble, Pangborn, Berks.
Sir Nelson Rycroft, Bart., Fir Grove, Farnham, Surrey.
Lady Rycroft, Fir Grove, Farnham, Surrey.
Miss Rycroft, Fir Grove, Farnham, Surrey.
Henry Rycroft, Esq., Fir Grove, Farnham, Surrey.
J. Rogers, Esq., Yarlington Lodge, Somerset.
Mrs Rogers, Yarlington Lodge, Somerset.
Miss Rogers, Yarlington Lodge, Somerset.
Mrs F. Rogers, Yarlington.
J.F. Reeve, Esq., Glastonbury, Somerset.
Miss Jane Ridout, Sherborne.
Mr J. Randall, Wincanton, Somerset.
Mrs C. Ridout, Bath.
Mrs J. Ridout, Bath.
[] Schuyler, Esq., Wooland House, Dorset.
Mr C. Score, Sherborne.
Mr G. Score, Sturminister Newton, Dorset.
Mr Stone, Sherborne.
Mrs Serle, Sherborne.
Miss Spratt, Sherborne.
Miss Scott, Sherborne.
Mr William Simmonds, Sherborne.
Mr Sampson, Farnham, Surrey.
Mr Smith, Whitchurch.
Mr Shortney, London.
W. Toogood, Esq., Sherborne.
Rev. C. Toogood, Sherborne. (2 copies)
Rev. Dr. Toogood, Writhlington, Somerset.
Mr Turner, Sherborne.
Mr J.M. Thorne, Sherborne.
Rev. B. Treleaven, Dorchester. (2 copies)
Mr Thompson, Compton, Dorset.
Mr Jonah Thompson, Compton, Dorset.
Mrs Thompson, Holland Street, Blackfriars, London. (2 copies)
Mr W. Trim, Yetminster, Dorset.
Mr T. Titcombe, Shepton Mallet, Somerset.
Mr W. Towers, Sherborne.
Mr Trulock, Leweston House, Dorset.
Mr John Trowbridge, Sherborne.
Mr E.H. Turner, Sherborne.
Mr William Usher, London.
Rev. Mr Wyndham, Corton Rectory, Somerset.
Mrs Wickham, Horsington Rectory, Somerset.
Miss M.H. Williams, Marston, Somerset.
Rev. D. Williams, Sherborne.
Rev. Mr. Woodforde, Ansford, Somerset.
W. Whitaker, Esq., Motcombe, Dorset.
Rev. G.M. Webster, B.D., Bourton, Dorset.
Mrs W. Wickham, Bullington, Hants.
Mr Wickham, Frome, Somerset.
Mr Winter, Sherborne. (2 copies)
Mr G. Warry, Sherborne.
Mr Woodforde, Sherborne.
Rev. J. Weston, Sherborne.
Mr T. Whitty, Sherborne.
Mr J. S. Ward, Bruton, Somerset.
Mr John Woolcott, junior, Salisbury.
Mr Wyatt, Sherborne Castle.
Mr S. Whiffen, Sherborne.
Mr Israel Watts, Sherborne.
Master W. Wells, Yeovil, Somerset.
Rev. H.F. Yeatman, Stock House, Dorset.
If you have any additional information about this image or if you would like to use one of our images then we would love to hear from you. Please leave a comment below or contact us via the Sherborne School Archives website: oldshirburnian.org.uk/school-archives/contact-the-school-...
The Porsche 911 (pronounced Nine Eleven or German: Neunelf) is a two-door, 2+2 high performance sports car made since 1963 by Porsche AG of Stuttgart, Germany. It has a rear-mounted six cylinder boxer engine and all round independent suspension. It has undergone continuous development, though the basic concept has remained little changed. The engines were air-cooled until the introduction of the Type 996 in 1998, with Porsche's "993" series, produced in model years 1994-1998, being the last of the air-cooled Porsches.
The 911 has been modified by private teams and by the factory itself for racing, rallying, and other forms of automotive competition. It is among the most successful competition cars. In the mid-1970s, naturally aspirated 911 Carrera RSRs won major world championship sports car races such as Targa Florio, Daytona, Sebring, and Nürburgring, even against prototypes. The 911-derived 935 turbo also won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1979.
In the 1999 international poll for the award of Car of the Century, the 911 came fifth. It is one of two in the top five that had remained continuously in production (the original Beetle remained in production until 2003), and was until 1998 a successful surviving application of the air- (now water-) cooled opposed rear-engine layout pioneered by its ancestor, the Volkswagen Beetle. It is one of the oldest sports coupé nameplates still in production, and 820,000 had been sold by the car's 50th anniversary in 2013. "Around 150,000 911 cars from the model years 1964 to 1989 are still on the road today."
911 NOMENCLATURE
Although Porsche internally changes the headings for its models, all 911 models were and are currently sold as a "911". The headings below use Porsche's internal classifications:
Porsche 911 (1963–1989)
Porsche 930 (1975-1989) a turbo version of the original 911
Porsche 964 (1989–1994)
Porsche 993 (1995-1998)
Porsche 996 (1999-2004) all-new body and water-cooled engines
Porsche 997 (2005–2011)
Porsche 991 (2012–Present)
The series letter (A, B, C, etc.) is used by Porsche to indicate the revision for production cars. It often changes annually to reflect changes for the new model year. The first 911 models are the "A series", the first 993 cars are the "R series".
Not all of the Porsche 911 models ever produced are mentioned here. The listed models are notable for their role in the advancements in technology and their influence on other vehicles from Porsche.
Carrera: Also offered in upgrades of S and GTS. All models have cabriolet options.
Carrera 4: Also offered in upgrades of S and GTS. All models have cabriolet options.
Targa 4: Also offered in upgrades of S and GTS.
Turbo: Also offered in upgrades of S. All models have cabriolet options.
AIR-COOLED ENGINES (1963–1997)
PORSCHE 911 CLASSIC (1963–1989)
The 911 traces its roots to sketches drawn by Ferdinand "Butzi" Porsche in 1959. The Porsche 911 was developed as a more powerful, larger, more comfortable replacement for the Porsche 356, the company's first model. The new car made its public debut at the 1963 Frankfurt Motor Show (German: Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung). The car was developed with the proof-of-concept twin-fan Type 745 engine, and the car presented at the auto show had a non-operational mockup of the production single-fan 901 engine, receiving a working one in February 1964.
It originally was designated as the "Porsche 901" (901 being its internal project number). 82 cars were built as 901s. However, Peugeot protested on the grounds that in France it had exclusive rights to car names formed by three numbers with a zero in the middle. So, instead of selling the new model with another name in France, Porsche changed the name to 911. Internally, the cars' part numbers carried on the prefix 901 for years. Production began in September 1964, the first 911s reached the US in February 1965 with a price tag of US$6,500.
The earliest edition of the 911 had a 130 metric horsepower (96 kW; 128 hp) Type 901/01 flat-6 engine, in the "boxer" configuration like the 356, air-cooled and rear-mounted, displaced 1991 cc compared with the 356's four-cylinder, 1582 cc unit. The car had four seats although the rear seats were small, thus the car is usually called a 2+2 rather than a four-seater (the 356 was also a 2+2). It was mated to a four or five-speed manual "Type 901" transmission. The styling was largely by Ferdinand "Butzi" Porsche, son of Ferdinand "Ferry" Porsche. Erwin Komenda, the leader of the Porsche car body construction department, initially objected but later was also involved in the design.
The 356 came to the end of its production life in 1965, but there was still a market for a 4-cylinder car, particularly in the USA. The Porsche 912, introduced the same year, served as a direct replacement, offering the de-tuned version of 356 SC's 4-cylinder, 1582 cc, 90 hp (67 kW) boxer four Type 616/36 engine inside the 911 bodywork with Type 901 four speed transmission (5 speed was optional).
In 1966, Porsche introduced the more powerful 911S with Type 901/02 engine, the power raised to 160 PS (118 kW; 158 hp). Forged aluminum alloy wheels from Fuchs, in a distinctive 5-spoke design, were offered for the first time. In motor sport at the same time, the engine was developed into Type 901/20 installed in the mid-engined Porsche 904 and Porsche 906 with 210 PS (154 kW), as well as fuel injected Type 901/21 installed in 906 and 910 with 220 PS (160 kW).
In Aug. 1967, the A series went into production with dual brake circuits and widened (5.5J-15) wheels, and the previously standard gasoline-burning heater became optional. The Targa (meaning "plate" in Italian) version was introduced. The Targa had a stainless steel-clad roll bar, as Porsche had, at one point, thought that the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) would outlaw fully open convertibles in the US, an important market for the 911. The name "Targa" came from the Targa Florio sports car road race in Sicily, Italy in which Porsche had several victories until 1973. The last win in the subsequently discontinued event was scored with a 911 Carrera RS against prototypes entered by Ferrari and Alfa Romeo. The road going Targa was equipped with a removable roof panel and a removable plastic rear window (although a fixed glass version was offered from 1968).
The 110 PS (81 kW; 108 hp) 911T was also launched in 1967 with Type 901/03 engine. The 130 PS (96 kW; 128 hp) model was renamed the 911L with Type 901/06 engine and ventilated front disc brakes. The brakes had been introduced on the previous 911S. The 911R with 901/22 engine had a limited production (20 in all), as this was a lightweight racing version with thin fiberglass reinforced plastic doors, a magnesium crankcase, twin overhead camshafts, and a power output of 210 PS (154 kW).
The B series went into production in Aug. 1968 that replaced the 911L model with 911E with fuel injection, and remained in production until July 1969. 911E gained 185/70VR15 tires and 6J-15 wheels.
The C series was introduced in Aug. 1969 with enlarged 2.2 L engine (84 mm bore x 66 mm stroke). The wheelbase for all 911 and 912 models was increased from 2211 to 2268 mm, to help remedy to the cars' nervous handling at the limit. The overall length of the car did not change, but the rear wheels were relocated further back. Fuel injection arrived for the 911S (901/10 engine) and for a new middle model, 911E (901/09 engine). A semi-automatic Sportomatic model, composed of a torque converter, an automatic clutch, and the four-speed transmission was added. It was canceled after the 1980 model year partly because of the elimination of a forward gear to make it a three-speed.
The D series was produced from Aug. 1970 to July 1971. The 2.2 L 911E (C and D series) had lower power output of the 911/01 engine (155 PS (114 kW; 153 hp) at 6200 rpm) compared to the 911S's Type 911/02 (180 PS (132 kW; 178 hp) at 6500 rpm), but 911E was quicker in acceleration up to 160 km/h (100 mph).
The E series for 1972–1973 model years (Aug. 1971 to July 1972 production) consisted of the same models, but with a new, larger 2341 cc engine. This is universally known as the "2.4 L" engine, despite its displacement being closer to 2.3 litres. The 911E (Type 911/52 engine) and 911S (Type 911/53) used Bosch (Kugelfischer) mechanical fuel injection (MFI) in all markets. For 1972 the 911T (Type 911/57) was carbureted, except in the U.S. and some Asian markets where the 911T also came with (MFI) mechanical fuel injection (Type 911/51 engine) with power increase over European models (130HP) to 140 HP, commonly known as a 911T/E.
With the power and torque increases, the 2.4 L cars also got a newer, stronger transmission, identified by its Porsche type number 915. Derived from the transmission in the Porsche 908 race car, the 915 did away with the 901 transmission's "dog-leg" style first gear arrangement, opting for a traditional H pattern with first gear up to the left, second gear underneath first, etc. The E series had the unusual oil filler behind the right side door, with the dry sump oil tank relocated from behind the right rear wheel to the front of it in an attempt to move the center of gravity slightly forward for better handling. For this reason it's commonly called an "Oil Klapper", "Ölklappe" or "Vierte Tür". This rare 1972 911 is considered highly collectable.
The F series (Aug. 1972 to July 1973 production) moved the oil tank back to the original behind-the-wheel location. This change was in response to complaints that gas-station attendants often filled gasoline into the oil tank. In January, 1973, US 911Ts were switched to the new K-Jetronic CIS (Continuous Fuel Injection) system from Bosch on Type 911/91 engine.
911S models also gained a small spoiler under the front bumper to improve high-speed stability. The cars weighed 1050 kg. The 911 ST was produced in small numbers for racing (the production run for the ST lasted from 1970 to 1971). The cars were available with engines of either 2466 cc or 2494 cc, producing 270 PS (199 kW; 266 hp) at 8000 rpm. Weight was down to 960 kg. The cars had success at the Daytona 6 Hours, the Sebring 12 Hours, the 1000 km Nürburgring, and the Targa Florio.
911 CARRERA RS (1973 AND 1974)
These models are sometimes considered by enthusiasts to be the most "classic" 911s. RS stands for Rennsport in German, meaning race sport. The Carrera name was reintroduced from the 356 Carrera which had itself been named after Porsche's class victories in the Carrera Panamericana races in Mexico in the 1950s. The RS was built to meet motorsport homologation requirements. Compared to a standard 911S, the Carrera 2.7 RS had a larger engine (2687 cc) developing 210 PS (150 kW; 210 hp) with Bosch (Kugelfischer) mechanical fuel injection, revised and stiffened suspension, a "ducktail" rear spoiler, larger brakes, wider rear wheels and rear fenders. In RS Touring form it weighed 1075 kg, in Sport Lightweight form it was about 100 kg lighter, the saving coming from thin gauge steel used for parts of the body shell and also the use of thinner glass. In total, 1,580 were made, and qualified for the FIA Group 4 class. 49 Carrera RS cars were built with 2808 cc engines producing 300 PS (221 kW).
For the 1974 IROC Championship (which started in Dec. 1973), 1973 Carrera RSR models were fitted with the 3.0 engine and a flat "whale tail" in place of the ducktail spoiler.
In 1974, Porsche created the Carrera RS 3.0 with mechanical fuel injection producing 230 PS (169 kW). Its price was almost twice that of the 2.7 RS, but it offered racing capability. The chassis was largely similar to that of the 1973 Carrera RSR and the brake system was from the Porsche 917. The use of thinner metal plate panels and a spartan interior enabled its weight to be reduced to around 900 kg.
The Carrera RSR 3.0 was sold to racing teams and scored wins in several major sports car races of the mid-1970s. Also, a prototype Carrera RSR Turbo (with 2.1 L engine due to a 1.4x equivalency formula) came second at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1974 and won several major races, a significant event in that its engine would form the basis of many future Porsche attempts in sports car racing. This, and the earlier Porsche 917, was Porsche's commitment to turbocharger applications in its cars.
911 AND 911S 2.7 (1973–1977)
Model year 1974 (G Series. Aug. 1973 to July 1974 production) saw three significant changes. First, the engine size was increased to 2687 cc achieving higher torque. Second, new impact bumpers conformed with low-speed protection requirements of US regulations. Thirdly, the use of K-Jetronic CIS Bosch fuel injection in two of the three models in the line up— the 911 and 911S models, retaining the narrow rear arches of the old 2.4, now had a 2.7-litre engine producing 150 PS (110 kW; 150 hp) and 175 PS (129 kW; 173 hp), respectively.
Carrera 2.7 MFI AND CIS (1974–1976)
The Carrera 2.7 model built for all markets, except for the United States, used the 210 PS (150 kW; 210 hp) RS 911/83 engine with Bosch mechanical fuel injection pump from the 1973 Carrera RS. These Carrera 2.7 MFI models were built from 1974 until 1976 and were mechanically identical to the 1973 Carrera RS. The Carrera 2.7 model produced for the North American markets, often referred to as the Carrera 2.7 CIS, was powered by the same 2.7 litre engine as the 911S which produced 175 PS (129 kW; 173 hp). The initial Carrera 2.7 models had the same welded-on rear RS flares, before switching to the SC stamped style rear flares during the middle of the 1974 production year. The Carrera 2.7 coupés weighed in at 1075 kg, the same weight as the 1973 Carrera RS Touring.
For the 1974 model year, the Carrera 2.7 was available with the "ducktail "rear spoiler first introduced with the 1973 Carrera RS. In the North American markets the ducktail was standard equipment for the Carrera. All other markets the ducktail was optional, except or the home German market where the ducktail had been outlawed by the TÜV road homologation department. This led to the introduction of the whale tail rear spoiler, available as an option on the 1974-75 Carrera 2.7 models, as well as the newly introduced Porsche 930 Turbo.
The Carrera 2.7 was replaced by the Carrera 3.0 for the 1976 model, except for a special run of 113 1976 Carrera 2.7 MFI coupés were built for the German market featuring the 911/83 RS engine, with an additional 20 narrow-bodied 1976 Carrera MFI 2.7 Targas being supplied to the Belgian Gendarmerie. The 1976 Carrera 2.7 MFI Sondermodells were the last mechanically fuel injected 911 produced by Porsche, and still featured the 1973 RS engine.
912E (1976)
For the 1976 model year, the 912E was produced for the U.S. market. This was 4-cylinder version of the 911 in the same manner as the 912 that had last been produced in 1969. It used the I-series chassis powered by the Volkswagen 2.0 engine also used the Porsche 914. 2,099 units were produced. The 912E was replaced by the front-engine Porsche 924 for the 1977 model year.
CARRERA 3.0 (1976–1977)
For the 1976 model year, Porsche introduced the Carrera 3.0 with wide rear flares, optional whaletail, and a variety of other luxury options. It was available in all markets except North America. The Carrera 3.0 was fitted with a variation of the 930 Turbo's 2994 cc engine (minus the turbocharger). The engine (dubbed the 930/02) featured K-Jetronic CIS. It developed 200 PS (150 kW; 200 hp) in contrast to the older Carrera 2.7 MFI model's 210 PS (150 kW; 210 hp). The crankcase and gearbox housing were made of aluminium rather than magnesium for extra durability.
The new engine, which featured bigger intake and exhaust valves, produced greater torque allowing the Carrera 3.0 to achieve the same performance as the previous Carrera 2.7, 0-100 km/h (0-62 mph) in 6.1 seconds and 0-200 km/h in 27 seconds. Both versions boasted a top speed of approximately 236 km/h (147 mph).
Weight increased marginally by 45 kg to 1120 kg.
The 911 Carrera 3.0 was produced in both targa (1,125 examples produced) and coupé (2,566) versions. The Carrera 3.0 was available with manual gearbox (type 915) with 4 or 5 speeds as well as 3-speed automatic transmission (called the Sportomatic). Production totals were 3,691 manual cars and 58 Sportomatics.
930 TURBO AND TURBO CARRERA 3.0-LITRE (1975–1977)
For the 1975 model year, Porsche introduced the first production turbocharged 911. Although called the 930 Turbo (930 being its internal type number) in Europe, it was marketed as the 930 Turbo Carrera in North America. The body shape incorporated wide wheel-arches to accommodate the wide tires, and a large rear spoiler often known as a "whale tail" on the early cars (modified from the original 1974 IROC design). They were initially fitted with a 3.0-litre engine 260 PS (190 kW; 260 hp) and four-speed gearbox.
Production of the first 400 units qualified the 930 for FIA Group 4 competition, with the racing version called the Porsche 934 of 1976. They participated at Le Mans and other races including battles with the BMW 3.0 CSL "Batmobile". The FIA Group 5 version called Porsche 935 evolved from the 934. Fitted with a slope nose, the 500+ PS car was campaigned in 1976 by the factory, winning the world championship title. Private teams went on to win many races, like Le Mans in 1979, and continued to compete successfully with the car well into the 1980s until the FIA and IMSA rules were changed.
930 TURBO 3.3-LITRE (1978–1989)
For the 1978 model year, Porsche revised the 930 with a larger 3.3-litre turbocharged engine with intercooler that produced 300 PS (220 kW; 300 hp). To fit the intercooler a newly designed "tea-tray" tail replaced the earlier whale tail. Porsche dropped the "Carrera" nomenclature for the North American markets and simply call it the Porsche Turbo worldwide. The larger engine helped reduce some of the turbo lag inherent in the earlier version.
Only in 1989, its last year of production, was the 930 equipped with a five-speed gearbox. The 930 was replaced in 1990 with a 964 version featuring the same 3.3 L engine. There have been turbocharged variants of each subsequent generation of 911.
911SC (1978–1983)
In 1978, Porsche introduced the new version of the 911, called the '911SC'. Porsche reintroduced the SC designation for the first time since the 356SC (as distinguished from the race engined 356 Carrera). There was no Carrera version of the 911SC. The "SC" stands for "Super Carrera". It featured a 3.0-litre engine with Bosch K-Jetronic fuel injection and a 5-speed 915 transmission. Originally power output was 180 bhp, later 188 bhp and then in 1981 it was increased to 204 bhp. In 1981 a Cabriolet concept car was introduced at the Frankfurt Motor Show. The convertible body design also featured four-wheel drive, although this was dropped in the production version. The first 911 Cabriolet debuted in late 1982, as a 1983 model. This was Porsche's first cabriolet since the 356 of the mid-1960s. A total of 4,214 were sold in its introductory year, despite its premium price relative to the open-top targa. Cabriolet versions of the 911 have been offered ever since.
In 1979, Porsche had made plans to replace the 911 with their new 928. Sales of the 911 remained so strong however, that Porsche revised its strategy and decided to inject new life into the 911 editions. 911 SC sales totaled 58,914 cars.
Peter W. Schutz (CEO Porsche AG 1981–1987) wrote:
The decision to keep the 911 in the product line occurred one afternoon in the office of Dr. Helmuth Bott de:Helmuth Bott, the Porsche operating board member responsible for all engineering and development. I noticed a chart on the wall of Professor Bott's office. It depicted the ongoing development schedules for the three primary Porsche product lines: 944, 928 and 911. Two of them stretched far into the future, but the 911 program stopped at the end of 1981. I remember rising from my chair, walking over to the chart, taking a black marker pen, and extending the 911 program bar clean off the chart. I am sure I heard a silent cheer from Professor Bott, and I knew I had done the right thing. The Porsche 911, the company icon, had been saved, and I believe the company was saved with it.
CARRERA 3.2 (1984–1989)
The replacement for the SC series came in 1984 named 911 3.2 Carrera, reviving the Carrera name for the first time since 1977. This was the last iteration in the original 911 series, with all subsequent models featuring new body styling with new brake, electronic and suspension technologies.
A new higher-displacement motor, a 3.2-litre horizontally opposed flat 6-cylinder, was utilized. At the time Porsche claimed it was 80% new. The new swept volume of 3164 cc was achieved using the 95 mm bore (from the previous SC model) combined with the 1978 Turbo 3.3 crankshaft's 74.4 mm stroke. In addition, higher domed pistons increased the compression ratio from 9.8 to 10.3:1 (9.5:1 for the US market). New inlet manifold and exhaust systems were fitted. The 915 transmission was carried over from the SC series for the first three model years. In 1987, the Carrera got a new five-speed gearbox sourced from Getrag, model number G50 with proven BorgWarner synchronizers. This slightly heavier version also featured a hydraulically operated clutch.
With the new engine, power was increased to 207 bhp (154 kW; 210 PS) (@ 5900 rpm) for North American-delivered cars and to 231 bhp (172 kW; 234 PS) (@ 5900 rpm) for most other markets. This version of the 911 accelerated 0–60 mph (100 km/h) in 5.4 seconds and had a top speed of 150 mph (242 km/h) as measured by Autocar. Factory times were more modest: 0–60 mph time of 6.3 seconds for the US version and 6.1 seconds for cars outside the American market.
The brake discs were increased in size to aid in more effective heat dissipation and improved oil-fed chain tensioners were fitted to the engine. To improve oil cooling, a finned cooler replaced the serpentine lines in the front passenger fender well. This was further improved in 1987, with the addition of a thermostatically controlled fan.
Driving refinement and motor reliability were improved with an upgrade of the fuel and ignition control components to an L-Jetronic with Bosch Motronics 2 DME (Digital Motor Electronics system). An improvement in fuel-efficiency was due to the DME providing a petrol cut-off on the overrun. Changes in the fuel map and chip programming from October 1986 further improved the power to 217 bhp (162 kW; 220 PS) (@ 5900 rpm) for North American delivered cars as well as for other markets mandating low emissions, like Germany.
Three basic models were available – coupé, targa and cabriolet. The Carrera is almost indistinguishable from the SC with the external clue being the front fog lights that were integrated into the front valance. Only cosmetic changes were made during the production of the Carrera, with a redesigned dash featuring larger air conditioning vents appearing in 1986.
In 1984, Porsche also introduced the M491 option. Officially called the Supersport in the UK, it was commonly known as the "Turbo-look". It was a style that resembled the Porsche 930 Turbo with wide wheel arches and the distinctive "tea tray" tail. It featured the stiffer turbo suspension and the superior turbo braking system as well as the wider turbo wheels. Sales of the Supersport were high for its first two years in the United States because the desirable 930 was not available.
The 911 Carrera Club Sport (CS) (option M637), 340 of which were produced from August 1987 to September 1989, is a reduced weight version of the standard Carrera that, with engine and suspension modifications, was purpose built for club racing. The CS had a blueprinted engine with hollow intake valves and a higher rev limit, deletion of: all power options, sunroof (except one unit), air conditioning (except two unit), radio, rear seat, undercoating, sound insulation, rear wiper, door pocket lids, fog lamps, front hood locking mechanism, engine and luggage compartment lights, lockable wheel nuts and even the rear lid "Carrera" logo, all in order to save an estimated 70 kg in weight. With the exception of CSs delivered to the UK, all are identifiable by the "CS Club Sport" decal on the left front fender and came in a variety of colors, some special ordered. Some U.S. CS's did not have the decal installed by the dealer; however, all CS's have a "SP" stamp on the crankcase and cylinder head. The UK CS's were all "Grand Prix White" with a red "Carrera CS" decal on each side of the car and red wheels. Although the CS was well received by the club racers, because it cost more than the stock 911, but had fewer comfort features. According to Porsche Club of America and Porsche Club Great Britain CS Registers, 21 are documented as delivered to the U.S. in 1988 with 7 in 1989, one to Canada in 1988 and 53 to the United Kingdom from 1987 to 1989.
For 1989, Porsche produced the 25th Anniversary Special Edition model to mark the 25th year of 911 production. The 1989 Porsche brochure lists production of 500 U.S. market cars, of which 300 were coupés (240 in silver metallic paint and 60 in satin black metallic, and 200 cabriolet models (160 in silver and 40 in black). All had "silk grey" leather with black accent piping and silk grey velour carpeting. Included were body color Fuchs wheels in 6x16 (front) and 8x16 (rear), stitched leather console with an outside temperature gauge and a CD or cassette holder, a limited slip differential, and a short shifting gear lever, as well as small bronze "25th Anniversary Special Edition" badges
According to the manufacturer, around 150,000 911 cars from the model years 1964 to 1989 are still on the road today.
The 911 Speedster (option M503), a low-roof version of the Cabriolet which was evocative of the Porsche 356 Speedster of the 1950s, was produced in limited numbers (2,104) starting in January 1989 until July 1989 as both a narrow body car and a Turbo-look. The narrow version production was 171. The Speedster started as a design under Helmuth Bott in 1983 but was not manufactured until six years later. It was a two-seat convertible that featured a low swept windshield.
Total production of the 911 3.2 Carrera series was 76,473 cars (35,670 coupé, 19,987 cabrio, 18,468 targa).
964 SERIES (1989–1993)
In late-1989, the 911 underwent a major evolution with the introduction of the Type 964. With technologies from the 959 model, this would be an important car for Porsche, since the world economy was undergoing recession and the company could not rely on its image alone. It was launched as the Carrera 4, the "4" indicating four-wheel-drive, demonstrating the company's commitment to engineering. Drag coefficient was down to 0.32. A rear spoiler deployed at high speed, preserving the purity of line when the vehicle was at rest. The chassis was redesigned overall. Coil springs, ABS brakes and power steering made their debut. The engine was increased in size to 3600 cc and developed 250 PS (184 kW). The rear-wheel-drive version, the Carrera 2, arrived a year later.
The 964 incarnation of the 911 Turbo returned in 1990 after an absence from the price lists. At first it used a refined version of the 3.3 L engine of the previous Turbo, but two years later a turbo engine based on the 3.6 L engine of the other 964 models was introduced.
In 1990, Porsche introduced the ahead-of-its-time Tiptronic automatic transmission in the 964 Carrera 2, featuring adaptive electronic management and full manual control. The 964 was one of the first cars in the world offered with dual airbags standard (from 1991), the first being the Porsche 944 Turbo (from 1987).
In 1992, Porsche re-introduced a limited-edition RS model, inspired by the 1973 Carrera RS and emissions-legal in Europe only. In 1993, appeals from American customers resulted in Porsche developing the RS America of which 701 were built. In 1994, the RS America returned with rear seats. A total of 84 RSA's were made in 1994. However, while European RS was a homologation special, RS America was an option delete variant of the regular model. The RS 3.8 of 1993 had Turbo-style bodywork, a larger fixed whale tail in place of the movable rear spoiler, and a 300 PS (221 kW) 3746 cc engine.
Since the RS/RS America was intended as a no-frills, higher performance version of the 964, there were four factory options available: a limited-slip differential, AM/FM cassette stereo, air conditioning, and a sunroof. The interior was more basic than a standard 911 as well; for example the interior door panels lacked the armrests and door pockets and had a simple pull strap for the opening mechanism. Although the RS America was about $10,000 cheaper than a fully equipped C2 at the time of their production, these models now command a premium price on the used market over a standard 964 (RS Europe was about $20,000 more expensive than a C2).
964 Turbo (1990–1994)
In 1990 Porsche introduced a Turbo version of the 964 series. This car is sometimes mistakenly called 965 (this type number actually referred to a stillborn project that would have been a hi-tech turbocharged car in the vein of the 959). For the 1991 through 1993 model years, Porsche produced the 964 Turbo with the 930's proven 3.3 L engine, improved to produce 320 PS (235 kW). 1994 brought the Carrera 2/4's 3.6 L engine, now in turbo-charged form and sending a staggering 360 PS (265 kW) to the rear wheels. With the 993 on the way, this car was produced through 1994 and remains rather rare.
993 Series (1994–mid 1998)
The 911 was again revised for model year 1994 under the internal name Type 993. This car was significant as it was the final incarnation of the air-cooled 911 first introduced in 1964. Most enthusiasts and collectors consider the 993 to be the best of the 911 series. As Car & Driver noted, "Porsche's version of the Goldilocks tale is the 993-generation 911, the one many Porschephiles agree that the company got just right," with an "ideal blend of technology and classic 911 air-cooled heritage."
The exterior featured all-new front and rear ends. The revised bodywork was smoother, having a noticeably more aerodynamic front end somewhat reminiscent of the 959. Styling was by Englishman Tony Hatter under the supervision of design chief Harm Lagaay and completed in 1991.
Along with the revised bodywork, mechanically the 993 also featured an all-new multilink rear suspension that improved the car's ride and handling. This rear suspension was largely derived from the stillborn Porsche 989's rear multilink design, and served to rectify the problems with earlier models' tendency to oversteer if the throttle or brakes were applied mid-corner. These modifications also reduced previous 911's lift-off oversteer problems to a much more moderate degree.
The new suspension, along with chassis refinements, enabled the car to keep up dynamically with the competition. Engine capacity remained at 3.6 L, but power rose to 272 PS (200 kW / 268 BHP) thanks to better engine management and exhaust design, and beginning with model year 1996 to 286 PS (210 kW / 281 BHP). The 993 was the first Porsche to debut variable-length intake runners with the "Variocam" system on 1996 models. This addressed the inherent compromise between high-rpm power production and low-rpm torque production, and was one of the first of its kind to be employed on production vehicles. However, the Varioram version with its ODB II had issues with carbon deposits, resulting in failed smog tests. This caused expensive repairs, and made comparisons with the 1995 car (with OBD I and just 12 hp less) inevitable. Meanwhile, a new four-wheel-drive system was introduced as an option in the form of the Carrera 4, the rear-wheel-drive versions simply being called Carrera or C2. A lightweight RS 993 had a 3.8 L engine with 300 PS (221 kW / 296 BHP), and was only rear-wheel drive.
Non-turbo models appeared that used the Turbo's wide bodyshell and some other components (the Carrera 4S and later the Carrera S) but not the large tack-on Turbo "hibachi" spoiler. "The Carrera S series (C2S) from 1997 thru 1998 is (according to most Porsche enthusiasts) the most highly sought after version of the 993."
The Targa open-topped model also made a return, this time with a large glass roof that slid under the rear window. The expensive air-cooled 993 Targa had a limited release between 1996 and 1998. [Production numbers: 1996: US/Can: 462 ROW: 1980, 1997: US/Can: 567 ROW: 1276, 1998: US/Can: 122 (100 Tiptronic / 22 Manual)]
As an investment, the 1997 and 1998 C2S version has proven the most desirable (apart from even rarer models such as the RS and Turbo S). "Many find that they are the best looking 911 there is and used prices have always seemed to reflect this. They command a hefty premium in today's market and the very best example wide body cars can be priced more than the higher mileage Turbos." Of the widebody 993 series, "The purists will want 2 wheel drive and nothing else will do." Similarly, purists will insist upon the manual transmission over the automatic "Tiptronic" version; this is even more true in the case of the 993 as compared with other models, because Porsche 993s were the first production model (apart from the 959 supercar) to feature a 6-speed manual transmission. The C2S wide-body 993s are in scarce supply, with none built in 1995 or 1996, and just 759 units made for North America in 1997, with a final supply of 993 in 1998, for a total of 1,752 C2S examples overall.
993 TURBO (1995–1997)
A Turbo version of the 993 was launched in 1995 and became the first standard production Porsche with twin turbochargers and the first 911 Turbo to be equipped with permanent all-wheel-drive (the homologated GT2 retained RWD). The similarity in specification and in performance levels inspired several comparison road tests with the Porsche 959. The 3.6 L twin turbo M64/60 engine produced 408 PS (300 kW / 402 BHP).
In 1997, Porsche introduced a limited run of 183 copies of the 993 911 Turbo S with 24 PS (17.7 kW) over the regular Turbo's 400 PS (294 kW). Features include a scoop on the side right behind the doors for engine cooling and vents on the whale tail rear spoiler.
WATER-COOLED ENGINES (1998–PRESENT)
996 SERIES (1998/9–2004)
The water-cooled Type 996 replaced the air-cooled mechanism used in the 911 for 34 years. This was also the first major re-design to the body shell. The 996 styling shared its front end with Porsche's mid engined Boxster. Pinky Lai's work on exterior won international design awards between 1997 and 2003.
The Carrera model had a 0.30 coefficient of drag. The interior was criticized for its plainness and its lack of relationship to prior 911 interiors, although this came largely from owners of older 911s.
The Type 996 spawned over a dozen variations, including all-wheel-drive Carrera 4 and Carrera 4S (which had a 'Turbo look') models, the club racing-oriented GT3, and the forced-induction 996 Turbo and GT2. The Turbo, four-wheel-drive and twin-turbo, often made appearances in magazines' lists of the best cars on sale.
The Carrera and Carrera 4 underwent revisions for model year 2002, receiving clear lens front and rear indicator lights which were first seen on the Turbo version two years earlier. This allowed the 911 to be more distinguishable from the Boxster. A mildly revised front fascia was also introduced, though the basic architecture remained.
Engine displacement was 3.4 L and power 300 PS (221 kW) featuring dry sump technology and variable valve timing, increased in 2002 to 3.6 L and 320 PS (235 kW).
The roof system on the convertible transformed the car from a coupé to a roadster in 19 seconds. The car is equipped with a rear spoiler that raises at speeds over 120 km/h. It can also be raised manually by means of an electric switch.
Starting from the models with water-cooled engines, 911 Carreras do not come with rear limited-slip differential, except the 40th Anniversary 911, GT2, GT3 and Turbo. The exception would be for MY1999 where the limited-slip differential was available as option code 220.
996 GT3 (1999–2004)
Porsche released a road version GT3 version of the 996 series which was derived from the company's racing GT3. Simply called GT3, the car featured lightweight materials including thinner windows. The GT3 was a lighter and more focused design with the emphasis on handling and performance. The suspension ride height was lowered and tuned for responsiveness over compliance and comfort. These revisions improved handling and steering. Of more significance was the engine used in the GT3. Instead of using a version of the water-cooled units found in other 996s, the naturally aspirated engine was derived from the Porsche 911 GT1 '98 sports-prototype racing car and featured lightweight materials which enabled the engine to rotate at high speeds.
The engine was a naturally aspirated 3600 cc flat-six (F6) rather than either engine from the pre-facelift and revised Carrera. It produced 360 bhp (268 kW; 365 PS) at first and later improved to 381 bhp (284 kW; 386 PS) at the end of the 996 series' revision.
The GT3 did not feature rear seats.
996 TURBO (2001–2005)
In 2000, Porsche launched the Turbo version of the Type 996 for MY 2001. Like the GT3, the new Turbo engine derived from the 911 GT1 engine and, like its predecessor, featured twin-turbos and now developed 420 PS (309 kW). Also like its predecessor the new Turbo was only available with all-wheel drive. In 2002, a US$17,000 factory option, the X50 package, was available that boosted the engine output to 450 PS (331 kW) with 620 N·m (457 lb·ftf) of torque across a wide section of the power band. With the X50 package in place the car could make 0–100 km/h in 3.91 seconds. Later on toward the end of the 996 life cycle, a 996 Turbo S coupé also returned to the US along with a new debut of the Turbo S Cabriolet boasting even more power - 450 PS (331 kW) and 620 N·m (457 lb·ftf) - than the regular Turbo. The Turbo can reach a top speed of 189 mph (304 km/h).
The styling was more individual than previous Turbos. Along with the traditional wider rear wings, the 996 Turbo had different front lights and bumpers when compared to the Carrera and Carrera 4. The rear bumper had air vents that were reminiscent of those on the Porsche 959 and there were large vents on the front bumper, which have been copied on the Carrera 4S and Cayenne Turbo.
Most important of all, the Styling of 996 Turbo was done, for the first time (1997) in the company history and in the car design field, with the help of Computer Aided Styling. Practically a digital Styling model existed before the full size clay model, and 99% of the Styling changes were done on the digital model and then the clay model would be milled (CNC) in order to present to the top management for approval.
997 SERIES (2005–2012)
In 2005, the 911 was revised and the 996's replacement, the 997, was unveiled. The 997 keeps the basic profile of the 996, bringing the drag coefficient down to 0.28, but draws on the 993 for detailing. In addition, the new headlights revert to the original bug-eye design, drifting from the teardrop scheme of the 996. Its interior is also similarly revised, with strong links to the earlier 911 interiors while at the same time looking fresh and modern. The 997 shares less than a third of its parts with the outgoing 996, but is still technically similar to it.
Initially, two versions of the 997 were introduced - the rear-wheel-drive Carrera and Carrera S. While the base 997 Carrera produced 325 PS (239 kW) from its 3.6 L Flat 6, a more powerful 3.8 L 355 PS (261 kW) Flat 6 powers the Carrera S.
In late 2005, Porsche announced the all-wheel-drive versions to the 997 lineup. Carrera 4 models (both Carrera 4 and Carrera 4S) were announced as 2006 models. Both Carrera 4 models are wider than their rear-wheel-drive counterparts by 32 mm to cover wider rear tires. 0–60 mph (97 km/h) for a base Carrera 4 with the 325 PS (239 kW; 321 hp) engine was reported at 4.5 seconds according to Edmunds.com. The 0–100 km/h acceleration for the Carrera S with the 355 PS (261 kW; 350 hp) was noted to be as fast as 4.2 seconds in a recent Motor Trend comparison, and Road & Track has timed it at 3.8 seconds.
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Brill Mindz is one among the finest Mobile App Development Company in Bangalore India as the Mobile App Developers has proved their caliber in developing the most unique apps for mobile devices.
Logo design for a quicklaunch OSX application. I look after the UI / Branding and web design. www.alfredapp.com
L'AquaPark de Biscarrosse est ouvert de Mai a fin septembre, tous les jours de 11h à 20h (Selon Météo). (+ Nocturne 20h à Minuit ! sur réservation)
AquaPark est un parc aquatique de structures gonflables géantes ! Nous sommes les précurseurs du produit en France !
En famille, entre collègue ou entre amis, venez délirer à l'AquaPark où vous attende des Journée à thèmes, Des Concours, De la Musique, Des Défis, Des Cadeaux, DJ, Animation, AquaRugby, Nocturne, Soirée...
Avec des Trampolines, catapultes, murs d'escalades, toboggan géant, boudins de traversée, centrifugeuse, balançoire géante, AirBoudin, Terrain d'AquaRugby, Révolution, plongeoir...
Le parc est situé sur la grande plage de l'Idylle Café, avec toutes ses activités.
Le parc est ouvert de 8 à 88 Ans enfants comme adultes y sont conviés!
(Pour les plus jeunes il existe des horaires aménagées)
SITE WEB:
BLOG:
- www.aqua-park.fr/blog-aquapark
LIVRE D'OR:
- www.aqua-park.fr/livre-dor-aquapark
PAGE FACEBOOK:
- AquaPark : www.facebook.com/AquaPark.fr
- Catapulte Géante : www.facebook.com/CatapulteGeante
RDV CATAPULTE GEANTE :
- www.facebook.com/events/171876356229521/?ref=ts
VIDEOS :
- www.aqua-park.fr/medias-photos-a-videos/videos-aquapark-b...
FLIKR (Photos)
- www.flickr.com/photos/maguide/sets/72157626613436667/
YOUTUBE (Vidéos)
- AquaPark : www.youtube.com/user/BiscarrosseAquaParc
- Catapulte Géante : www.youtube.com/user/AquaParkCatapulte
TWITTER (News)
APPLICATION MOBILE (iPhone, iPod, iPad)
- AQUAPARK : itunes.apple.com/fr/app/aquapark/id445230976?mt=8
- CATAPULTE : itunes.apple.com/fr/app/catapulte-geante/id483703313?mt=8
FLUX RSS :
- www.aqua-park.fr/blog-aquapark/feed/rss/blog-aquapark?for...
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Notre équipe. Nous sommes trois personnes ayant les deux niveaux de secourisme et dont deux ayant le Brevet National de Sécurité et de Sauvetage Aquatique.
Notre localisation. Nous sommes situés à Port Maguide ( Biscarrosse ) dans un cadre idyllique où activité et divertissement règne avec bonne humeur. Pour plus d'information www.portmaguide.fr/ .
Nos projets. Nous souhaitons pour les saisons avenirs agrandir notre parc en y ajoutant de nouvelles structures plus impressionnantes et plus fun les unes que les autres.
Déjà chaque années retrouvez plusieurs nouveautés !!
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TARIFS:
- www.aqua-park.fr/aquapark/tarifs-aquapark-biscarrosse
TARIFS DE GROUPES :
- www.aqua-park.fr/aquapark/louer-aquapark-mariage-enterrem...
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Notre localisation. Nous sommes situés à Port Maguide ( Biscarrosse ) dans les Landes avec un cadre idyllique où activité et divertissement règne avec bonne humeur.
Pour plus d'information :
Application iPhone Port Maguide :
- itunes.apple.com/fr/app/port-maguide/id433875399?mt=8
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CONTACT:
- www.aqua-park.fr/contact-contactez-nous
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The aerial application of yellow straw continues to mitigate soil and ash runoff from the mountainous terrain leading to Seaman Reservoir, drinking water resource for the City of Greeley, on Friday, July 20, 2012, near Fort Collins, Colo. Red areas are burnt trees with pine needles that will fall tho the ground and form a mulch. Green areas are the remaining healthy trees that provide shade and protection to promote the growth of ground cover plants and shrub. Because of steep terrain, helicopters must be used to quickly deliver 1,800 tons of straw to Forest Service lands, and private and other lands that receive a seed mix and straw to promote ground cover plant growth on ash-covered lands. In total, 1,800 tons of straw will be applied during the 14-day operation. One quarter of the cost was paid by the City of Greeley and the U.S. Department of Agriculture funded the remainder. The Hewlett Gulch Fire was started by a camper’s alcohol stove, on May 14, at the saddle of a picturesque mountain ridge along the Hewlett Gulch Trail of Poudre Canyon, in the Roosevelt National Forest, 60 miles north of Denver. At it’s peak, more than 400 firefighters were battling fires being pushed by 50 mph winds that helped blacken over 12-square-miles of dry ground cover, brush and trees. Many of the trees were already dead and tinder dry from beetle-kill. The water in the reservoir remains clean and clear, while downstream water flow has gone from famous Colorado clear water to nearly black flows of water heavily laden with ash, silt, and burnt debris that recent thunderstorms have already washed down from the mountainsides. USDA Photo by Lance Cheung.
LiveFurnish is revolutionary application that allows Furnishing & Furniture Retailers, Manufacturers and Wholesalers sell, showcase and customize their products and designs.
A Mobile & Tablet Application, LiveFurnish is for all types of furnishing, furniture, Tiles, Vinyls, Laminates, Curtains, Wall Papers, Cushions, Cloth Materials and many more.
3D Visualization: Enable retailers to interactively visualize one of the largest libraries of Furniture in 3D
IR HDR. IR converted Canon 40D. Canon 17-55 F2.8 IS lens. Shot at ISO 100, F16, AEB +/-3 total of 7 exposures processed with Photomatix. Levels adjusted in PSE.
High Dynamic Range (HDR)
High-dynamic-range imaging (HDRI) is a high dynamic range (HDR) technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques. The aim is to present a similar range of luminance to that experienced through the human visual system. The human eye, through adaptation of the iris and other methods, adjusts constantly to adapt to a broad range of luminance present in the environment. The brain continuously interprets this information so that a viewer can see in a wide range of light conditions.
HDR images can represent a greater range of luminance levels than can be achieved using more 'traditional' methods, such as many real-world scenes containing very bright, direct sunlight to extreme shade, or very faint nebulae. This is often achieved by capturing and then combining several different, narrower range, exposures of the same subject matter. Non-HDR cameras take photographs with a limited exposure range, referred to as LDR, resulting in the loss of detail in highlights or shadows.
The two primary types of HDR images are computer renderings and images resulting from merging multiple low-dynamic-range (LDR) or standard-dynamic-range (SDR) photographs. HDR images can also be acquired using special image sensors, such as an oversampled binary image sensor.
Due to the limitations of printing and display contrast, the extended luminosity range of an HDR image has to be compressed to be made visible. The method of rendering an HDR image to a standard monitor or printing device is called tone mapping. This method reduces the overall contrast of an HDR image to facilitate display on devices or printouts with lower dynamic range, and can be applied to produce images with preserved local contrast (or exaggerated for artistic effect).
In photography, dynamic range is measured in exposure value (EV) differences (known as stops). An increase of one EV, or 'one stop', represents a doubling of the amount of light. Conversely, a decrease of one EV represents a halving of the amount of light. Therefore, revealing detail in the darkest of shadows requires high exposures, while preserving detail in very bright situations requires very low exposures. Most cameras cannot provide this range of exposure values within a single exposure, due to their low dynamic range. High-dynamic-range photographs are generally achieved by capturing multiple standard-exposure images, often using exposure bracketing, and then later merging them into a single HDR image, usually within a photo manipulation program). Digital images are often encoded in a camera's raw image format, because 8-bit JPEG encoding does not offer a wide enough range of values to allow fine transitions (and regarding HDR, later introduces undesirable effects due to lossy compression).
Any camera that allows manual exposure control can make images for HDR work, although one equipped with auto exposure bracketing (AEB) is far better suited. Images from film cameras are less suitable as they often must first be digitized, so that they can later be processed using software HDR methods.
In most imaging devices, the degree of exposure to light applied to the active element (be it film or CCD) can be altered in one of two ways: by either increasing/decreasing the size of the aperture or by increasing/decreasing the time of each exposure. Exposure variation in an HDR set is only done by altering the exposure time and not the aperture size; this is because altering the aperture size also affects the depth of field and so the resultant multiple images would be quite different, preventing their final combination into a single HDR image.
An important limitation for HDR photography is that any movement between successive images will impede or prevent success in combining them afterwards. Also, as one must create several images (often three or five and sometimes more) to obtain the desired luminance range, such a full 'set' of images takes extra time. HDR photographers have developed calculation methods and techniques to partially overcome these problems, but the use of a sturdy tripod is, at least, advised.
Some cameras have an auto exposure bracketing (AEB) feature with a far greater dynamic range than others, from the 3 EV of the Canon EOS 40D, to the 18 EV of the Canon EOS-1D Mark II. As the popularity of this imaging method grows, several camera manufactures are now offering built-in HDR features. For example, the Pentax K-7 DSLR has an HDR mode that captures an HDR image and outputs (only) a tone mapped JPEG file. The Canon PowerShot G12, Canon PowerShot S95 and Canon PowerShot S100 offer similar features in a smaller format.. Nikon's approach is called 'Active D-Lighting' which applies exposure compensation and tone mapping to the image as it comes from the sensor, with the accent being on retaing a realistic effect . Some smartphones provide HDR modes, and most mobile platforms have apps that provide HDR picture taking.
Camera characteristics such as gamma curves, sensor resolution, noise, photometric calibration and color calibration affect resulting high-dynamic-range images.
Color film negatives and slides consist of multiple film layers that respond to light differently. As a consequence, transparent originals (especially positive slides) feature a very high dynamic range
Tone mapping
Tone mapping reduces the dynamic range, or contrast ratio, of an entire image while retaining localized contrast. Although it is a distinct operation, tone mapping is often applied to HDRI files by the same software package.
Several software applications are available on the PC, Mac and Linux platforms for producing HDR files and tone mapped images. Notable titles include
Adobe Photoshop
Aurora HDR
Dynamic Photo HDR
HDR Efex Pro
HDR PhotoStudio
Luminance HDR
MagicRaw
Oloneo PhotoEngine
Photomatix Pro
PTGui
Information stored in high-dynamic-range images typically corresponds to the physical values of luminance or radiance that can be observed in the real world. This is different from traditional digital images, which represent colors as they should appear on a monitor or a paper print. Therefore, HDR image formats are often called scene-referred, in contrast to traditional digital images, which are device-referred or output-referred. Furthermore, traditional images are usually encoded for the human visual system (maximizing the visual information stored in the fixed number of bits), which is usually called gamma encoding or gamma correction. The values stored for HDR images are often gamma compressed (power law) or logarithmically encoded, or floating-point linear values, since fixed-point linear encodings are increasingly inefficient over higher dynamic ranges.
HDR images often don't use fixed ranges per color channel—other than traditional images—to represent many more colors over a much wider dynamic range. For that purpose, they don't use integer values to represent the single color channels (e.g., 0-255 in an 8 bit per pixel interval for red, green and blue) but instead use a floating point representation. Common are 16-bit (half precision) or 32-bit floating point numbers to represent HDR pixels. However, when the appropriate transfer function is used, HDR pixels for some applications can be represented with a color depth that has as few as 10–12 bits for luminance and 8 bits for chrominance without introducing any visible quantization artifacts.
History of HDR photography
The idea of using several exposures to adequately reproduce a too-extreme range of luminance was pioneered as early as the 1850s by Gustave Le Gray to render seascapes showing both the sky and the sea. Such rendering was impossible at the time using standard methods, as the luminosity range was too extreme. Le Gray used one negative for the sky, and another one with a longer exposure for the sea, and combined the two into one picture in positive.
Mid 20th century
Manual tone mapping was accomplished by dodging and burning – selectively increasing or decreasing the exposure of regions of the photograph to yield better tonality reproduction. This was effective because the dynamic range of the negative is significantly higher than would be available on the finished positive paper print when that is exposed via the negative in a uniform manner. An excellent example is the photograph Schweitzer at the Lamp by W. Eugene Smith, from his 1954 photo essay A Man of Mercy on Dr. Albert Schweitzer and his humanitarian work in French Equatorial Africa. The image took 5 days to reproduce the tonal range of the scene, which ranges from a bright lamp (relative to the scene) to a dark shadow.
Ansel Adams elevated dodging and burning to an art form. Many of his famous prints were manipulated in the darkroom with these two methods. Adams wrote a comprehensive book on producing prints called The Print, which prominently features dodging and burning, in the context of his Zone System.
With the advent of color photography, tone mapping in the darkroom was no longer possible due to the specific timing needed during the developing process of color film. Photographers looked to film manufacturers to design new film stocks with improved response, or continued to shoot in black and white to use tone mapping methods.
Color film capable of directly recording high-dynamic-range images was developed by Charles Wyckoff and EG&G "in the course of a contract with the Department of the Air Force". This XR film had three emulsion layers, an upper layer having an ASA speed rating of 400, a middle layer with an intermediate rating, and a lower layer with an ASA rating of 0.004. The film was processed in a manner similar to color films, and each layer produced a different color. The dynamic range of this extended range film has been estimated as 1:108. It has been used to photograph nuclear explosions, for astronomical photography, for spectrographic research, and for medical imaging. Wyckoff's detailed pictures of nuclear explosions appeared on the cover of Life magazine in the mid-1950s.
Late 20th century
Georges Cornuéjols and licensees of his patents (Brdi, Hymatom) introduced the principle of HDR video image, in 1986, by interposing a matricial LCD screen in front of the camera's image sensor, increasing the sensors dynamic by five stops. The concept of neighborhood tone mapping was applied to video cameras by a group from the Technion in Israel led by Dr. Oliver Hilsenrath and Prof. Y.Y.Zeevi who filed for a patent on this concept in 1988.
In February and April 1990, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the first real-time HDR camera that combined two images captured by a sensor3435 or simultaneously3637 by two sensors of the camera. This process is known as bracketing used for a video stream.
In 1991, the first commercial video camera was introduced that performed real-time capturing of multiple images with different exposures, and producing an HDR video image, by Hymatom, licensee of Georges Cornuéjols.
Also in 1991, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the HDR+ image principle by non-linear accumulation of images to increase the sensitivity of the camera: for low-light environments, several successive images are accumulated, thus increasing the signal to noise ratio.
In 1993, another commercial medical camera producing an HDR video image, by the Technion.
Modern HDR imaging uses a completely different approach, based on making a high-dynamic-range luminance or light map using only global image operations (across the entire image), and then tone mapping the result. Global HDR was first introduced in 19931 resulting in a mathematical theory of differently exposed pictures of the same subject matter that was published in 1995 by Steve Mann and Rosalind Picard.
On October 28, 1998, Ben Sarao created one of the first nighttime HDR+G (High Dynamic Range + Graphic image)of STS-95 on the launch pad at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. It consisted of four film images of the shuttle at night that were digitally composited with additional digital graphic elements. The image was first exhibited at NASA Headquarters Great Hall, Washington DC in 1999 and then published in Hasselblad Forum, Issue 3 1993, Volume 35 ISSN 0282-5449.
The advent of consumer digital cameras produced a new demand for HDR imaging to improve the light response of digital camera sensors, which had a much smaller dynamic range than film. Steve Mann developed and patented the global-HDR method for producing digital images having extended dynamic range at the MIT Media Laboratory. Mann's method involved a two-step procedure: (1) generate one floating point image array by global-only image operations (operations that affect all pixels identically, without regard to their local neighborhoods); and then (2) convert this image array, using local neighborhood processing (tone-remapping, etc.), into an HDR image. The image array generated by the first step of Mann's process is called a lightspace image, lightspace picture, or radiance map. Another benefit of global-HDR imaging is that it provides access to the intermediate light or radiance map, which has been used for computer vision, and other image processing operations.
21st century
In 2005, Adobe Systems introduced several new features in Photoshop CS2 including Merge to HDR, 32 bit floating point image support, and HDR tone mapping.
On June 30, 2016, Microsoft added support for the digital compositing of HDR images to Windows 10 using the Universal Windows Platform.
HDR sensors
Modern CMOS image sensors can often capture a high dynamic range from a single exposure. The wide dynamic range of the captured image is non-linearly compressed into a smaller dynamic range electronic representation. However, with proper processing, the information from a single exposure can be used to create an HDR image.
Such HDR imaging is used in extreme dynamic range applications like welding or automotive work. Some other cameras designed for use in security applications can automatically provide two or more images for each frame, with changing exposure. For example, a sensor for 30fps video will give out 60fps with the odd frames at a short exposure time and the even frames at a longer exposure time. Some of the sensor may even combine the two images on-chip so that a wider dynamic range without in-pixel compression is directly available to the user for display or processing.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dynamic-range_imaging
Infrared Photography
In infrared photography, the film or image sensor used is sensitive to infrared light. The part of the spectrum used is referred to as near-infrared to distinguish it from far-infrared, which is the domain of thermal imaging. Wavelengths used for photography range from about 700 nm to about 900 nm. Film is usually sensitive to visible light too, so an infrared-passing filter is used; this lets infrared (IR) light pass through to the camera, but blocks all or most of the visible light spectrum (the filter thus looks black or deep red). ("Infrared filter" may refer either to this type of filter or to one that blocks infrared but passes other wavelengths.)
When these filters are used together with infrared-sensitive film or sensors, "in-camera effects" can be obtained; false-color or black-and-white images with a dreamlike or sometimes lurid appearance known as the "Wood Effect," an effect mainly caused by foliage (such as tree leaves and grass) strongly reflecting in the same way visible light is reflected from snow. There is a small contribution from chlorophyll fluorescence, but this is marginal and is not the real cause of the brightness seen in infrared photographs. The effect is named after the infrared photography pioneer Robert W. Wood, and not after the material wood, which does not strongly reflect infrared.
The other attributes of infrared photographs include very dark skies and penetration of atmospheric haze, caused by reduced Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering, respectively, compared to visible light. The dark skies, in turn, result in less infrared light in shadows and dark reflections of those skies from water, and clouds will stand out strongly. These wavelengths also penetrate a few millimeters into skin and give a milky look to portraits, although eyes often look black.
Until the early 20th century, infrared photography was not possible because silver halide emulsions are not sensitive to longer wavelengths than that of blue light (and to a lesser extent, green light) without the addition of a dye to act as a color sensitizer. The first infrared photographs (as distinct from spectrographs) to be published appeared in the February 1910 edition of The Century Magazine and in the October 1910 edition of the Royal Photographic Society Journal to illustrate papers by Robert W. Wood, who discovered the unusual effects that now bear his name. The RPS co-ordinated events to celebrate the centenary of this event in 2010. Wood's photographs were taken on experimental film that required very long exposures; thus, most of his work focused on landscapes. A further set of infrared landscapes taken by Wood in Italy in 1911 used plates provided for him by CEK Mees at Wratten & Wainwright. Mees also took a few infrared photographs in Portugal in 1910, which are now in the Kodak archives.
Infrared-sensitive photographic plates were developed in the United States during World War I for spectroscopic analysis, and infrared sensitizing dyes were investigated for improved haze penetration in aerial photography. After 1930, new emulsions from Kodak and other manufacturers became useful to infrared astronomy.
Infrared photography became popular with photography enthusiasts in the 1930s when suitable film was introduced commercially. The Times regularly published landscape and aerial photographs taken by their staff photographers using Ilford infrared film. By 1937 33 kinds of infrared film were available from five manufacturers including Agfa, Kodak and Ilford. Infrared movie film was also available and was used to create day-for-night effects in motion pictures, a notable example being the pseudo-night aerial sequences in the James Cagney/Bette Davis movie The Bride Came COD.
False-color infrared photography became widely practiced with the introduction of Kodak Ektachrome Infrared Aero Film and Ektachrome Infrared EIR. The first version of this, known as Kodacolor Aero-Reversal-Film, was developed by Clark and others at the Kodak for camouflage detection in the 1940s. The film became more widely available in 35mm form in the 1960s but KODAK AEROCHROME III Infrared Film 1443 has been discontinued.
Infrared photography became popular with a number of 1960s recording artists, because of the unusual results; Jimi Hendrix, Donovan, Frank and a slow shutter speed without focus compensation, however wider apertures like f/2.0 can produce sharp photos only if the lens is meticulously refocused to the infrared index mark, and only if this index mark is the correct one for the filter and film in use. However, it should be noted that diffraction effects inside a camera are greater at infrared wavelengths so that stopping down the lens too far may actually reduce sharpness.
Most apochromatic ('APO') lenses do not have an Infrared index mark and do not need to be refocused for the infrared spectrum because they are already optically corrected into the near-infrared spectrum. Catadioptric lenses do not often require this adjustment because their mirror containing elements do not suffer from chromatic aberration and so the overall aberration is comparably less. Catadioptric lenses do, of course, still contain lenses, and these lenses do still have a dispersive property.
Infrared black-and-white films require special development times but development is usually achieved with standard black-and-white film developers and chemicals (like D-76). Kodak HIE film has a polyester film base that is very stable but extremely easy to scratch, therefore special care must be used in the handling of Kodak HIE throughout the development and printing/scanning process to avoid damage to the film. The Kodak HIE film was sensitive to 900 nm.
As of November 2, 2007, "KODAK is preannouncing the discontinuance" of HIE Infrared 35 mm film stating the reasons that, "Demand for these products has been declining significantly in recent years, and it is no longer practical to continue to manufacture given the low volume, the age of the product formulations and the complexity of the processes involved." At the time of this notice, HIE Infrared 135-36 was available at a street price of around $12.00 a roll at US mail order outlets.
Arguably the greatest obstacle to infrared film photography has been the increasing difficulty of obtaining infrared-sensitive film. However, despite the discontinuance of HIE, other newer infrared sensitive emulsions from EFKE, ROLLEI, and ILFORD are still available, but these formulations have differing sensitivity and specifications from the venerable KODAK HIE that has been around for at least two decades. Some of these infrared films are available in 120 and larger formats as well as 35 mm, which adds flexibility to their application. With the discontinuance of Kodak HIE, Efke's IR820 film has become the only IR film on the marketneeds update with good sensitivity beyond 750 nm, the Rollei film does extend beyond 750 nm but IR sensitivity falls off very rapidly.
Color infrared transparency films have three sensitized layers that, because of the way the dyes are coupled to these layers, reproduce infrared as red, red as green, and green as blue. All three layers are sensitive to blue so the film must be used with a yellow filter, since this will block blue light but allow the remaining colors to reach the film. The health of foliage can be determined from the relative strengths of green and infrared light reflected; this shows in color infrared as a shift from red (healthy) towards magenta (unhealthy). Early color infrared films were developed in the older E-4 process, but Kodak later manufactured a color transparency film that could be developed in standard E-6 chemistry, although more accurate results were obtained by developing using the AR-5 process. In general, color infrared does not need to be refocused to the infrared index mark on the lens.
In 2007 Kodak announced that production of the 35 mm version of their color infrared film (Ektachrome Professional Infrared/EIR) would cease as there was insufficient demand. Since 2011, all formats of color infrared film have been discontinued. Specifically, Aerochrome 1443 and SO-734.
There is no currently available digital camera that will produce the same results as Kodak color infrared film although the equivalent images can be produced by taking two exposures, one infrared and the other full-color, and combining in post-production. The color images produced by digital still cameras using infrared-pass filters are not equivalent to those produced on color infrared film. The colors result from varying amounts of infrared passing through the color filters on the photo sites, further amended by the Bayer filtering. While this makes such images unsuitable for the kind of applications for which the film was used, such as remote sensing of plant health, the resulting color tonality has proved popular artistically.
Color digital infrared, as part of full spectrum photography is gaining popularity. The ease of creating a softly colored photo with infrared characteristics has found interest among hobbyists and professionals.
In 2008, Los Angeles photographer, Dean Bennici started cutting and hand rolling Aerochrome color Infrared film. All Aerochrome medium and large format which exists today came directly from his lab. The trend in infrared photography continues to gain momentum with the success of photographer Richard Mosse and multiple users all around the world.
Digital camera sensors are inherently sensitive to infrared light, which would interfere with the normal photography by confusing the autofocus calculations or softening the image (because infrared light is focused differently from visible light), or oversaturating the red channel. Also, some clothing is transparent in the infrared, leading to unintended (at least to the manufacturer) uses of video cameras. Thus, to improve image quality and protect privacy, many digital cameras employ infrared blockers. Depending on the subject matter, infrared photography may not be practical with these cameras because the exposure times become overly long, often in the range of 30 seconds, creating noise and motion blur in the final image. However, for some subject matter the long exposure does not matter or the motion blur effects actually add to the image. Some lenses will also show a 'hot spot' in the centre of the image as their coatings are optimised for visible light and not for IR.
An alternative method of DSLR infrared photography is to remove the infrared blocker in front of the sensor and replace it with a filter that removes visible light. This filter is behind the mirror, so the camera can be used normally - handheld, normal shutter speeds, normal composition through the viewfinder, and focus, all work like a normal camera. Metering works but is not always accurate because of the difference between visible and infrared refraction. When the IR blocker is removed, many lenses which did display a hotspot cease to do so, and become perfectly usable for infrared photography. Additionally, because the red, green and blue micro-filters remain and have transmissions not only in their respective color but also in the infrared, enhanced infrared color may be recorded.
Since the Bayer filters in most digital cameras absorb a significant fraction of the infrared light, these cameras are sometimes not very sensitive as infrared cameras and can sometimes produce false colors in the images. An alternative approach is to use a Foveon X3 sensor, which does not have absorptive filters on it; the Sigma SD10 DSLR has a removable IR blocking filter and dust protector, which can be simply omitted or replaced by a deep red or complete visible light blocking filter. The Sigma SD14 has an IR/UV blocking filter that can be removed/installed without tools. The result is a very sensitive digital IR camera.
While it is common to use a filter that blocks almost all visible light, the wavelength sensitivity of a digital camera without internal infrared blocking is such that a variety of artistic results can be obtained with more conventional filtration. For example, a very dark neutral density filter can be used (such as the Hoya ND400) which passes a very small amount of visible light compared to the near-infrared it allows through. Wider filtration permits an SLR viewfinder to be used and also passes more varied color information to the sensor without necessarily reducing the Wood effect. Wider filtration is however likely to reduce other infrared artefacts such as haze penetration and darkened skies. This technique mirrors the methods used by infrared film photographers where black-and-white infrared film was often used with a deep red filter rather than a visually opaque one.
Another common technique with near-infrared filters is to swap blue and red channels in software (e.g. photoshop) which retains much of the characteristic 'white foliage' while rendering skies a glorious blue.
Several Sony cameras had the so-called Night Shot facility, which physically moves the blocking filter away from the light path, which makes the cameras very sensitive to infrared light. Soon after its development, this facility was 'restricted' by Sony to make it difficult for people to take photos that saw through clothing. To do this the iris is opened fully and exposure duration is limited to long times of more than 1/30 second or so. It is possible to shoot infrared but neutral density filters must be used to reduce the camera's sensitivity and the long exposure times mean that care must be taken to avoid camera-shake artifacts.
Fuji have produced digital cameras for use in forensic criminology and medicine which have no infrared blocking filter. The first camera, designated the S3 PRO UVIR, also had extended ultraviolet sensitivity (digital sensors are usually less sensitive to UV than to IR). Optimum UV sensitivity requires special lenses, but ordinary lenses usually work well for IR. In 2007, FujiFilm introduced a new version of this camera, based on the Nikon D200/ FujiFilm S5 called the IS Pro, also able to take Nikon lenses. Fuji had earlier introduced a non-SLR infrared camera, the IS-1, a modified version of the FujiFilm FinePix S9100. Unlike the S3 PRO UVIR, the IS-1 does not offer UV sensitivity. FujiFilm restricts the sale of these cameras to professional users with their EULA specifically prohibiting "unethical photographic conduct".
Phase One digital camera backs can be ordered in an infrared modified form.
Remote sensing and thermographic cameras are sensitive to longer wavelengths of infrared (see Infrared spectrum#Commonly used sub-division scheme). They may be multispectral and use a variety of technologies which may not resemble common camera or filter designs. Cameras sensitive to longer infrared wavelengths including those used in infrared astronomy often require cooling to reduce thermally induced dark currents in the sensor (see Dark current (physics)). Lower cost uncooled thermographic digital cameras operate in the Long Wave infrared band (see Thermographic camera#Uncooled infrared detectors). These cameras are generally used for building inspection or preventative maintenance but can be used for artistic pursuits as well.
Jillian Davis is my application for Bizarre.
The contest just sounds so good that i wanted to try.
Originally there are four polaroids but the other two are just too..
much failure - u can see them here when u wanna have eye cancer ;)
I introduced that sim before
but changed her hair color in that dark blue-ish
shade.
Public Domain Book: A handbook of ornament with 300 plates containing about 3,000 illustrations of the elements, and the application of decoration to objects
4th American ed.
by Franz Sales Meyer.
Published 1892 by Architectural book publishing co., inc. in New York .
Written in English.
openlibrary.org/works/OL5432594W/A_handbook_of_ornament_w...
In September 1906 Henry Hughes of the Patent and Trade-Marks Office, Queen Chambers, Wellington, New Zealand put forward a registration of proprietorship of copyright for a photograph of Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States. The registration was put forward on behalf of Henry Martyn Williams who was from Fort Wayne, Indiana. His address on the application form was 124 East Wayne Street, Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States of America.
Williams was a Civil War veteran and was in his senior year at Princeton University, New Jersey, when the Civil War began. He left college to join the Army and was made First Lieutenant of Artillery in the Eleventh Indiana Battery. In the battle of Chickamauga he was severely wounded while defending his guns, so much so that he had to eventually retire from the Army. His unit records show that he joined up at 19 years of age on 17 December 1861, his occupation was given as Clerk. He was mustered out on 23 November 1863 with a disability, presumably from the injuries he sustained at the battle of Chickamauga. In later life he was engaged in various business enterprises in different parts of the country. He married Mary Hamilton and had two children. Williams died in 1917.
The original photograph was taken on 5 February, 1865 by Alexander Gardner. President Lincoln visited Gardner’s studio in February 1865, the final year of the Civil War, accompanied by the American portraitist Matthew Wilson. Wilson had been commissioned to paint the president’s portrait, but because Lincoln could spare so little time to pose, the artist needed recent photographs to work from. The photos served their purpose; the resulting painting was a traditional, formal, bust-length portrait in an oval format. Gardner’s surprisingly candid photograph of the President has proven more enduring than the painting, even though it was not originally intended to stand alone as a work of art.
The photograph held by the Library of Congress Washington DC., is a gelatin silver print of a lost period print of the multiple-image stereographic pose.
How Williams came to acquire the photograph, and then propose proprietorship of copyright of the photograph that Archives New Zealand now holds, is a mystery. The application to register the photograph was declined by the registrar because Williams was not a resident in New Zealand.
Archives Reference: PC4 CR 1906/63 [Copyright file and photograph]
Please note: This photograph has been retouched
Groundbreaking for ReNuAL (Renovation of the Nuclear Application Laboratories), and Celebration of the 50th Anniversary of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division. Seibersdorf, Austria, 29 September 2014.
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
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Rafael Mariano Grossi, IAEA Director General, welcomes delegates and participants as he delivers his opening remarks at the virtual meeting of the Standing Advisory Group on Nuclear Applications (SAGNA) held at the Agency headquarters in Vienna, Austria. 11 February 2021. Joining the DG in this meeting are Najat Mokhtar, IAEA Deputy Director General and Head of the Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Jean-Pierre Cayol, Departmental Programme Coordinator, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Toshio Kaneko, Special Assistant to the Director General for Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Applications and Technical Cooperation and Sayed Ashraf, Senior Scientific Adviser to the DG.
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA