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Visitor from Italy.
Car: Volkswagen Golf.
Year of manufacture: 2003 to 2010.
Date of first registration in the UK: Not applicable.
Place of registration: Italy.
Date of last MOT: Not applicable.
Mileage at last MOT: Not applicable.
Date of last V5 issued: Not applicable.
Date taken: 14th February 2022.
Album: Carspotting 2022
My first shot of Spring, 2010. Hopefully, I'll have time to shoot many more.
All of my images are under protection of all applicable copyright laws. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from myself is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to dK.i Photography and Edward Kreis with appropriate and specific direction to the original content (website). I can be contacted through the contact link provided on this website.
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LOGIE-BUCHAN, a parish, in the district of Ellon, county of Aberdeen, 2 miles (E. by S.) from Ellon; containing 713 inhabitants.
The word Logie, expressive of a low-lying spot, was given to this place on account of its applicability to the tract in which the church is situated; while the affix is descriptive of the position of the parish in that part of the county called Buchan.
Logie-Buchan Parish Church is located on the southern slope of the River Ythan valley, in gently rolling countryside with small fields, rough grazing and enclosures of trees. There is a narrow trackway and footbridge across the river a short distance to the north. The church stands in a sloping graveyard, bounded by a rubble wall. The large former manse is positioned to the south and the church itself closed recently and a new use had not been found when it was visited (2012).
A church here was granted to Aberdeen Cathedral by David II in 1361, while the current church was built in the late 18th century with later additions and alterations.
Description (exterior)
The church is a small, simple building with little architectural detailing. It is aligned roughly east-west and has harled, rubble walls and a slate roof. There are narrow strips of granite stone around the windows and doors. The church is rectangular on plan, with a small, gabled porch and a lean-to vestry at the west end.
The east elevation has a hipped or piended roof rather than a gable. There are two rectangular windows with simple timber tracery and small panes of leaded glass. There has clearly been alterations carried out at this end of the church, shown by two blocked openings, a doorway and window, in the centre of the east elevation.
The north elevation of the church has four equally-spaced rectangular windows, each with simple tracery and latticed glazing. The opposite south elevation has two larger rectangular windows, towards the centre, again with tracery and latticed glazing.
The west end of the church has a small, gabled porch with a rectangular doorway on the south side, which is the main entrance into the church. There is a rectangular window in the west gable of this porch and a tall chimney rises from the apex, serving a fireplace in the small lean-to vestry extension to the north of the porch. The church has a tall gable at the west end, topped by an ashlar-built bellcote, which has a stone ball finial.
Description (interior)
Some of the fittings remain in the church but are likely to be removed if and when a new use is found for the church, which is no longer in use.
People / Organisations:
Name RoleDates Notes
William RuxtonRecast the interior 1912
Robert MaxwellMade the church bell1728
Events:
Church built on site of older church (1787)
Porch and vestry added to west (1891)
Interior recast (1912)
Logie-Buchan is separated on the east from the German Ocean by the parish of Slains, and is intersected by the river Ythan.
The river abounds with various kinds of trout, also with salmon, eels, lounders, and mussels; and pearls are still occasionally found.
It has a ferry opposite the parish church, where its breadth at low water is about sixty yards; and two boats are kept, one for general passengers, and the other, a larger boat, for the conveyance of the parishioners to church from the northern side.
A tradition has long prevailed that the largest pearl in the crown of Scotland was obtained in the Ythan; and it appears that, about the middle of the last century, £100 were paid by a London jeweller to gentleman in Aberdeen, for pearls found in the river.
Most of the inhabitants of the district are employed in agricultural pursuits, a small brick-work recently established being the only exception.
The great north road from Aberdeen passes through the parish, and the mail and other public coaches travel to and fro daily. On another road, leading to the shipping-port of Newburgh, the tenantry have a considerable traffic in grain, lime, and coal, the last procured from England, and being the chief fuel.
The river Ythan is navigable for lighters often or twelve tons' burthen at high water. The marketable produce of the parish is sent to Aberdeen. Logie- Buchan is ecclesiastically in the presbytery of Ellon, synod of Aberdeen, and in the patronage of Mr. Buchan.
The church was built in 1787, and contains 400 sittings.
Cemeteries - Presbyterian / Unitarian
Logie Buchan Parish Church, Logie-Buchan, Church of Scotland
The church of Logie-Buchan was dedicated to St Andrew.
St Andrew's Church was built in 1787 and has been much altered. It contains a 1728 bell.
Logie-Buchan (Aberdeen, Buchan). Also known as Logie Talargy, the church was granted by David II in 1361 to the common fund of the canons of Aberdeen cathedral, and this was confirmed to the uses of the canons by Alexander, bishop of Aberdeen in 1362, both parsonage and vicarage fruits being annexed while the cure was to become a vicarage pensionary.
Although possession was obtained by the dean and chapter, this was subsequently lost, and the church had to be re-annexed in 1437, the previous arrangement being adhered to, with both parsonage and vicarage remaining annexed.
St Andrew's Kirk, 1787. Undistinguished externally, porch 1891, inside original ceiling with Adam-like centrepiece and two-light Gothic windows, part of 1912 recasting, William Buxton. Pulpit was originally in the centre of the N wall with a horseshoe gallery bearing the Buchan coat of arms (George Reid, Peterhead, carver). Monuments to Thomas (d. 1819) and Robert (d. 1825) Buchan.
Bell, 1728, Robert Maxwell. Church bought by Captain David Buchan to ensure access and survival.
Kirkyard: plain ashlar gatepiers and rubble walls; some table tombs.
Production Date: October 19, 1958
Source Type: Photograph
Printer, Publisher, Photographer: United States Air Force (#4244 3)
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: Major General Ben I. Funk, Commander, AMC Ballistic Missiles Center, and Mr. William M. Allen, President, Boeing Airplane Company, have just signed the initial development contract for assembly and testing of the solid fuel MINUTEMAN Intercontinental Ballistic Missile. Brigadier General O. J. Ritland, Deputy Commander, Air Force Ballistic Missiles Division, and Lt. Colonel James H. Foster, Director, MINUTEMAN Weapons System, Ballistic Missiles Center, look on.
William McPherson Allen was born September 1, 1900, in Lolo, Montana. After earning a degree at the University of Montana, he enrolled at Harvard University where he earned a degree on law in 1925. In 1930, Allen joined the board of directors of Boeing Air Transport while being employed as an attorney with Donworth, Todd & Higgins, a Seattle law firm.
The unexpected death of Boeing president Philip G. Johnson in 1944 required that Boeing's chairman of the board, Claire Egtvedt, appoint a replacement. Egtvedt turned to Bill Allen, who initially refused to accept the position because he felt that he was unqualified to head the company. Allen, however, later accepted the position and served as the Chief Executive Officer (President) of The Boeing Company from September 1, 1945, to April 29, 1968. He then served as chairman of the company from 1968 to 1972.
Under William M. Allen's leadership, The Boeing Company launched the Boeing 367-80 (Dash 80), a jet-powered passenger airplane and the predecessor of the Boeing 707. Allen was also responsible for the development and launch of the Boeing 727, Boeing 737, and Boeing 747.
William M. Allen died on October 28, 1985. In 2003, an article published in Fortune ranked William McPherson Allen second among "The 10 Greatest CEOs of All Time," the top CEO being Charles Coffin, the founder of General Electric Company.
Copyright 2016. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
I visited this box on 4 August 1966. I visited 6 boxes that day, see my "boxes visited" log.
www.flickr.com/photos/192151030@N08/51603033999/in/album-...
In 1973 there were 2 sets of signalling alterations affecting Derwenthaugh box.
In the first stage, from 8 April 1973, Norwood's semaphore signals were replaced by colour light signals. Absolute Block Working was applicable between Norwood and Derwenthaugh and the lines between the 2 boxes were renamed Up and Down Blaydon lines. Courtesy of The Signalling Record Society www.s-r-s.org.uk/home.php they can be seen here www.flickr.com/photos/192151030@N08/51830057008/in/album-...
The next part affected Blaydon - Derwenthaugh - Norwood and abolished the semaphore signals at Blaydon and Derwenthaugh, replacing them with colour light signals. Track Circuit Block Regulations were applied to the lines between all three boxes. Courtesy of The Signalling Record Society www.s-r-s.org.uk/home.php they can be seen here www.flickr.com/photos/192151030@N08/51750491833/in/album-...
Although the date on the notice was 12 August 1973 the work was postponed until 2 September 1973.
The lever frame was taken out and a temporary panel installed.
On 6 December 1973 the box closed with Tyne Yard Power Signal Box controlling the signalling.
On 12 April 1997 - Tyneside (Gateshead workstation) takes over the signalling. A work desk photo is here www.flickr.com/photos/192151030@N08/51830219471/in/album-...
Additional Links can be seen here
www.swalwelluk.co.uk/picpages/pic-raines.html
www.swalwelluk.co.uk/railways.html
I didn't take an exterior photo of the box but the links below will show you some excellent photos taken by Trevor Ermel, and used with his kind permission:
www.flickr.com/photos/192151030@N08/51812872657/in/album-...
www.flickr.com/photos/192151030@N08/51830632095/in/album-...
www.flickr.com/photos/192151030@N08/51814178784/in/album-...
www.flickr.com/photos/192151030@N08/51813936093/in/album-...
www.flickr.com/photos/192151030@N08/51828955442/in/album-...
My photo taken inside the box is here www.flickr.com/photos/192151030@N08/51814507265/in/album-...
and one Trevor Ermel took is here www.flickr.com/photos/192151030@N08/51814554480/in/album-...
The Sectional Appendix pages are here
www.flickr.com/photos/192151030@N08/51716346122/in/datepo...
www.flickr.com/photos/192151030@N08/51828302276/in/datepo...
www.flickr.com/photos/192151030@N08/51828646244/in/photos...
The quite accurate location of the box was 420670 (Easting) 563220 (Northing), seen here on the NLS maps maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/side-by-side/#zoom=16&lat=54....
A more detailed 25 inch to the mile map is here maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/side-by-side/#zoom=16&lat=54....
Baby Faith
Exif:
Nikon D7000
AF-S Nikkor 50mm 1.8G Prime lens
f/1.8
ISO-250
1/80th sec
hand-held
Strobist:
2x Nikon SB-900 Speedlights(Off-camera) triggered by D7000(CLS Commander Mode)
Photo and editing by Cary Jordan
Creative Direction by Kacey Jordan
Find us on Facebook: www.facebook.com/TheJordanCollectivePhotography
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#BedroomIdeas - Canopy bed curtains based on contemporary ideas have simple yet elegantly beautiful designs at high value that now applicable for kids including twin bedding in queen size. Canopy bed with curtains these days has more than just beautiful and elegant design but also interesting at high value of...
Happy Sunday, and a great new week to all.
All of my images are under protection of all applicable copyright laws. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from myself is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to dK.i Photography and Edward Kreis with appropriate and specific direction to the original content (website). I can be contacted through the contact link provided on this website.
In the meantime, please visit my page @ edward-kreis.artistwebsites.com
You can also find me on Facebook
Copyright © John G. Lidstone, all rights reserved.
I hope you enjoy my work and thanks for viewing.
NO use of this image is allowed without my express prior permission and subject to compensation/payment.
I do not want my images linked in Facebook groups.
It is an offence, under law, if you remove my copyright marking, and/or post this image anywhere else without my express written permission.
If you do, and I find out, you will be reported for copyright infringement action to the host platform and/or group applicable and you will be barred by me from social media platforms I use.
The same applies to all of my images.
My ownership & copyright is also embedded in the image metadata.
Flamingos - @ Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary - Andhra Pradesh, India.
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All rights reserved. All images contained in this Photostream remain the property of learning.photography and is protected by applicable Copyright Law. Any images from this Photostream may not be reproduced, copied, or used in any way without my written permission.
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Pulicat lake bird sanctuary is a saline backwater lake lying along the T.N.-A.P coast; part extending to Chengalpattu district of T.N. It has an area of 481 sq.KM and it is the 2nd largest brackish water lagoon in India after Chilka lake in Orissa. The area on the TN side is 153.67 sq.km.
The Pulicat sanctuary is drained by Arni river while the Buckingham canal brings in the city’s drainage water. At the southern end is an opening on to Bay of Bengal through a shallow mouth of 200 m in width. The rest of the lake is closed by a sand bar running parallel to the Bay of Bengal in the form of the Sriharikota island.
The sanctuary has an area of 321 Sq. KM with 108 sq.KM of National Park area.
It lies within 11o 30’ N to 11o 42’ N and 76o 30’ E to 76o 45’ E.
Rainfall ranges from 800 - 2000mm. Temperature varies from 14o C to 33o C.
Altitude ranges from 100’ MSL to 1200’ MSL.
The wetlands eco system are considered as among the richest areas of bio diversity. Pulicat, by virtue of the mixing of fresh water with sea water is found to be an ideal habitat for diverse life-forms. 160 species of fish, 25 species of polychaete worms, 12 species of prawn, 19 species of mollusk and 100 speceis of birds are well documented apart from a number of other aquatic flora and fauna.
Among the most spectacular is the flamingo-a tall gaunt, white-coloured bird with a touch of pink on the wings, pink beak and legs, seen feeding in shallow water. The squat, large-billed grey pelican with gular pouch and a number of ducks are commonly seen. Flocks of sea gulls and terns circling in the sky or bobbing up and down on the water are an added attraction at pulicat. Besides, there are a number of waterside birds and waders such as curlews, stilts, plovers, sand pipers, lapwings, redshank. Egrets, herons, kites etc. are some other birds found here. The lake is also home to crabs, clams, mussels, oysters, snails, fish worms, insects, spiders, sponges, anemone, prawns, plankton and so on including rare endemic species like gilled leech, an unidentified bloodred fish, etc., Rapid siltation has caused loss of bio diversity. It is seen that mangrove opllen is found on Sriharikota Island indicating their existence some years back. Loss of mangroves may be one of the resons hastening siltation, reducing biodiversity and hence depriving fisherfolk of their livelihood.
Source : www.forests.tn.nic.in/wildbiodiversity/bs_plbs.html
Production Date: December 31, 1955
Source Type: Photograph
Printer, Publisher, Photographer: Unknown
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: These Boeing Airplane Co. officials are directing the Model 707 Jet Stratoliner sales drive, the most intensive in the history of commercial aviation. From left: Ralph L. Bell, director of sales; K. C. Gordon, manager of commercial sales; William M. Allen, president; Wellwood W. Beall, senior vice president, and K. J. Luplow, manager of foreign sales. The Boeing company has sold 72 Jet Stratoliners to six major air lines.
William McPherson Allen was born September 1, 1900, in Lolo, Montana. After earning a degree at the University of Montana, he enrolled at Harvard University where he earned a degree on law in 1925. In 1930, Allen joined the board of directors of Boeing Air Transport while being employed as an attorney with Donworth, Todd & Higgins, a Seattle law firm.
The unexpected death of Boeing president Philip G. Johnson in 1944 required that Boeing's chairman of the board, Claire Egtvedt, appoint a replacement. Egtvedt turned to Bill Allen, who initially refused to accept the position because he felt that he was unqualified to head the company. Allen, however, later accepted the position and served as the Chief Executive Officer (President) of The Boeing Company from September 1, 1945, to April 29, 1968. He then served as chairman of the company from 1968 to 1972.
Under William M. Allen's leadership, The Boeing Company launched the Boeing 367-80 (Dash 80), a jet-powered passenger airplane and the predecessor of the Boeing 707. Allen was also responsible for the development and launch of the Boeing 727, Boeing 737, and Boeing 747.
William M. Allen died on October 28, 1985. In 2003, an article published in Fortune ranked William McPherson Allen second among "The 10 Greatest CEOs of All Time," the top CEO being Charles Coffin, the founder of General Electric Company.
Copyright 2016. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
Photos taken at The Black Country Museum 1940's Weekend, 2016. Please be respectful to the people in the photograph, (where applicable).
Three Painted Storks waiting for a pray - @ Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary - Andhra Pradesh, India.
______________________________________________________________________ _______________
Copyright © learning.photography.
All rights reserved. All images contained in this Photostream remain the property of learning.photography and is protected by applicable Copyright Law. Any images from this Photostream may not be reproduced, copied, or used in any way without my written permission.
Thanks for your Visit, Comments, Favs and Awards !
No private group or multiple group invites please !
Where Rank is specified underneath any Explored Photo, that means that is the highest Rank achieved in Explore.
________________________________________________________________________
Pulicat lake bird sanctuary is a saline backwater lake lying along the T.N.-A.P coast; part extending to Chengalpattu district of T.N. It has an area of 481 sq.KM and it is the 2nd largest brackish water lagoon in India after Chilka lake in Orissa. The area on the TN side is 153.67 sq.km.
The Pulicat sanctuary is drained by Arni river while the Buckingham canal brings in the city’s drainage water. At the southern end is an opening on to Bay of Bengal through a shallow mouth of 200 m in width. The rest of the lake is closed by a sand bar running parallel to the Bay of Bengal in the form of the Sriharikota island.
The sanctuary has an area of 321 Sq. KM with 108 sq.KM of National Park area.
It lies within 11o 30’ N to 11o 42’ N and 76o 30’ E to 76o 45’ E.
Rainfall ranges from 800 - 2000mm. Temperature varies from 14o C to 33o C.
Altitude ranges from 100’ MSL to 1200’ MSL.
The wetlands eco system are considered as among the richest areas of bio diversity. Pulicat, by virtue of the mixing of fresh water with sea water is found to be an ideal habitat for diverse life-forms. 160 species of fish, 25 species of polychaete worms, 12 species of prawn, 19 species of mollusk and 100 speceis of birds are well documented apart from a number of other aquatic flora and fauna.
Among the most spectacular is the flamingo-a tall gaunt, white-coloured bird with a touch of pink on the wings, pink beak and legs, seen feeding in shallow water. The squat, large-billed grey pelican with gular pouch and a number of ducks are commonly seen. Flocks of sea gulls and terns circling in the sky or bobbing up and down on the water are an added attraction at pulicat. Besides, there are a number of waterside birds and waders such as curlews, stilts, plovers, sand pipers, lapwings, redshank. Egrets, herons, kites etc. are some other birds found here. The lake is also home to crabs, clams, mussels, oysters, snails, fish worms, insects, spiders, sponges, anemone, prawns, plankton and so on including rare endemic species like gilled leech, an unidentified bloodred fish, etc., Rapid siltation has caused loss of bio diversity. It is seen that mangrove opllen is found on Sriharikota Island indicating their existence some years back. Loss of mangroves may be one of the resons hastening siltation, reducing biodiversity and hence depriving fisherfolk of their livelihood.
Source : www.forests.tn.nic.in/wildbiodiversity/bs_plbs.html
Week 39
This week's shot is brought to you by the Kongos - Come With Me Now. (the cool part... they live in Phoenix! :D )
All parts of the song are applicable... the bold parts, most of all.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gz2GVlQkn4Q
Afraid to lose control
And caught up in this world
I've wasted time, I've wasted breath
I think I've thought myself to death
I was born without this fear
Now only this seems clear
I need to move, I need to fight
I need to lose myself tonight
Come with me now
I'm gonna take you down
Come with me now
I'm gonna show you how
I think with my heart and I move with my head
I open my mouth and it's something I've read
I stood at this door before, I'm told
But a part of me knows that I'm growing too old
Confused what I thought with something I felt
Confuse what I feel with something that's real
I tried to sell my soul last night
Funny, he wouldn't even take a bite
Far away
I heard him say (come with me now)
Don't delay
I heard him say (come with me now)
lesson learned this week... if you are there for a friend when they need you, you are a friend. if a friend isn't around when you need them, they weren't ever a friend in the first place.
Flower Aparajita or Clitoria ternatea (Sanskrit: श्वेतां, विष्णूक्रांता)is a plant species belonging to the Fabaceae family. A Macro shot.
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Copyright © learning.photography.
All rights reserved. All images contained in this Photostream remain the property of learning.photography and is protected by applicable Copyright Law. Any images from this Photostream may not be reproduced, copied, or used in any way without my written permission.
Thanks for your Visit, Comments, Favs and Awards !
No private group or multiple group invites please !
Where Rank is specified underneath any Explored Photo, that means that is the highest Rank achieved in Explore.
Those who have not uploaded any photograph yet, or have uploaded a very few photographs, should not mark me Contacts or comment on my photo. I may block them.
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This plant is native to tropical equatorial Asia, but has been introduced to Africa, Australia and America.
It is a perennial herbaceous plant. Its leaves are elliptic and obtuse. It grows as a vine or creeper, doing well in moist neutral soil. The most striking feature about this plant are its vivid deep blue flowers. They are solitary, with light yellow markings. They are about 4 cm long by 3 cm wide. There are some varieties that yield white flowers.
The fruits are 5 – 7 cm long, flat pods with 6 to 10 seeds in each pod. They are edible when tender.
It is grown as an ornamental plant and as a revegetation species (e.g., in coal mines in Australia), requiring little care when cultivated. Its roots fix nitrogen and therefore this plant is also used to improve soil quality.
In traditional Ayurvedic medicine, it has been used for centuries as a memory enhancer, nootropic, antistress, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, tranquilizing and sedative agent.
Flower and pods in different states of ripenessIn Southeast Asia the flowers are used to colour food. In Malay cooking, an aqueous extract is used to colour glutinous rice for kuih ketan (also known as pulut tai tai in Peranakan/Nyonya cooking) and in nonya chang. In Thailand, a syrupy blue drink is made called nam dok anchan (น้ำดอกอัญชัน). In Burma the flowers are used as food, often they are dipped in batter and fried.
In animal tests the methanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea roots demonstrated nootropic, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant and antistress activity. The active constituent(s) include Tannins, resins, Starch, Taraxerol & Taraxerone.
Clitoria ternatea root extracts are capable of curing whooping cough if taken orally[citation needed]. The extract from the white-flowered plant can cure goiter. The roots are used in ayurveda Indian medicine.
Recently, several biologically active peptides called cliotides have been isolated from the heat-stable fraction of Clitoria ternatea extract. Cliotides belong to the cyclotides family[4] and acvities studies show that cliotides display potent antimicrobial activity against E. coli, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa and cytotoxicity against HeLa cells. These peptides have potential to be lead compound for the development of novel antimicrobial and anti-cancer agents.
Lake at Sand Dunes
Date: 1928
Source Type: Photograph
Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Unknown
Postmark: Not applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: This photograph was part a group of photographs taken on a family's vacation to the Indiana Dunes State Park in 1928.
Copyright 2015. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
Brrrrrrrrrr
Please press L to view full screen.
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This work has been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights.
You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.
NOTE: Unless expressly stated otherwise, the person who identified the work makes no warranties about the work, and disclaims liability for all uses of the work, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law.
But, if you do use, it would be nice to know where and what for - hit me up on twitter @ianlivesey
Copyright © John G. Lidstone, all rights reserved.
I hope you enjoy my work and thanks for viewing.
NO use of this image is allowed without my express prior permission and subject to compensation/payment.
I do not want my images linked in Facebook groups.
It is an offence, under law, if you remove my copyright marking, and/or post this image anywhere else without my express written permission.
If you do, and I find out, you will be reported for copyright infringement action to the host platform and/or group applicable and you will be barred by me from social media platforms I use.
The same applies to all of my images.
My ownership & copyright is also embedded in the image metadata.
RED LANTerN INN Beverly Shores
Date: Circa 1980s
Source Type: Photograph
Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Unknown
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: Text on reverse - The beautiful Red Lantern Inn is a resort hotel on the shores of Lake Michigan at Beverly Shores, Ind. It features intimate dining rooms. Large banquet facilities (for up to 500). Private business meeting and dining rooms. Hotel rooms opening onto beautiful Lake Michigan. Superb beaches. Phone (219) 874-6201 for banquet, dining, or hotel reservations. Ray Stuermer, A.I.A. Architect.
Formerly Lenard's Casino, the Lenard family sold their property to Bill Dubulak, Jack "Red" Panazzo, Neil Ruzic, and Joseph Ruzic in 1967. These men created the Red Lantern Inn. Dibulak and Panazzo were former owners of the Red Lantern Inn supper club on West 63rd Street in Chicago.
A resort, The Red Lantern Inn was designed around the existing Lenard's Casino structure by Long Beach, LaPorte County, Indiana, architect and Notre Dame University professor Ray Stuermer.
The first event took place in the facility's Lake View Banquet Room on Saturday, April 26, 1968, when Rose Kennedy was the featured speaker at a political gathering for her son Robert F. Kennedy's presidential campaign.
The property was purchased in 1971 by the United States Department of Interior's National Park Service. The purchase included a Reservation of Use Permit issued to Ralph and Grace Larson, of Minnesota, who continued operation of the facility until Saturday, October 4, 1986, when the Red Lantern Inn permanently closed and soon demolished. The site is now the picnic and parking overlook along Lake Michigan in the Indiana Dunes National Park.
Information contributed by Carl O. Reed.
Copyright 2022. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
THE FRAUNFELTER CHINA
CHESTERTON, IND.
Date: Circa 1920
Source Type: Catalog Lithograph
Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Fraunfelter China Company
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: The American China Products Company began operations in Chesterton in 1922 and was backed by the Aluminum Company of America. The company produced restaurant dinnerware for hotels and other institutional purchasers. The manufacturing facility was located on the north side of Broadway between Ninth and Twelfth Streets. The Fraunfelter China Company, located in Ohio, purchased American China Products Company in 1923. In December of 1925, Fraunfelter China Company closed their Chesterton manufacturing facility. In May of 1931, Fraunfelter China Company sold the American China Products Company operations; however, at the time of this sale the Chesterton manufacturing plant had not been in operation since December of 1925.
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The following news item appears in the November 25, 1920, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
U.S. CHINA COMPANY IS FORMED
Incorporated With Capital of $200,000 and Directors are Named.
WORK ON REMODELING THE PLANT GOING FAST
Theodore Dittel as General Manager and Head of Concern Making Progress.
The United States China Company of Chesterton with a capital of $200,000 has been incorporated. Articles of incorporation have been issued by William A. Roach, secretary of state of Indianapolis for the new concerning, and have been filed in the office of County Recorder J. W. McNay. The object of the company is to manufacture and sell pottery and earthen ware.
The directors are Walter Luttringhouse, Charles D. Howe, Otto E. Freund and O. A. Eberhardt, of Chicago, and A. J. Vits of eKnosha [sic; Kenosha], Wis., Fred E. Lang of Glen Ellyn, Ill., Robert E. O'Dea and Albert G. Ziesk of Chicago, as incorporating members.
Theodore Dittel, who has been at the head of the company's work in the local plant, stated today that excellent progress had been made with the remodeling and rebuilding of the buildings and that within two weeks the building would be practically completed. Then machinery and ,kilns will be installed so that with the coming of summer next year a working force of 400 people would be employed. John Ameling has the contract for the building work.
Mr. Dittel is general manager of the concern and the actual head of the business, although at the present time because of legal considerations, he did not take title of a director or officer in the company. There is a possibility of a reorganization and a recapitalization in the future.
The small kiln which was built last summer and which was tried out a short time ago with great success, will not be fired again until machinery has been installed to manufacture the clay for burning. Mr. Dittel stated it would probably be fired again in January.
Machinery is expected to arrive daily. The rooms are practically ready for it. A new concrete floor is being laid throughout the entire plant which is almost finished. A heating plant has been installed.
The kiln which was built a year ago by Anton Schmidt who at that time was in possession of the building has been torn down. The pits and passages built under the ground surface for the old glass furnace which was in use here some years ago, have been filled up and leveled off and a foundation prepared for a new large kiln. There will eventually be five of these large kilns.
Court Papers Forwarded.
The suit for damages of $250,000 against the group of men who have possession of the plant mentioned here, which was brought last summer by Anton Schmidt may be tried at Hammond. The completed transcript of the case has been forwarded to Indianapolis from the office of County Clerk Jones. Judge Anderson may, it is said, hear the case at Hammond as that would be a convenient point and sometimes the direct federal court sits at that place. If not there the trial will be had in Indianapolis.
Schmidt's suit which was brought through Attorney C. W. Jensen is based upon his allegation that he had perfected processes of making fine chinaware working under an agreement with a group of Chicago men, and that as soon as he was actually ready to go ahead with the manufacture, his secrets were used by his associates and operations began. The defendants deny Schmidt's possession of any particular secrets and declare they had waited too long for him to produce the goods, and finally took possession of the plant and brought here a man thoroughly conversant with the process, who is, it would appear ready to make the ware on a large scale.
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The following news item appears in the June 16, 1921, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
TO ERECT BUILDINGS AT PLANT
U. S. China Company Ready to Expend Nearly $100,000 in Improving Local Factory
Nearly a hundred thousand dollars will be spent by the U. S. China company this summer in extensive building operations at its plant here. Complete plans have been prepared under the direction of Theodore Dittell, the head of the company and the manager actively in charge of the local factory. The letting of the contract awaits only the untangling of certain legal matters in connection with the damage suit of Anton Schmidt, formerly in charge of the plant here, who was ousted by his Chicago associates when he failed to satisfy them with his work here.
A new building will be erected at the corner of Waverly road and Broadway, just east of the present plant. It will be 100x300 feet in dimensions, two stories high and be built of brick. It will be entirely fire-proof. This building will be used entirely by the art department of the china factory. It will also contains the offices of the company.
Here will be the work rooms of the artists who will decorate the ware before it is burnt. There will also be small kilns to set the colors before subjecting the ware to the intense heat of the larger kilns.
Another building fifty feet square is to be erected on the west side of the present building. This will contain the machinery to make the saggers, which are the containers in which the ware is deposited as it is placed in the kiln.
Manager Dittell has had a force of men working for the last two weeks cleaning out the old buildings, and cleaning up the wards west of the plant. The buildings next to the N. Y. C. railroad tracks are to be thoroughly overhauled, a concrete floor constructed over the entire plant, and a new roof built to cover the whole north half of the old plant.
The sewers which formerly drained the factory building are now being located, so that the necessary plumbing can be done before the contractors start work upon the construction proper. The work of installing the necessary drain and water pipes for the plumbing will begin next week.
Five large kilns are to be build [sic] in the kiln room which occupies the central part of the old plant, and which has already been rebuilt with new roof and raised to include a second story. Workmen are already started on this job, and the foundations of the first of the large kilns is completed, and the walls are being raised.
This work is proceeding rather slowly as the building of the kiln is a technical and difficult matter and must have the constant supervision of Mr. Dittell.
A force of about 25 is now employed at the pant.
A considerable quantity of ware has been burnt, and it is all fine work, with a beautiful white glaze. Burning in the smaller kiln which was completed last fall, has, now, however, been temporarily discontinued, pending the arrival of an expert kiln burner from the eastern chinaware plants. Mr. Dittell is now giving his entire time to the work of rebuilding the plant.
When completed the factory will employ several hundred persons.
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The following news item appears in the July 28, 1921, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
BOOM FOR CHESTERTON LOOMS; WORK STARTS ON $100,000 CONTRACT
Work is under way on a contract amounting to nearly $100,000 for enlarging the plant of the U. S. China company. The Foster Lumber company of Valparaiso has the work in charge. The contract is to be completed in about two months. Machinery will then be installed as rapidly as it can be procured. This will cost about $50,000 or more.
The factory will be fitted up inside during the winter, and some manufacturing done. by spring it will be in full operation, according to Theodore Dittell, the head of the concern, and will employ 500 to 600 people.
This means that Chesterton will expand rapidly in population during the next year. It means that the lethargy in industrial expansion which was pervaded the community for sow [sic] many years is about the break. Employment will be given to many local people, and more must come if the demand for labor of this new company is complied with.
Five new buildings are being erected. The largest will be on the corner of Broadway and Waverly, and will be 200 feet frontage on Broadway and 250 feet along the side street. This building will be two stories high. The other buildings are 40 to 50 feet square and are additions to the buildings now standing.
When completed the factory will be modern in every respect and so arranged that the greatest economy will be effected in the manner in which the new material goes through the factory and is converted into the finished product.
The U. S. China company will manufacture a high grade of chinaware, consisting of dishes of all kinds, and several grades will be made. The heavier dishes for hotel use will be made as well as the lighter and finer china. The feature of the ware will be a brilliant white glaze finish that not often is produced in America.
Five enormous kilns will be built to burn this ware in. One is already under construction and the more difficult part, the base, is practically completed. It will be extended through the upper floor and through the roof of the kiln room in a short time. The kiln whose chimney can be seen from outside the plant now is a small kiln build [sic; built] first to try out the clay. It will be used for small work and experimental purposes.
The buildings are all to be built of brick. They will be painted red and the plant bet surrounded with a brick wall, with iron latticed gates in front. This will give it a most attractive appearance. The house which now stands on the grounds and which the manager, Mr. Dittell, is using as a resident will not be moved.
The large building to be built on the corner will contain the offices on the ground floor. The upper floor will be used by the artists who will decorate the ware. The rear will contain the ovens for baking in the colors which they will apply.
Back of the large building will be a small one story building for a power house.'
The rear of the old building along side the car track will be refloored and part of the walls rebuilt. This is to be flanked with two new buildings, one on each side 40 feet square and two stories high.
Another building about 50 feet square and two stories high will be built on the west side of the main plant.
Concrete floors will extend practically throughout the entire plant. In some of the rooms they will be covered with a boarded floor.
Mr. Dittell has now worked out in detail the arrangement of his factory. the rooms are so arranged that the raw materials as they are dumped into the bins from the cars on the railroad siding start their journey through the plant, and without repeating any stage of the trip emerge on the other side in the form of dishes, packed and ready to ship.
The heavier machinery has been already ordered. Orders for the remainder are being placed from time to time.
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The following news item appears in the August 11, 1921, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
U. S. CHINA PLANT IS BEING PUSHED RAPIDLY
Construction is progressing rapidly at the plant of the U. S. China company. Brick walls are going up fast seemingly all over the grounds. Theodore Dittell, manager of the works, has placed all orders for machinery. The building will be completed by October, according to present prospects, the machinery will be installed within another month or two, and the kilns built, so that the plant will be on a working basis before the end of the year.
The foundation on the new building at the corner of Waverly road and [B]roadway is being placed. The walls on the four other buildings are being raised rapidly, and some are as high as ten feet or more now.
The placing of the foundations for the heavy machinery in the plant will be started in a week or two.
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The following news item appears in the September 23, 1921, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
CHINA COMPANY CAPITALIZATION NEARS MILLION
The United States China company of Chesterton has been granted authority by the secretary of state to increase its capitalization from $200,000 to $875,000. The name of the corporation has been changed to the American China Products company, and the number of directors increased from seven to nine. Present indications point to a prosperous future for this concern and this communi[t]y.
The directorate and stockholders of the company consist almost entirely of Chicago parties. Theodore Dittell, who has been in Chesterton for about a year, is manager of the concern.
The new buildings have been rapidly advanced recently. The buildings attached to the old plant are practically completed now except for finishing up inside and the installation of machinery. The larger building at the corner of Broadway is being pushed rapidly. The walls are raised practically to the second story. In the rear of this building another is being erected to house the big heating plant for the factory.
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The following news item appears in the December 1, 1921, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
FAIR WEATHER WILL COMPLETE PLANT IN WEEK
The big plant of the American China company, will be completed in about another week if the good weather continues, at least as far as the outside construction is concerned.
Work of finishing the interiors of the buildings is under way. Machinery is not arriving as fast as was expected, but several carloads are at the plant and are being unloaded, and installed.
The big kiln, first of a series of 6, is now practically completed and its tall chimney may be seen through the roof of the kiln house. Work of digging the foundations of the other kilns is well under way.
A high brick wall is being constructed across the front of the factor grounds, extending from the old main building to the new office building on the corner. It will be trimmed with large wrought iron gates, and be surmounted with a concrete top. This will make the place attractive.
The 85 foot chimney from the boiler room is being raised and will be completed next week.
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The following news item appears in the December 15, 1921, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
NEW PLANT IS TOWN'S XMAS GIFT
American China Company Finishes Its New Buildings Here And Is Installing Machinery
Chesterton's greatest Christmas present is the big factor pictured on this page. The American China Products Company has erected a plant which when completely equipped with machinery as it will be in a few months will employ between 500 and 600 people. The product will be hard glazed chinaware, which heretofore has been produced only in Europe. The general accepted theory that American clay and raw material could not be finished into ware to equal that produced in Europe has been proven false and already the plant has produced a small amount of hard glazed ware. The market is unlimited in America and there is every reason to believe that Chesterton's newest industry will develop into a gigantic institution.
From the bein[g]ing of the world war it was difficult or practically impossible to obtain hard glazed china in American markets, as no hard glazed china had ever been produced in this country in commercial quantities. The American markets were dependent entirely upon importations from abroad.
Due to this fact, a group of progressive, far-seeing business men of Chicago began an investigation to see if it were possible to develop a new American industry of manufacturing high-grade, hard glazed china in this country, from American faw materials, in commercial quantities and competitive prices.
Theodore Dittel, was finally secured to place the project on a productive basis. A small kiln was built in the plant formerly occupied by a glass factory which had ceased operations years before, and where experiments had been carried on. Its design was similar to that in use in Europe. The work of preparing the clay was under Mr. Dittel's personal direction and instruction, some of it by his own hands. The first trial produced excellent china, with every piece practically perfect and with a fine white hard glaze.
Manufacture was carried on for a short time in a modest way until the success of the venture became assured. The American China Products Company was organized and incorporated under the laws of the state of Indiana and acquired the property and assets of the original founders. All of the men originally identified with the project have retained their interest and continued with the business.
The old plant has been rebuilt, remodeled and added to, until now it bears no resemblance to the careless buildings of a year ago. The Foster Lumber company of Valparaiso, were the contractors, and their work has been a credit to their company.
The buildings contain 80,750 square feet of floor space with ample ground for future expansion. Siding and switches from the E. J. & E. and N. Y. C. railroads are privately owned.
The buildings are equipped with the most modern labor saving and cost reducing equipment and devices, and when the machinery is installed the plant will be equal or superior to any European manufacturing plant engaged in the manufacture of china, both in the manner of economical production and the quality of the product.
The so-called chinaware, her[e]tofore produced in American are made with a "hard fire biscuit" and soft fire glaze. These goods do not hold up, as the glaze is softer than the body of the ware. The apparently dirty or soiled appearance of dishes with which all are more or less familiar, is the result of using this soft glaze porcelain.
For a number of years before the great war, the annual importation of chinaware into this country amounted to more than seventy million dollars worth of high grade chinaware broken every year in the city of Chicago alone, giving some idea of the vast market for the products of the local concern.
The making of pottery is probably one of the oldest known arts, dating back to the dawn of civilization by the peoples of all countries. The making of china, which is the highest grade of pottery has been developed to its highest degree in central European countries this far. Earthenware, stonewa[r]e, glazed pottery, and porcelain are profitably manufactured in many places in the United States, but heretofore it has been deemed impossible to produce transparent, vitrified, non-porous, hard-glazed china of sufficient tensile strength to compare favorably with the better known German, French Austrian and English makes.
Mr. Dittel, with his wife and varied experience in handling of various materials in the different countries of Europe has successfully processed American materials so that the products of the American China Products company are universally recognized by experts as being equal, of not superior to the better known wares of Europe.
The American China Product company is an Indiana corporation. It was organized during the year and has taken over the assets of the group of men who originally fostered the hard-glazed china project, and for whom Theodore Dittel acted as trustee.
Officers.
Walter Luttringhaus, president.
A. J. Vits, vice-president.
A. L. Rogers, secretary.
O. E. Freund, treasurer.
Directors.
Walter Luttringhaus, who is sales manager of the Aluminum Goods Manufacturing of Chicago; A. J. Vits, who is vice-present and manager of the American Aluminum Goods Mfg. Co., of Chicago; O. E. Freund, who is chairman of the boar of Directors of the Rogers Park National Bank, Chicago, and the senior member of the firm of Wm. Freund & Sons, the largest and oldest engravers in Chicago. R. C. Smith, president of the R. C. Smith Auto Co. and director of the Calhoun State Bank, Minneapolis. C. W. D. Doubleday, president Doubleday & Doubleday, Inc., of Chicago, and vice president William Prentiss, Jr. Company, Chicago. H. J. Frank, capitalist and chairman, board or [sic; of] directors United States Mortgage Company.
The capital stock of the company is $750,000.00. The preferred stock is par value $100.00 per share and amounts to $500,000.00. The common stock is par value $25.00 and amounts to $250,000.00. There are no bonds or mortgages.
It is estimated that about $300,000 has been spent in building and equipping the local plant up to the present time.
Theodore Dittel was born in Breslau, Silesia. His father was the manager of a large china manufacturing plant where Mr. Dittel received his first actual technical experience as a ceramic engineer. He also attended a technical ceramic school. Later he became associated with another company and built a china plant for them in Silesia. He became associated with a number of firms later as technical manager, and was general manager of a china factory in Milan, Italy, for five years. His experience in European plants was very entensive [sic].
He left his native country some ten years ago to continue his chosen profession in the United States, and as the result of numerous and extensive experimentations, he has successfully made hard glazed transparent china in commercial quantities, and of a tough, durable quality, from American raw materials.
Mr. Dittel planned and supervised the building of the immense plant here.
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The following news item appears in the February 23, 1922, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
CHESTERTON CHINA NOW MADE AS WHEELS TURN AT THE NEW FACTORY
The wheels have started to turn in Chesterton's newest big industry.
The heaviest of the machines have been installed, equipped with motors and are ready to run. Within a week burnings in the big kiln which was the first to be completed with be made. The first product will be samples of some sixty or more models of ware which have been already modeled. Manufacture of saggers, which are the vessels containing the ware when it is put into the kiln, has been going on with the newly installed machinery for over a week, to prepare for the burnings.
The words, "Chesterton China," are being stamped upon every piece of ware which the plant turns out. The company has decided to name its ware after the town where the plant is located. This will great advertisement for Chesterton. The product of the factory when it gets fairly under way is estimated to be about $2,000,000.00 worth per year. A great many pieces of ware will be distributed over the country during the course of a year, each bearing the name of this town.
The big plant will not be running to its capacity until late in the summer on account of delays in securing machinery, according to the statement of Theodore Dittel, general superintendent and manager of the local factory. By that time, however, there will be over 500 persons employed at the factory.
Had the machinery been delivered according to contract the plan would be able to run at capacity within a few weeks. Several large machines ordered from Germany last July7, after it was found to be impossible to obtain them in this country are still undelivered, and Mr. Dittel has no idea when they will come.
The decorating department, which will require perhaps 250 works has no equipment as yet. This is located in the new building at the corner of Broadway and Waverly, and construction work is just being completed on it.
This will not be allowed to hold up the work in other departments however, as arrangements have been made to have decorating done in another plant to take care of what ware is manufactured before this department is in condition to operate.
Several skilled china workers have been secured from eastern states recently and put to work on the manufacture of the saggers, molds, and models of samples soon to be burned. It is not planned to bring over more skilled workmen from Germany, at least for some time.
Foundations for all the kilns have been completed. One cannot appreciate what an immense task it is to build a kiln, until it is actually seen under construction. Several carloads of brick are required for each, and they must be placed with absolute precision and accuracy. The first of five of the large kilns is completed, and has been fired. It will have its first burning of ware next week. A second large kiln is well under way, and the foundations of three others are ready for the walls. The first kiln built, completed last summer is smaller, and has been used from time to time in burning saggers and the small quantity of ware which has been produced thus far.
One of the noteworthy features in the operation of the plant is that the clay in undergoing the cleaning and refining process before being molded into the shape desired, is placed in solution and pumped from one machine to the other, and finally pumped to the molding department to be made into ware. The time this saves is incalculable. The same efficiency is apparent throughout the whole establishment.
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The following news item appears in the April 6, 1922, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
VISIT TO CHINA PLANT REVEALS THE HUM OF ACTIVITY IN EVERY DEPARTMENT; FORCE ABOUT 125
(By C. G. Chaney)
The American China Products company has made strides in the past month that are little short of marvelous.
In a visit to the factory Thursday afternoon, I found the departments humming and alive with activity. There are about 125 people employed there now, according to Theodore Dittel, general manager.
Entering the gate I walked into a modern looking office where two young ladies sat behind desks. I asked for Mr. Dittel and he came out and courteously inquired if I cared to look through the factory. I told him I came to see what was being accomplished that the Tribune might inform the people of Chesterton who were obviously interested in the factory and its progress.
We went first to the old office room, which is now fitted up as a laboratory.
Then I watched several workmen in long white coats workink [sic; working] over a number of machines, shaping models for the dishes which are made in this plant. They were all Germans who were experts, and had been brought here specially for this work.
The next department contained five women and girls, who were polishing the new shaped vessels. A machine had just been installed here than enables these five to do what otherwise would require 22. This machine had to be imported from Germany.
In the center of the group of buildings is one with perfectly white walls and which has a flood of light entering from above. It has several long benches with rapidly whirling machines something like a vertical lathe. Here is where the dishes are shaped. A great number of men and women are employed here. Everything is kept scrupuously [sic] clean and in order. This is the rule throughout the plant and it is very evident it is observed carefully.
In the rear are a number of bins containing clay of various hues and texture. Nearby is a room containing an enormous grinding machine with three giant rocks bearing on each other. Each weighs several tons.
One of the most marvelous features of the factory is the system of transporting the clay. It must be dissolved to clean and purify it and in this condition the clay is pumped from one machine to another and finally conveyed to the molding room through pipes.
Another machine was received this week from Germany. It, too, could not be obtained in America. After the clay is precipitated from its solution it must be kneaded like the housewife kneads dough. The object is to free it from air pockets. This is a tremendous task to perform by hand as it has been done heretofore. The new machine kneads the clay in huge quantities and does it quickly.
The kiln room is a great scene of activity. Masons have brought the third kiln up to the roof, and in a few days the chimney will be built above it and it will appear above the roof. Three other kilns have their structure completed several feet above the ground.
The first of the large kilns has been fired several times and perfectly shaped dishes of various kinds, hard and glistening white are to be seen stacked up in immense quantities, although Mr. Dittel states that production is as yet scarcely under way compared to what will be accomplished when all kilns are in operation.
Only one small kiln for setting the color decorations on the china has been installed. These look like ovens and are not nearly so large or heavy. Kilns have been ordered from Germany and are on the way.
The workroom for the artists and decorators is now ready to be fitted up. The chief of this department has a number of girls now under instruction and it will not be long before this department will be busy as the rest. I saw a number f pieces here that were quite beautiful, and artistic.
The china produced so far is rather heavy and designed for hotel use. It is apparent, however, even to an outsider who knows nothing about china that the materials are of the best, and that a factory which produces such ware before it has gotten fairly under way can beyond doubt produce that thin and transparent variety that is a delight to the feminine heart.
It has taken a good many months to bring the plant to its present development, but when one considers the rickety old building that was taken over by this company a couple of years ago, and then observes what it has been converted into, one realizes readily enough why it has required time.
It is a wonderful industrial enterprise.
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The following news item appears in the June 8, 1922, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
SPECIAL TERM OF COURT FOR TRIAL SCHMIDT'S SUIT
A special term of the Superior court is to be held beginning July 11, at which the long pending action of Anton Schmidt against the U. S. China Company will be tried. This is the action in which Schmidt seeks a hearing on his petition seeking to restrain U. S. China company, which has recently be named The American China Products company, from using his "secrets" and "formulas" in manufacturing hard glaze chinaware.
Schmidt entered into an agreement with a group of Chicago financiers to perfect a process of making chinaware of glaze and texture equal to the products of the European factories out of raw materials found in America. The "old glass factory" was secured for his experiments. He erected a kiln and spent about a year at the work. He alleges that by reason of extensive experience in potteries in Germany he was possessed of secret processes. Finally his Chicago financial backers became dissatisled [sic; dissatisfied] with his results, after spending about $30,000.00 on the project. The doors of the plant were locked against him and a contract was entered into with Theodore Dittel to take charge of the plant.
After a few months Mr. Dittel had erected a kiln of different design, and was turning out chinaware which evidently brought satisfaction to the Chicago men.
Thereupon a company was organized, considerable capital placed at the disposal of Mr. Dittel and the splendid factory erected in Chesterton which today employs about 160 people and is constantly adding to its production and its working force.
Anton Schmidt alleges that all this is made possible by the use of his own secret formulas and processes. He has instituted an action for damages for $250,000 which is now pending in the federal courts.
The trial of the other suit, in which he asks the court to issue an injunction against the American China company using his "processes" is the one to be tried at the special term in July. It has been continued many times from one date to another, Mr. Schmidt declaring that the testimony of his wife is essential, and Mrs. Schmidt is now in Europe. It is expected she will return by that time.
In the meantime Anton Schmidt has organized the Columbia China company, has secured capital in Chicago, and has added considerably to the building formerly used by the Schmidt Color & Chemical company. One kiln has been built and china making machinery installed. There have been several burnings of the kiln, it is reported, with indifferent success.
The Schmidt Color & Chemical company is now in process of dissolution. The stock was sold to various parts of the country. It is said that this is being taken up and stock of the Columbia China company issued in its stead.
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; June 15, 1922; Volume 39, Number 14, Page 1, Columns 3-4. Column titled "Plan A Big China Plant for Valpo."
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The following news item appears in the June 15, 1922, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
PLAN A BIG CHINA PLANT FOR VALPO
A china factory, three times as large as the Chesterton plant will be erected in Valparaiso within two years by the American China Products company. The local factory will have six kilns when completed. It will employ about 600 people. The new unit will have 18 kilns and employ over 1500 people. It will be built in Valparaiso instead of Chesterton because it is believed labor will be more plentiful there.
These startling facts were revealed Tuesday by Theodore Dittel. Mr. Dittel is the china manufacturing expert who built the local plant, and who is general manager. It is his knowledge of china making processes, obtained in the potteries of Bavaria, which has opened up the way for a new industry in America. The local plant has been markedly successful and some beautiful ware has been turned out. Orders are piling up, the demand for the excellent ware is so great it is not a question of getting orders. It is already a question of how to fill them. The ware is not like anything made in the United States. It is equal to or superior to the hard white and transparent china which is made in the potteries of central Europe.
The Chesterton factory will be completed some time this fall and will be in full operation and completely organized by the middle of winter. It is expected that about that time steps will be taken to expand the company, and provide for the bigger unit in a nearby city.
Mr. Dittel, then will be able to give his attention to the project, and it will have been proven beyond all doubt that chinaware, equal to that produced abroad can be produced in American on a quantity and competitive basis.
The writer had the privilege Tuesday morning of seeing the last large kiln build, opened after a burning. It contained over 7,000 pieces of ware of all designs. There are over 100 designs of ware produced at the factory now, and most of them were represented in the kiln. About 98 percent of the burnings are good. The two per cent which are imperfect is used in making glaze, so really there is no waste whatever, as the 2 per cent is about the proportion needed for making glaze.
A very unique cigar holder, ash tray and match holder, patented by a Chicago man, is being made in quantities. It has a number of small holes the size of a cigarette, around the edge, and is designed for placing the butts in to extinguish them promptly. It is becoming in great demand. There are five designs of ash trays and match holders which have been made. An order has been shipped for many thousands to a transcontinental railroad for use in its dining cars. Designs are being made for other railroads at the present time.
The decorating department of the factory is getting into action. A decorating oven in which the color design is burnt into the glaze, arrived last week from Detroit, damaged in shipment. This is being repaired. Orders for other ovens from Germany have been standing for many months, but the ovens are still undelivered. One small oven installed last winter is being used, and is working satisfactorily, except that it is too small for the demands upon it.
Two printing presses are being installed in the plant. These are used to print the colors upon the sensitized paper. The designs are in strips and pasted upon the ware. After a few moments they are removed by soaking them with water, applied by a brush. The design is left on the ware and burnt into the glaze.
There are three kilns in constant use at the factory. Three others are in the process of construction.
The texture of the ware produces is excellent. All designs and models are for hotel and dining car use, but in spite of their thickness, they are almost transparent. One can plainly see the outline of the fingers of any object held against the side and held to the light. If the edge of a piece of the ware be chipped, to show the texture of the glaze, it has the appearance of white glass.
All pieces are carefully sorted. The ware is divided into first, second and third quality. The first and second quality is all decorated. The third quality is sold white, and there is said to be a greater demand for it than can be produced.
Orders are now being produced for many of the leading hotels in the country.
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The following news item appears in the July 6, 1922, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
HEADS OF CHINA CO. VISIT VALPARAISO TO CONFER UPON SITE
As guests of the directors of the Valparaiso Chamber of Commerce Wednesday noon, Walter Luttrinhaus, president of the American China Products company, and C. W. Duke Doubleday, a director of the company, outlined the future plans of the concern with reference to development of plants in Porter county.
Mr. Luttringhaus, in addressing the directors at the meeting, said that Valparaiso was an ideal city for the purpose and had some fine sites for china manufacturing purposes. "But we must first finish our Chesterton plant," said Mr. Luttringhaus, "for when fully developed it will employ between 500 and 600 people and is equipped to turn out two million dollars worth of china per year.
Just when they would finish the Chesterton project and their plans be fully developed for further expansion was not stated by Mr. Luttringhaus. Valparaiso is the first city on the list and is being carefully considered for the second plant when these plans develop, however, he stated.
"We chose Valparaiso because this city is close to our Chesterton plant," said Mr. Luttringhaus, "and the same superintendent can look after the general affairs of both plants. And, too, this is a proper location for a china plant. We have looked over the property here and find many ideal sites for such an enterprise. We will be able to get more help here than we would in Chesterton, and when our plant is developed here more than 1,000 people will be employed in the Valparaiso plant."
He also gave an explanation of the process used by this company in manufacturing china, and how the product differed from china made by all other American plants at the present time.
Mr. Doubledeay [sic] addressed the directors at length on the development of the American China Products company and its prospects for the future. He stated that there was now being developed in Porter county what was destined to be the greatest industry in the state, not excepting the steel industry. His company is the only one in America making china by the same method known now only to German manufacturers. The company has a large number of orders and the business is being developed rapidly, so that plans for expansion are being worked out.
An invitation to go to the chesterton p[lant and see the processes of manufacture was given by M. Kionka, also interested in the project and who attended the meeting.
An inspection of the Chesterton plant was made and the men came in cars furnished by M. R. Lowenstine, Dr. Ruge, F. R. Marine and C. L. Jeffrey. Several hours were spent going through the plant. The extent of the company's manufacturing was not fully realized until the inspection was completed, the special machinery - various processes, and the plan of operation being noted. The inspection gave them knowledge of what the future plant will be when developed here.
Recently an announcement was made, exclusively through the Chesterton Tribune, that the plant would be located in Valparaiso, and the visit of the officials of the company followed the announcement, to personally explain their plans. They were impressed with the courtesies shown them, and stated that when the plans were fully developed the Chamber of Com[m]erce would be advised.
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The following news item appears in the July 6, 1922, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
SCHMIDT'S PETITION UP ON TUESDAY
Whether the American China company is using "Secrets" and formulas originated by Anton Schmidt, to manufacture chinaware at its large factory in Chesterton will be decided next week in the Superior court with Judge Harry L. Crumpacker on the bench. If this is proven, a permanent injunction will likely be ordered by the court restraining the company from using these secrets and formulas.
If it shown that Theodore Dittel is an expert china manufacturer, and has ignored the experiments and "discoveries" of Mr. Schmidt, then the petition will be dismissed and the operations of the plant will proceed without danger of further interference.
A special term of court is scheduled for the hearing this case.
The plaintiff has secured a continuance several times as he desired the testimony of Mrs. Schmidt, who is in Austria visiting relatives. It is not known whether Mrs. Schmidt will be on hand to testify at the trial or not.
Anton Schmidt started operations in the plant of the old glass factory several years ago. He built a kiln and undertook the manufacture of various forms of chinaware, including doll heads and fancy vases, as well as dishes of various kinds. He was backed financially by Walter Luttringhaus and several others in Chicago. After spending about $30,000 and not accomplishing results satisfactory to his associates, Mr. Schmidt was ousted from the factory. Theodore Dittel was engaged by Mr. Luttringhaus and his associates, and since that time there has been steady progress and production is now under way. The factory will be on a capacity production basis within a few weeks.
Chas. W. Jensen and Ira Tilton are attorneys for Mr. Schmidt.
Kelly & Galvin, of Valparaiso, Osborn & Link of Laporte and Peaks, Bunch, Peaks & Latimer of Chicago are attorneys for the American China company.
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The following news item appears in the July 13, 1922, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
HEARING CHINA FACTORY CASE ON WEDNESDAY
The action of Anton Schmidt against the American China Products company was brought before Judge Harry L. Crumpacker in the Superior court in Valparaiso Wednesday morning. It was to have been called on Tuesday morning, but the judge was delayed in returning from an automobile trip to St. Paul by heavy rains in Wisconsin, and was unable to get to Valparaiso until Wednesday morning.
A large number of witnesses were called to testify in the case. Subpoenas were issued to a great number of persons who formerly were employed to operate the local plant, which has brown to such huge proportions since he left it.
The hearing Wednesday, was relative to Schmidt's petition for a permanent injunction against the American China company and Theodore Dittel, general manager, restraining them from using any of Schmidt's "secrets" and "processes" in manufacturing china.
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The following news item appears in the October 15, 1925, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
CHESTERTON TO LOSE FRAUNFELTER PLANT
The Fraunfelter China company's plant at Chesterton will close permanently in about three weeks, and the business of the company will be transferred to the Zanesville plant of the company. This is the information given The Tribune by George Fraunfelter, head of the company's plant here this morning. The reason given is that the change is made in the interest of economy. The cost of operating two plants separate by distances has proved unprofitable for the company, Mr. Fraunfelter says. Even though the Chesterton plant cleared $50,000 a year it would be profitable to make the change. The company has about $300,00 invested in the Chesterton plant, and negotiations are now in progress for its sale. The Schmidt interests are figuring on the deal, and it may be consummated.
Mr. Fraunfelter says that the female help in Chesterton is the best he ever worked. The intelligence, faithfulness and industry of these people is remarkable. But, he adds that he can not say as much for the men. He admits that he has not been able to obtain the best class of help for various reasons, and has been obliged to take what was left in the labor market. One thing that should interest the Chamber of Commerce and all those who have the future of the town at heart, is the question of freight rates. Mr. Fraunfelter says it cost him $3.09 a tone freight for coal here and $1.76 a ton in Zanesville. The freight rate here on clay is 40 per cent higher than it is laid down in Zanesville. This handicap is a heavy one and should be overcome.
Mr. Fraunfelter said that though his company abandoned this field some company would come here and operate it. The equipment is high grade and cost alone more than $100.00. If the company did not have its Zanesville plant the situation would be different. It is making some additions to the Zanesville plant which will increase the output to make up for the output of the Chesterton plant, and be all under one roof. Chesterton regrets to loose [sic] the Fraunfelter family. They made a host of friends here, and were citizens valuable to the community. Mr. Fraunfelter came here to remain permanently and bought the Jeffrey home on South Second street, one of the finest residence properties in the town. For the present the family will remain here, but Mr. Fraunfelter will go to Zanesville.
Sources:
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; November 25, 1920; Volume 37, Number 37, Page 1. Column titled "U. S. China Company is Formed."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; June 16, 1921; Volume 38, Number 14, Page 1, Column 6. Column titled "To Erect Buildings at Plant."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; June 15, 1922; Volume 39, Number 14, Page 1, Columns 3-4. Column titled "Plan A Big China Plant for Valpo."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; July 28, 1921; Volume 38, Number 20, Page 1, Column 1. Column titled "Boom for Chesterton Looms; Work Starts on $100,000 Contract."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; August 11, 1921; Volume 38, Number 22, Page 4, Column 4. Column titled "U. S. China Plant is Being Pushed Rapidly."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; September 23, 1921; Volume 38, Number 28, Page 1, Column 5. Column titled "China Company Capitalization Near Million."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; December 1, 1921; Volume 38, Number 38, Page 1, Column 4. Column titled "Fair Weather Will Complete Plant in Week."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; December 15, 1921; Volume 38, Number 40, Page 11, Columns 2-6. Column titled "New Plant is Town's Xmas Gift. American China Company Finishes Its New Buildings Here And Is Installing Machinery."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; February 23, 1922; Volume 38, Number 50, Page 1, Column 6. Column titled "Chesterton China Now Made as Wheels Turn at the New Factory."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; April 6, 1922; Volume 39, Number 4, Page 1, Columns 3-4. Column titled "Visit to China Plant Reveals the Hum of Activity in Every Department; Force About 125," by C. G. Chaney.
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; June 8, 1922; Volume 39, Number 13, Page 1, Column 3. Column titled "Special Term of Court for Trial Schmidt's Suit."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; July 6, 1922; Volume 39, Number 17, Page 1, Columns 4-5. Column titled "Heads of China Co. Visit Valparaiso to Confer Upon Site."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; July 6, 1922; Volume 39, Number 17, Page 1, Column 6. Column titled "Schmidt's Petition Up On Tuesday."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; July 13, 1922; Volume 39, Number 18, Page 1, Column 5. Column titled "Hearing China Factory Case on Wednesday."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; July 20, 1922; Volume 39, Number 19, Page 1, Column 3. Column titled "Schmidt Tells Story In Court Of His Work."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; October 15, 1925; Volume 42, Number 32, Page 1, Column 6. Column titled "Chesterton to Lose Fraunfelter Plant."
Copyright 2021. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
VALPARAISO CITY PUBLIC GRADED SCHOOL
PORTER CO., INDIANA. - {ERECTED 1871.}
TRUSTEES
A. FREEMAN, Pres.
A. E. LETTS, Treas.
T. T. MAULSBY, Sec.y
Date: 1876
Source Type: Engraving
Printer, Publisher, Photographer: Baskin, Forster & Company
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: This particular site located at 305 North Franklin Avenue has been occupied by four different school buildings - Valparaiso Collegiate Institute (1861-1871), the first Central School seen in this image (1871-1903), the second Central School (1904-1938), and Central Elementary School (1938-present).
The Valparaiso Collegiate Institute was a four-room structure opened by the Presbyterians in 1861. When the Valparaiso Collegiate Institute went defunct, the school trustees for the City of Valparaiso purchased the site and buildings on it for use as a public school.
The construction of the original Central School, seen here, commenced in 1871. The general contractor for the building was Bonham and Winslow. Stone and brick was contracted to Shade and Gregg, James O'Keefe had the painting contract, and R. Rose was architect. Incidentally, R. Rose was also the architect of the Porter County jail constructed in 1870. This school building was made using more than 1,017,000 bricks and 150,000 board feet of lumber. Each quadrangle tower was 100 feet in height, and a veranda was constructed on the east side of the building. The stone steps used at the entrances were quarried from Joliet, Illinois. The structure consisted of sixteen study rooms, an intermediate floor on the second floor, and an assembly room, sometimes referred to as a chapel, measuring 64 by 36 feet in dimension and lit by four hanging chandeliers. A large restroom was also located within the building.
It has been noted that the towns of Wanatah and Wheeler could be seen from the towers without the aid of optical equipment. The school opened with an enrollment of 400 students and with William H. Banta serving as superintendent. The first Valparaiso High School class graduated from this building in 1874. This building was replaced in 1904 by the Central School Building, which was later destroyed by fire in 1938. Today, the site is occupied by the Central Elementary School.
The following news item appeared in the December 16, 1875, issue of the Porter County Vidette concerning this image:
"The pictures of the Normal, high school, and other building were drawn during the last week, designed as illustrations for the forth-coming state atlas."
Sources:
Andreas, Alfred T. 1876. Illustrated Historical Atlas of Indiana. Chicago, Illinois: Baskin, Forster & Company. 462 p. [p. 32]
Porter County Vidette, Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana; December 16, 1875; Volume 19, Number 50, Page 3, Column 2. Column titled "Local."
Copyright 2019. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
State of Indiana
No. 9900
THE
UNION PLANK ROAD COMPANY
Willy Pay TWO DOLLARS on demand
to C. B. Blair on bearer.
MICHIGAN CITY June 10, 1860
Date: June 10, 1860
Source Type: Obsolete Scrip
Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Toppan, Carpenter, Casilear & Company
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: This note is listed in Wolka et al. as 500-1 with a rarity of R-7 and in Wolka as 1585-01 with a rarity of R-7. The rarity scale ranges from R-1 to R-7, with R-7 indicating that between one and five specimens are known to exist.
An act was approved on February 8, 1851, by the Indiana General Assembly to benefit the Union Plank Road Company and the Michigan City & South Bend Plank Road Company, both located in Michigan City. The act recognized both companies as (1851, p. 461):
"…bodies politic and corporate, by their respective names, each of them possessing all the powers of a corporation in perpetuity, and they are fully authorized to do any and all acts which may be necessary to carry out the objects and purposes of said companies…. said companies are authorized and empowered to enter into contracts and agreements with each other for their mutual accommodation whereby the gate keepers of either said roads may receive toll from, and issue tickets to persons desirous of traveling over parts of both roads…."
According to a 1909 biographical sketch of Daniel Ball, Ball formed an acquaintance with Chauncy B. Blair, a businessman and banker from Michigan City who had relocated to Chicago to establish the Merchants National Bank. Note that Blair’s brother, Lyman Blair, issued scrip from Michigan City. Prior to 1856, Chauncey B. Blair had purchased the right to issue a form of currency based upon a charter from the State of Indiana for the establishment of the Union Plank Road Company. The Union Plank Road Company was created to construct a plank road between Michigan City and Union City, Randolph County, Indiana, which are separated by a distance of 200 miles.
C. B. Blair is listed as both the bearer and president on this note.
Bills for the Union Plank Road Company totaling an amount between $100,000 to $200,000 were soon in circulation. Portions of the Union Plank Road were established and tolls were collected from users. The October 25, 1849, issue of the Indiana State Sentinel announced that the Union Plank Road Company “declared a dividend of 7 percent for 3 months, (the average time of receiving toll) on the stock paid in. The road will probably net 8 or 10 per cent annually when completed.” During the 1850s, the liquidity of the company’s notes was suspect as several notices published in newspapers across the Midwest and East indicate that the notes would not be accepted for payment of goods or taxes. By October 1852, the company’s notes were being discounted by 1.5 percent from their par value.
In April 1864, the Banking House of James Boyd in Chicago was advertising that “We will sell New York Exchange at 1/3 for all the ‘Union Plank Road Co.’ Notes outstanding, or redeem the same at par in bankable funds.” This notice suggests both illiquidity issues and perhaps the fact that the company was winding down and purchasing all outstanding notes as part of the process of discontinuing business.
Note that the commencement of the Civil War brought considerable trouble to issuers of unsecured notes, such as those notes issued by Blair, since the federal government was issuing a more secure form of money. It has been noted that banks located in Chicago gave notice that they would no longer accept notes of the Union Plank Road Company after April 10, 1864, and it is believed that the company ceased operation in either 1864 or 1865.
Source Information:
Carpenter, Ellen Priscilla Zehner. 1939. The First Zehner-Hoppes Family History. South Bend, Indiana: Mirror Press. [see p. 137]
Chicago Tribune, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois; April 2, 1864; Volume 17, Number 232, Page 1, Column 8. Column titled “Banking House of James Boyd.”
Hollister, Harvey J. 1909. Daniel Ball as a Banker. Publications of the History Society of Grand Rapids No. 4, Volume 1, Part 4. 8 p.
Indiana General Assembly. 1851. Local Laws of the State of Indiana, Passed at the Thirty-Fifth Session of the General Assembly. Indianapolis, Indiana: J. P. Chapman. 592 p.
Indiana State Sentinel, Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana; October 25, 1849; Volume 9, Number 20, Page 2, Column 3. Column titled “Union Plank Road Company.”
Leavitt, Emily Wilder. 1900. The Blair Family of New England. Boston, Massachusetts: David Clapp & Son. 194 p. [see p. 91]
Marshall County Democrat, Plymouth, Marshall County, Indiana; March 13, 1856; Volume 1, Number 18, Page 3, Column 5. Column titled “Notice to Tax Payers.”
Oglesbee, Rollo B. 1908. History of Michigan City, Indiana. LaPorte, Indiana: Edward J. Waddell. 220 p. [see p. 214]
The Plymouth Banner, Plymouth, Marshall County, Indiana; June 15, 1854; Volume 3, Number 15, Page 1, Column 6. Column titled “Indiana Free Banks.”
Wolka, Wendell. 2018. A History of Indiana Obsolete Bank Notes and Scrip. Sun City Center, Florida: Wendell Wolka. 900 p. [see pp. 546-547]
Wolka, Wendell A., Jack M. Vorhies, and Donald A. Schramm. 1978. Indiana Obsolete Notes and Scrip. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. 306 p. [see p. 173]
Copyright 2021. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
Geen hockey op zondag dus fotoshoot met Freek | No hockey on Sunday so shoot with Frederieke instead
Canon EOS 5D MKII | Canon EOS 7D
EF-L 70-200mm F2.8 MkII | EF-L 16-35mm F2.8 MKII
Stobist (where applicable): 1 or 2 Canon EX580 MKII with Lastolite Softbox and reflection.
Triggered with Pocketwizards
For best view: Press L
THE DEBATE:
Ron Harris (atheist)
Stated in common sense, plain language, the salvation story is pure nonsense.
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7tenths (atheist)
Well said...pure man-made fiction...by ignorant men.
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budderflyman (atheist)
I was actually told by a priest who later became an archbishop that the Church believes Mary was 12 when she became impregnated. Now, either Joseph, God, or the angel Gabriel was a child molester. Or, more likely, the whole story was made up.
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Truth in science (theist)
Atheism revealed as false- why God MUST exist
www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/15818838060
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budderflyman (atheist) reply to Truth in science (theist)
How can atheism be revealed as "false"? Atheism is very much real. It is a belief in the non existence of any gods. It is a true belief system.
Where is your evidence for a prime mover?
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Truth in science (theist) reply to budderflyman (atheist)
Logic, natural law and fundamental principles of science prove that atheism is false.
The law of cause and effect (which is the premier law, basic to all science and applicable to all natural entities) demonstrates that God (the supernatural first cause) must exist. That law alone exposes atheism as false, illogical nonsense.
Consider this simple, short chain of causes and effects:
A causes B, - B causes C, - C causes D, - D causes E.
‘A, B, C & D’ are all causes and may all look similar, but they are not, there is an enormous and crucial difference.
Causes B, C & D are fundamentally different from cause ‘A’. Why?
Because ‘A’ is the very first cause and thus had no previous cause. It exists without a cause. It doesn't rely on anything else for its existence, it is completely independent of causes - while B, C & D would not exist without ‘A’. They are entirely dependent on ‘A’.
The causes; B, C & D are also effects, whereas ‘A’ is not an effect, only a cause. So we can say that the first cause ‘A’ is both self-existent and necessary. It is necessary because the rest of the chain of causes and effects could not exist without it. We can also say that the subsequent causes and effects B, C, D & E are all contingent. That is; they are not self-existent they all depend entirely on other causes to exist. We must also say that ‘A’ is eternally self-existent, i.e. it has always existed, it had no beginning.
Why?
Because if ‘A’ came into being at some point, there must have been something other than itself that brought it into being, which would mean ‘A’ was not the first cause (‘A’ could not create ‘A’). The something that brought ‘A’ into being would be the first cause. In which case, ‘A’ would be contingent and no different from B, C, D & E. We also have to say that ‘A’ has to be adequate to produce all the properties of B, C, D & E.
Why?
Well, in the case of E, we can see that it relies entirely on D for its existence.
E can in no way be superior to D, because D had to contain within itself everything necessary to produce E.
The same applies to D, it cannot be superior to C. Furthermore neither E or D can be superior to C, because both rely on C for their existence, and C had to contain everything necessary to produce D & E.
Likewise with B, which is responsible for the existence of C, D & E.
As they all depend on ‘A’ for their existence and for all their properties, abilities and potentials, none can be superior to ‘A’ whether singly or combined.
‘A’ had to contain everything necessary to produce B, C, D & E, including all their properties, abilities and potentials.
Thus we deduce that; nothing in the universe can be superior in any way to the very first cause of the universe. Because the whole universe, and all material things that exist, depend entirely on the abilities and properties of the first cause to produce them.
Conclusion… A first cause must be uncaused, must have always existed, and cannot be in any way inferior to all subsequent causes and effects. In other words, the first cause of the universe must be eternally, self-existent and omnipotent (greater than anything that exists).
Natural law and fundamental principles of science tell us; that NO ‘natural’ entity can possibly have those attributes.
That is why a Supernatural, Creator God MUST exist - and atheism is revealed as false.
In a time of universal deceit - telling the truth is a revolutionary act. George Orwell
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Ron Harris (atheist) reply to Truth in science (theist)
How is causality a "chain"? At best you can trace back some necessary conditions for a given event that seems chainlike. Without a chain of causes you cannot have "superior" causes.
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Truth in science (theist) reply to Ron Harris (atheist)
The law of cause and effect, which is the fundamental principle behind scientific research, tells us that every natural effect/event/entity has to have an adequate cause.
Therefore we must be able to trace every effect and its cause/s back through time (however long the chain of causes and effects) to an original first cause.
If you believe in the big bang, for example, the initial explosion would have caused the expansion of matter, which was subsequently caused (presumably by gravity) to coalesce into cosmic bodies, and so on through numerous other causes - one or more causes leading to other cause/s in a chain right up to the origin of the Earth and first life - and (if you believe in evolution) then through a chain of causes right up to human life. Whether there is one or more chains of causes happening at the same time, or even causes that combine or overlap, doesn't make any difference. At some stage they all originate from an original, first cause, and science tells us that nothing that follows the first cause can be superior to it. The effect cannot be greater than the cause.
So the first cause has to embody everything we see in the universe, all properties, powers, qualities and potentialities.
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Ron Harris (atheist) reply to Truth in science (theist)
An "adequate" cause? Do you mean the cause must be sufficient for its effect? If so, that has nothing to do with tracing back along a chain of necessary conditions to the earliest necessary condition.
"The effect cannot be greater than the cause. So the first cause has to embody everything we see in the universe, all properties, powers, qualities and potentialities."
What do you mean by the effect not being greater than its cause? In what respect must a cause be greater than any of its effects? Must a cause be greater than any of its effects in every way? What about those ways that are not comparable? Have you taken into account "emergence"? For example, the momentum of the particles of a gas colliding with the walls of its container generates (causes) pressure. So is the momentum of the particles greater than the pressure they generate in all important respects? These are incommensurable properties: how can you compare them for this lesser/greater relation?
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Truth in science (theist) reply to Ron Harris (atheist)
You wrote:
What do you mean by the effect not being greater than its cause? In what respect must a cause be greater than any of its effects?
I didn't say a cause must be greater than its effects. It is the other way round. An effect cannot be greater than its cause/s.
Most effects we see today, are not due to a single cause, they have a combination of several causes. Included in those causes are the inherent properties of the entity involved, which are described by natural laws.
If an apple falls off a tree, for example, there are many causes, some are inherent properties of the tree and of matter. The causes range from the tree growing from an original seed which has landed on the ground, being watered and nourished by rain and soil, its flowers being pollinated, forming a fruit (apple) and when ripe, being caused by gravity to fall to the ground.
Probably a better example would be the act of striking a match and causing a forest fire.
It could be said that the effect, i.e. the forest fire is far greater than the act of striking a match. But, of course, it isn't that simple, because the match is not the only cause.
The inflammable material has been formed over many years of the trees growing and building up a store of energy from the Sun and soil. The match is simply a trigger which causes the energy stored in all the trees to be released in a forest fire.
When we talk about the very first cause, that is a completely different matter, because it is a single cause that is solely responsible for every effect that follows it..
It is the cause of everything, even the inherent properties of natural entities, such as natural laws, which can eventually act as contributing causes themselves.
So nothing in the universe can ever be greater than the first cause, because it is the only cause responsible for the whole universe. The cause of its properties, its structure, its laws, its qualities, its powers, its potentialities and even of time.
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Ron Harris (atheist) reply to Truth in science (theist)
"When we talk about the very first cause, that is a completely different matter, because it is a single cause that is solely responsible for every effect that follows it..
It is the cause of everything, even the inherent properties of natural entities, such as natural laws, which can eventually act as causes themselves."
Pure speculation.
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Truth in science (theist) reply to Ron Harris (atheist)
It is not speculation it is a logical conclusion.
If you don't agree that the first cause is responsible for everything it causes.
Then tell me why you don't agree with it?
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Ron Harris (atheist) reply to Truth in science (theist)
But you are making an exception by claiming that there is a first cause and that that first cause is different from other causes. How do you know that there is a first cause and that it is different from other causes? If all you use is the cosmological argument, you are still making an exception of the first cause.
Regarding that argument, you wrote earlier: "At some stage they all originate from an original, first cause, and science tells us that nothing that follows the first cause can be superior to it. The effect cannot be greater than the cause."
I still don't get how you can justify the claim that "science tells us that nothing that follows the first cause can be superior to it." Really?! Science shows this? You need to show why this is so and not pure speculation.
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Truth in science (theist) reply to Ron Harris (atheist)
You asked:
"How do you know that there is a first cause and that it is different from other causes?"
Because everything in the natural realm is contingent. Every natural entity/event/effect has to have an adequate or sufficient cause. Contingency is an inherent property of ALL natural things.
It is summed up in the law of cause and effect which is the fundamental principle of the scientific method.
There is no such thing as an autonomous, non-contingent natural entity, to suggest that goes against scientific principles.
So, obviously, as all natural entities are contingent (they all rely on causes), if we trace back all causes in the universe we must eventually reach a first cause, however long the chain of causes, it must have a beginning, at some stage, in a very first cause.
The very fist cause cannot be contingent, it has no cause, if it did it wouldn't be the first cause. So it is uncaused, and therefore cannot be a natural entity. It has to be unique, there is no other cause like it, It is autonomous and is not dependant on any cause for its existence. Thus we can say it is self-existent and has always existed.
You wrote:
"I still don't get how you can justify the claim that "science tells us that nothing that follows the first cause can be superior to it." Really?! Science shows this? You need to show why this is so and not pure speculation."
An effect cannot be greater than its cause/s.
That is a fundamental principle of the scientific method also summed up in the law of cause and effect.
The very first cause is the cause of everything in the natural world, and has to be entirely adequate for the purpose of producing everything in the natural world. So nothing in the natural world can be greater or superior to that initial cause of everything. If it was, it would be a violation of the law of cause and effect and a fundamental principle of science.
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Ron Harris (atheist) reply to Truth in science (theist)
You wrote: "There is no such thing as an autonomous, non-contingent natural entity, to suggest that goes against scientific principles."
What scientific principles?
By "autonomous" do you mean that the being is able to function wholly independent of the rest of the universe? Or do you mean something more limited?
"So, obviously, as all natural entities are contingent (they all rely on causes), if we trace back all causes in the universe we must eventually reach a first cause..."
Something is "contingent" simply because it is caused? Why? Because the cause need not have been? So the return of Hailey's comet in 2061 or thereabouts is not fully determined by forces external to it because those forces need not operate?
From your last paragraph:
"An effect cannot be greater than its cause/s.
That is a fundamental principle of the scientific method also summed up in the law of cause and effect."
In response to that paragraph, I repeat what I wrote before: I still don't get how you can justify the claim that "science tells us that nothing that follows the first cause can be superior to it." Really?! Science shows this? You need to show why this is so and not pure speculation.
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Truth in science (theist) reply to Ron Harris (atheist)
I wrote:
"There is no such thing as an autonomous, non-contingent natural entity, to suggest that goes against scientific principles."
You asked?
"What scientific principles?"
The fundamental principle of science is the law of cause and effect. All scientific research depends on it.
The modus operandi of the scientific method is looking for adequate causes for EVERY natural occurrence.
An autonomous or non-contingent, natural entity violates that principle. All natural entities, effects and events rely on a preceding cause or causes.
Which means a non-contingent natural entity is impossible as far as science is concerned.
To suggest an autonomous or non-contingent natural entity or occurrence is like harking back to pre-scientific (pagan) times, when people believed in the vagaries of nature. The belief that natural things could simply act autonomously and independently without any apparent preceding cause or causes.
You wrote:
"By "autonomous" do you mean that the being is able to function wholly independent of the rest of the universe? Or do you mean something more limited?"
Natural entities cannot be autonomous because they limited by natural laws that are based on their respective, inherent properties. And being contingent they are entirely dependent on that which causes them.
I wrote:
"So, obviously, as all natural entities are contingent (they all rely on causes), if we trace back all causes in the universe we must eventually reach a first cause..."
You answered :
"Something is "contingent" simply because it is caused? Why? Because the cause need not have been? So the return of Hailey's comet in 2061 or thereabouts is not fully determined by forces external to it because those forces need not operate?"
I don’t understand what you mean by that. The velocity and trajectory of Haley’s comet is entirely subject to causes, it doesn’t act independently or autonomously.
I wrote:
"An effect cannot be greater than its cause/s.
That is a fundamental principle of the scientific method also summed up in the law of cause and effect."
You answered:
"In response to that paragraph, I repeat what I wrote before: I still don't get how you can justify the claim that "science tells us that nothing that follows the first cause can be superior to it." Really?! Science shows this? You need to show why this is so and not pure speculation."
An effect cannot be greater than its cause/s.
That is an absolutely fundamental principle of science.
The very first cause is responsible for EVERY cause and effect that follows it. So it is obvious that no effect, arising anywhere in the chain of causes and effects that follows the first cause, can ever be greater, in any respect, than that which ultimately caused it and the rest of the chain of causes and effects.
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budderflyman (atheist) reply to Truth in science (theist)
You have no idea what happens when a star implodes, for example. We don't know if the known laws of physics apply to black holes or to other universes. You have no evidence at all for any god, gods, or other entities being the "very first" cause of anything. BTW, "very first" is redundant. It's either the first or it isn't. And there is no reason to believe there has to have been a first cause. There may always have been something, as I have said before. You cannot prove me wrong about this.
It's been a pleasant three weeks without reading your B.S.
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Truth in science (theist) reply to budderflyman (atheist)
Oh! you're back with your mumbo jumbo and pseudoscience.
You wrote:
"We don't know if the known laws of physics apply to black holes or to other universes"
There you go again, challenging natural laws, because they don't suit your ideology.
What we definitely DO KNOW - is that science only operates by looking for ADEQUATE CAUSES for EVERY natural occurrence. Science can't look for NON-CAUSES or INADEQUATE CAUSES which is precisely what your naturalistic ideology requires.
You wrote:
"BTW, "very first" is redundant. It's either the first or it isn't. And there is no reason to believe there has to have been a first cause"
I said 'VERY' first, because it seems atheists don't understand what 'FIRST' actually means. They keep on asking the same old, stupid question - what caused the first cause? They obviously think something has to precede something which is FIRST.
The word 'VERY' is there to emphasise the fact that if something is First nothing can precede it - I use it for the sake of atheists, who apparently find simple concepts such as the word FIRST actually meaning FIRST, rather difficult to grasp. So if you have an issue with the term 'very first' you need to discuss what 'first' actually means with your fellow atheists. When atheists stop asking the ridiculous question of what caused the first cause? Then I will stop using the term 'very' first.
You wrote:
"There may always have been something, as I have said before"
You're right, there was always something.
The first cause, by virtue of being VERY first, had no preceding cause and therefore has always existed, It is eternally self-existent and NON-CONTINGENT.
Which means the first cause (or whatever you like to call that which has always existed) cannot be something NATURAL, because ALL natural entities are CONTINGENT ...
That is not according to ME - it is according to SCIENCE, which you choose to dispute.
So your dispute is with the fundamental principles of science, not with me.
There probably are no atheists - So choose your god?
www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/15875116723
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budderflyman (atheist) reply to Truth in science (theist)
All you write is "mumbo jumbo". And please stop inserting those hideous posters or whatever the hell they are. They interrupt the flow of this page, a page, btw, which does NOT belong to YOU. I would write on YOUR Flickr pages, but you have me blocked from doing so.
Look, you can rant all you want, but the fact of the matter is that you cannot prove that your god was the first cause of everything. Your god was invented by Jewish rabbis about 6,000 years ago. They got together and wrote the Old Testament. They did the best they could to account for the creation of the world. We are now in the year 2015. We realize the OT is filled with stories with little if any science.
If I had a colorful banner that said "Creationists are Ignorant of Science" I would place it here, but, unfortunately, I don't childishly keep such things around the house.
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Truth in science (theist) reply to budderflyman (atheist)
You wrote:
"If I had a colorful banner that said "Creationists are Ignorant of Science" I would place it here,"
You are the one who disputes natural laws and basic scientific principles - you have no defence for that.
Your only defence is to rant about the Bible.
I am sorry, but as I said before, your dispute is with natural laws and scientific principles, not with me, not with the Bible, not with creationists. You simply target those things to divert attention from the fact that you and your atheist cult are anti-science.
Atheism is simply the naturalist religion (which was debunked centuries ago) re-invented. You can try all you like to give it a 21st century gloss, but it is still the unscientific nonsense it always was.
I support natural laws and scientific principles, you denigrate them, and then masquerade as a champion of science. Atheism is based on lies and deceit, not science. You don't like my images because (with the description attached) they expose the lies, hypocrisy and unscientific nature of atheism.
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budderflyman (atheist) reply to Truth in science (theist)
You are hilarious. Typical right wing creationist trying to put a spin on science in his favor, yet is anti-science. Anyone who believes in sky hooks and sky fairies could not possibly know much about science.
Atheism is not a form of the ancient religion known as naturalism. Atheism has no belief system in anything religious or theistic. It's that simple. Most atheists tend to support science. I am sure there must be some out there who do not, but it has nothing to do with religion. I get tired of having to repeat myself, but the point is, we simply do not know what happened before the Big Bang. There is no evidence for any gods, however. And that is where my argument with you and the Bible rests. There is no evidence that your god said "Let there be light" or any other words in any other language. It is convenient to make up creation stories, just as some Hindus believe that the earth sits on the back of a giant turtle and that turtle sits on another world, and there is another turtle beneath that world, ad infinitum. It's conjecture, story telling, fable, myth, call it what you like, but do not call it "truth" because it is not.
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Truth in science (theist) reply to budderflyman (atheist)
You wrote:
"It is convenient to make up creation stories, just as some Hindus believe that the earth sits on the back of a giant turtle and that turtle sits on another world, and there is another turtle beneath that world, ad infinitum. It's conjecture, story telling, fable, myth, call it what you like, but do not call it "truth" because it is not."
It is you who believes in unscientific fables and creation stories -such as: a universe creating itself from nothing, or a universe being created by "eternal, non-contingent alien species", or a universe which can rewind itself, or the spontaneous generation of life, or an uncaused natural first cause, or natural laws that magically don't apply, or an infinite number of universes, etc. There is not one scrap of evidence for any of your made-up creation stories, they are all unscientific nonsense, they are not only nonsense, they are ridiculous and ludicrous anti-science nonsense. They are every bit as ludicrous and unscientific as the giant turtle creation story.
You wrote:
"Atheism is not a form of the ancient religion known as naturalism"
Oh, so you deny that you believe in a natural, origin scenario for everything that exists, do you?
A natural origins scenario that defies natural laws and scientific principles is the essence of pagan naturalism.
That is what atheists believe in. But they think they can hoodwink the public by claiming that discredited idea is scientific.
Sorry to have to inform you, but the atheist tactic of resurrecting pagan naturalism in a different guise, has been sussed.
There is nothing 'scientific' about naturalism, it remains as it always was, illogical and unscientific nonsense.
You wrote:
"Anyone who believes in sky hooks and sky fairies could not possibly know much about science."
I see you are referring to your old, worn, dog-eared and well distressed, 'atheist responses handbook' again, you know the one that says: When the going gets tough, either rant about the Bible or use the good old standby of the sky fairy jibe. Not much originality there then!
BTW - could you please explain what a sky fairy is?
Because I don't know of any theist who believes in either sky fairies or sky hooks, or who even knows what they are supposed to be.
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budderflyman (atheist) reply to Truth in science (theist)
The Sky Fairy is how most Christians describe their god. A fairy is a mythical creature, such as an angel or god, who floats around "the heavens" and somehow keeps it eye on everyone and everything in the world (yet apparently allows evil, disease, accidents, early death, etc to occur despite heavy prayer on the part of the victims and their families and friends). The sky hook is just what it is, some invisible hook that keeps the fairies and angels suspended.
All I wrote was that most atheists do not believe in the age old religion of naturalism, which is the truth. Atheists have no religion. I know that it must be difficult for you to wrap your washed brain around this concept.
Your B.S. is old and worn. You are the one who makes extraordinary claims about a creator god, not I. Extraordinary claims demand extraordinary evidence and you or anyone else has yet to present any.
Now, go back under your bridge, troll.
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Truth in science (theist) reply to budderflyman (atheist)
You wrote:
"All I wrote was that most atheists do not believe in the age old religion of naturalism, which is the truth. Atheists have no religion. I know that it must be difficult for you to wrap your washed brain around this concept."
Yes, that is what you would like everyone to believe, anything to avoid having to justify your illogical belief in naturalism. Unfortunately for you, that little ruse has been exposed as bogus.
Naturalism = your belief, and that of the atheist cult, that 'nature' is responsible for the existence of everything - i.e. that nature (or Mother Nature) is a non-contingent, autonomous, all powerful entity - it is a belief that credits nature with all the attributes of a god.
Atheist naturalism is no different from pagan naturalism, naturalism per se IS a religious belief.
You can dress it up all you like, but the Emperor is revealed to have no clothes.
If you believe that nature created everything - and has the non-contingent, autonomous, eternally self-existent qualities that are attributed to a supernatural first cause - you effectively deify nature and matter.
Furthermore, because such beliefs demand that you disregard natural laws and scientific principles, they are based entirely on blind faith.
You wrote
"Your B.S. is old and worn. You are the one who makes extraordinary claims about a creator god, not I. Extraordinary claims demand extraordinary evidence and you or anyone else has yet to present any."
You make the extraordinary claim that laws of nature and scientific principles did not apply to your naturalist version of the origin of the universe. That is an extraordinary claim par excellence.
You have presented no evidence whatsoever for that claim, it is all complete hogwash. All you can keep repeating is that it is the scientific viewpoint, which is absolute rubbish. It is the opposite of a scientific view, to dispute natural laws and scientific principles is ANTI-SCIENCE.
"Extraordinary claims demand extraordinary evidence and you or anyone else has yet to present any."
Where then, is your evidence for the extraordinary claim that natural laws and fundamental principles of science didn't apply to the origin of the universe?
You wrote:
"The Sky Fairy is how most Christians describe their god. A fairy is a mythical creature, such as an angel or god, who floats around "the heavens" and somehow keeps it eye on everyone and everything in the world (yet apparently allows evil, disease, accidents, early death, etc to occur despite heavy prayer on the part of the victims and their families and friends). The sky hook is just what it is, some invisible hook that keeps the fairies and angels suspended. "
So the sky fairy and sky hook are both just more fantastical figments of the fertile, atheist imagination - based on their jaundiced and erroneous understanding of the supernatural first cause.
You wrote:
"A fairy is a mythical creature, such as an angel or god"
No, a fairy is a mythical creature based on so-called spirits of NATURE.
They are more akin to paganism and the naturalist religion which atheists subscribe to.
A modern version of the fairies myth, would be the (magical) mythological, non-contingent, alien species (space fairies?), which atheists believe could have created life on Earth.
Fairies have nothing to do with monotheism. In fact, belief in such things as nature spirits, is forbidden by most monotheistic religions, especially Judeo Christian monotheism.
chronicle.uchicago.edu/050714/doctorsfaith.shtml
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budderflyman (atheist) reply to Truth in science (theist)
You're joking, right? Atheism is not a cult. It is simply the disbelief in any god or gods. I also disbelieve in unicorns. Does that make me a member of a cult?
Sorry, chum, but the whole concept of angels is connected to the belief in fairies. You see, it is called the belief in the supernatural. And you can add your devil to it, also, since he is supposedly a "fallen angel." It's all craziness. It's what the human mind conceived of to try to explain things it could not comprehend. Humans started belief systems and created mythical creatures. They do not exist, the same as the 700 pound green fart that floats over your head.
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Truth in science (theist) reply to budderflyman (atheist)
You wrote:
"Atheism is not a cult. It is simply the disbelief in any god or gods. I also disbelieve in unicorns. Does that make me a member of a cult?"
Atheism effectively deifies nature by transferring the creative, godlike powers, properties and qualities (that theists attribute to God), to nature or matter.
So atheism makes a god of nature, which means it is similar to pagan, naturalist religions.
Theists attribute the creation of everything in the universe to a supernatural cause.
Atheists attribute the creation of everything in the universe to a natural cause.
So the theist God is a supernatural, causal entity or creator, and the atheist god is a natural, causal entity or creator.
They are both religious viewpoints.
Not believing in unicorns doesn't require any alternative belief, whereas not believing in a supernatural first cause, demands belief in a natural first cause. So the comparison with unicorns is stupid.
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budderflyman (atheist) reply to Truth in science (theist)
Nice try, but you are wrong (as usual). Atheism does not deify anything. That's the point. There are no deities.
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Truth in science (theist) reply to budderflyman (atheist)
Of course atheists aren't going to admit it.
But if you believe that nature or a natural first cause is the originator of everything, you credit nature (or matter) with a godlike status. You simply replace the Creator God of theism with Mother Nature or an all-powerful god of nature.
Religion really is based on worshipping that which is greater than ourselves - worshipping that which is the cause of our existence. If you believe that cause is nature, then you are a nature worshipper and naturalism is your religion.
It is all based on belief, because you cannot prove that nature is an all powerful creator.
In fact, the evidence from natural law and scientific principles rules it out.
So atheism is an entirely faith-based creed, it has nothing to do with science, logic or reason. It has all the hallmarks of a religion, and if we compare it to pagan naturalism, there is very little to distinguish it.
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budderflyman (atheist) reply to Truth in science (theist)
I like the way evangelists twist words and definitions to suit their needs. I also like the way they try to figure out the universe starting with the Bible. And then they attack science and nature and those who live their lives by science and nature (rather than by some weird interpretation of life that fits a religious point of view).
Stop trying to tell me how I think. I don't want some knuckle dragger interpreting my life for me, thank you. And don't tell me I am anti-science when it is you who cannot bring himself to admit that evolution is the cornerstone of biology.
I am finished playing your stupid games. Go troll someone else.
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Truth in science (theist) reply to budderflyman (atheist)
You wrote:
"And then they attack science and nature and those who live their lives by science and nature"
I don't attack science I defend it against dogmatic atheists who undermine it with their anti-scientific fantasy of a natural, first cause. And I don't attack nature, I simply recognise its limitations defined by natural laws and scientific principles. In fact I support and defend the laws of nature against attacks on them by atheists, who see them as an obstacle to their ideology.
And atheists don't live their lives by science, they are quite willing to distort and pervert scientific principles simply to suit their ideological beliefs. There is no scientific evidence for the atheist cult. It is based purely on faith in the godlike powers of nature to do or create everything, regardless of the fact that logic, natural laws and science, all say the opposite.
You wrote:
"And don't tell me I am anti-science when it is you who cannot bring himself to admit that evolution is the cornerstone of biology."
Progressive evolution is the greatest mistake and greatest hoax in history, it is destined for the dustbin of history when the public finally realise how they have been hoodwinked and treated as fools.
SEE: The Great Mistake.
www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/15650423453
______________________________________________
Production Date: Circa 1902
Source Type: Photograph
Printer, Publisher, Photographer: Unknown
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: This photograph was acquired with two other Kouts Post Office photographs. The three men seen here are identified on the reverse of this photograph as: Porter Williamson, John Hall, and C. H. Wolbrandt.
This photograph shows the interior of the Kouts Post Office; the building housing the post office seen here still stands [2023] and has a present day address of 109 South Main Street.
Research to identify Porter Williamson has not been successful.
John Hall was a native of Canada and born in July 1835; he died on February 23, 1906, in Porter County, Indiana, and is buried in Spencer Cemetery in Kouts. Hall served as a corporal in Company G of the 9th Regiment, Illinois Cavalry during the Civil War.
Charles Henry Wolbrandt was born July 24, 1864, in Mecklenburg, Germany. Charles died on December 7, 1932, in Chicago and is buried in Graceland Cemetery in Kouts.
Wolbrandt was appointed postmaster of the Kouts Post Office on March 27, 1902, succeeding Truman S. Caswell. He served as postmaster until August 23, 1913, when he was replaced by Albert "Burt" Frederick Hofferth.
Given the date of Wolbrandt's appointment as postmaster and Hall's date of death, it is believed that this photograph was taken in either 1902 or 1903.
Copyright 2023. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
Production Date: March 14, 1963
Source Type: Photograph
Printer, Publisher, Photographer: Associated Press
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: William A. Allen, Boeing Co. president, shook his fist before Defense Secretary McNamara just before McNamara left Boeing Field today. A moment later Allen smiled broadly as they parted with a handshake. McNamara was here 11 hours to review the Boeing Dyna-Soar program. From here he flew to Houston, Tex.
Robert McNamara (b. 1916, d. 2009) served as president of the Ford Motor Company beginning November 9, 1960. Soon after becoming the head of Ford, President John F. Kennedy tapped McNamara as his Secretary of Defense, a position he held from January 21, 1961 through February 29, 1968.
William McPherson Allen was born September 1, 1900, in Lolo, Montana. After earning a degree at the University of Montana, he enrolled at Harvard University where he earned a degree on law in 1925. In 1930, Allen joined the board of directors of Boeing Air Transport while being employed as an attorney with Donworth, Todd & Higgins, a Seattle law firm.
The unexpected death of Boeing president Philip G. Johnson in 1944 required that Boeing's chairman of the board, Claire Egtvedt, appoint a replacement. Egtvedt turned to Bill Allen, who initially refused to accept the position because he felt that he was unqualified to head the company. Allen, however, later accepted the position and served as the Chief Executive Officer (President) of The Boeing Company from September 1, 1945, to April 29, 1968. He then served as chairman of the company from 1968 to 1972.
Under William M. Allen's leadership, The Boeing Company launched the Boeing 367-80 (Dash 80), a jet-powered passenger airplane and the predecessor of the Boeing 707. Allen was also responsible for the development and launch of the Boeing 727, Boeing 737, and Boeing 747.
William M. Allen died on October 28, 1985. In 2003, an article published in Fortune ranked William McPherson Allen second among "The 10 Greatest CEOs of All Time," the top CEO being Charles Coffin, the founder of General Electric Company.
Copyright 2016. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
Copyright © John G. Lidstone, all rights reserved.
You are warned: DO NOT STEAL or RE-POST THIS PHOTO.
It is an offence under law if you remove my copyright marking, or post this image anywhere else without my express written permission.
If you do, and I find out, you WILL be reported for copyright infringement action to the host platform and/or group applicable.
The same applies to all of my images.
My copyright is also embedded in the image metadata.
Copyright © John G. Lidstone, all rights reserved.
I hope you enjoy my work and thanks for viewing.
NO use of this image is allowed without my express prior permission and subject to compensation/payment.
I do not want my images linked in Facebook groups.
It is an offence, under law, if you remove my copyright marking, and/or post this image anywhere else without my express written permission.
If you do, and I find out, you will be reported for copyright infringement action to the host platform and/or group applicable and you will be barred by me from social media platforms I use.
The same applies to all of my images.
My ownership & copyright is also embedded in the image metadata.
SOURCE OF THE PELUSE
[Palouse River]
Date: 1853-1855
Source Type: Color Lithograph
Publisher, Printer, Photographer: John Mix Stanley (Gustavus Sohon, United States Pacific Rail Road Explorations and Surveys, Plate LXI), Sarony, Major and Knapp, Lithographers
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: In 1849, the California "Gold Rush" spurred significant migration to the west coast, either by land or by boat through the Drake Passage past Cape Horn (South America) to San Francisco.
California became a a state in 1850. In order to more efficiently and effectively develop the state, the United States Congress commissioned Jefferson Davis, then serving Secretary of the War Department, to organize the Pacific Rail Road Exploration; the purpose of this exploration was to determine the best rail routes that could be constructed from the Eastern United States to California. This lithograph is a plate from the published exploration and survey report.
The Palouse River is 167 in length and traverses two states, Idaho and Washington. It is a tributary of the Snake River. The United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) identifies the source of the Palouse River as being located at 46°58′07″ North 116°27′31″ West, approximately four miles northwest of Bovill, Latah County, Idaho.
A variety of names have been used over time to identify the Palouse River. These include Drewyers River, Drouillard River, Flag River, Moh-Ha-Na-She, North Fork Palouse River, Pavilion River, Pavion River, Pelouse River, and Peluse River.
Copyright 2015. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
Production Date: 1912
Source Type: Photograph
Printer, Publisher, Photographer: Unknown
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: This photograph was acquired with two other Kouts Post Office photographs. The two other photographs are interior views, one of which shows a 1912 calendar hanging on the wall. Thus, it is assumed that this photograph was taken in 1912.
The Kouts Post Office building visible in this photograph still stands [2023] and has a present day address of 109 South Main Street. The building to the right of the post office also still exists.
Two of the three men standing on the boardwalk are identified on the reverse of this photograph. The man on the left is identified as "J. G. Benke," while the man on the right is "Charles H. Wolbrandt." The two individuals in the carriage and the man in the middle on the boardwalk are unidentified.
John Gottlieb Benkie was born September 6, 1857, in Germany, the son of Johann Gottlieb Benke and Ann Louise (Draves) Benke. Note that John changed the spelling of his surname by adding the "i." John died on July 7, 1939, in Kouts, and is buried in Graceland Cemetery in Kouts.
Charles Henry Wolbrandt was born July 24, 1864, in Mecklenburg, Germany. Charles died on December 7, 1932, in Chicago and is buried in Graceland Cemetery in Kouts.
Wolbrandt was appointed postmaster of the Kouts Post Office on March 27, 1902, succeeding Truman S. Caswell. He served as postmaster until August 23, 1913, when he was replaced by Albert "Burt" Frederick Hofferth.
Copyright 2023. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
Official list entry
Heritage Category: Listed Building
Grade: I
List Entry Number: 1228336
Date first listed: 28-Nov-1950
List Entry Name: PARISH CHURCH OF ST MARY
Statutory Address 1: St Mary's Church,84 South St, Bridport DT6 3NW
Location
Statutory Address: St Mary's Church,84 South St, Bridport DT6 3NW
District: Dorset (Unitary Authority)
Parish: Bridport
National Grid Reference: SY 46577 92595
Details
I Dates of main phases, name of architect (where applicable): 13th century E.E. transepts, the rest mainly late C14 and C15. Two west bays of nave and the entire eastern arm rebuilt by John Hicks of Dorchester, 1859-60. Nave roof repaired after fire damage in 1996.
Materials: Ham hill stone, with clay tiled roofs.
Plan: Cruciform plan with crossing tower, 6-bay aisled nave. North and south chapels to chancel, porch and chapel of two storeys between the south aisle and transept.
Exterior: From the road the dominant view is of the impressive triple-gabled and buttressed east end, of 1860, with Perp traceried windows of five lights (chancel) and four lights to the chapels. The north and south windows to the chapels have three-light windows with reticulation units; these are matched in the aisles, where the medieval tracery was replaced in 1860. The aisles have solid parapets above a string course of fleurons. The transepts have big gabled ends with Perp windows (six lights south, five lights north), seemingly not renewed 1859-60. The square angle buttresses with chamfered corners topped by octagonal pinnacles are an Early English feature. West of the south transept is a two-bay addition probably of the late 14th century, containing a chapel (of St Katherine) with a two-storey porch to its west. The porch has a standard Perp two-centred moulded arch, and a small oriel window above. It also has a small octagonal chimney stack at the corner of the parapet, with a crenellated rim; the oriel perhaps lit a priest¿s room. The nave has three-light Perp windows between buttresses; four bays clear on the south side, six on the north side. The two west bays are of 1859-60, virtually indistinguishable from the medieval work. The west front is gabled in the centre, with a door under square label, and four-light window. The ends of the aisles are treated as rectangular blank walls. The imposing tower is late 14th or 15th century, and rises above the roof in two stages, with offset buttresses at the lower stage, and a two-light bell opening in each face of the upper stage. It has an embattled parapet with a continuous moulding around the merlons. The square angle-pinnacles are small and insignificant. Access to the tower is by a big stair turret in the angle of the north aisle and transept, then horizontally through a passage over the aisle roofs into the tower.
Interior: Floors mainly stone flagged. The nave arcades have Perp piers that are a variant on the standard four shafts and four hollows pattern ¿ here, the north and south sides of each pier have a flat face flanked by hollow chamfers, the east and west faces each have three shafts continuing up to the arch mouldings. The former room over the south porch was opened up to the south aisle with an arched opening above the internal porch door, and by removing its eastern wall towards St Katherine¿s chapel. The rear arch of the oriel window which lit this room has shafts and ring-moulded capitals in the E.E. style; if in situ, this implies that the porch may be 13th century with Perp remodelling. The transepts have in their east walls arches, now blocked, to former east chapels. E.E. fluted trumpet capitals. In the west wall of the south transept is a former lancet window which now opens into St Katherine¿s chapel. The crossing piers are Perp, with slim shafts and a little foliage decoration in bands at the capitals. Over the crossing is a ribbed vault with a large bell-hole in a concave-sided lozenge. This must all correspond with the rebuilding date of the tower. The chancel and its chapels are all Victorian, continuing the style of the crossing and nave. Nave and transepts have ceiled wagon roofs with moulded ribs and carved bosses, the aisles have lean-to panelled roofs with plain rafters on carved corbels. The roofs in the west arm were conservatively repaired after fire damage in 1996. The chancel roof is more elaborate, of dark stained timber with hammerbeam trusses. The north chapel serves as an organ loft and sacristy.
Principal Fixtures: On the outside west wall of the south porch is a badly weathered medieval carving from St Andrew¿s chapel (see History), placed there in 1883. Light oak bench seating in the nave and aisles, of the late 20th century. The chancel retains few fittings; a late 20th century reordering installed a nave altar and simple three-sided communion rail just west of the crossing. Late 20th century nave benches. Heavy pulpit of Caen stone, 1860, with much Perp carving and three sides opened up beneath ogee arches to form a frame for a high relief scene of the Sermon on the Mount. The font is Perp, octagonal with quatrefoil panels on the bowl, and a heavy panelled foot. At the west end of the south aisle, the Royal Arms painted on board in an arched frame; said to have been given in 1820, now with arms of Queen Victoria. Good pale oak organ case, 1984-8. In the north transept is a trefoil-headed piscina of the 13th century. In the south chapel is a Gothic oak reredos, 1907, and an entrance screen of wrought-iron, from a reordering and restoration of the chapel in 1900, when encaustic tiles were laid in the sanctuary. Monuments: The outstanding monument is in the north transept, a knight in chain mail of c. 1250, possibly John Gervase d. 1262; the face was restored c. 1860. Small brass in decorative frame, to Edward Coker, gentleman, shot in 1685 by one of the Duke of Monmouth¿s officers. Slate tablet to Katherine Frampton d. 1705, with naive incised decoration. Stained glass: a varied collection of 1850-1914. East window with typically bright colouring of c. 1860. South chapel east, by A.L. Moore, 1902, depicting Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. South chapel south, second from east, by E. Baillie, 1851. The south transept east dated 1865 may be by Clayton & Bell. St Katherine¿s chapel south window is c. 1894. Four in the nave of c. 1890-1914; the first from east (north wall) signed A.L. Moore, 1908, and the fourth signed Cox, Son, Buckley & Co., London, c. 1890. North transept east also by Moore, 1908.
Subsidiary Features: Large churchyard with a yew walk to the south porch, and many good monuments, including prominent obelisks near the road. South-east of the chancel, gatepiers with heavy V-jointed rustication, dated 1831.
History: One of four Saxon boroughs in Dorset, Bridport was a substantial settlement by the 11th century. The earliest parts of the present church are early 13th century, probably indicating rebuilding on the site of a Saxon predecessor. As Bridport grew from the 13th century, the centre of settlement moved northwards, accounting for the church¿s position on the southern edge of the old town centre. This resulted in the building of a chapel of St Andrew dedicated in 1362, on the site of the town hall c. ¼ mile north of the church. It was demolished by 1798. Several chantries in the church were endowed in the late 14th century (1368, two in 1387, two in 1400) and these may coincide approximately with the Perp rebuilding around the crossing, and of the south chapel and adjacent porch. Galleries were added over the aisles in 1717 and 1790, removed in 1859. The north transept was `repaired and beautified¿ in 1776 for the use of the poor, at the expense of Mr Jullantigh. Thomas Hardy seemingly did not approve of the restoration of 1859-60. In Wessex Tales (1888) he wrote, "The church had had such a practical joke played upon it by some facetious restorer or other as to be scarce recognisable...", which is odd since the `facetious restorer¿ was John Hicks of Dorchester, to whom Hardy was articled 1856-62, and became an assistant, 1867-9. Pevsner offers `congratulations¿ for Hicks¿s restoration. John Hicks (1815-69) was born at Totnes, Devon, and worked as an architect in Bristol c. 1838-48 before settling in Dorchester. He restored or built at least 27 churches, mostly Gothic. He was popular, amiable and scholarly, and was seemingly at work on at least three churches when he died; yet his death went almost unremarked, and he is little known now except for his association with Hardy.
© Historic England 2023
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Table of Contents
Fangruida: human landing on Mars 10 cutting-edge technology
[Fangruida- human landing on Mars 10 innovative and sophisticated technologies]
Aerospace Science and space science and technology major innovation of the most critical of sophisticated technology R & D project
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Aerospace Science Space Science and Technology on behalf of the world's most cutting-edge leader in high technology, materials, mechatronics, information and communication, energy, biomedical, marine, aviation aerospace, microelectronics, computer, automation, intelligent biochips, use of nuclear energy, light mechanical and electrical integration, astrophysics, celestial chemistry, astrophysics and so a series of geological science and technology. Especially after the moon landing, the further development of mankind to Mars and other planets into the powerful offensive, the world's major powers eager to Daxian hand of God, increase investment, vigorously develop new sophisticated technology projects for space to space. Satellite, space station, the new spacecraft, the new space suits, the new radiation protection materials, intelligent materials, new manufacturing technology, communications technology, computer technology, detector technology, rover, rover technology, biomedical technology, and so one after another, is expected to greater breakthroughs and leaps. For example, rocket technology, spacecraft design, large power spacecraft, spacesuits design improvements, radiation multifunctional composite materials, life health care technology and space medicine, prevention against microgravity microgravity applicable drugs, tracking control technology, landing and return technology. Mars lander and returned safely to Earth as a top priority. Secondly, Mars, the Moon base and the use of transforming Mars, the Moon and other development will follow. Whether the former or the latter, are the modern aerospace science, space science basic research, applied basic research and applied research in the major cutting-edge technology. These major cutting-edge technology research and innovation, not only for human landing on Mars and the safe return of great significance, but for the entire space science, impact immeasurable universe sciences, earth sciences and human life. Here the most critical of the most important research projects of several sophisticated technology research and development as well as its core technology brief. Limit non-scientific techniques include non-technical limits of technology, the key lies in technology research and development of technology maturity, advanced technology, innovative, practical, reliable, practical application, business value and investment costs, and not simply like the idea mature technology achievements, difficult to put into things. This is the high-tech research and development, testing, prototype, test application testing, until the outcome of industrialization. Especially in aerospace technology, advanced, novelty, practicality, reliability, economy, maturity, commercial value and so on. For technical and research purely science fiction and the like may be irrelevant depth, but not as aerospace engineering and technology practice. Otherwise, Mars will become a dream fantasy, and even into settling crashed out of danger.
Regardless of the moon or Mars, many technical difficulties, especially a human landing on Mars and return safely to Earth, technical difficulties mainly in the following aspects. (Transformation of Mars and the Moon and other planets and detect other livable technology more complex and difficult, at this stage it is difficult to achieve and therefore not discussed in detail in this study). In fact, Mars will be the safe return of a full set of technology, space science, aerospace crucial scientific research development, its significance is not confined to Mars simply a return to scientific value, great commercial value, can not be measure.
1. Powered rocket, the spacecraft overall structural design not be too complex large, otherwise, the safety factor to reduce the risk of failure accidents. Fusion rocket engine main problem to be solved is the high-temperature materials and fuel ignition chamber (reaction chamber temperatures of up to tens of millions of supreme billion degrees), fissile class rocket engine whose essence is the miniaturization of nuclear reactors, and placed on the rocket. Nuclear rocket engine fuel as an energy source, with liquid hydrogen, liquid helium, liquid ammonia working fluid. Nuclear rocket engine mounted in the thrust chamber of the reactor, cooling nozzle, the working fluid delivery and control systems and other components. This engine due to nuclear radiation protection, exhaust pollution, reactor control and efficient heat exchanger design and other issues unresolved. Electrothermal rocket engine utilizing heat energy (resistance heating or electric arc heating) working medium (hydrogen, amines, hydrazine ), vaporized; nozzle expansion accelerated after discharged from the spout to generate thrust. Static rocket engine working fluid (mercury, cesium, hydrogen, etc.) from the tank enter the ionization chamber is formed thrust ionized into a plasma jet. Electric rocket engines with a high specific impulse (700-2500 sec), extremely long life (can be repeated thousands of times a starter, a total of up to thousands of hours of work). But the thrust of less than 100N. This engine is only available for spacecraft attitude control, station-keeping and the like. One nuclear - power rocket design is as follows: Firstly, the reactor heats water to make it into steam, and then the high-speed steam ejected, push the rocket. Nuclear rocket using hydrogen as working substance may be a better solution, it is one of the most commonly used liquid hydrogen rocket fuel rocket carrying liquid hydrogen virtually no technical difficulties. Heating hydrogen nuclear reactor, as long as it eventually reaches or exceeds current jet velocity hydrogen rocket engine jet speed, the same weight of the rocket will be able to work longer, it can accelerate the Rockets faster. Here there are only two problems: First, the final weight includes the weight of the rocket in nuclear reactors, so it must be as light as possible. Ultra-small nuclear reactor has been able to achieve. Furthermore, if used in outer space, we can not consider the problem of radioactive residues, simply to just one proton hydrogen nuclei are less likely to produce induced radioactivity, thus shielding layer can be made thinner, injected hydrogen gas can flow directly through the reactor core, it is not easy to solve, and that is how to get back at high speed heated gas is ejected.
Rocket engine with a nuclear fission reactor, based on the heating liquid hydrogen propellant, rather than igniting flammable propellant
High-speed heavy rocket is a major cutting-edge technology. After all, space flight and aircraft carriers, submarines, nuclear reactors differ greatly from the one hand, the use of traditional fuels, on the one hand can be nuclear reactor technology. From the control, for security reasons, the use of nuclear power rocket technology, safe and reliable overriding indicators. Nuclear atomic energy in line with the norms and rules of outer space. For the immature fetal abdominal hatchery technology, and resolutely reject use. This is the most significant development of nuclear-powered rocket principle.
Nuclear-powered spaceship for Use of nuclear power are three kinds:
The first method: no water or air space such media can not be used propeller must use jet approach. Reactor nuclear fission or fusion to produce a lot of heat, we will propellant (such as liquid hydrogen) injection, the rapid expansion of the propellant will be heated and then discharged from the engine speed tail thrust. This method is most readily available.
The second method: nuclear reactor will have a lot of fast-moving ions, these energetic particles moving very fast, so you can use a magnetic field to control their ejection direction. This principle ion rocket similar to the tail of the rocket ejected from the high-speed mobile ions, so that the recoil movement of a rocket. The advantage of this approach is to promote the unusually large ratio, without carrying any medium, continued strong. Ion engine, which is commonly referred to as "electric rocket", the principle is not complicated, the propellant is ionized particles,
Plasma Engine
Electromagnetic acceleration, high-speed spray. From the development trend, the US research scope covers almost all types of electric thrusters, but mainly to the development of ion engines, NASA in which to play the most active intake technology and preparedness plans. "
The third method: the use of nuclear explosions. It is a bold and crazy way, no longer is the use of a controlled nuclear reaction, but to use nuclear explosions to drive the ship, this is not an engine, and it is called a nuclear pulse rocket. This spacecraft will carry a lot of low-yield atomic bombs out one behind, and then detonated, followed by a spacecraft propulsion installation disk, absorbing the blast pushing the spacecraft forward. This was in 1955 to Orion (Project Orion) name of the project, originally planned to bring two thousand atomic bombs, Orion later fetal nuclear thermal rocket. Its principle is mounted on a small rocket reactor, the reactor utilizing thermal energy generated by the propellant is heated to a high temperature, high pressure and high temperature of the propellant from the high-speed spray nozzle, a tremendous impetus.
Common nuclear fission technologies, including nuclear pulse rocket engines, nuclear rockets, nuclear thermal rocket and nuclear stamping rockets to nuclear thermal rocket, for example, the size of its land-based nuclear power plant reactor structure than the much smaller, more uranium-235 purity requirements high, reaching more than 90%, at the request of the high specific impulse engine core temperature will reach about 3000K, require excellent high temperature properties of materials.
Research and test new IT technologies and new products and new technology and new materials, new equipment, things are difficult, design is the most important part, especially in the overall design, technical solutions, technical route, technical process, technical and economic particularly significant. The overall design is defective, technology there are loopholes in the program, will be a major technical route deviation, but also directly related to the success of research trials. so, any time, under any circumstances, a good grasp of the overall control of design, technical design, is essential. otherwise, a done deal, it is difficult save. aerospace technology research and product development is true.
3, high-performance nuclear rocket
Nuclear rocket nuclear fission and fusion energy can rocket rocket two categories. Nuclear fission and fusion produce heat, radiation and shock waves and other large amounts of energy, but here they are contemplated for use as a thermal energy rocket.
Uranium and other heavy elements, under certain conditions, will split their nuclei, called nuclear fission reaction. The atomic bomb is the result of nuclear fission reactions. Nuclear fission reaction to release energy, is a million times more chemical rocket propellant combustion energy. Therefore, nuclear fission energy is a high-performance rocket rockets. Since it requires much less propellant than chemical rockets can, so to its own weight is much lighter than chemical rockets energy. For the same quality of the rocket, the rocket payload of nuclear fission energy is much greater than the chemical energy of the rocket. Just nuclear fission energy rocket is still in the works.
Use of nuclear fission energy as the energy of the rocket, called the atomic rockets. It is to make hydrogen or other inert gas working fluid through the reactor, the hydrogen after the heating temperature quickly rose to 2000 ℃, and then into the nozzle, high-speed spray to produce thrust.
A vision plan is to use liquid hydrogen working fluid, in operation, the liquid hydrogen tank in the liquid hydrogen pump is withdrawn through the catheter and the engine cooling jacket and liquid hydrogen into hydrogen gas, hydrogen gas turbine-driven, locally expansion. Then by nuclear fission reactors, nuclear fission reactions absorb heat released, a sharp rise in temperature, and finally into the nozzle, the rapid expansion of high-speed spray. Calculations show that the amount of atomic payload rockets, rocket high chemical energy than 5-8 times.
Hydrogen and other light elements, under certain conditions, their nuclei convergent synthesis of new heavy nuclei, and release a lot of energy, called nuclear fusion reaction, also called thermonuclear reaction.
Using energy generated by the fusion reaction for energy rocket, called fusion energy rocket or nuclear thermal rockets. But it is also not only take advantage of controlled nuclear fusion reaction to manufacture hydrogen bombs, rockets and controlled nuclear fusion reaction needs still studying it.
Of course there are various research and development of rocket technology and technical solutions to try.
It is envisaged that the rocket deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen with deuterium nuclear fusion reaction of helium nuclei, protons and neutrons, and release huge amounts of energy, just polymerized ionized helium to temperatures up to 100 million degrees the plasma, and then nozzle expansion, high-speed ejection, the exhaust speed of up to 15,000 km / sec, atomic energy is 1800 times the rocket, the rocket is the chemical energy of 3700 times.
Nuclear rocket engine fuel as an energy source, with liquid hydrogen, liquid helium, liquid ammonia working fluid. Nuclear rocket engine mounted in the thrust chamber of the reactor, cooling nozzle, the working fluid delivery and control systems and other components. In a nuclear reactor, nuclear energy into heat to heat the working fluid, the working fluid is heated after expansion nozzle to accelerate to the speed of 6500 ~ 11,000 m / sec from the discharge orifice to produce thrust. Nuclear rocket engine specific impulse (250 to 1000 seconds) long life, but the technology is complex, apply only to long-term spacecraft. This engine due to nuclear radiation protection, exhaust pollution, reactor control and efficient heat exchanger design and other issues not resolved, is still in the midst of trials. Nuclear rocket technology is cutting-edge aerospace science technology, centralized many professional and technical sciences and aerospace, nuclear physics, nuclear chemistry, materials science, the long term future _-- wide width. The United States, Russia and Europe, China, India, Japan, Britain, Brazil and other countries in this regard have studies, in particular the United States and Russia led the way, impressive. Of course, at this stage of nuclear rocket technology, technology development there are still many difficulties. Fully formed, still to be. But humanity marching to the universe, nuclear reactor applications is essential.
Outer Space Treaty (International Convention on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space) **
Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space Principle 15
General Assembly,
Having considered the report of its thirty-fifth session of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and the Commission of 16 nuclear
It can be attached in principle on the use of nuclear power sources in outer space of the text of its report, 17
Recognize that nuclear power sources due to small size, long life and other characteristics, especially suitable for use even necessary
For some missions in outer space,
Recognizing also that the use of nuclear power sources in outer space should focus on the possible use of nuclear power sources
Those uses,
Recognizing also that the use of nuclear power sources should include or probabilistic risk analysis is complete security in outer space
Full evaluation is based, in particular, the public should focus on reducing accidental exposure to harmful radiation or radioactive material risk
risk,
Recognizing the need to a set of principles containing goals and guidelines in this regard to ensure the safety of outer space makes
With nuclear power sources,
Affirming that this set principles apply exclusively on space objects for non-power generation, which is generally characteristic
Mission systems and implementation of nuclear power sources in outer space on similar principles and used by,
Recognizing this need to refer to a new set of principles for future nuclear power applications and internationally for radiological protection
The new proposal will be revised
By the following principles on the use of nuclear power sources in outer space.
Principle 1. Applicability of international law
Involving the use of nuclear power sources in outer space activities should be carried out in accordance with international law, especially the "UN
Principles of the Charter "and" States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Activities
Treaty "3
.
2. The principle terms
1. For the purpose of these principles, "launching State" and "launching State ......" two words mean, in related
Principles related to a time of nuclear power sources in space objects exercises jurisdiction and control of the country.
2. For the purpose of principle 9, wherein the definition of the term "launching State" as contained in that principle.
3. For the purposes of principle 3, the terms "foreseeable" and "all possible" two words are used to describe the actual hair
The overall likelihood of students that it is considered for safety analysis is credible possibilities for a class of things
Member or circumstances. "General concept of defense in depth" when the term applies to nuclear power sources in outer space refers to various settings
Count form and space operations replace or supplement the operation of the system in order to prevent system failures or mitigate thereafter
"Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 20" 16 (A / 47/20).
17 Ibid., Annex.
38
fruit. To achieve this purpose is not necessarily required for each individual member has redundant safety systems. Given space
Use and special requirements of various space missions, impossible to any particular set of systems or features can be specified as
Necessary to achieve this purpose. For the purpose of Principle 3 (d) of paragraph 2, "made critical" does not include
Including such as zero-power testing which are fundamental to ensuring system safety required.
Principle 3. Guidelines and criteria for safe use
To minimize the risk of radioactive material in space and the number involved, nuclear power sources in outer space
Use should be limited to non-nuclear power sources in space missions can not reasonably be performed
1. General goals for radiation protection and nuclear safety
(A) States launching space objects with nuclear power sources on board shall endeavor to protect individuals, populations and the biosphere
From radiation hazards. The design and use of space objects with nuclear power sources on board shall ensure that risk with confidence
Harm in the foreseeable operational or accidental circumstances, paragraph 1 (b) and (c) to define acceptable water
level.
Such design and use shall also ensure that radioactive material does not reliably significant contamination of outer space.
(B) the normal operation of nuclear power sources in space objects, including from paragraph 2 (b) as defined in foot
High enough to return to the track, shall be subject to appropriate anti-radiation recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection of the public
Protection goals. During such normal operation there shall be no significant radiation exposure;
(C) To limit exposure in accidents, the design and construction of nuclear power source systems shall take into account the international
Relevant and generally accepted radiological protection guidelines.
In addition to the probability of accidents with potentially serious radiological consequences is extremely low, the nuclear power source
Design systems shall be safely irradiated limited limited geographical area, for the individual radiation dose should be
Limited to no more than a year 1mSv primary dose limits. Allows the use of irradiation year for some years 5mSv deputy agent
Quantity limit, but the average over a lifetime effective dose equivalent annual dose not exceed the principal limit 1mSv
degree.
Should make these conditions occur with potentially serious radiological consequences of the probability of the system design is very
small.
Criteria mentioned in this paragraph Future modifications should be applied as soon as possible;
(D) general concept of defense in depth should be based on the design, construction and operation of systems important for safety. root
According to this concept, foreseeable safety-related failures or malfunctions must be capable of automatic action may be
Or procedures to correct or offset.
It should ensure that essential safety system reliability, inter alia, to make way for these systems
Component redundancy, physical separation, functional isolation and adequate independence.
It should also take other measures to increase the level of safety.
2. The nuclear reactor
(A) nuclear reactor can be used to:
39
(I) On interplanetary missions;
(Ii) the second high enough orbit paragraph (b) as defined;
(Iii) low-Earth orbit, with the proviso that after their mission is complete enough to be kept in a nuclear reactor
High on the track;
(B) sufficiently high orbit the orbital lifetime is long enough to make the decay of fission products to approximately actinides
Element active track. The sufficiently high orbit must be such that existing and future outer space missions of crisis
Risk and danger of collision with other space objects to a minimum. In determining the height of the sufficiently high orbit when
It should also take into account the destroyed reactor components before re-entering the Earth's atmosphere have to go through the required decay time
between.
(C) only 235 nuclear reactors with highly enriched uranium fuel. The design shall take into account the fission and
Activation of radioactive decay products.
(D) nuclear reactors have reached their operating orbit or interplanetary trajectory can not be made critical state
state.
(E) nuclear reactor design and construction shall ensure that, before reaching the operating orbit during all possible events
Can not become critical state, including rocket explosion, re-entry, impact on ground or water, submersion
In water or water intruding into the core.
(F) a significant reduction in satellites with nuclear reactors to operate on a lifetime less than in the sufficiently high orbit orbit
For the period (including during operation into the sufficiently high orbit) the possibility of failure, there should be a very
Reliable operating system, in order to ensure an effective and controlled disposal of the reactor.
3. Radioisotope generators
(A) interplanetary missions and other spacecraft out of Earth's gravitational field tasks using radioactive isotopes
Su generator. As they are stored after completion of their mission in high orbit, the Earth can also be used
track. We are required to make the final treatment under any circumstances.
(B) Radioisotope generators shall be protected closed systems, design and construction of the system should
Ensure that in the foreseeable conditions of the track to withstand the heat and aerodynamic forces of re-entry in the upper atmosphere, orbit
Conditions including highly elliptical or hyperbolic orbits when relevant. Upon impact, the containment system and the occurrence of parity
Physical morpheme shall ensure that no radioactive material is scattered into the environment so you can complete a recovery operation
Clear all radioactive impact area.
Principle 4. Safety Assessment
1. When launching State emission consistent with the principles defined in paragraphs 1, prior to the launch in applicable under the
Designed, constructed or manufactured the nuclear power sources, or will operate the space object person, or from whose territory or facility
Transmits the object will be to ensure a thorough and comprehensive safety assessment. This assessment shall cover
All relevant stages of space mission and shall deal with all systems involved, including the means of launching, the space level
Taiwan, nuclear power source and its equipment and the means of control and communication between ground and space.
2. This assessment shall respect the principle of 3 contained in the guidelines and criteria for safe use.
40
3. The principle of States in the Exploration and Use, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Outer Space Activities Article
Results of about 11, this safety assessment should be published prior to each transmit simultaneously to the extent feasible
Note by the approximate intended time of launch, and shall notify the Secretary-General of the United Nations, how to be issued
This safety assessment before the shot to get the results as soon as possible.
Principle 5. Notification of re-entry
1. Any State launching a space object with nuclear power sources in space objects that failed to produce discharge
When radioactive substances dangerous to return to the earth, it shall promptly notify the country concerned. Notice shall be in the following format:
(A) System parameters:
(I) Name of launching State, including which may be contacted in the event of an accident to Request
Information or assistance to obtain the relevant authorities address;
(Ii) International title;
(Iii) Date and territory or location of launch;
(Iv) the information needed to make the best prediction of orbit lifetime, trajectory and impact region;
(V) General function of spacecraft;
(B) information on the radiological risk of nuclear power source:
(I) the type of power source: radioisotopes / reactor;
(Ii) the fuel could fall into the ground and may be affected by the physical state of contaminated and / or activated components, the number of
The amount and general radiological characteristics. The term "fuel" refers to as a source of heat or power of nuclear material.
This information shall also be sent to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
2. Once you know the failure, the launching State shall provide information on the compliance with the above format. Information should as far as possible
To be updated frequently, and in the dense layers of the Earth's atmosphere is expected to return to a time when close to the best increase
Frequency of new data, so that the international community understand the situation and will have sufficient time to plan for any deemed necessary
National contingency measures.
3. It should also be at the same frequency of the latest information available to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Principle 6. consultation
5 According to the national principles provide information shall, as far as reasonably practicable, other countries
Requirements to obtain further information or consultations promptly reply.
Principle 7. Assistance to States
1. Upon receipt of expected with nuclear power sources on space objects and their components will return through the Earth's atmosphere
After know that all countries possessing space monitoring and tracking facilities, in the spirit of international cooperation, as soon as possible to
The Secretary-General of the United Nations and the countries they may have made space objects carrying nuclear power sources
A fault related information, so that the States may be affected to assess the situation and take any
It is considered to be the necessary precautions.
41
2. In carrying space objects with nuclear power sources back to the Earth's atmosphere after its components:
(A) launching State shall be requested by the affected countries to quickly provide the necessary assistance to eliminate actual
And possible effects, including nuclear power sources to assist in identifying locations hit the Earth's surface, to detect the re substance
Quality and recovery or cleanup activities.
(B) All countries with relevant technical capabilities other than the launching State, and with such technical capabilities
International organizations shall, where possible, in accordance with the requirements of the affected countries to provide the necessary co
help.
When according to the above (a) and subparagraph (b) to provide assistance, should take into account the special needs of developing countries.
Principle 8. Responsibility
In accordance with the States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies activities, including the principles of Article
About Article, States shall bear international responsibility for their use of nuclear power sources in outer space relates to the activities
Whether such activities are carried on by governmental agencies or non-governmental entities, and shall bear international responsibility to ensure that this
Such activities undertaken by the country in line with the principles of the Treaty and the recommendations contained therein. If it involves the use of nuclear power sources
Activities in outer space by an international organization, should be done by the international organizations and States to participate in the organization
Undertakes to comply with the principles of the Treaty and the recommendations contained in these responsibilities.
Principle 9. Liability and Compensation
1. In accordance with the principle of States in the Exploration and Use, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Outer Space Activities Article
And the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects covenant of Article 7
Provisions, which launches or on behalf of the State
Each State launching a space object and each State from which territory or facility a space object is launched
Kinds of space object or damage caused by components shall bear international liability. This fully applies to this
Kind of space object carrying a nuclear power source case. Two or more States jointly launch a space object,
Each launching State shall in accordance with the above Article of the Convention for any damages jointly and severally liable.
2. Such countries under the aforesaid Convention shall bear the damages shall be in accordance with international law and fair and reasonable
The principles set out in order to provide for damages to make a claim on behalf of its natural or juridical persons, national or
International organizations to restore to the state before the occurrence of the damage.
3. For the purposes of this principle, compensation should be made to include reimbursement of the duly substantiated expenses for search, recovery and clean
Cost management work, including the cost of providing assistance to third parties.
10. The principle of dispute settlement
Since the implementation of these principles will lead to any dispute in accordance with the provisions of the UN Charter, by negotiation or
Other established procedures to resolve the peaceful settlement of disputes.
Here quoted the important provisions of the United Nations concerning the use of outer space for peaceful nuclear research and international conventions, the main emphasis on the Peaceful Uses of provisions related constraints .2 the use of nuclear rockets in outer space nuclear studies, etc., can cause greater attention in nuclear power nuclear rocket ship nuclear research, manufacture, use and other aspects of the mandatory hard indicators. this scientists, engineering and technical experts are also important constraints and requirements. as IAEA supervision and management as very important.
2. radiation. Space radiation is one of the greatest threats to the safety of the astronauts, including X-rays, γ-rays, cosmic rays and high-speed solar particles. Better than aluminum protective effect of high polymer composite materials.
3. Air. Perhaps the oxygen needed to rely on oxidation-reduction reaction of hydrogen and ilmenite production of water, followed by water electrolysis to generate oxygen. Mars oxygen necessary for survival but also from the decomposition of water, electrolytically separating water molecules of oxygen and hydrogen, this oxygen equipment has been successfully used in the International Space Station. Oxygen is released into the air to sustain life, the hydrogen system into the water system.
4. The issue of food waste recycling. At present, the International Space Station on the use of dehumidifiers, sucked moisture in the air to be purified, and then changed back to drinkable water. The astronauts' urine and sweat recycling. 5. water. The spacecraft and the space station on purification system also makes urine and other liquids can be purified utilization. 6. microgravity. In microgravity or weightlessness long-term space travel, if protective measures shall not be treated, the astronauts will be muscle atrophy, bone softening health. 7. contact. 8. Insulation, 9 energy. Any space exploration are inseparable from the energy battery is a new super hybrid energy storage device, the asymmetric lead-acid batteries and supercapacitors in the same compound within the system - and the so-called inside, no additional separate electronic control unit, this is an optimal combination. The traditional lead-acid battery PbO2 monomer is a positive electrode plate and a negative electrode plate spongy Pb composition, not a super cell. : Silicon solar cells, multi-compound thin film solar cells, multi-layer polymer-modified electrode solar cells, nano-crystalline solar cells, batteries and super class. For example, the solar aircraft .10. To protect the health and life safety and security systems. Lysophosphatidic acid LPA is a growth factor-like lipid mediators, the researchers found that this substance can on apoptosis after radiation injury and animal cells was inhibited. Stable lysophosphatidic acid analogs having the hematopoietic system and gastrointestinal tract caused by acute radiation sickness protection, knockout experiments show that lysophosphatidic acid receptors is an important foundation for the protection of radiation injury. In addition to work under high pressure, the astronauts face a number of health threats, including motion sickness, bacterial infections, blindness space, as well as psychological problems, including toxic dust. In the weightless environment of space, the astronaut's body will be like in preadolescents, as the emergence of various changes.
Plantar molt
After the environment to adapt to zero gravity, the astronaut's body will be some strange changes. Weightlessness cause fluid flow around the main flow torso and head, causing the astronauts facial swelling and inflammation, such as nasal congestion. During long-term stay in space
Bone and muscle loss
Most people weightlessness caused by the impact may be known bone and muscle degeneration. In addition, the calcium bones become very fragile and prone to fracture, which is why some of the astronauts after landing need on a stretcher.
Space Blindness
Space Blindness refers astronaut decreased vision.
Solar storms and radiation is one of the biggest challenges facing the long-term space flight. Since losing the protection of Earth's magnetic field, astronauts suffer far more than normal levels of radiation. The cumulative amount of radiation exposure in low earth orbit them exceeded by workers close to nuclear reactors, thereby increasing the risk of cancer.
Prolonged space flight can cause a series of psychological problems, including depression or mood swings, vulnerability, anxiety and fear, as well as other sequelae. We are familiar with the biology of the Earth, the Earth biochemistry, biophysics, after all, the Earth is very different astrophysics, celestial chemistry, biophysics and astrophysics, biochemistry and other celestial bodies. Therefore, you must be familiar with and adapt to these differences and changes.
Osteoporosis and its complications ranked first in the space of disease risk.
Long-term health risks associated with flying Topics
The degree of influence long-term biological effects of radiation in human flight can withstand the radiation and the maximum limit of accumulated radiation on physiology, pathology and genetics.
Physiological effects of weightlessness including: long-term bone loss and a return flight after the maximum extent and severity of the continued deterioration of other pathological problems induced by the; maximum flexibility and severity of possible long-term Flight Center in vascular function.
Long-term risk of disease due to the high risk of flight stress, microbial variation, decreased immune function, leading to infections
Radiation hazards and protection
1) radiation medicine, biology and pathway effects Features
Radiation protection for interplanetary flight, since the lack of protective effect of Earth's magnetic field, and by the irradiation time is longer, the possibility of increased radiation hazard.
Analysis of space flight medical problems that may occur, loss of appetite topped the list, sleep disorders, fatigue and insomnia, in addition, space sickness, musculoskeletal system problems, eye problems, infections problems, skin problems and cardiovascular problems
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Development of diagnostic techniques in orbit, the development of the volume of power consumption, features a wide range of diagnostic techniques, such as applied research of ultrasound diagnostic techniques in the abdominal thoracic trauma, bone, ligament damage, dental / sinus infections and other complications and integrated;
Actively explore in orbit disposal of medical technology, weightlessness surgical methods, development of special surgical instruments, the role of narcotic drugs and the like.
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However, space technology itself is integrated with the use of the most advanced technology, its challenging technical reserves and periodic demanding
With the continuous development of science and technology, space agencies plan a manned landing on the moon and Mars, space exploration emergency medicine current concern.
Space sickness
In the weightless environment of space, in the weightless environment of space, surgery may be extremely difficult and risky.
Robot surgeons
Space disease in three days after entering the space started to ease, although individual astronauts might subsequently relapse. January 2015 NASA declared working on a fast, anti-nausea and nasal sprays. In addition, due to the zero-gravity environment, and anti-nausea drugs can only be administered by injection or transdermal patches manner.
Manned spaceflight in the 21st century is the era of interplanetary flight, aerospace medicine is closely watched era is the era of China's manned space flourish. Only the central issue, and grasp the opportunity to open up a new world of human survival and development.
Various emergency contingency measures in special circumstances. Invisible accident risk prevention. Enhancing drugs and other screening methods immunity aerospace medicine and tissue engineering a microgravity environment. Drug mixture of APS, ginseng polysaccharides, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides, polysaccharides and Lentinan, from other compounds. Drug development space syndrome drug, chemical structure modification will be an important part.
These issues are very sensitive, cutting-edge technology is a major difficulty landing on Mars. Countries in the world, especially the world's major space powers in the country strategies and technical research, the results of all kinds continue to emerge. United States, Russia, China, Europe, India, Japan and other countries is different. United States, Russia extraordinary strength. Many patented technology and health, and most belong to the top-secret technology. Especially in aerospace engineering and technological achievements is different from the general scientific literature, practical, commercial, industrial great, especially the performance of patents, know-how, technical drawings, engineering design and other aspects. Present Mars and return safely to Earth, the first manned, significance, everything is hard in the beginning, especially the first person to land on Mars This Mars for Human Sciences Research Mars, the moon, the earth, the solar system and the universe, life and other significant. Its far greater than the value of direct investments and business interests.
In addition, it is the development of new materials, suitable for deep space operations universe, life, and other detection, wider field.
Many aerospace materials, continuous research and development of materials are key areas of aerospace development, including material rocket, the spacecraft materials, the suit materials, radiation materials, materials and equipment, instruments, materials and so on biochemistry.
Temperature metal-based compound with a metal matrix composite body with a more primordial higher temperature strength, creep resistance, impact resistance, thermal fatigue and other excellent high temperature performance.
In B, C, SiC fiber reinforced Ti3Al, TiAl, Ni3Al intermetallic matrix composites, etc.
W Fiber Reinforced with nickel-based, iron-based alloys as well as SiC, TiB2, Si3N4 and BN particle reinforced metal matrix composites
High temperature service conditions require the development of ceramic and carbon-based composite materials, etc., not in this eleven Cheung said.
Fuel storage
In order to survive in space, people need many things: food, oxygen, shelter, and, perhaps most importantly, fuel. The initial quality Mars mission somewhere around 80 percent of the space launch humans will be propellant. The fuel amount of storage space is very difficult.
This difference in low Earth orbit cause liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen - rocket fuel - vaporization.
Hydrogen is particularly likely to leak out, resulting in a loss of about 4% per month.
When you want to get people to Mars speed to minimize exposure to weightlessness and space radiation hazards
Mars
Landings on the Martian surface, they realized that they reached the limit. The rapid expansion of the thin Martian atmosphere can not be very large parachute, such as those that will need to be large enough to slow down, carry human spacecraft.
Therefore, the parachute strong mass ratio, high temperature resistance, Bing shot performance and other aspects of textile materials used have special requirements, in order to make a parachute can be used in rockets, missiles, Yu arrows spacecraft and other spacecraft recovery, it is necessary to improve the canopy heat resistance, a high melting point polymeric fiber fabric used, the metal fabric, ceramic fiber fabrics, and other devices.
Super rigid parachute to help slow the landing vehicle.
Spacecraft entered the Martian atmosphere at 24,000 km / h. Even after slowing parachute or inflatable, it will be very
Once we have the protection of the Earth magnetic field, the solar radiation will accumulate in the body, a huge explosion threw the spacecraft may potentially lethal doses of radiation astronauts.
In addition to radiation, the biggest challenge is manned trip to Mars microgravity, as previously described.
The moon is sterile. Mars is another case entirely.
With dust treatment measures.
Arid Martian environment to create a super-tiny dust particles flying around the Earth for billions of years.
Apollo moon dust encountered. Ultra-sharp and abrasive lunar dust was named something that can clog the basic functions of mechanical damage. High chloride salt, which can cause thyroid problems in people.
Mars geological structure and geological structure of the moon, water on Mars geology, geology of the Moon is very important, because he, like the Earth's geology is related to many important issues. Water, the first element of life, air, temperature, and complex geological formations are geological structure. Cosmic geology research methods, mainly through a variety of detection equipment equipped with a space probe, celestial observations of atmospheric composition, composition and distribution of temperature, pressure, wind speed, vertical structure, composition of the solar wind, the water, the surface topography and Zoning, topsoil the composition and characteristics of the component surface of the rock, type and distribution, stratigraphic sequence, structural system and the internal shell structure.
Mars internal situation only rely on its surface condition of large amounts of data and related information inferred. It is generally believed that the core radius of 1700 km of high-density material composition; outsourcing a layer of lava, it is denser than the Earth's mantle some; outermost layer is a thin crust. Compared to other terrestrial planets, the lower the density of Mars, which indicates that the Martian core of iron (magnesium and iron sulfide) with may contain more sulfur. Like Mercury and the Moon, Mars and lack active plate movement; there is no indication that the crust of Mars occurred can cause translational events like the Earth like so many of folded mountains. Since there is no lateral movement in the earth's crust under the giant hot zone relative to the ground in a stationary state. Slight stress coupled with the ground, resulting in Tharis bumps and huge volcano. For the geological structure of Mars is very important, which is why repeated explorations and studies of Martian geological reasons.
Earth's surface
Each detector component landing site soil analysis:
Element weight percent
Viking 1
Oxygen 40-45
Si 18-25
Iron 12-15
K 8
Calcium 3-5
Magnesium 3-6
S 2-5
Aluminum 2-5
Cesium 0.1-0.5
Core
Mars is about half the radius of the core radius, in addition to the primary iron further comprises 15 to 17% of the sulfur content of lighter elements is also twice the Earth, so the low melting point, so that the core portion of a liquid, such as outside the Earth nuclear.
Mantle
Nuclear outer coating silicate mantle.
Crust
The outermost layer of the crust.
Crustal thickness obtained, the original thickness of the low north 40 km south plateau 70 kilometers thick, an average of 50 kilometers, at least 80 km Tharsis plateau and the Antarctic Plateau, and in the impact basin is thin, as only about 10 kilometers Greece plains.
Canyon of Mars there are two categories: outflow channels (outflow channel) and tree valley (valley network). The former is very large, it can be 100 km wide, over 2000 km long, streamlined, mainly in the younger Northern Hemisphere, such as the plain around Tyre Chris Canyon and Canyon jam.
In addition, the volcanic activity sometimes lava formation lava channels (lava channel); crustal stress generated by fissures, faults, forming numerous parallel extending grooves (fossa), such as around the huge Tharsis volcanic plateau radially distributed numerous grooves, which can again lead to volcanic activity.
Presumably, Mars has an iron as the main component of the nucleus, and contains sulfur, magnesium and other light elements, the nuclear share of Mars, the Earth should be relatively small. The outer core is covered with a thick layer of magnesium-rich silicate mantle, the surface of rocky crust. The density of Earth-like planets Mars is the lowest, only 3.93g / cc.
Hierarchy
The crust
Lunar core
The average density of the Moon is 3.3464 g / cc, the solar system satellites second highest (after Aiou). However, there are few clues mean lunar core is small, only about 350 km radius or less [2]. The core of the moon is only about 20% the size of the moon, the moon's interior has a solid, iron-rich core diameter of about 240 kilometers (150 miles); in addition there is a liquid core, mainly composed of iron outer core, about 330 km in diameter (205 miles), and for the first time compared with the core of the Earth, considered as the earth's outer core, like sulfur and oxygen may have lighter elements [4].
Chemical elements on the lunar surface constituted in accordance with its abundance as follows: oxygen (O), silicon (Si), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), titanium ( Ti). The most abundant is oxygen, silicon and iron. The oxygen content is estimated to be 42% (by weight). Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) only traces seem to exist only in trace amounts deposited in the solar wind brings.
Lunar Prospector from the measured neutron spectra, the hydrogen (H) mainly in the lunar poles [2].
Element content (%)
Oxygen 42%
Silicon 21%
Iron 13%
Calcium 8%
Aluminum 7%
Magnesium 6%
Other 3%
Lunar surface relative content of each element (% by weight)
Moon geological history is an important event in recent global magma ocean crystallization. The specific depth is not clear, but some studies have shown that at least a depth of about 500 kilometers or more.
Lunar landscape
Lunar landscape can be described as impact craters and ejecta, some volcanoes, hills, lava-filled depressions.
Regolith
TABLE bear the asteroid and comets billions of years of bombardment. Over time, the impact of these processes have already broken into fine-grained surface rock debris, called regolith. Young mare area, regolith thickness of about 2 meters, while the oldest dated land, regolith thickness of up to 20 meters. Through the analysis of lunar soil components, in particular the isotopic composition changes can determine the period of solar activity. Solar wind gases possible future lunar base is useful because oxygen, hydrogen (water), carbon and nitrogen is not only essential to life, but also may be useful for fuel production. Lunar soil constituents may also be as a future source of energy.
Here, repeatedly stressed that the geological structure and geological structure of celestial bodies, the Earth, Moon, Mars, or that this human existence and development of biological life forms is very important, especially in a series of data Martian geological structure geological structure is directly related to human landing Mars and the successful transformation of Mars or not. for example, water, liquid water, water, oxygen, synthesis, must not be taken lightly.
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Mars landing 10 Technology
Aerospace Science and space science and technology major innovation of the most critical of sophisticated technology R & D project
[
"1" rocket propulsion technology ion fusion nuclear pulse propulsion rocket powered high-speed heavy rocket technology, space nuclear reactors spacecraft] brought big problems reflected in the nuclear reaction, nuclear radiation on spacecraft launch, control, brakes and other impact.
In particular, for the future of nuclear power spacecraft, the need to solve the nuclear reactor design, manufacture, control, cooling, radiation shielding, exhaust pollution, high thermoelectric conversion efficiency and a series of technical problems.
In particular, nuclear reactors produce radiation on astronauts' health will pose a great threat, which requires the spacecraft to be nuclear radiation shielding to ensure astronaut and ship the goods from radiation and heat from the reactor influence, but this will greatly increase the weight of the detector.
Space nuclear process applications, nuclear reaction decay is not a problem, but in a vacuum, ultra-low temperature environment, the nuclear reaction materials, energy transport materials have very high demands.
Space facing the reality of a nuclear reactor cooling cooling problems. To prevent problems with the reactor, "Washington" aircraft carrier to take four heavy protective measures for the radiation enclosed in the warship. These four measures are: the fuel itself, fuel storage pressure vessel, reactor shell and the hull. US Navy fuel all metal fuel, designed to take the impact resistance of the war, does not release fission product can withstand more than 50 times the gravity of the impact load; product of nuclear fission reactor fuel will never enter loop cooling water. The third layer of protection is specially designed and manufactured the reactor shell. The fourth layer is a very strong anti-impact combat ship, the reactor is arranged in the center of the ship, very safe. Engage in a reactor can only be loaded up to the aircraft, so as to drive the motor, and then drive the propeller. That is the core advantage of the heat generated by the heated gas flow, high temperature high pressure gas discharge backward, thereby generating thrust.
.
After installation AMPS1000 type nuclear power plant, a nuclear fuel assembly: He is a core member of the nuclear fuel chain reaction. Usually made into uranium dioxide, of which only a few percent uranium-235, and most of it is not directly involved in the nuclear fission of uranium 238. The uranium dioxide sintered into cylindrical pieces, into a stainless steel or a zirconium alloy do metal tubes called fuel rods or the original, then the number of fuel rods loaded metal cylinder in an orderly composition of the fuel assembly, and finally put a lot of vertical distribution of fuel assemblies in the reactor.
Nuclear reactor pressure vessel is a housing for containing nuclear fuel and reactor internals, for producing high-quality high-strength steel is made to withstand the pressure of dozens MPa. Import and export of the coolant in the pressure vessel.
The top of the pressure vessel closure, and can be used to accommodate the fixed control rod drive mechanism, pressure vessel head has a semi-circular, flat-topped.
Roof bolt: used to connect the locking pressure vessel head, so that the cylinder to form a completely sealed container.
Neutron Source: Plug in nuclear reactors can provide sufficient neutron, nuclear fuel ignition, to start to enhance the role of nuclear reactors and nuclear power. Neutron source generally composed of radium, polonium, beryllium, antimony production. Neutron source and neutron fission reactors are fast neutron, can not cause fission of uranium 235, in order to slow down, we need to moderator ---- full of pure water in a nuclear reactor. Aircraft carriers, submarines use nuclear reactor control has proven more successful.
Rod: has a strong ability to absorb neutrons, driven by the control rod drive mechanism, can move up and down in a nuclear reactor control rods within the nuclear fuel used to start, shut down the nuclear reactor, and maintain, regulate reactor power. Hafnium control rods in general, silver, indium, cadmium and other metals production.
Control rod drive mechanism: He is the executive body of nuclear reactors operating system and security protection systems, in strict accordance with requirements of the system or its operator control rod drives do move up and down in a nuclear reactor, nuclear reactor for power control. In a crisis situation, you also can quickly control rods fully inserted into the reactor in order to achieve the purpose of the emergency shutdown
Upper and lower support plate: used to secure the fuel assembly. High temperature and pressure inside the reactor is filled with pure water (so called pressurized water reactors), on the one hand he was passing through a nuclear reactor core, cooling the nuclear fuel, to act as a coolant, on the other hand it accumulates in the pressure vessel in play moderated neutrons role, acting as moderator.
Water quality monitoring sampling system:
Adding chemical system: under normal circumstances, for adding hydrazine, hydrogen, pH control agents to the primary coolant system, the main purpose is to remove and reduce coolant oxygen, high oxygen water suppression equipment wall corrosion (usually at a high temperature oxygen with hydrogen, especially at low temperatures during startup of a nuclear reactor with added hydrazine oxygen); when the nuclear reactor control rods stuck for some reason can not shutdown time by the the system can inject the nuclear reactor neutron absorber (such as boric acid solution), emergency shutdown, in order to ensure the safety of nuclear submarines.
Water system: a loop inside the water will be reduced at work, such as water sampling and analysis, equipment leaks, because the shutdown process cooling water and reduction of thermal expansion and contraction.
Equipment cooling water system:
Pressure safety systems: pressure reactor primary coolant system may change rapidly for some reason, the need for effective control. And in severe burn nuclear fuel rods, resulting in a core melt accident, it is necessary to promptly increase the pressure. Turn the regulator measures the electric, heating and cooling water. If necessary, also temporary startup booster pump.
Residual Heat Removal System: reactor scram may be due to an accident, such as when the primary coolant system of the steam generator heat exchanger tube is damaged, it must be urgently closed reactors.
Safety Injection System: The main components of this system is the high-pressure injection pump.
Radioactive waste treatment systems:
Decontamination Systems: for the removal of radioactive deposits equipment, valves, pipes and accessories, and other surfaces.
Europe, the United States and Russia and other countries related to aircraft carriers, submarines, icebreakers, nuclear-powered research aircraft, there are lots of achievements use of nuclear energy, it is worth analysis. However, nuclear reactor technology, rocket ships and the former are very different, therefore, requires special attention and innovative research. Must adopt a new new design techniques, otherwise, fall into the stereotype, it will avail, nothing even cause harm Aerospace.
[ "2" spacecraft structure]
[ "3"] radiation technology is the use of deep-sea sedimentation fabric fabrics deepwater technology development precipitated silver metal fibers or fiber lint and other materials and micronaire value between 4.1 to 4.3 fibers made from blends. For radiation protection field, it greatly enhances the effects of radiation and service life of clothing. Radiation resistant fiber) radiation resistant fiber - fiber polyimide polyimide fibers
60 years the United States has successfully developed polyimide fibers, it has highlighted the high temperature, radiation-resistant, fire-retardant properties.
[ "4" cosmic radiation resistant clothing design multifunctional anti-aging, wear underwear] ① comfort layer: astronauts can not wash clothes in a long flight, a lot of sebum, perspiration, etc. will contaminate underwear, so use soft, absorbent and breathable cotton knitwear making.
② warm layer: at ambient temperature range is not the case, warm layer to maintain a comfortable temperature environment. Choose warm and good thermal resistance large, soft, lightweight material, such as synthetic fibers, flakes, wool and silk and so on.
③ ventilation and cooling clothes clothes
Spacesuit
In astronaut body heat is too high, water-cooled ventilation clothing and clothing to a different way of heat. If the body heat production more than 350 kcal / h (ventilated clothes can not meet the cooling requirements, then that is cooled by a water-cooled suit. Ventilating clothing and water-cooled multi-use compression clothing, durable, flexible plastic tubing, such as polyvinyl chloride pipe or nylon film.
④ airtight limiting layer:
⑤ insulation: astronaut during extravehicular activities, from hot or cold insulation protection. It multilayer aluminized polyester film or a polyimide film and sandwiched between layers of nonwoven fabric to be made.
⑥ protective cover layer: the outermost layer of the suit is to require fire, heat and anti-space radiation on various factors (micrometeorites, cosmic rays, etc.) on the human body. Most of this layer with aluminized fabric.
New space suits using a special radiation shielding material, double design.
And also supporting spacesuit helmet, gloves, boots and so on.
[ "5" space - Aerospace biomedical technology, space, special use of rescue medication Space mental health care systems in space without damage restful sleep positions - drugs, simple space emergency medical system
]
[ "6" landing control technology, alternate control technology, high-performance multi-purpose landing deceleration device (parachute)]
[ "7" Mars truck, unitary Mars spacecraft solar energy battery super multi-legged (rounds) intelligent robot] multifunction remote sensing instruments on Mars, Mars and more intelligent giant telescope
[8 <> Mars warehouse activities, automatic Mars lander - Automatic start off cabin
]
[ "9" Mars - spacecraft docking control system, return to the system design]
Space flight secondary emergency life - support system
Spacecraft automatic, manual, semi-automatic operation control, remote control switch system
Automatic return spacecraft systems, backup design, the spacecraft automatic control operating system modular blocks of]
[10 lunar tracking control system
Martian dust storms, pollution prevention, anti-corrosion and other special conditions thereof
Electric light aircraft, Mars lander, Mars, living spaces, living spaces Mars, Mars entry capsule, compatible utilization technology, plant cultivation techniques, nutrition space - space soil]
Aerospace technology, space technology a lot, a lot of cutting-edge technology. Human landing on Mars technology bear the brunt. The main merge the human landing on Mars 10 cutting-edge technology, in fact, these 10 cutting-edge technology, covering a wide range, focused, and is the key to key technologies. They actually shows overall trends and technology Aerospace Science and Technology space technology. Human triumph Mars and safe return of 10 cutting-edge technology is bound to innovation. Moreover, in order to explore the human Venus, Jupiter satellites and the solar system, the Milky Way and other future development of science and laid the foundation guarantee. But also for the transformation of human to Mars, the Moon and other planets livable provides strong technical support. Aerospace Science and Technology which is a major support system.
Preparation of oxygen, water, synthesis, temperature, radiation, critical force confrontation. Regardless of the moon or Mars, survive three elements bear the brunt.
Chemical formula: H₂O
Formula: H-O-H (OH bond between two angle 104.5 °).
Molecular Weight: 18.016
Chemical Experiment: water electrolysis. Formula: 2H₂O = energized = 2H₂ ↑ + O₂ ↑ (decomposition)
Molecules: a hydrogen atom, an oxygen atom.
Ionization of water: the presence of pure water ionization equilibrium following: H₂O == == H⁺ + OH⁻ reversible or irreversible H₂O + H₂O = = H₃O⁺ + OH⁻.
NOTE: "H₃O⁺" hydronium ions, for simplicity, often abbreviated as H⁺, more accurate to say the H9O4⁺, the amount of hydrogen ion concentration in pure water material is 10⁻⁷mol / L.
Electrolysis of water:
Water at DC, decomposition to produce hydrogen and oxygen, this method is industrially prepared pure hydrogen and oxygen 2H₂O = 2H₂ ↑ + O₂ ↑.
. Hydration Reaction:
Water with an alkaline active metal oxides, as well as some of the most acidic oxide hydration reaction of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Na₂O + H₂O = 2NaOH
CaO + H₂O = Ca (OH) ₂
SO₃ + H₂O = H₂SO₄
P₂O₅ + 3H₂O = 2H₃PO₄ molecular structure
CH₂ = CH₂ + H₂O ← → C₂H₅OH
6. The diameter of the order of magnitude of 10 water molecules negative power of ten, the water is generally believed that a diameter of 2 to 3 this organization. water
7. Water ionization:
In the water, almost no water molecules ionized to generate ions.
H₂O ← → H⁺ + OH⁻
Heating potassium chlorate or potassium permanganate preparation of oxygen
Pressurized at low temperatures, the air into a liquid, and then evaporated, since the boiling point of liquid nitrogen is -196 deg.] C, lower than the boiling point of liquid oxygen (-183 ℃), so the liquid nitrogen evaporated from the first air, remaining the main liquid oxygen.
Of course, the development
LOGIE-BUCHAN, a parish, in the district of Ellon, county of Aberdeen, 2 miles (E. by S.) from Ellon; containing 713 inhabitants.
The word Logie, expressive of a low-lying spot, was given to this place on account of its applicability to the tract in which the church is situated; while the affix is descriptive of the position of the parish in that part of the county called Buchan.
Logie-Buchan Parish Church is located on the southern slope of the River Ythan valley, in gently rolling countryside with small fields, rough grazing and enclosures of trees. There is a narrow trackway and footbridge across the river a short distance to the north. The church stands in a sloping graveyard, bounded by a rubble wall. The large former manse is positioned to the south and the church itself closed recently and a new use had not been found when it was visited (2012).
A church here was granted to Aberdeen Cathedral by David II in 1361, while the current church was built in the late 18th century with later additions and alterations.
Description (exterior)
The church is a small, simple building with little architectural detailing. It is aligned roughly east-west and has harled, rubble walls and a slate roof. There are narrow strips of granite stone around the windows and doors. The church is rectangular on plan, with a small, gabled porch and a lean-to vestry at the west end.
The east elevation has a hipped or piended roof rather than a gable. There are two rectangular windows with simple timber tracery and small panes of leaded glass. There has clearly been alterations carried out at this end of the church, shown by two blocked openings, a doorway and window, in the centre of the east elevation.
The north elevation of the church has four equally-spaced rectangular windows, each with simple tracery and latticed glazing. The opposite south elevation has two larger rectangular windows, towards the centre, again with tracery and latticed glazing.
The west end of the church has a small, gabled porch with a rectangular doorway on the south side, which is the main entrance into the church. There is a rectangular window in the west gable of this porch and a tall chimney rises from the apex, serving a fireplace in the small lean-to vestry extension to the north of the porch. The church has a tall gable at the west end, topped by an ashlar-built bellcote, which has a stone ball finial.
Description (interior)
Some of the fittings remain in the church but are likely to be removed if and when a new use is found for the church, which is no longer in use.
People / Organisations:
Name RoleDates Notes
William RuxtonRecast the interior 1912
Robert MaxwellMade the church bell1728
Events:
Church built on site of older church (1787)
Porch and vestry added to west (1891)
Interior recast (1912)
Logie-Buchan is separated on the east from the German Ocean by the parish of Slains, and is intersected by the river Ythan.
The river abounds with various kinds of trout, also with salmon, eels, lounders, and mussels; and pearls are still occasionally found.
It has a ferry opposite the parish church, where its breadth at low water is about sixty yards; and two boats are kept, one for general passengers, and the other, a larger boat, for the conveyance of the parishioners to church from the northern side.
A tradition has long prevailed that the largest pearl in the crown of Scotland was obtained in the Ythan; and it appears that, about the middle of the last century, £100 were paid by a London jeweller to gentleman in Aberdeen, for pearls found in the river.
Most of the inhabitants of the district are employed in agricultural pursuits, a small brick-work recently established being the only exception.
The great north road from Aberdeen passes through the parish, and the mail and other public coaches travel to and fro daily. On another road, leading to the shipping-port of Newburgh, the tenantry have a considerable traffic in grain, lime, and coal, the last procured from England, and being the chief fuel.
The river Ythan is navigable for lighters often or twelve tons' burthen at high water. The marketable produce of the parish is sent to Aberdeen. Logie- Buchan is ecclesiastically in the presbytery of Ellon, synod of Aberdeen, and in the patronage of Mr. Buchan.
The church was built in 1787, and contains 400 sittings.
Cemeteries - Presbyterian / Unitarian
Logie Buchan Parish Church, Logie-Buchan, Church of Scotland
The church of Logie-Buchan was dedicated to St Andrew.
St Andrew's Church was built in 1787 and has been much altered. It contains a 1728 bell.
Logie-Buchan (Aberdeen, Buchan). Also known as Logie Talargy, the church was granted by David II in 1361 to the common fund of the canons of Aberdeen cathedral, and this was confirmed to the uses of the canons by Alexander, bishop of Aberdeen in 1362, both parsonage and vicarage fruits being annexed while the cure was to become a vicarage pensionary.
Although possession was obtained by the dean and chapter, this was subsequently lost, and the church had to be re-annexed in 1437, the previous arrangement being adhered to, with both parsonage and vicarage remaining annexed.
St Andrew's Kirk, 1787. Undistinguished externally, porch 1891, inside original ceiling with Adam-like centrepiece and two-light Gothic windows, part of 1912 recasting, William Buxton. Pulpit was originally in the centre of the N wall with a horseshoe gallery bearing the Buchan coat of arms (George Reid, Peterhead, carver). Monuments to Thomas (d. 1819) and Robert (d. 1825) Buchan.
Bell, 1728, Robert Maxwell. Church bought by Captain David Buchan to ensure access and survival.
Kirkyard: plain ashlar gatepiers and rubble walls; some table tombs.
RESIDENCE OF J. W. BRUMMITT IN CENTER TOWNSHIP.
Date: 1895
Source Type: Photograph
Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Lee and Lee
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: This house still stands [2023] at the SW¼ of SW¼ of SE¼ of Section 10 in Center Township, northeast of the intersection of present day Froberg Road and Vale Park Road. This photograph is facing southeast.
Constructed for the Prentiss family by builder Daniel Dillingham in 1873 based on Valparaiso's Henry Lemster's architectural plans, this house was used as the main house of Prentiss' farming enterprise. In succession, this house was purchased by John W. Brummitt, George Henderlong, Wilford Sievers, Dean Froberg, and Anthony Robertson.
Sievers had converted the house into two apartments in the 1940s, but upon the purchase by Robertson the house was returned to its original single family residence status.
The house consists of eleven rooms and was built to include closets. Ceilings are ten feet in height, floors are 5/8" red oak, and the exterior walls were built three feet thick with air spaces to serve as insulation. Heat was provided by a kitchen stove and a wood burning stove located in the parlor. The second floor was heated heating rising from the first floor to the second floor through a floor grate.
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The following biography of John W. Brummitt is contained in Goodspeed Brothers' 1894 Pictorial and Biographical Record of La Porte, Porter, Lake and Starke Counties, Indiana.
JOHN W. BRUMMITT. Porter County, Indiana, has many fine farms and agricultural tracts. There are comparatively few inferior tracts, and each farmer tries to outdo his neighbor in the raising of crops and the improvement of his land. Of the many fine attractive places none are more conspicuous than that belonging to our subject on which he was born, September 12, 1859, his parents being William and Mary (Lucas) Brummitt. The paternal grandfather, Aaron Brummitt, was born near Leeds, or Ossett Common, England, and as a means of livelihood he followed the occupation of a weaver. He died at about the age of eighty years, an earnest and consistent member of the Episcopal Church. His wife was a Miss Wilby and she lived to the age of about eighty-five years. Their children were as follows: Henry, Reuben, Mark, James, William, Mary and Ann. Henry lives at Furnessville, Indiana, Reuben died in Canada; James died in Florida; Ann (Early) lives in Waterloo, Canada, and Mary (Teale) and Mark still reside in England. William Brummitt was born in England, August 23, 1833, and like his father before him was a weaver by trade. He was married in England in 1854, and in the spring of 1856 went to Canada where he remained one season. In the fall of the same year he removed to Chicago, and a few days later came to Furnessville, Indiana, where he purchased and located on three acres of land, which cost him $24, and on which the subject of this sketch is now residing. From time to time he added to this tract until he became the owner 360 acres, which he cleared and improved. He has owned and sold other tracts of land and now has in his name 100 acres, twenty of which are devoted to the cultivation of strawberries. In 1886 he removed to New Carlisle and engaged in the agricultural implement and hardware business, with his two sons, Arthur and Mark, but the duties of this calling were to arduous for him, and in the 1893 he retired and invested in 240 acres of land in St. Joseph County, and in addition to this and the estate above mentioned, owns valuable land in Dakota, Michigan and Chesterton, Indiana, and is a money lender, all of which has been the result of his own energy as he landed in this country with but little means. He has served as Justice of the Peace of Pine Township for the past seventeen years and one term in St. Joseph County, Indiana. Up to 1876 he was a Republican in politics, since which time he has been an earnest supporter of the principles of Democracy. He and his wife have had born to them seven children: Elizabeth, who died on the ocean while enroute for this country; Mark L., John W., Maria, a school teacher; Jennie (Goodykoontz), whose husband is a minister of the Christian Church; Emily (Loring) of Valparaiso, and Arthur R. The parents of these children are members of long standing of the Christian Church, and socially the father is a member of A. F. & A. M. In the fall of 1864 he enlisted in the Ninth Indiana Infantry, and was discharged with his regiment at Nashville, Tennessee. John W. Brummitt was born and reared on the farm on which he is now residing. He first attended the district schools in the vicinity of his home and afterward attended the Valparaiso Normal College, after which he taught penmanship for some time. When he was ten years old his father kindly gave him the opportunity of raising stock of his own, and by the time he had attained to the age of twenty-one, the sum accruing from this business amounted to $1,300, $300 of which he spent in attending college. The remainder -$1,000 - he purchased 246 acres of his father, for a consideration of $8,500, and has since made the most of his money in the raising of stock and fruit. He is a wide-awake and enterprising young man, is intelligent and well posted on all topics of the times and in 1890 was elected assessor of his township, and appointed notary of his county, on the Democratic ticket. September 26, 1880, he was united in marriage with Emma Newman, who was born at Furnessville, March 8, 1861, a daughter of Ernest and Minnie Newman, natives of Germany, their union taking place in the State of Michigan. To them a family of five children have been given: Marion P., Ida P., Jessie M., Emily M., and Neva R. The mother of these children is an earnest member of the Christian Church.
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The following news item concerning the Brummitt farm and house in Center Township was published August 8, 1896, in The Westchester Tribune:
Since I saw John Brummitt's farm in Center township, I don't wonder that he is going to leave Pine township. It is a beautiful 200-acre tract in the northwestern part of Center township, surrounded on two sides by highways, fringed with a majestic forest, and with its rolling fields, splendid meadows, and cool shade trees, makes a picture that anyone living comfort, would like to enjoy. But the house -- oh! but it's a house! One of those massive square brick structures, built to stand for generations, with cupulo [sic], where the master can look over his broad his broad fields and watch Nature convert the bare fields of springtime, into groaning, waving seas of ripening grain for autumn. John's head was level when he made the change, and as he moved next week, we must bid him good luck and God speed. The farmers of Center and Union townships will find in John a good neighbor, and a keen business man, and in his better half, they will find a jewel.
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The following news item appeared in the February 6, 1919, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
Local, Personal, Social
John Brummitt, father of Marion Brummitt, came near losing his Valparaiso home one day last week. A roof fire threatened to destroy the building, but the fire department saved the property.
Sources:
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; February 6, 1919; Volume 35, Number 47, Page 5, Column 4. Column titled "Local, Personal, Social."
Goodspeed Brothers. 1894. Pictorial and Biographical Record of La Porte, Porter, Lake and Starke Counties, Indiana. Chicago, Illinois: Goodspeed Brothers. 569 p. [see pp. 330-331]
Lee and Lee. 1895. Lee and Lee's Atlas of Porter County, Indiana. Chicago, Illinois: Lee and Lee. 81 p.
The Vidette-Messenger, Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana; February 1, 1977; Volume 50, Number 177, Page 8. Column titled "19th Century Homes, Porter County," by May Henrichs.
The Westchester Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; August 8, 1896; Volume 13, Number 17, Page 5, Column 3. Column titled "Porter Pointers."
Copyright 2020. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
Fangruida: human landing on Mars 10 cutting-edge technology
[Fangruida- human landing on Mars 10 innovative and sophisticated technologies]
Aerospace Science and space science and technology major innovation of the most critical of sophisticated technology R & D project
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Aerospace Science Space Science and Technology on behalf of the world's most cutting-edge leader in high technology, materials, mechatronics, information and communication, energy, biomedical, marine, aviation aerospace, microelectronics, computer, automation, intelligent biochips, use of nuclear energy, light mechanical and electrical integration, astrophysics, celestial chemistry, astrophysics and so a series of geological science and technology. Especially after the moon landing, the further development of mankind to Mars and other planets into the powerful offensive, the world's major powers eager to Daxian hand of God, increase investment, vigorously develop new sophisticated technology projects for space to space. Satellite, space station, the new spacecraft, the new space suits, the new radiation protection materials, intelligent materials, new manufacturing technology, communications technology, computer technology, detector technology, rover, rover technology, biomedical technology, and so one after another, is expected to greater breakthroughs and leaps. For example, rocket technology, spacecraft design, large power spacecraft, spacesuits design improvements, radiation multifunctional composite materials, life health care technology and space medicine, prevention against microgravity microgravity applicable drugs, tracking control technology, landing and return technology. Mars lander and returned safely to Earth as a top priority. Secondly, Mars, the Moon base and the use of transforming Mars, the Moon and other development will follow. Whether the former or the latter, are the modern aerospace science, space science basic research, applied basic research and applied research in the major cutting-edge technology. These major cutting-edge technology research and innovation, not only for human landing on Mars and the safe return of great significance, but for the entire space science, impact immeasurable universe sciences, earth sciences and human life. Here the most critical of the most important research projects of several sophisticated technology research and development as well as its core technology brief. Limit non-scientific techniques include non-technical limits of technology, the key lies in technology research and development of technology maturity, advanced technology, innovative, practical, reliable, practical application, business value and investment costs, and not simply like the idea mature technology achievements, difficult to put into things. This is the high-tech research and development, testing, prototype, test application testing, until the outcome of industrialization. Especially in aerospace technology, advanced, novelty, practicality, reliability, economy, maturity, commercial value and so on. For technical and research purely science fiction and the like may be irrelevant depth, but not as aerospace engineering and technology practice. Otherwise, Mars will become a dream fantasy, and even into settling crashed out of danger.
Regardless of the moon or Mars, many technical difficulties, especially a human landing on Mars and return safely to Earth, technical difficulties mainly in the following aspects. (Transformation of Mars and the Moon and other planets and detect other livable technology more complex and difficult, at this stage it is difficult to achieve and therefore not discussed in detail in this study). In fact, Mars will be the safe return of a full set of technology, space science, aerospace crucial scientific research development, its significance is not confined to Mars simply a return to scientific value, great commercial value, can not be measure.
1. Powered rocket, the spacecraft overall structural design not be too complex large, otherwise, the safety factor to reduce the risk of failure accidents. Fusion rocket engine main problem to be solved is the high-temperature materials and fuel ignition chamber (reaction chamber temperatures of up to tens of millions of supreme billion degrees), fissile class rocket engine whose essence is the miniaturization of nuclear reactors, and placed on the rocket. Nuclear rocket engine fuel as an energy source, with liquid hydrogen, liquid helium, liquid ammonia working fluid. Nuclear rocket engine mounted in the thrust chamber of the reactor, cooling nozzle, the working fluid delivery and control systems and other components. This engine due to nuclear radiation protection, exhaust pollution, reactor control and efficient heat exchanger design and other issues unresolved. Electrothermal rocket engine utilizing heat energy (resistance heating or electric arc heating) working medium (hydrogen, amines, hydrazine ), vaporized; nozzle expansion accelerated after discharged from the spout to generate thrust. Static rocket engine working fluid (mercury, cesium, hydrogen, etc.) from the tank enter the ionization chamber is formed thrust ionized into a plasma jet. Electric rocket engines with a high specific impulse (700-2500 sec), extremely long life (can be repeated thousands of times a starter, a total of up to thousands of hours of work). But the thrust of less than 100N. This engine is only available for spacecraft attitude control, station-keeping and the like. One nuclear - power rocket design is as follows: Firstly, the reactor heats water to make it into steam, and then the high-speed steam ejected, push the rocket. Nuclear rocket using hydrogen as working substance may be a better solution, it is one of the most commonly used liquid hydrogen rocket fuel rocket carrying liquid hydrogen virtually no technical difficulties. Heating hydrogen nuclear reactor, as long as it eventually reaches or exceeds current jet velocity hydrogen rocket engine jet speed, the same weight of the rocket will be able to work longer, it can accelerate the Rockets faster. Here there are only two problems: First, the final weight includes the weight of the rocket in nuclear reactors, so it must be as light as possible. Ultra-small nuclear reactor has been able to achieve. Furthermore, if used in outer space, we can not consider the problem of radioactive residues, simply to just one proton hydrogen nuclei are less likely to produce induced radioactivity, thus shielding layer can be made thinner, injected hydrogen gas can flow directly through the reactor core, it is not easy to solve, and that is how to get back at high speed heated gas is ejected.
Rocket engine with a nuclear fission reactor, based on the heating liquid hydrogen propellant, rather than igniting flammable propellant
High-speed heavy rocket is a major cutting-edge technology. After all, space flight and aircraft carriers, submarines, nuclear reactors differ greatly from the one hand, the use of traditional fuels, on the one hand can be nuclear reactor technology. From the control, for security reasons, the use of nuclear power rocket technology, safe and reliable overriding indicators. Nuclear atomic energy in line with the norms and rules of outer space. For the immature fetal abdominal hatchery technology, and resolutely reject use. This is the most significant development of nuclear-powered rocket principle.
Nuclear-powered spaceship for Use of nuclear power are three kinds:
The first method: no water or air space such media can not be used propeller must use jet approach. Reactor nuclear fission or fusion to produce a lot of heat, we will propellant (such as liquid hydrogen) injection, the rapid expansion of the propellant will be heated and then discharged from the engine speed tail thrust. This method is most readily available.
The second method: nuclear reactor will have a lot of fast-moving ions, these energetic particles moving very fast, so you can use a magnetic field to control their ejection direction. This principle ion rocket similar to the tail of the rocket ejected from the high-speed mobile ions, so that the recoil movement of a rocket. The advantage of this approach is to promote the unusually large ratio, without carrying any medium, continued strong. Ion engine, which is commonly referred to as "electric rocket", the principle is not complicated, the propellant is ionized particles,
Plasma Engine
Electromagnetic acceleration, high-speed spray. From the development trend, the US research scope covers almost all types of electric thrusters, but mainly to the development of ion engines, NASA in which to play the most active intake technology and preparedness plans. "
The third method: the use of nuclear explosions. It is a bold and crazy way, no longer is the use of a controlled nuclear reaction, but to use nuclear explosions to drive the ship, this is not an engine, and it is called a nuclear pulse rocket. This spacecraft will carry a lot of low-yield atomic bombs out one behind, and then detonated, followed by a spacecraft propulsion installation disk, absorbing the blast pushing the spacecraft forward. This was in 1955 to Orion (Project Orion) name of the project, originally planned to bring two thousand atomic bombs, Orion later fetal nuclear thermal rocket. Its principle is mounted on a small rocket reactor, the reactor utilizing thermal energy generated by the propellant is heated to a high temperature, high pressure and high temperature of the propellant from the high-speed spray nozzle, a tremendous impetus.
Common nuclear fission technologies, including nuclear pulse rocket engines, nuclear rockets, nuclear thermal rocket and nuclear stamping rockets to nuclear thermal rocket, for example, the size of its land-based nuclear power plant reactor structure than the much smaller, more uranium-235 purity requirements high, reaching more than 90%, at the request of the high specific impulse engine core temperature will reach about 3000K, require excellent high temperature properties of materials.
Research and test new IT technologies and new products and new technology and new materials, new equipment, things are difficult, design is the most important part, especially in the overall design, technical solutions, technical route, technical process, technical and economic particularly significant. The overall design is defective, technology there are loopholes in the program, will be a major technical route deviation, but also directly related to the success of research trials. so, any time, under any circumstances, a good grasp of the overall control of design, technical design, is essential. otherwise, a done deal, it is difficult save. aerospace technology research and product development is true.
3, high-performance nuclear rocket
Nuclear rocket nuclear fission and fusion energy can rocket rocket two categories. Nuclear fission and fusion produce heat, radiation and shock waves and other large amounts of energy, but here they are contemplated for use as a thermal energy rocket.
Uranium and other heavy elements, under certain conditions, will split their nuclei, called nuclear fission reaction. The atomic bomb is the result of nuclear fission reactions. Nuclear fission reaction to release energy, is a million times more chemical rocket propellant combustion energy. Therefore, nuclear fission energy is a high-performance rocket rockets. Since it requires much less propellant than chemical rockets can, so to its own weight is much lighter than chemical rockets energy. For the same quality of the rocket, the rocket payload of nuclear fission energy is much greater than the chemical energy of the rocket. Just nuclear fission energy rocket is still in the works.
Use of nuclear fission energy as the energy of the rocket, called the atomic rockets. It is to make hydrogen or other inert gas working fluid through the reactor, the hydrogen after the heating temperature quickly rose to 2000 ℃, and then into the nozzle, high-speed spray to produce thrust.
A vision plan is to use liquid hydrogen working fluid, in operation, the liquid hydrogen tank in the liquid hydrogen pump is withdrawn through the catheter and the engine cooling jacket and liquid hydrogen into hydrogen gas, hydrogen gas turbine-driven, locally expansion. Then by nuclear fission reactors, nuclear fission reactions absorb heat released, a sharp rise in temperature, and finally into the nozzle, the rapid expansion of high-speed spray. Calculations show that the amount of atomic payload rockets, rocket high chemical energy than 5-8 times.
Hydrogen and other light elements, under certain conditions, their nuclei convergent synthesis of new heavy nuclei, and release a lot of energy, called nuclear fusion reaction, also called thermonuclear reaction.
Using energy generated by the fusion reaction for energy rocket, called fusion energy rocket or nuclear thermal rockets. But it is also not only take advantage of controlled nuclear fusion reaction to manufacture hydrogen bombs, rockets and controlled nuclear fusion reaction needs still studying it.
Of course there are various research and development of rocket technology and technical solutions to try.
It is envisaged that the rocket deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen with deuterium nuclear fusion reaction of helium nuclei, protons and neutrons, and release huge amounts of energy, just polymerized ionized helium to temperatures up to 100 million degrees the plasma, and then nozzle expansion, high-speed ejection, the exhaust speed of up to 15,000 km / sec, atomic energy is 1800 times the rocket, the rocket is the chemical energy of 3700 times.
Nuclear rocket engine fuel as an energy source, with liquid hydrogen, liquid helium, liquid ammonia working fluid. Nuclear rocket engine mounted in the thrust chamber of the reactor, cooling nozzle, the working fluid delivery and control systems and other components. In a nuclear reactor, nuclear energy into heat to heat the working fluid, the working fluid is heated after expansion nozzle to accelerate to the speed of 6500 ~ 11,000 m / sec from the discharge orifice to produce thrust. Nuclear rocket engine specific impulse (250 to 1000 seconds) long life, but the technology is complex, apply only to long-term spacecraft. This engine due to nuclear radiation protection, exhaust pollution, reactor control and efficient heat exchanger design and other issues not resolved, is still in the midst of trials. Nuclear rocket technology is cutting-edge aerospace science technology, centralized many professional and technical sciences and aerospace, nuclear physics, nuclear chemistry, materials science, the long term future ___-- wide width. The United States, Russia and Europe, China, India, Japan, Britain, Brazil and other countries in this regard have studies, in particular the United States and Russia led the way, impressive. Of course, at this stage of nuclear rocket technology, technology development there are still many difficulties. Fully formed, still to be. But humanity marching to the universe, nuclear reactor applications is essential.
Outer Space Treaty (International Convention on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space) ****
Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space Principle 15
General Assembly,
Having considered the report of its thirty-fifth session of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and the Commission of 16 nuclear
It can be attached in principle on the use of nuclear power sources in outer space of the text of its report, 17
Recognize that nuclear power sources due to small size, long life and other characteristics, especially suitable for use even necessary
For some missions in outer space,
Recognizing also that the use of nuclear power sources in outer space should focus on the possible use of nuclear power sources
Those uses,
Recognizing also that the use of nuclear power sources should include or probabilistic risk analysis is complete security in outer space
Full evaluation is based, in particular, the public should focus on reducing accidental exposure to harmful radiation or radioactive material risk
risk,
Recognizing the need to a set of principles containing goals and guidelines in this regard to ensure the safety of outer space makes
With nuclear power sources,
Affirming that this set principles apply exclusively on space objects for non-power generation, which is generally characteristic
Mission systems and implementation of nuclear power sources in outer space on similar principles and used by,
Recognizing this need to refer to a new set of principles for future nuclear power applications and internationally for radiological protection
The new proposal will be revised
By the following principles on the use of nuclear power sources in outer space.
Principle 1. Applicability of international law
Involving the use of nuclear power sources in outer space activities should be carried out in accordance with international law, especially the "UN
Principles of the Charter "and" States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Activities
Treaty "3
.
2. The principle terms
1. For the purpose of these principles, "launching State" and "launching State ......" two words mean, in related
Principles related to a time of nuclear power sources in space objects exercises jurisdiction and control of the country.
2. For the purpose of principle 9, wherein the definition of the term "launching State" as contained in that principle.
3. For the purposes of principle 3, the terms "foreseeable" and "all possible" two words are used to describe the actual hair
The overall likelihood of students that it is considered for safety analysis is credible possibilities for a class of things
Member or circumstances. "General concept of defense in depth" when the term applies to nuclear power sources in outer space refers to various settings
Count form and space operations replace or supplement the operation of the system in order to prevent system failures or mitigate thereafter
"Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 20" 16 (A / 47/20).
17 Ibid., Annex.
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fruit. To achieve this purpose is not necessarily required for each individual member has redundant safety systems. Given space
Use and special requirements of various space missions, impossible to any particular set of systems or features can be specified as
Necessary to achieve this purpose. For the purpose of Principle 3 (d) of paragraph 2, "made critical" does not include
Including such as zero-power testing which are fundamental to ensuring system safety required.
Principle 3. Guidelines and criteria for safe use
To minimize the risk of radioactive material in space and the number involved, nuclear power sources in outer space
Use should be limited to non-nuclear power sources in space missions can not reasonably be performed
1. General goals for radiation protection and nuclear safety
(A) States launching space objects with nuclear power sources on board shall endeavor to protect individuals, populations and the biosphere
From radiation hazards. The design and use of space objects with nuclear power sources on board shall ensure that risk with confidence
Harm in the foreseeable operational or accidental circumstances, paragraph 1 (b) and (c) to define acceptable water
level.
Such design and use shall also ensure that radioactive material does not reliably significant contamination of outer space.
(B) the normal operation of nuclear power sources in space objects, including from paragraph 2 (b) as defined in foot
High enough to return to the track, shall be subject to appropriate anti-radiation recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection of the public
Protection goals. During such normal operation there shall be no significant radiation exposure;
(C) To limit exposure in accidents, the design and construction of nuclear power source systems shall take into account the international
Relevant and generally accepted radiological protection guidelines.
In addition to the probability of accidents with potentially serious radiological consequences is extremely low, the nuclear power source
Design systems shall be safely irradiated limited limited geographical area, for the individual radiation dose should be
Limited to no more than a year 1mSv primary dose limits. Allows the use of irradiation year for some years 5mSv deputy agent
Quantity limit, but the average over a lifetime effective dose equivalent annual dose not exceed the principal limit 1mSv
degree.
Should make these conditions occur with potentially serious radiological consequences of the probability of the system design is very
small.
Criteria mentioned in this paragraph Future modifications should be applied as soon as possible;
(D) general concept of defense in depth should be based on the design, construction and operation of systems important for safety. root
According to this concept, foreseeable safety-related failures or malfunctions must be capable of automatic action may be
Or procedures to correct or offset.
It should ensure that essential safety system reliability, inter alia, to make way for these systems
Component redundancy, physical separation, functional isolation and adequate independence.
It should also take other measures to increase the level of safety.
2. The nuclear reactor
(A) nuclear reactor can be used to:
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(I) On interplanetary missions;
(Ii) the second high enough orbit paragraph (b) as defined;
(Iii) low-Earth orbit, with the proviso that after their mission is complete enough to be kept in a nuclear reactor
High on the track;
(B) sufficiently high orbit the orbital lifetime is long enough to make the decay of fission products to approximately actinides
Element active track. The sufficiently high orbit must be such that existing and future outer space missions of crisis
Risk and danger of collision with other space objects to a minimum. In determining the height of the sufficiently high orbit when
It should also take into account the destroyed reactor components before re-entering the Earth's atmosphere have to go through the required decay time
between.
(C) only 235 nuclear reactors with highly enriched uranium fuel. The design shall take into account the fission and
Activation of radioactive decay products.
(D) nuclear reactors have reached their operating orbit or interplanetary trajectory can not be made critical state
state.
(E) nuclear reactor design and construction shall ensure that, before reaching the operating orbit during all possible events
Can not become critical state, including rocket explosion, re-entry, impact on ground or water, submersion
In water or water intruding into the core.
(F) a significant reduction in satellites with nuclear reactors to operate on a lifetime less than in the sufficiently high orbit orbit
For the period (including during operation into the sufficiently high orbit) the possibility of failure, there should be a very
Reliable operating system, in order to ensure an effective and controlled disposal of the reactor.
3. Radioisotope generators
(A) interplanetary missions and other spacecraft out of Earth's gravitational field tasks using radioactive isotopes
Su generator. As they are stored after completion of their mission in high orbit, the Earth can also be used
track. We are required to make the final treatment under any circumstances.
(B) Radioisotope generators shall be protected closed systems, design and construction of the system should
Ensure that in the foreseeable conditions of the track to withstand the heat and aerodynamic forces of re-entry in the upper atmosphere, orbit
Conditions including highly elliptical or hyperbolic orbits when relevant. Upon impact, the containment system and the occurrence of parity
Physical morpheme shall ensure that no radioactive material is scattered into the environment so you can complete a recovery operation
Clear all radioactive impact area.
Principle 4. Safety Assessment
1. When launching State emission consistent with the principles defined in paragraphs 1, prior to the launch in applicable under the
Designed, constructed or manufactured the nuclear power sources, or will operate the space object person, or from whose territory or facility
Transmits the object will be to ensure a thorough and comprehensive safety assessment. This assessment shall cover
All relevant stages of space mission and shall deal with all systems involved, including the means of launching, the space level
Taiwan, nuclear power source and its equipment and the means of control and communication between ground and space.
2. This assessment shall respect the principle of 3 contained in the guidelines and criteria for safe use.
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3. The principle of States in the Exploration and Use, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Outer Space Activities Article
Results of about 11, this safety assessment should be published prior to each transmit simultaneously to the extent feasible
Note by the approximate intended time of launch, and shall notify the Secretary-General of the United Nations, how to be issued
This safety assessment before the shot to get the results as soon as possible.
Principle 5. Notification of re-entry
1. Any State launching a space object with nuclear power sources in space objects that failed to produce discharge
When radioactive substances dangerous to return to the earth, it shall promptly notify the country concerned. Notice shall be in the following format:
(A) System parameters:
(I) Name of launching State, including which may be contacted in the event of an accident to Request
Information or assistance to obtain the relevant authorities address;
(Ii) International title;
(Iii) Date and territory or location of launch;
(Iv) the information needed to make the best prediction of orbit lifetime, trajectory and impact region;
(V) General function of spacecraft;
(B) information on the radiological risk of nuclear power source:
(I) the type of power source: radioisotopes / reactor;
(Ii) the fuel could fall into the ground and may be affected by the physical state of contaminated and / or activated components, the number of
The amount and general radiological characteristics. The term "fuel" refers to as a source of heat or power of nuclear material.
This information shall also be sent to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
2. Once you know the failure, the launching State shall provide information on the compliance with the above format. Information should as far as possible
To be updated frequently, and in the dense layers of the Earth's atmosphere is expected to return to a time when close to the best increase
Frequency of new data, so that the international community understand the situation and will have sufficient time to plan for any deemed necessary
National contingency measures.
3. It should also be at the same frequency of the latest information available to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Principle 6. consultation
5 According to the national principles provide information shall, as far as reasonably practicable, other countries
Requirements to obtain further information or consultations promptly reply.
Principle 7. Assistance to States
1. Upon receipt of expected with nuclear power sources on space objects and their components will return through the Earth's atmosphere
After know that all countries possessing space monitoring and tracking facilities, in the spirit of international cooperation, as soon as possible to
The Secretary-General of the United Nations and the countries they may have made space objects carrying nuclear power sources
A fault related information, so that the States may be affected to assess the situation and take any
It is considered to be the necessary precautions.
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2. In carrying space objects with nuclear power sources back to the Earth's atmosphere after its components:
(A) launching State shall be requested by the affected countries to quickly provide the necessary assistance to eliminate actual
And possible effects, including nuclear power sources to assist in identifying locations hit the Earth's surface, to detect the re substance
Quality and recovery or cleanup activities.
(B) All countries with relevant technical capabilities other than the launching State, and with such technical capabilities
International organizations shall, where possible, in accordance with the requirements of the affected countries to provide the necessary co
help.
When according to the above (a) and subparagraph (b) to provide assistance, should take into account the special needs of developing countries.
Principle 8. Responsibility
In accordance with the States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies activities, including the principles of Article
About Article, States shall bear international responsibility for their use of nuclear power sources in outer space relates to the activities
Whether such activities are carried on by governmental agencies or non-governmental entities, and shall bear international responsibility to ensure that this
Such activities undertaken by the country in line with the principles of the Treaty and the recommendations contained therein. If it involves the use of nuclear power sources
Activities in outer space by an international organization, should be done by the international organizations and States to participate in the organization
Undertakes to comply with the principles of the Treaty and the recommendations contained in these responsibilities.
Principle 9. Liability and Compensation
1. In accordance with the principle of States in the Exploration and Use, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Outer Space Activities Article
And the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects covenant of Article 7
Provisions, which launches or on behalf of the State
Each State launching a space object and each State from which territory or facility a space object is launched
Kinds of space object or damage caused by components shall bear international liability. This fully applies to this
Kind of space object carrying a nuclear power source case. Two or more States jointly launch a space object,
Each launching State shall in accordance with the above Article of the Convention for any damages jointly and severally liable.
2. Such countries under the aforesaid Convention shall bear the damages shall be in accordance with international law and fair and reasonable
The principles set out in order to provide for damages to make a claim on behalf of its natural or juridical persons, national or
International organizations to restore to the state before the occurrence of the damage.
3. For the purposes of this principle, compensation should be made to include reimbursement of the duly substantiated expenses for search, recovery and clean
Cost management work, including the cost of providing assistance to third parties.
10. The principle of dispute settlement
Since the implementation of these principles will lead to any dispute in accordance with the provisions of the UN Charter, by negotiation or
Other established procedures to resolve the peaceful settlement of disputes.
Here quoted the important provisions of the United Nations concerning the use of outer space for peaceful nuclear research and international conventions, the main emphasis on the Peaceful Uses of provisions related constraints .2 the use of nuclear rockets in outer space nuclear studies, etc., can cause greater attention in nuclear power nuclear rocket ship nuclear research, manufacture, use and other aspects of the mandatory hard indicators. this scientists, engineering and technical experts are also important constraints and requirements. as IAEA supervision and management as very important.
2. radiation. Space radiation is one of the greatest threats to the safety of the astronauts, including X-rays, γ-rays, cosmic rays and high-speed solar particles. Better than aluminum protective effect of high polymer composite materials.
3. Air. Perhaps the oxygen needed to rely on oxidation-reduction reaction of hydrogen and ilmenite production of water, followed by water electrolysis to generate oxygen. Mars oxygen necessary for survival but also from the decomposition of water, electrolytically separating water molecules of oxygen and hydrogen, this oxygen equipment has been successfully used in the International Space Station. Oxygen is released into the air to sustain life, the hydrogen system into the water system.
4. The issue of food waste recycling. At present, the International Space Station on the use of dehumidifiers, sucked moisture in the air to be purified, and then changed back to drinkable water. The astronauts' urine and sweat recycling. 5. water. The spacecraft and the space station on purification system also makes urine and other liquids can be purified utilization. 6. microgravity. In microgravity or weightlessness long-term space travel, if protective measures shall not be treated, the astronauts will be muscle atrophy, bone softening health. 7. contact. 8. Insulation, 9 energy. Any space exploration are inseparable from the energy battery is a new super hybrid energy storage device, the asymmetric lead-acid batteries and supercapacitors in the same compound within the system - and the so-called inside, no additional separate electronic control unit, this is an optimal combination. The traditional lead-acid battery PbO2 monomer is a positive electrode plate and a negative electrode plate spongy Pb composition, not a super cell. : Silicon solar cells, multi-compound thin film solar cells, multi-layer polymer-modified electrode solar cells, nano-crystalline solar cells, batteries and super class. For example, the solar aircraft .10. To protect the health and life safety and security systems. Lysophosphatidic acid LPA is a growth factor-like lipid mediators, the researchers found that this substance can on apoptosis after radiation injury and animal cells was inhibited. Stable lysophosphatidic acid analogs having the hematopoietic system and gastrointestinal tract caused by acute radiation sickness protection, knockout experiments show that lysophosphatidic acid receptors is an important foundation for the protection of radiation injury. In addition to work under high pressure, the astronauts face a number of health threats, including motion sickness, bacterial infections, blindness space, as well as psychological problems, including toxic dust. In the weightless environment of space, the astronaut's body will be like in preadolescents, as the emergence of various changes.
Plantar molt
After the environment to adapt to zero gravity, the astronaut's body will be some strange changes. Weightlessness cause fluid flow around the main flow torso and head, causing the astronauts facial swelling and inflammation, such as nasal congestion. During long-term stay in space
Bone and muscle loss
Most people weightlessness caused by the impact may be known bone and muscle degeneration. In addition, the calcium bones become very fragile and prone to fracture, which is why some of the astronauts after landing need on a stretcher.
Space Blindness
Space Blindness refers astronaut decreased vision.
Solar storms and radiation is one of the biggest challenges facing the long-term space flight. Since losing the protection of Earth's magnetic field, astronauts suffer far more than normal levels of radiation. The cumulative amount of radiation exposure in low earth orbit them exceeded by workers close to nuclear reactors, thereby increasing the risk of cancer.
Prolonged space flight can cause a series of psychological problems, including depression or mood swings, vulnerability, anxiety and fear, as well as other sequelae. We are familiar with the biology of the Earth, the Earth biochemistry, biophysics, after all, the Earth is very different astrophysics, celestial chemistry, biophysics and astrophysics, biochemistry and other celestial bodies. Therefore, you must be familiar with and adapt to these differences and changes.
Osteoporosis and its complications ranked first in the space of disease risk.
Long-term health risks associated with flying Topics
The degree of influence long-term biological effects of radiation in human flight can withstand the radiation and the maximum limit of accumulated radiation on physiology, pathology and genetics.
Physiological effects of weightlessness including: long-term bone loss and a return flight after the maximum extent and severity of the continued deterioration of other pathological problems induced by the; maximum flexibility and severity of possible long-term Flight Center in vascular function.
Long-term risk of disease due to the high risk of flight stress, microbial variation, decreased immune function, leading to infections
Radiation hazards and protection
1) radiation medicine, biology and pathway effects Features
Radiation protection for interplanetary flight, since the lack of protective effect of Earth's magnetic field, and by the irradiation time is longer, the possibility of increased radiation hazard.
Analysis of space flight medical problems that may occur, loss of appetite topped the list, sleep disorders, fatigue and insomnia, in addition, space sickness, musculoskeletal system problems, eye problems, infections problems, skin problems and cardiovascular problems
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Development of diagnostic techniques in orbit, the development of the volume of power consumption, features a wide range of diagnostic techniques, such as applied research of ultrasound diagnostic techniques in the abdominal thoracic trauma, bone, ligament damage, dental / sinus infections and other complications and integrated;
Actively explore in orbit disposal of medical technology, weightlessness surgical methods, development of special surgical instruments, the role of narcotic drugs and the like.
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However, space technology itself is integrated with the use of the most advanced technology, its challenging technical reserves and periodic demanding
With the continuous development of science and technology, space agencies plan a manned landing on the moon and Mars, space exploration emergency medicine current concern.
Space sickness
In the weightless environment of space, in the weightless environment of space, surgery may be extremely difficult and risky.
Robot surgeons
Space disease in three days after entering the space started to ease, although individual astronauts might subsequently relapse. January 2015 NASA declared working on a fast, anti-nausea and nasal sprays. In addition, due to the zero-gravity environment, and anti-nausea drugs can only be administered by injection or transdermal patches manner.
Manned spaceflight in the 21st century is the era of interplanetary flight, aerospace medicine is closely watched era is the era of China's manned space flourish. Only the central issue, and grasp the opportunity to open up a new world of human survival and development.
Various emergency contingency measures in special circumstances. Invisible accident risk prevention. Enhancing drugs and other screening methods immunity aerospace medicine and tissue engineering a microgravity environment. Drug mixture of APS, ginseng polysaccharides, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides, polysaccharides and Lentinan, from other compounds. Drug development space syndrome drug, chemical structure modification will be an important part.
These issues are very sensitive, cutting-edge technology is a major difficulty landing on Mars. Countries in the world, especially the world's major space powers in the country strategies and technical research, the results of all kinds continue to emerge. United States, Russia, China, Europe, India, Japan and other countries is different. United States, Russia extraordinary strength. Many patented technology and health, and most belong to the top-secret technology. Especially in aerospace engineering and technological achievements is different from the general scientific literature, practical, commercial, industrial great, especially the performance of patents, know-how, technical drawings, engineering design and other aspects. Present Mars and return safely to Earth, the first manned, significance, everything is hard in the beginning, especially the first person to land on Mars This Mars for Human Sciences Research Mars, the moon, the earth, the solar system and the universe, life and other significant. Its far greater than the value of direct investments and business interests.
In addition, it is the development of new materials, suitable for deep space operations universe, life, and other detection, wider field.
Many aerospace materials, continuous research and development of materials are key areas of aerospace development, including material rocket, the spacecraft materials, the suit materials, radiation materials, materials and equipment, instruments, materials and so on biochemistry.
Temperature metal-based compound with a metal matrix composite body with a more primordial higher temperature strength, creep resistance, impact resistance, thermal fatigue and other excellent high temperature performance.
In B, C, SiC fiber reinforced Ti3Al, TiAl, Ni3Al intermetallic matrix composites, etc.
W Fiber Reinforced with nickel-based, iron-based alloys as well as SiC, TiB2, Si3N4 and BN particle reinforced metal matrix composites
High temperature service conditions require the development of ceramic and carbon-based composite materials, etc., not in this eleven Cheung said.
Fuel storage
In order to survive in space, people need many things: food, oxygen, shelter, and, perhaps most importantly, fuel. The initial quality Mars mission somewhere around 80 percent of the space launch humans will be propellant. The fuel amount of storage space is very difficult.
This difference in low Earth orbit cause liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen - rocket fuel - vaporization.
Hydrogen is particularly likely to leak out, resulting in a loss of about 4% per month.
When you want to get people to Mars speed to minimize exposure to weightlessness and space radiation hazards
Mars
Landings on the Martian surface, they realized that they reached the limit. The rapid expansion of the thin Martian atmosphere can not be very large parachute, such as those that will need to be large enough to slow down, carry human spacecraft.
Therefore, the parachute strong mass ratio, high temperature resistance, Bing shot performance and other aspects of textile materials used have special requirements, in order to make a parachute can be used in rockets, missiles, Yu arrows spacecraft and other spacecraft recovery, it is necessary to improve the canopy heat resistance, a high melting point polymeric fiber fabric used, the metal fabric, ceramic fiber fabrics, and other devices.
Super rigid parachute to help slow the landing vehicle.
Spacecraft entered the Martian atmosphere at 24,000 km / h. Even after slowing parachute or inflatable, it will be very
Once we have the protection of the Earth magnetic field, the solar radiation will accumulate in the body, a huge explosion threw the spacecraft may potentially lethal doses of radiation astronauts.
In addition to radiation, the biggest challenge is manned trip to Mars microgravity, as previously described.
The moon is sterile. Mars is another case entirely.
With dust treatment measures.
Arid Martian environment to create a super-tiny dust particles flying around the Earth for billions of years.
Apollo moon dust encountered. Ultra-sharp and abrasive lunar dust was named something that can clog the basic functions of mechanical damage. High chloride salt, which can cause thyroid problems in people.
*** Mars geological structure and geological structure of the moon, water on Mars geology, geology of the Moon is very important, because he, like the Earth's geology is related to many important issues. Water, the first element of life, air, temperature, and complex geological formations are geological structure. Cosmic geology research methods, mainly through a variety of detection equipment equipped with a space probe, celestial observations of atmospheric composition, composition and distribution of temperature, pressure, wind speed, vertical structure, composition of the solar wind, the water, the surface topography and Zoning, topsoil the composition and characteristics of the component surface of the rock, type and distribution, stratigraphic sequence, structural system and the internal shell structure.
Mars internal situation only rely on its surface condition of large amounts of data and related information inferred. It is generally believed that the core radius of 1700 km of high-density material composition; outsourcing a layer of lava, it is denser than the Earth's mantle some; outermost layer is a thin crust. Compared to other terrestrial planets, the lower the density of Mars, which indicates that the Martian core of iron (magnesium and iron sulfide) with may contain more sulfur. Like Mercury and the Moon, Mars and lack active plate movement; there is no indication that the crust of Mars occurred can cause translational events like the Earth like so many of folded mountains. Since there is no lateral movement in the earth's crust under the giant hot zone relative to the ground in a stationary state. Slight stress coupled with the ground, resulting in Tharis bumps and huge volcano. For the geological structure of Mars is very important, which is why repeated explorations and studies of Martian geological reasons.
Earth's surface
Each detector component landing site soil analysis:
Element weight percent
Viking 1
Oxygen 40-45
Si 18-25
Iron 12-15
K 8
Calcium 3-5
Magnesium 3-6
S 2-5
Aluminum 2-5
Cesium 0.1-0.5
Core
Mars is about half the radius of the core radius, in addition to the primary iron further comprises 15 to 17% of the sulfur content of lighter elements is also twice the Earth, so the low melting point, so that the core portion of a liquid, such as outside the Earth nuclear.
Mantle
Nuclear outer coating silicate mantle.
Crust
The outermost layer of the crust.
Crustal thickness obtained, the original thickness of the low north 40 km south plateau 70 kilometers thick, an average of 50 kilometers, at least 80 km Tharsis plateau and the Antarctic Plateau, and in the impact basin is thin, as only about 10 kilometers Greece plains.
Canyon of Mars there are two categories: outflow channels (outflow channel) and tree valley (valley network). The former is very large, it can be 100 km wide, over 2000 km long, streamlined, mainly in the younger Northern Hemisphere, such as the plain around Tyre Chris Canyon and Canyon jam.
In addition, the volcanic activity sometimes lava formation lava channels (lava channel); crustal stress generated by fissures, faults, forming numerous parallel extending grooves (fossa), such as around the huge Tharsis volcanic plateau radially distributed numerous grooves, which can again lead to volcanic activity.
Presumably, Mars has an iron as the main component of the nucleus, and contains sulfur, magnesium and other light elements, the nuclear share of Mars, the Earth should be relatively small. The outer core is covered with a thick layer of magnesium-rich silicate mantle, the surface of rocky crust. The density of Earth-like planets Mars is the lowest, only 3.93g / cc.
Hierarchy
The crust
Lunar core
The average density of the Moon is 3.3464 g / cc, the solar system satellites second highest (after Aiou). However, there are few clues mean lunar core is small, only about 350 km radius or less [2]. The core of the moon is only about 20% the size of the moon, the moon's interior has a solid, iron-rich core diameter of about 240 kilometers (150 miles); in addition there is a liquid core, mainly composed of iron outer core, about 330 km in diameter (205 miles), and for the first time compared with the core of the Earth, considered as the earth's outer core, like sulfur and oxygen may have lighter elements [4].
Chemical elements on the lunar surface constituted in accordance with its abundance as follows: oxygen (O), silicon (Si), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), titanium ( Ti). The most abundant is oxygen, silicon and iron. The oxygen content is estimated to be 42% (by weight). Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) only traces seem to exist only in trace amounts deposited in the solar wind brings.
Lunar Prospector from the measured neutron spectra, the hydrogen (H) mainly in the lunar poles [2].
Element content (%)
Oxygen 42%
Silicon 21%
Iron 13%
Calcium 8%
Aluminum 7%
Magnesium 6%
Other 3%
Lunar surface relative content of each element (% by weight)
Moon geological history is an important event in recent global magma ocean crystallization. The specific depth is not clear, but some studies have shown that at least a depth of about 500 kilometers or more.
Lunar landscape
Lunar landscape can be described as impact craters and ejecta, some volcanoes, hills, lava-filled depressions.
Regolith
TABLE bear the asteroid and comets billions of years of bombardment. Over time, the impact of these processes have already broken into fine-grained surface rock debris, called regolith. Young mare area, regolith thickness of about 2 meters, while the oldest dated land, regolith thickness of up to 20 meters. Through the analysis of lunar soil components, in particular the isotopic composition changes can determine the period of solar activity. Solar wind gases possible future lunar base is useful because oxygen, hydrogen (water), carbon and nitrogen is not only essential to life, but also may be useful for fuel production. Lunar soil constituents may also be as a future source of energy.
Here, repeatedly stressed that the geological structure and geological structure of celestial bodies, the Earth, Moon, Mars, or that this human existence and development of biological life forms is very important, especially in a series of data Martian geological structure geological structure is directly related to human landing Mars and the successful transformation of Mars or not. for example, water, liquid water, water, oxygen, synthesis, must not be taken lightly.
____________________________________________________________----
Mars landing 10 Technology
Aerospace Science and space science and technology major innovation of the most critical of sophisticated technology R & D project
[
"1" rocket propulsion technology ion fusion nuclear pulse propulsion rocket powered high-speed heavy rocket technology, space nuclear reactors spacecraft] brought big problems reflected in the nuclear reaction, nuclear radiation on spacecraft launch, control, brakes and other impact.
In particular, for the future of nuclear power spacecraft, the need to solve the nuclear reactor design, manufacture, control, cooling, radiation shielding, exhaust pollution, high thermoelectric conversion efficiency and a series of technical problems.
In particular, nuclear reactors produce radiation on astronauts' health will pose a great threat, which requires the spacecraft to be nuclear radiation shielding to ensure astronaut and ship the goods from radiation and heat from the reactor influence, but this will greatly increase the weight of the detector.
Space nuclear process applications, nuclear reaction decay is not a problem, but in a vacuum, ultra-low temperature environment, the nuclear reaction materials, energy transport materials have very high demands.
Space facing the reality of a nuclear reactor cooling cooling problems. To prevent problems with the reactor, "Washington" aircraft carrier to take four heavy protective measures for the radiation enclosed in the warship. These four measures are: the fuel itself, fuel storage pressure vessel, reactor shell and the hull. US Navy fuel all metal fuel, designed to take the impact resistance of the war, does not release fission product can withstand more than 50 times the gravity of the impact load; product of nuclear fission reactor fuel will never enter loop cooling water. The third layer of protection is specially designed and manufactured the reactor shell. The fourth layer is a very strong anti-impact combat ship, the reactor is arranged in the center of the ship, very safe. Engage in a reactor can only be loaded up to the aircraft, so as to drive the motor, and then drive the propeller. That is the core advantage of the heat generated by the heated gas flow, high temperature high pressure gas discharge backward, thereby generating thrust.
.
After installation AMPS1000 type nuclear power plant, a nuclear fuel assembly: He is a core member of the nuclear fuel chain reaction. Usually made into uranium dioxide, of which only a few percent uranium-235, and most of it is not directly involved in the nuclear fission of uranium 238. The uranium dioxide sintered into cylindrical pieces, into a stainless steel or a zirconium alloy do metal tubes called fuel rods or the original, then the number of fuel rods loaded metal cylinder in an orderly composition of the fuel assembly, and finally put a lot of vertical distribution of fuel assemblies in the reactor.
Nuclear reactor pressure vessel is a housing for containing nuclear fuel and reactor internals, for producing high-quality high-strength steel is made to withstand the pressure of dozens MPa. Import and export of the coolant in the pressure vessel.
The top of the pressure vessel closure, and can be used to accommodate the fixed control rod drive mechanism, pressure vessel head has a semi-circular, flat-topped.
Roof bolt: used to connect the locking pressure vessel head, so that the cylinder to form a completely sealed container.
Neutron Source: Plug in nuclear reactors can provide sufficient neutron, nuclear fuel ignition, to start to enhance the role of nuclear reactors and nuclear power. Neutron source generally composed of radium, polonium, beryllium, antimony production. Neutron source and neutron fission reactors are fast neutron, can not cause fission of uranium 235, in order to slow down, we need to moderator ---- full of pure water in a nuclear reactor. Aircraft carriers, submarines use nuclear reactor control has proven more successful.
Rod: has a strong ability to absorb neutrons, driven by the control rod drive mechanism, can move up and down in a nuclear reactor control rods within the nuclear fuel used to start, shut down the nuclear reactor, and maintain, regulate reactor power. Hafnium control rods in general, silver, indium, cadmium and other metals production.
Control rod drive mechanism: He is the executive body of nuclear reactors operating system and security protection systems, in strict accordance with requirements of the system or its operator control rod drives do move up and down in a nuclear reactor, nuclear reactor for power control. In a crisis situation, you also can quickly control rods fully inserted into the reactor in order to achieve the purpose of the emergency shutdown
Upper and lower support plate: used to secure the fuel assembly. High temperature and pressure inside the reactor is filled with pure water (so called pressurized water reactors), on the one hand he was passing through a nuclear reactor core, cooling the nuclear fuel, to act as a coolant, on the other hand it accumulates in the pressure vessel in play moderated neutrons role, acting as moderator.
Water quality monitoring sampling system:
Adding chemical system: under normal circumstances, for adding hydrazine, hydrogen, pH control agents to the primary coolant system, the main purpose is to remove and reduce coolant oxygen, high oxygen water suppression equipment wall corrosion (usually at a high temperature oxygen with hydrogen, especially at low temperatures during startup of a nuclear reactor with added hydrazine oxygen); when the nuclear reactor control rods stuck for some reason can not shutdown time by the the system can inject the nuclear reactor neutron absorber (such as boric acid solution), emergency shutdown, in order to ensure the safety of nuclear submarines.
Water system: a loop inside the water will be reduced at work, such as water sampling and analysis, equipment leaks, because the shutdown process cooling water and reduction of thermal expansion and contraction.
Equipment cooling water system:
Pressure safety systems: pressure reactor primary coolant system may change rapidly for some reason, the need for effective control. And in severe burn nuclear fuel rods, resulting in a core melt accident, it is necessary to promptly increase the pressure. Turn the regulator measures the electric, heating and cooling water. If necessary, also temporary startup booster pump.
Residual Heat Removal System: reactor scram may be due to an accident, such as when the primary coolant system of the steam generator heat exchanger tube is damaged, it must be urgently closed reactors.
Safety Injection System: The main components of this system is the high-pressure injection pump.
Radioactive waste treatment systems:
Decontamination Systems: for the removal of radioactive deposits equipment, valves, pipes and accessories, and other surfaces.
Europe, the United States and Russia and other countries related to aircraft carriers, submarines, icebreakers, nuclear-powered research aircraft, there are lots of achievements use of nuclear energy, it is worth analysis. However, nuclear reactor technology, rocket ships and the former are very different, therefore, requires special attention and innovative research. Must adopt a new new design techniques, otherwise, fall into the stereotype, it will avail, nothing even cause harm Aerospace.
[ "2" spacecraft structure]
[ "3"] radiation technology is the use of deep-sea sedimentation fabric fabrics deepwater technology development precipitated silver metal fibers or fiber lint and other materials and micronaire value between 4.1 to 4.3 fibers made from blends. For radiation protection field, it greatly enhances the effects of radiation and service life of clothing. Radiation resistant fiber) radiation resistant fiber - fiber polyimide polyimide fibers
60 years the United States has successfully developed polyimide fibers, it has highlighted the high temperature, radiation-resistant, fire-retardant properties.
[ "4" cosmic radiation resistant clothing design multifunctional anti-aging, wear underwear] ① comfort layer: astronauts can not wash clothes in a long flight, a lot of sebum, perspiration, etc. will contaminate underwear, so use soft, absorbent and breathable cotton knitwear making.
② warm layer: at ambient temperature range is not the case, warm layer to maintain a comfortable temperature environment. Choose warm and good thermal resistance large, soft, lightweight material, such as synthetic fibers, flakes, wool and silk and so on.
③ ventilation and cooling clothes clothes
Spacesuit
In astronaut body heat is too high, water-cooled ventilation clothing and clothing to a different way of heat. If the body heat production more than 350 kcal / h (ventilated clothes can not meet the cooling requirements, then that is cooled by a water-cooled suit. Ventilating clothing and water-cooled multi-use compression clothing, durable, flexible plastic tubing, such as polyvinyl chloride pipe or nylon film.
④ airtight limiting layer:
⑤ insulation: astronaut during extravehicular activities, from hot or cold insulation protection. It multilayer aluminized polyester film or a polyimide film and sandwiched between layers of nonwoven fabric to be made.
⑥ protective cover layer: the outermost layer of the suit is to require fire, heat and anti-space radiation on various factors (micrometeorites, cosmic rays, etc.) on the human body. Most of this layer with aluminized fabric.
New space suits using a special radiation shielding material, double design.
And also supporting spacesuit helmet, gloves, boots and so on.
[ "5" space - Aerospace biomedical technology, space, special use of rescue medication Space mental health care systems in space without damage restful sleep positions - drugs, simple space emergency medical system
]
[ "6" landing control technology, alternate control technology, high-performance multi-purpose landing deceleration device (parachute)]
[ "7" Mars truck, unitary Mars spacecraft solar energy battery super multi-legged (rounds) intelligent robot] multifunction remote sensing instruments on Mars, Mars and more intelligent giant telescope
[8 <> Mars warehouse activities, automatic Mars lander - Automatic start off cabin
]
[ "9" Mars - spacecraft docking control system, return to the system design]
Space flight secondary emergency life - support system
Spacecraft automatic, manual, semi-automatic operation control, remote control switch system
Automatic return spacecraft systems, backup design, the spacecraft automatic control operating system modular blocks of]
[10 lunar tracking control system
Martian dust storms, pollution prevention, anti-corrosion and other special conditions thereof
Electric light aircraft, Mars lander, Mars, living spaces, living spaces Mars, Mars entry capsule, compatible utilization technology, plant cultivation techniques, nutrition space - space soil]
Aerospace technology, space technology a lot, a lot of cutting-edge technology. Human landing on Mars technology bear the brunt. The main merge the human landing on Mars 10 cutting-edge technology, in fact, these 10 cutting-edge technology, covering a wide range, focused, and is the key to key technologies. They actually shows overall trends and technology Aerospace Science and Technology space technology. Human triumph Mars and safe return of 10 cutting-edge technology is bound to innovation. Moreover, in order to explore the human Venus, Jupiter satellites and the solar system, the Milky Way and other future development of science and laid the foundation guarantee. But also for the transformation of human to Mars, the Moon and other planets livable provides strong technical support. Aerospace Science and Technology which is a major support system.
Preparation of oxygen, water, synthesis, temperature, radiation, critical force confrontation. Regardless of the moon or Mars, survive three elements bear the brunt.
Chemical formula: H₂O
Formula: H-O-H (OH bond between two angle 104.5 °).
Molecular Weight: 18.016
Chemical Experiment: water electrolysis. Formula: 2H₂O = energized = 2H₂ ↑ + O₂ ↑ (decomposition)
Molecules: a hydrogen atom, an oxygen atom.
Ionization of water: the presence of pure water ionization equilibrium following: H₂O == == H⁺ + OH⁻ reversible or irreversible H₂O + H₂O = = H₃O⁺ + OH⁻.
NOTE: "H₃O⁺" hydronium ions, for simplicity, often abbreviated as H⁺, more accurate to say the H9O4⁺, the amount of hydrogen ion concentration in pure water material is 10⁻⁷mol / L.
Electrolysis of water:
Water at DC, decomposition to produce hydrogen and oxygen, this method is industrially prepared pure hydrogen and oxygen 2H₂O = 2H₂ ↑ + O₂ ↑.
. Hydration Reaction:
Water with an alkaline active metal oxides, as well as some of the most acidic oxide hydration reaction of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Na₂O + H₂O = 2NaOH
CaO + H₂O = Ca (OH) ₂
SO₃ + H₂O = H₂SO₄
P₂O₅ + 3H₂O = 2H₃PO₄ molecular structure
CH₂ = CH₂ + H₂O ← → C₂H₅OH
6. The diameter of the order of magnitude of 10 water molecules negative power of ten, the water is generally believed that a diameter of 2 to 3 this organization. water
7. Water ionization:
In the water, almost no water molecules ionized to generate ions.
H₂O ← → H⁺ + OH⁻
Heating potassium chlorate or potassium permanganate preparation of oxygen
Pressurized at low temperatures, the air into a liquid, and then evaporated, since the boiling point of liquid nitrogen is -196 deg.] C, lower than the boiling point of liquid oxygen (-183 ℃), so the liquid nitrogen evaporated from the first air, remaining the main liquid oxygen.
Of course, the development of research in space there is a great difference, even more special preparation harsh environments on Earth and synthetic water and oxygen, over the need for more technological breakthroughs.
The main component of air oxygen and nitrogen. The use of oxygen and nitrogen with
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Fireproof
Waverly Garage
Theo. Stephens, Prop. Chesterton, Ind.
Gasoline and Oils
Firestone Tires Auto Supplies
Tubes and Accessories
Phone for Service
Route 3 Mileage 51.0
Route 73 Mileage 49.5
Refreshment Grove Adjoining
Garage
Date: 1918
Source Type: Advertisement
Publisher, Printer, Photographer: The Automobile Blue Book Publishing Company
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: The Waverly Garage was located on the north side of present day U.S. Route 12 at its intersection with Waverly Road in Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana. At the time this advertisement was published, this particular area was often referred to as Portchester.
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The following newspaper item appeared in the May 25, 1916, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
CHESTERTON LOCALS.
Waverly Garage is the newest enterprise for this township. Stephens Bros. have just completed the building a garage at the intersection of Waverly Beach road with the Chicago-Michigan City road, about one and a half miles north of Chesterton. It is probably that more automobiles pass this point during the summer months than at any other point in Porter county. Last summer the Stephens boys, who live at this corner, installed a gasoline tank and a refreshment stand. From their experience in this venture the[y] felt justified in putting in more to accommodate the needs of the traffic. Now that the gravel road has been put in to the lake beach, the volume of travel has increased. They have hired George D. Valentine, a machinist of experience in the repair of automobiles and are prepared to handle all kinds of work in the auto line. The garage was opened May 1st, and since then business has been rushing. The firm is prepared to do all kinds of repair work not only for autos but for gas and steam engines, and guarantee satisfaction. Charges are reasonable. If you want to know anything further, call up Bell phone 500R1. They also handle all kinds of auto supplies, gas, oils and refreshments. Adjoining is a ten acre grove, the property of Stephens Bros. This is fitted up for picnic purposes, and those who wish to use it are welcome.
Sources:
The Automobile Blue Book Publishing Company. 1918. Official Automobile Blue Book 1918. Volume IV. Chicago, Illinois: The Automobile Blue Book Publishing Company. 1,056 p. [see p. 104]
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; May 25, 1916; Volume 33, Number 10, Page 7, Column 4. Column titled "Chesterton Locals."
Copyright 2022. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
LOGIE-BUCHAN, a parish, in the district of Ellon, county of Aberdeen, 2 miles (E. by S.) from Ellon; containing 713 inhabitants.
The word Logie, expressive of a low-lying spot, was given to this place on account of its applicability to the tract in which the church is situated; while the affix is descriptive of the position of the parish in that part of the county called Buchan.
Logie-Buchan is separated on the east from the German Ocean by the parish of Slains, and is intersected by the river Ythan.
The river abounds with various kinds of trout, also with salmon, eels, lounders, and mussels; and pearls are still occasionally found.
It has a ferry opposite the parish church, where its breadth at low water is about sixty yards; and two boats are kept, one for general passengers, and the other, a larger boat, for the conveyance of the parishioners to church from the northern side.
A tradition has long prevailed that the largest pearl in the crown of Scotland was obtained in the Ythan; and it appears that, about the middle of the last century, £100 were paid by a London jeweller to gentleman in Aberdeen, for pearls found in the river.
Most of the inhabitants of the district are employed in agricultural pursuits, a small brick-work recently established being the only exception.
The great north road from Aberdeen passes through the parish, and the mail and other public coaches travel to and fro daily. On another road, leading to the shipping-port of Newburgh, the tenantry have a considerable traffic in grain, lime, and coal, the last procured from England, and being the chief fuel.
The river Ythan is navigable for lighters often or twelve tons' burthen at high water. The marketable produce of the parish is sent to Aberdeen. Logie- Buchan is ecclesiastically in the presbytery of Ellon, synod of Aberdeen, and in the patronage of Mr. Buchan.
The church was built in 1787, and contains 400 sittings.
Cemeteries - Presbyterian / Unitarian
Logie Buchan Parish Church, Logie-Buchan, Church of Scotland
The church of Logie-Buchan was dedicated to St Andrew.
St Andrew's Church was built in 1787 and has been much altered. It contains a 1728 bell.
Logie-Buchan (Aberdeen, Buchan). Also known as Logie Talargy, the church was granted by David II in 1361 to the common fund of the canons of Aberdeen cathedral, and this was confirmed to the uses of the canons by Alexander, bishop of Aberdeen in 1362, both parsonage and vicarage fruits being annexed while the cure was to become a vicarage pensionary.
Although possession was obtained by the dean and chapter, this was subsequently lost, and the church had to be re-annexed in 1437, the previous arrangement being adhered to, with both parsonage and vicarage remaining annexed.
St Andrew's Kirk, 1787. Undistinguished externally, porch 1891, inside original ceiling with Adam-like centrepiece and two-light Gothic windows, part of 1912 recasting, William Buxton. Pulpit was originally in the centre of the N wall with a horseshoe gallery bearing the Buchan coat of arms (George Reid, Peterhead, carver). Monuments to Thomas (d. 1819) and Robert (d. 1825) Buchan.
Bell, 1728, Robert Maxwell. Church bought by Captain David Buchan to ensure access and survival.
Kirkyard: plain ashlar gatepiers and rubble walls; some table tombs.
Camp Bungalow
Civilian Conservation Corps
Production Date: 1936
Source Type: Photograph
Printer, Publisher, Photographer: Unknown
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: Camp Bungalow was located on the North Fork of the Clearwater River near the mouth of Orogrande Creek and was established by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). The camp was situated just north of the Bungalow Ranger Station, which no longer exists. Camp Bungalow was officially registered as Camp F-193, Company 603 in the CCC. Headquarters, Idaho, is located approximately 12 miles west of this former CCC camp.
Wendell M. Stark writes in his book North Fork of the Clearwater River the following passage concerning this CCC camp (p. 260):
"By 1934, there were two permanent camps on the Clearwater National Forest. The first to be established was Camp Bungalow (F-193), located along the North Fork of the Clearwater River just north of the Bungalow Ranger Station.... At Camp Bungalow, comprised mostly of men from Arkansas, Missouri, and Minnesota, jobs included improving and widening the Bungalow road, building bridges, and improving campsites along the North Fork.... Camp Bungalow was vacated in November 1941, thus ending the presence of the CCC camps within the forest."
Information Source:
Stark, Wendell M. 2013. North Fork of the Clearwater River: The Almost Forgotten History. Bloomington, Indiana: Xlibris Corporation. 352 p.
Copyright 2016. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
Photographed at Destination Star Trek Europe (NEC Birmingham) 2016.
Please respect the people, (where applicable), in the photo
25 CENTS
LOWELL, INDIANA.
J. W. VIANT
At Sight,
WILL PAY TO BEARER
TWENTY-FIVE CENTS,
In Current Funds, when presented in sums of one or more
Dollars.
John W. Viant
Date: 1862
Source Type: Obsolete Scrip
Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Beach & Barnard, Printers, 14 Clark St., Chicago
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: This obsolete scrip is not listed in Wolka et al. and in Wolka as 1455-04 with a rarity noted as R8. The rarity scale ranges from R-1 to R-8, with R-8 indicates that it is unknown how many specimens of a scrip are known to exist.
Wolka (2018, p. 489) describes the J. W. Viant notes as follows:
John W. Viant was listed in the 1860 Federal census for Lowell as a 24 year old merchant. The 1870 census indicates that he had moved his business to nearby Crown Point while the 1880 census shows that Viant was a dry goods merchant back in Lowell again. These notes were used during the Civil War as a substitute for coins which had disappeared from general circulation by late 1862 as a result of financial uncertainties occasioned by the Civil War.
====================
The April 25, 1984, issue of the Lowell Tribune includes this biographical sketch of John W. Viant:
John W. Viant, who came to the Lowell area in 1857, was one of the area's early business men. He was born in Canada West on Sept. 18, 1835, the son of Francis and Catherine (Bridgman) Viant. Francis was born in Paris, France, and Catherine, who was his second wife, was a native of Ireland.
Another son, the brother of John W., was killed during the construction of a bridge at an unknown location.
John W. Viant received little education in Canada, but at the early age of 15 was able to get a position as a clerk at Castleton, Canada, where he lived until he was 20 years old. Realizing the poor opportunities for advancement there, he traveled on to the United States in 1856. He stopped in Indiana along the way, liked the territory, and remained in Crown Point for one year.
In the spring of 1857, he returned to Canada and was married to Ann Jones. That fall they traveled back to Indiana to become early settlers in Lowell.
The children of John and Ann Viant were Frederick H., Cassius M., Clifford, John W., and Bessie.
John W. Viant, Sr. soon became a partner of Jonah Thorn, who is listed as the first storekeeper in the Town of Lowell. They purchased a stock of dry goods and groceries from a Mr. Merton and continued on as the sole owner of the General Store until 1881, when he sold it and began farming. A year later, in 1882, he went back into business, taking his eldest son, Frederick, as a partner.
In 1884 he was listed as “The oldest Lowell Merchant living.” The following is a quote from an old Lake County history: “When he came hither, the population numbered about 100, and he has been identified with its growth and prosperity; he has supported churches, schools, and other useful enterprises. He is an original member of Colfax Lodge No. 378. Besides owning valuable property in the Town of Lowell, he has seventy acres of good farm land.”
In 1866, John was listed as the first secretary of his lodge. The following is copied from a story written by Schuyler Dwyer: “The lodge met on the third floor of a building that stood on the corner of Commercial Ave. and Clark St. A general store and Ed Pixley, a jeweler, occupied the first floor, and H.V. Weaver Undertaking equipment was on the second floor.”
In 1843, James Sanger became the first Postmaster at the “Outlet Post Office” east of Lowell, at the present site of Lowell High School. After the office was moved to the downtown business district, John W. Viant became Postmaster in 1858, and held that position until the time of President Lincoln’s assassination [sic] in 1865. When vice-president Andrew Johnson became President, Sanford Barlow was appointed Postmaster at Lowell.
The “old timer” remembers Frederick as a painter of nature scenes as well as a sign painter. One sign he painted can still be seen on the building at the northwest corner of Clark St. and Commercial Ave. It was painted in the 1920’s and included an ad for a drug store, and a hand pointed north with the words “To Chicago.” Why would a Chicago sign be on Clark St.? Because until about 1928, there was no bridge on Mill St. over Cedar Creek, and all northbound traffic drove on Clark St. toward Cedar Lake, then north from Cedar Lake, then north from Cedar Lake on the old Jackson Highway to Schererville, then on the old Lincoln Highway to Torrence on their way to Chicago.
Frederick married Lavina B. DeWitt, the daughter of Charles and Anna (Pratt) DeWitt. Charles was a brother to Harriet DeWitt, the wife of Irish Pioneer John Buckley.
The children of Frederick and Lavina were Hal, who lived in Gary and California; Violet, who was a teacher in Gary; Charles Bird; Faith (Mrs. Fred Iddings) of California; and Zim, who married Edith Bryant, the daughter of a very early Lake County pioneer family. They lived in South Bend and Hebron, where Edith still resides.
Charles Bird Viant, almost always known as “Bird,” was also well known as a Lowell business owner. He and his wife, Ida (Berg) Viant, ran Viant's Restaurant in downtown Lowell for many years. But before that, “Bird” is remembered as the manager of the Grand Theatre, which stood on the southeast corner of Clark and Jefferson Sts. The Grand Theatre was torn down in the 1930’s.
The “old timer” remembers when as a boy, he and his friends stood around outside the showhouse until Mr. Viant would let them in free to see the silent movies. Admission in those days was 10c and 25c. Vessie (Mahler) Fehlman, now deceased, and Agnes (Berg) Eich who still resides in Lowell, were two of the piano players who played during, the exciting movies with Mary Pickford, Rudolph Valentino and Milton Sills, stars of the silent screen.
“Bird” also held the position of Town Marshall of Lowell in the 1940’s, and is remembered for the dapper white uniform he wore for special occasions.
Evelyn Viant (Mrs. John K.) Wheeler, great granddaughter of John W. Viant, provided assistance in the writing of this story.
====================
By the fall of 1883, John W. Viant had moved to Tacoma, Pierce County, Washington, where he established a grocery and supplies business. When a portion of the Tacoma business district was razed by fire, Viant rebuilt at 704 Pacific Avenue.
Viant passed away on May 2, 1909, at the Fannie Paddock Hospital in Tacoma after being ill for three years.
Source Information:
Lowell Tribune, Lowell, Lake County, Indiana; April 25, 1984; Page 16.
Tacoma Daily Ledger, Tacoma, Pierce County, Washington; March 19, 1885; Volume 3, Number 66, Page 5, Column 1. Column titled “Local News.”
The Tacoma Times, Tacoma, Pierce County, Washington; May 3, 1909; Volume 6, Number 113, Page 3, Column 3. Column titled “Mortality Notes.”
Wolka, Wendell. 2018. A History of Indiana Obsolete Bank Notes and Scrip. Sun City Center, Florida: Wendell Wolka. 900 p. [see p. 490]
Wolka, Wendell A., Jack M. Vorhies, and Donald A. Schramm. 1978. Indiana: Obsolete Notes and Scrip. Iola, Wisconsin, Krause Publications. 306 p. [see p. 156]
Copyright 2022. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
Position of Rack Car as Brick are Being Loaded Onto the Pallets Direct from the Machine.
Date: 1906
Source Type: Photograph
Publisher, Printer, Photographer: The Clay-Worker, March 1906
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: In 1890, the Chicago Hydraulic Pressed Brick Company established a large production facility at Porter. Two additional facilities were erected in Porter over the next decade. On October 21, 1904, the plant was destroyed by fire, with the exception of the barns, clay sheds, and some minor buildings. The fire resulted in a loss reported to be $50,000. Early in the spring of 1905 the plant was rebuilt, and the buildings were made to be more fire proof. The image shows the brick manufacturing facility in 1906 after it was rebuilt. The facility ceased operations in 1924 when clay was becoming scarce, and thereby too expensive, to make brick manufacturing profitable in the area.
This image was obtained from the following article published in the March 1906 issue in The Clay-Worker:
A MODEL PRESSED BRICK PLANT.
A MODEL PLANT, unique in more than one detail, is that put into commission by the Chicago Hydraulic Pressed Brick Co., at the beginning of the season just closed. Located at Porter, Ind., it has risen, Phoenix-like, (with apologies for that thread-bare phrase) from the ashes of the company's first plant, which was destroyed by fire October, 1904.
A device for using the waste heat from the cooling kilns in a dryer into which the brick are run on rack cars directly from the presses and again directly to the kilns, a truss roof stock shed absolutely without center supports to interfere with handling, and a movable shelter shed under which the clay is dug out from the rich clay bank, are among the features which make the Hydraulic's plant at Porter, remarkable among the other pressed brick plants in the country.
The Chicago Pressed Brick Company was incorporated February, 1890. It is controlled by the Hydraulic Pressed Brick Company of St. Louis, which, prior to 1890, had furnished practically ninety per cent. of the face brick of all colors used in Chicago. Operating at Porter, Ind., prior to 1890 were the Purington-Kimbell Brick Company, the Thomas Moulding Company, and the Hinchcliff and Owen Brick Company.
The Chicago Hydraulic Pressed Brick Company purchased the yards from the parties last named, and other acreage comprising a total of 420 acres. This area contains the only deposits of clay burning a deep red, within 150 miles of Chicago. As Porter is only 45 miles from Chicago, and with an unlimited supply of clay, the object of the Chicago Hydraulic Pressed Brick Company in securing this property is self-evident.
The plant up to October 1904 had a capacity of 20,000,000 brick a year. Then came the fire, entirely destroying this valuable and productive plant, at the close of a season when it had been worked to its limit. The Company was not long in preparing the recoup this loss and rebuild the plant. Rebuilding operations commenced March 2, 1905, were completed the following May, and the plant is now the most modern pressed brick plant owned by any company, according to Chicago experts. No expense was spared in rebuilding, and every advantage given be recent patents in handling the product in an up-to-date manner, was eagerly seized by the alert management. E. C. Kimbell himself, had immediate oversight of almost every detail, and spent the greater part of his time down at Porter during the building of the new plant.
The output of the plant during its first year was practically 18,000,000. Being located on the Michigan Central, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern railways, with switch connections with the Pere Marquette and the Elgin, Joliet and Eastern, the shipping facilities are perfect. The plant is equipped to run winter and summer, and since rebuilding, has been run continually to its full capacity.
The officers of the company are: E. C. Eliot, president, St. Louis; F. G. Middlekauff, first vice-president, St. Louis; F. L. Joy, second vice-president and secretary, St. Louis; G. F. Baker, treasurer, St. Louis; and E. C. Kimbell, assistant secretary and general manager, Chicago.
At the Hydraulic's new plant it has been demonstrated for the first time that a pressed brick manufactured by the hydraulic process can be successfully passed through a dryer in which the waste heat from the cooling kilns is used, and this process in addition to turning out a superior product of brick, lessens the cost considerably, as the brick have only one handling from machine to kiln, ready to set. Reference to the cut will show the position of the rack car as bricks are being loaded onto the pallets direct from the machine. This will make it clear to any one interested in the manufacture of pressed brick wherein the advantage of handling brick in this manner lies.
A 50,000 per day Potts machine for the manufacture of sand molded brick, which are also handled through the dryer, is another feature of the plant, and the cut shows also the sand mold clay pit with the track cars are drawn up the incline by cable direct to the disintegrating hopper.
One of the prize features of the plant, however, is the temporary shelter shed which has been installed. This follows along the clay bank as the clay is dug out, enabling the shovelers to work in any kind of weather. This shed is thirty-two feet square. The corner supports are six by eight timbers. The "bank side" of the shelter is seven feet high and runs along the top of the bank on a grooved wheel which rides a track set on a plank. The low side is sixteen feet high and also rides along on grooved wheels set at the two lower corners, these also running on a track bent to a plank. This shed keeps twelve feet of the clay bank under operation. Two tracks run through it and the cars carry the clay away as it is "mined." A volcano stove rests on a platform which is hung from a truss in the roof by rods. The mean leave their dinner pails around this stove and have hot dinners, while on an ordinary winter day the temperature is so hot that the men work with their coats off. The shelter is equally good against the heat of summer, however. The shed is so strong that it has been found possible to explode a two-pound charge of dynamite under it without effecting [sic] it at all, and one man with a crowbar can "pinch," the whole structure along by working at the front wheel.
Another cut shows the main passageway into the kilns, and the track used to bring brick from the dryers direct to the kiln. Three transfer tracks run from the main kiln track, and each car on these tracks is a double transfer car. These double cars run on a four-foot guage [sic]. The pallet or rack cars are on a two-foot guage [sic]. These run out from the dryers to the double transfer cars, aboard the double transfer cars, down the movable tracks, running into the kilns. These movable tracks are also two-foot guage [sic], and the cars are run off the transfer car direct to the kilns.
The interior of the stock shed is also shown in a cut. It is 290 feet long and sixty-four feet wide. Its truss roof and absence of center posts make it absolutely unique. A loading track runs through the center of the shed. It is the first stock shed of its kind used for this purpose.
This model plant is in charge of W. J. Soper, the superintendent, who, with the exception of three years has been with the company since its organization.
Source:
Anonymous. 1906. A Model Pressed Brick Plant. The Clay-Worker 45(3):475-476.
Copyright 2021. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
VIEW OF DERRICK OF THE PORTER PROSPECTING WELL
Date: May 13, 1899
Source Type: Newspaper Image
Publisher, Printer, Photographer: The Chesterton Tribune
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: This image was published in the May 13, 1899, issue of The Chesterton Tribune with the following article:
WHAT WILL BE FOUND?
By the Drill in the Well Now Being Sunk by the Porter Land Company.
The curosity [sic] of the community is considerably aroused over the latest fort of the Porter Land company to develop their Porter property, by sinking an eight-inch well in the center of Block 34. The primary aim of the company is to strike a flowing vein of mineral water, similar to that flowing from the Brick Yard well, but incidentally it is hoped to strike gas or oil. The work is in the hands of Contractor E. K. Wallen [Andrew Kerby Wallen], of Ottawa, Ill., a man of large experience in deep well drilling.
The derrick required for the work, is built to go down 3,300 feet in the bowels of the earth, with an eight-inch casing to rock, and a six inch pipe the rest of the way. It is 56 feet high, and runs by steam power. Mr. Wallen has a system by where he can separate several kinds of veins, so that the same well con produce not only mineral water, but also oil if found, without the one interfering with the other.
The Tribune is informed that a company is now formed, with a well known Chicago hotel man at it head, to erect a first-class hotel on Block 34 just as soon as mineral water is found on the property, the object being to establish a resort similar to those at Mount Clemens, West Baden and Attica, to cater to the Chicago trade. Work on the well is progressing as fast as possible, but no rapid progress can be expected until rock is struck. The first hundred feet of the well is now finished.
The contractor experienced great difficulty in going through a vein of quick sand, which gave him great trouble, because the sand would cave in as fast as the machinery could slush it out, thereby rendering it difficult to drive the pipe. Some days as low as found inches were accomplished. When in rock, Mr. Wallen expects to average 40 feet daily. The cost of the well runs on average of $3.50 per foot, so that it will be seen that the experiment is quite expensive.
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The following news item appeared in the May 27, 1899, issue of The Chesterton Tribune concerning the drilling of this well:
WHAT THE BIG DRILL FINDS
A Small Vein of Petroleum Struck at a Depth of About 250 Feet.
Which Yields Oil, but not in Paying Quantities. The Drill Now in Hard Limestone
There was a flurry of excitement in in [sic] town Wednesday, caused by a report that oil had been struck at the Porter well. Tuesday noon the drill entered a vein of shale rock at a depth of something over 200 ft. from the surface, which released a pocket of gas. The drill had gone down but a few feet when oil began to show itself on the drill, and after a few sluicings, was covered with petroleum. The drillings were saturated with oil, and until Wednesday night the well smelled like the Whiting refinery. After going through about 50 feet of this stuff the drill entered a solid limestone rock, the crust of which was extremely hard. This ended the prospects for oil in paying quantities. The vein in which oil and gas was found seems to be all over this section of the country. It was found in a number of wells sunk by local well men, and also when the Porter well was sunk. It will be remembered that it was at 192 feet that oil was struck on the Wolfe farm. It seems that it is a cropping, but not strong enough to produce a paying well.
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The following news item appeared in the June 3, 1899, issue of The Chesterton Tribune concerning the drilling of this well:
PORTER POINTERS
J. T. Darling, of the Porter Land Co., was in town Wednesday. He expects to go east in a few days to arrange for the erection of a big resort on Block 34, and hopes to see the building operations begin inside of sixty days. The owners of the land are greatly elated over their success in finding all abundance of mineral water on their property, of the same quality as that flowing from the brick yard well, and say they will now have no trouble in enlisting ample capital for the development of the property. The architect's plans are all made for the building and grounds, and little remains to be done now to start the ball rolling. Contractor Wallen will finish his contract on the week, in the hope that other flows will be found. It is desired to have to or three kinds of water for various purposes, and arrangements have been made to separate each flow. Mr. Wallen is convinced that the well is near an old field, coming to that conclusion from the fact that seventy feet of shale he went through is saturated with petroleum. His theory is that this oil escapes from a pool elsewhere and saturates the porous shale it is found in.
He thinks that the field will be found where a new formation sets in to the southeast, and after visiting the vicinity of Thelma, believes the field may be in that direction. Only actual drilling can settle the matter.
-----------------
The following news item appeared in the June 17, 1899, issue of The Chesterton Tribune concerning the drilling of this well:
A SUCCESSFUL VENTURE.
The Porter Land Company now Has Four Mineral Wells.
Flowing a Hundred Gallons of Superior Mineral Water a Minute on Their Porter Property.
Work on the well is about completed. The Porter Land company is highly satisfied with the result of the experiment, and feel that they have been amply repaid for the cost. The well is down 500 feet, and send to the surface four kinds of mineral water. The first flow is strongly impregnated with sulphur and flows through an eight-inch pipe about six inches above the level of the ground. The second flow, struck deeper down, raises above the ground about seven feet, and is also impregnated with sulphur, magnesia and Epsom salt. The third flow, still further down, comes fifteen feet above the surface, through a four-inch pipe. The fourth flow, which is still stronger, comes to the top through a two-inch pipe.
When completed, the different flows will be separated from each other, the piping being packed with fire clay. At present all the water from the different flows are mixed together and produce a water similar to that from the brick yard well. After the work is completed it will require several days for the well to free itself from the impurities of the drillings, and become clear enough to analyze each water.
Contractor Wallen has done a good job, and completely satisfied the company. The work of organizing a company to erect a health resort on the grounds adjoining the well, is progressing rapidly. Now, that it is known that there is an abundance of mineral water superior to those of our noted resorts, it is very probably that Porter will soon be an attraction for Chicago health seekers.
Mr. Darling, of the Land company, was here Wednesday, and returned to Chicago with a complete log of the well. Every strata, from the surface to the bottom, is represented, the deepest being the oil vein, which was 70 feet thick. He feels confident that a water resort will be in operation here next year, and feels that the days of trials and tribulations for both the Land company [sic] and Porter are over. His grit is staying with the ship through the bitter financial storms of the past deserves reward, and none will wish him success with more fervency than the people of Chesterton and Porter.
-----------------
The following news item appeared in the July 8, 1899, issue of The Chesterton Tribune concerning the drilling of this well:
THE PORTER MINERAL WELL COMPLETED.
Four Different Mineral Waters Obtained From One Well, and Flowing 30,000 Gallons a Day.
Work on the Porter Land Company’s mineral well is completed, and Contractor Wallen and his men have gone to Marseilles, Ills., to work on a contract there. The rig has been left here, and it is expected will be taken to the Wolfe farm, in Portage, to put down a well on the Frank Wolfe place, alongside the one put down by Frank Quick, in which oil was found, with a view of finding out definitely whether oil in paying quantities can be got there.
Large crowds have been attracted to the Porter well since its completion, and it is the wonder and admiration of all. Three streams, flowing from as many pipes, pour out 30,000 gallons of mineral water every twenty-four hours. There is one water which comes to within a foot of the surface, which does not flow, and will have to be pumped. The water coming out of the two inch pipe comes up with sufficient force to throw a stream forty feet into the air when a nozzle is attached to the pipe. The stream coming from the four inch pipe is also strong, and can be thrown in the air through a nozzle nearly as high as the two inch flow. The water coming from the six inch pipe is weaker, and flows about two gallons a minute. This water is a milder water than the other two, strongly charged with sulphur, and less with salts than the others. There is a considerable difference in the taste of the three waters, but all are digestible, and barring the small, palatable. After one gets used to drinking these waters, however, the smell is not discernable, and craving is created for the waters. They act on the kidneys, bowels and liver, and there is no question but what they have great medicinal qualities. Mr. Darling took some samples with him to Chicago to be analyzed by chemists, and the analysis will be published when made. A company is now in the process of formation to convert block 34 into a fashionable watering resort, and a crowd of capitalists are expected out here next week. Mr. Darling is working hard to get things into shape to begin building operations this summer, and present indications are that he will succeed.
There has been considerable thought given on the subject of a popular name for the well. It has been suggested that it be called the “Porter Mineral Springs,” the “Porter Sulphur Springs,” etc. Who can suggest a name?
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The following news item appeared in the August 10, 1905, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
Porter Pointers.
The contractor who has been cleaning and deepening the mineral well on the Carlsbad Springs Company property has completed his work and moved his machinery and tools away last Friday. The Springs company is digging out for a large basin which will be cement lined to be around the well and other improvements will be made to put the property in shape for development.
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The following news item appeared in the September 21, 1905, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
Porter Pointers.
Capt. Horace D. Tucker, in charge of the mineral springs properties, says that fully one thousand people visited the springs on Sunday, many taking away water in bottles and other receptacles. Mr. Darling, who speaks by authority of the company, says everyone is welcome to all the water they want, but, that all law abiding people are admonished not to attempt turning on the water or otherwise to tamper with the springs or surroundings. Capt. Tucker has charge and will regulate the outflow as may be necessary, and, for any special favors people must call on him. Owing to the lawlessness of some people it has been found necessary to put a lock and chain on the valve wheel which must not be disturbed. So long as people respect these rules, they can enjoy the free benefits. If further damage is done, the springs pool will be timbered and inclosed beyond the reach of the public.
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A postcard image of the Carlsbad Mineral Springs dug by this drill, circa 1907, can be viewed here.
Sources:
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; May 13, 1899; Volume 16, Number 5, Page 1, Column 6. Column titled "What Will Be Found? By the Drill in the Well Now Being Sunk by the Porter Land Company."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; May 27, 1899; Volume 16, Number 7, Page 1, Columns 5-6. Column titled "What the Big Drill finds. A Small Vein of Petroleum Struck at a Depth of About 250 Feet."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; June 3, 1899; Volume 16, Number 8, Page 5, Columns 3-4. Column titled "Porter Pointers."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; June 17, 1899; Volume 16, Number 10, Page 1, Column 5. Column titled "A Successful Venter. The Porter Land Company now Has Four Mineral Wells. Flowing a Hundred Gallons of Superior Mineral Water a Minute on their Porter Property."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; July 1, 1899; Volume 16, Number 13, Page 1, Column 7. Column titled "The Porter Mineral Well Completed. Four Different Mineral Waters Obtained From One Well, and Flowing 30,000 Gallons a Day."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; August 10, 1905; Volume 22, Number 19, Page 4, Column 2. Column titled "Porter Pointers."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; September 21, 1905; Volume 22, Number 25, Page 4, Column 5. Column titled "Porter Pointers."
Copyright 2023. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
Derailment of No. 13 - SUMAN, IND. Aug. 27, 1923
Suman, Indiana
Date: August 27, 1923
Source Type: Photograph
Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Unknown
Postmark: Not applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: Baltimore & Ohio Railroad's Engine No. 5232 was built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1922. The 4-6-2 Pacific-type class P-6a locomotive had 74 inch drivers, created 210 psi, and had an overall engine plus tender wheelbase of 71.15 feet.
Remarkably, this engine was restored after the Suman, Indiana, derailment and retired from service sometime between 1955 and 1957. Gary Everhart has a photograph of this same engine in his historical photograph collection taken in 1955.
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The following information concerning this train derailment was published in The Chesterton Tribune:
ENGINEER KILLED IN WRECK CAUSED BY WASHOUT
A washout on the B. &. O. railroad about half a mile east of Suman station on the B. & O., caused by the heavy rains of Sunday night, resulted in a serious wreck in which one man, George Novenger, the engineer lost his life; and four others received injuries. The train, No. 13, an express train of six express cars went down a twenty-foot embankment, the engine turning over and pinning the engineer underneath.
The dead:
George Novenger, 58 years old, engineer on the express; lives in Garrett.
The injured:
A. M. Farquhason, 30 years old, express messenger; lives at Deshler, O.
J. M. Sattenstein, 30 years old, special service officer for the American Railway Express; lives in Chicago.
H. A. Houtzer, 28 years old, train agent; lives in Lima, O.
N. E. Miller, 27 years old, fireman; lives in Garrett.
The train was going west. When within a mile of the fatal spot Novenger noticed a danger signal. He stopped the train and phoned for instructions, it is said. His train was then given clear passage.
When the wheels on the train began to grind the engineer began applying the brakes. It was too late, however. The road bed caved in, causing the engine and the first coach to go down the embankment. Miller, who was riding in the cab with Novenger, leaped out of the door. A heavy flow of water washed him more than two rods. He stopped when he struck a telephone pole. Novenger was entrapped in the cab. When found his head was buried downward in sand and water. The throttle of the engine had him pinioned. It was more than four hours after the wreck before Novenger's body was extricated. It was taken to Wellsboro and was to have been removed to Garrett this afternoon.
Miller suffered body bruises when he leaped from the engine. He was first to reach the engine after it overturned and made a futile attempt to rescue Novenger.
Farquhason, Sattenstein and Houtzer were riding in the second coach. This coach turned partly over. The three men were thrown against the side of the car causing minor injuries. Sattenstein stated it all happened so quickly that he or his fellow workmen did not have time to leap to safety.
"I felt that something was going to happen," Sattenstein declared. "And the first thing I knew I heard the wheels grinding. It seemed but a minute later that we felt our coach overturning. We certainly were lucky that it did not go all the way down. We suffered but minor injuries."
The wreck occurred about 12:25 o'clock. Word was immediately flashed to the nearby towns and help was sent to the scene of the accident. Early this morning a wrecker was in operation. It will probably take a few days to hoist the engine back on the right of way, officials of the railroad company stated.
Novenger has been in the employ of the Baltimore & Ohio System for more than thirty-five years. He was known as one of the most cautious engineers on the road an official of the company said this morning.
[Note: It is very likely that George Novenger's surname is misspelled in this article and should be written as Novinger.]
Source:
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana, on August 30, 1923; Volume 40, Number 25, Page 1, Column 6.
Copyright 2010. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
Date: May 27, 1954
Source Type: Photograph
Publisher, Printer, Photographer: United Press International (#HXPC-21297)
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: Photograph of the tombstones of John Kuhl and
Anna A. Hoeckelberg located in James Cemetery. At the time this photograph was taken, a major dispute concerning the construction of the Indiana Toll Road through this cemetery erupted. More information concerning this dispute can be found on this blog post.
Copyright 2016. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.