View allAll Photos Tagged Useful
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapeseed
Rapeseed (Brassica napus), also known as rape, oilseed rape, rapa, rappi, rapaseed (and, in the case of one particular group of cultivars, canola), is a bright yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae (mustard or cabbage family). The name derives from the Latin for turnip, rāpa or rāpum, and is first recorded in English at the end of the 14th century. Older writers usually distinguished the turnip and rape by the adjectives round and long (-rooted), respectively.[2] See also Brassica napobrassica, which may be considered a variety of Brassica napus. Some botanists include the closely related Brassica campestris within B. napus. (See Triangle of U).
Brassica napus is cultivated mainly for its oil-rich seed, the third largest source of vegetable oil in the world.[
Cultivation and uses
Rapeseed oil was produced in the 19th century as a source of a lubricant for steam engines. It was less useful as food for animals or humans because it has a bitter taste due to high levels of glucosinolates. Varieties have now, however, been bred to reduce the content of glucosinolates, yielding a more palatable oil. This has had the side effect that the oil contains much less erucic acid.[citation needed]
Rapeseed is grown for the production of animal feed, vegetable oil for human consumption, and biodiesel; leading producers include the European Union, Canada, the United States, Australia, China and India. In India, it is grown on 13% of cropped land.[citation needed] According to the United States Department of Agriculture, rapeseed was the third leading source of vegetable oil in the world in 2000, after soybean and oil palm, and also the world's second leading source of protein meal, although only one-fifth of the production of the leading soybean meal.[citation needed]
World production is growing rapidly, with FAO reporting 36 million tons of rapeseed were produced in the 2003-2004 season, and estimating 58.4 million tons in the 2010-2011 season.[4] In Europe, rapeseed is primarily cultivated for animal feed,[citation needed] owing to its very high lipid and medium protein content.[citation needed]
Natural rapeseed oil contains 50% erucic acid. Wild type seeds also contain high levels of glucosinolates (mustard oil glucosindes), chemical compounds that significantly lowered the nutritional value of rapeseed press cakes for animal feed. In North America, the term "canola", originally a syncopated form of the abbreviation "Can.O., L-A." (Canadian Oilseed, Low-Acid) that was used by the Manitoba government to label the seed during its experimental stages, is widely used to refer to rapeseed, and is now a tradename for "double low" (low erucic acid and low glucosinolate) rapeseed.[5]
The rapeseed is the valuable, harvested component of the crop. The crop is also grown as a winter-cover crop. It provides good coverage of the soil in winter, and limits nitrogen run-off. The plant is ploughed back in the soil or used as bedding. On some organic operations, livestock such as sheep or cattle are allowed to graze on the plants.
Processing of rapeseed for oil production produces rapeseed meal as a byproduct. The byproduct is a high-protein animal feed, competitive with soya.[citation needed] The feed is mostly employed for cattle feeding, but also for pigs and chickens (though less valuable for these). The meal has a very low content of the glucosinolates responsible for metabolism disruption in cattle and pigs.[6] Neither canola nor soy is recommended as feed for organic animal products, as both are predominantly GMO (some estimates are now at 90%), which is prohibited by organic standards.[citation needed]
Rapeseed "oil cake" is also used as a fertilizer in China, and may be used for ornamentals, such as bonsai, as well.[citation needed]
Rapeseed leaves and stems are also edible, similar to those of the related bok choy or kale. Some varieties of rapeseed (called 油菜, yóu cài, lit. "oil vegetable" in Chinese; yau choy in Cantonese; cải dầu in Vietnamese; phak kat kan khao [ผักกาดก้านขาว] in Thai; and nanohana [菜の花]/nabana [菜花] in Japanese) are sold as greens, primarily in Asian groceries, including those in California, where it is known as yao choy or tender greens. They are eaten as sag (spinach) in Indian and Nepalese cuisine, usually stir-fried with salt, garlic and spices.
Rapeseed produces great quantities of nectar, and honeybees produce a light-colored, but peppery honey from it. It must be extracted immediately after processing is finished, as it will quickly granulate in the honeycomb and will be impossible to extract. The honey is usually blended with milder honeys, if used for table use or sold as bakery grade. Rapeseed growers contract with beekeepers for the pollination of the crop.
"Total loss" chain and bar oil for chainsaws have been developed which are typically 70% or more canola/rapeseed oil. These lubricants are claimed to be less harmful to the environment and less hazardous to users than traditional mineral oil products,[7] although they are currently typically two to five times more expensive, leading some to use inexpensive cooking oil instead. Some countries, such as Austria, have banned the use of petroleum-based chainsaw oil.[8] These "biolubricants" are generally reported to be functionally comparable to traditional mineral oil products, with some reports claiming one or other is superior,[8] but with no overall consensus yet evident.
Rapeseed has also been researched as means of containing radionuclides that contaminated the soil after the Chernobyl disaster.[9][10][11] It was discovered by researchers at the Belarusian Research Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry that rapeseed has a rate of uptake up to three times more efficient than other grains, and only about 3 to 6% of the radionuclides goes into the parts of the plant that could potentially enter the food chain. As oil repels radionuclides, it could be produced canola oil free from contaminants being concentrated in other parts of the plant – the straw, the roots, the seed pods, etc., which then can be ploughed back into the soil and create a recycling process.[9]
Biodiesel
Rapeseed oil is used as diesel fuel, either as biodiesel, straight in heated fuel systems, or blended with petroleum distillates for powering motor vehicles. Biodiesel may be used in pure form in newer engines without engine damage and is frequently combined with fossil-fuel diesel in ratios varying from 2% to 20% biodiesel. Owing to the costs of growing, crushing, and refining rapeseed biodiesel, rapeseed-derived biodiesel from new oil costs more to produce than standard diesel fuel, so diesel fuels are commonly made from the used oil. Rapeseed oil is the preferred oil stock for biodiesel production in most of Europe, accounting for about 80% of the feedstock,[12] partly because rapeseed produces more oil per unit of land area compared to other oil sources, such as soybeans, but primarily because canola oil has a significantly lower Gel point (petroleum) than most other vegetable oils. An estimated 66% of total rapeseed oil supply in the European Union is expected to be used for biodiesel production in the 2010-2011 year.[12]
Rapeseed is currently grown with a high level of nitrogen-containing fertilisers, and the manufacture of these generates N2O, a potent greenhouse gas with 296 times the global warming potential of CO2. An estimated 3-5% of nitrogen provided as fertilizer for rapeseed is converted to N2O.[13]
Cultivars
Canola was originally a trademark, but is now a generic term in North America for edible varieties of rapeseed oil. In Canada, an official definition of canola is codified in Canadian law.
Rapeseed oil had a distinctive taste and a greenish colour due to the presence of chlorophyll. It also contained a high concentration[specify] of erucic acid.
A variety of rapeseed developed in 1998 is considered to be the most disease- and drought-resistant canola. This and other recent varieties have been produced by using genetic engineering. In 2009, 90% of the rapeseed crops planted in Canada were GM (genetically modified), herbicide-tolerant canola varieties.[14]
Health effects
Rapeseed oil is one of the oldest vegetable oils, but historically was used in limited quantities due to high levels of erucic acid, which is damaging to cardiac muscle, and glucosinolates, which made it less nutritious in animal feed.[15] Unmodified rapeseed oil can contain up to 45% erucic acid.[16] Food-grade canola oil derived from rapeseed cultivars, also known as rapeseed 00 oil, low erucic acid rapeseed oil, LEAR oil, and rapeseed canola-equivalent oil, has been generally recognized as safe by the United States Food and Drug Administration.[17] Canola oil is limited by government regulation to a maximum of 2% erucic acid by weight in the USA[17] and 5% in the EU,[18] with special regulations for infant food. These low levels of erucic acid are not believed to cause harm in human neonates.[17][18]
In 1981, a deadly outbreak of disease in Spain, known as toxic oil syndrome,[19] was caused by the consumption of rapeseed oil for industrial use that was fraudulently sold as cooking oil.
Rapeseed pollen contains known allergens.[20][21] Whether rape pollen causes hay fever has not been well established, because rape is an insect-pollinated (entomophilous) crop, whereas hay fever is usually caused by wind-pollinated plants. The inhalation of oilseed rape dust may cause asthma in agricultural workers.[22]
Production
Worldwide production of rapeseed (including canola) has increased sixfold between 1975 and 2007. The production of canola and rapeseed 00 since 1975 has opened up the edible oil market for rapeseed oil. Since 2002, production of biodiesel has been steadily increasing in EU and USA to 6 million metric tons in 2006. Rapeseed oil is positioned to supply a good portion of the vegetable oils needed to produce that fuel. World production is thus expected to trend further upward between 2005 and 2015 as biodiesel content requirements in Europe go into effect.[23] Every ton of rapeseed yields about 400 kg of oil.
Top rapeseed producers
(million metric ton)
Country19651975198519952000200520072009
China
1.11.55.69.811.313.010.513.5
Canada
0.51.83.56.47.29.49.611.8
India
1.52.33.15.85.87.67.47.2
Germany
0.30.61.23.13.65.05.36.3
France
0.30.51.42.83.54.54.75.6
Poland
0.50.71.11.41.01.42.12.5
United Kingdom
<0.0070.060.91.21.21.92.12.0
Australia
<0.007<0.060.10.61.81.41.11.9
Ukraine
<0.007<0.06<0.03<0.10.10.31.01.9
Czech Republic
0.070.10.30.70.80.71.01.1
United States
<0.007<0.06<0.030.20.90.70.70.7
Russia
N/AN/AN/A0.10.10.30.60.7
Denmark
0.050.10.50.30.30.30.60.6
Belarus
N/AN/AN/A0.030.070.10.20.6
Hungary
0.0080.10.10.10.20.30.50.6
Romania
0.010.020.040.040.10.10.40.6
European Union
-------19.3
World Total5.28.819.234.239.546.450.561.6
Source:
UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)[24]
Pests and diseases
Animal pests
•Bertha armyworms (Mamestra configurata)
•Bronzed field beetle (Adelium brevicorne) larvae
•Cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii)
•Diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella)
•Flea beetles (Phyllotreta sp.)
•Grasshoppers (order Orthoptera)
•Harlequin bug (Murgantia histrionica)
•Lygus bugs (Lygus spp.)
•Pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus)
•Root maggots (Delia spp.)
•Snails and slugs
Diseases
•Beet western yellows virus (Luteoviridae family)
•Blackleg (caused by the fungus species Leptosphaeria maculans)
•Clubroot (caused by the protist Plasmodiophora brassicae)
•Sclerotinia white stem rot (caused by the fungus genus Sclerotinia)
•White rust disease (caused by the fungus species Albugo candida)
Genome sequencing and genetics
Bayer Cropscience (in collaboration with BGI-Shenzhen, China, Keygene N.V., the Netherlands and the University of Queensland, Australia) announced it had sequenced the entire genome of Brassica napus and its constituent genomes present in Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea in 2009. The "A" genome component of the amphidiploid rapeseed species B. napus is currently being sequenced by the Multinational Brassica Genome Project.[25][dated info]
GMO (genetically modified organism) controversy
The Monsanto Company has genetically engineered new cultivars of rapeseed to be resistant to the effects of its herbicide, Roundup. They have sought compensation from farmers found to have the Roundup Ready gene in canola in their fields without paying a license fee. These farmers have claimed the Roundup Ready gene was blown into their fields and crossed with unaltered canola. Other farmers claim that after spraying Roundup in non-canola fields to kill weeds before planting, Roundup Ready volunteers are left behind, causing extra expense to rid their fields of the weeds.
In a closely followed legal battle, the Supreme Court of Canada found in favor of Monsanto's patent infringement claim for unlicensed growing of Roundup Ready in its 2004 ruling on Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser. The case garnered international controversy, as a court-sanctioned legitimation for the global patent protection of genetically modified crops. However, Schmeiser was not required to pay damages, as he did not benefit financially from the GMO crop in his field.[citation needed]
In March 2008, an out-of-court settlement between Monsanto and Schmeiser has an agreement for Monsanto to clean up the entire GMO-canola crop on Schmeiser's farm at a cost of $660.
Useful graffiti, if you're over 7 feet tall, though it could be philosophical advice for passing pedestrians.
This has been there for as long as I can remember.
“Have nothing in your house that you do not know to be useful, or believe to be beautiful.”
William Morris
textures thanks to Jai Johnson and spektoral addendum.
Not yet with flower, but beautiful in its own right because of its bright-red anthocyanin pigmentation persumably useful for attracting insects. This was one in a little cluster of sundews shadowed by bright yellow featherbushes on the edge of the Limoenkop Path of the Fernkloof Nature Reserve at Hermanus, South Africa. It's only 1,5 -2,5 cm in diameter, and defined by Fernkloof as Drosera aliciae.
Names are intriguing, of course. Drosera is easy enough: a Greek word having to do with dew; but I wondered who that Aliciae (= Alice) might be. In fact, the plant is called 'Alice sundew' in English.
My search was more complicated than I might have wished, but to make a longer story short enough for flickr: In 1905 the precocious 15-year old Raymond Hamet (1890-1972) published the first description of this sundew in the "Journal de Botanique", giving it its Latin name. In a footnote - appropriately in those days in Latin - he writes that he's named it in honor of Dr Alice Rasse, who had encouraged him to study this 'section' of the sundew family; presumably when he was but fourteen! Apparently the young man had something with Alices, because five years later he named a Kalanchoe (of Madagascar) aliciae after another Alice, namely someone he collaborated with in botanical work later: Alice Leblanc.
Hamet is something of a mysterious botanist. Today - after 1935, when he subtly changed his name - he is known not as R. Hamet but as Raymond-Hamet, botanically written as Raym.-Hamet. He remained fiercely independent his entire life, refusing university tutelage and funding his labs privately. But his memorialist Léo Marion writes (1973): 'Cependant, s'il aimait travailler seul, il était loin d'être un misanthrope. Au contraire, il aimait recevoir', and he and his wife were charming hosts whom visitors were loathe to quit.
For 'Macro Mondays' theme of 'Hand Tool'.
Not quite what you would expect as a 'Hand Tool' but 60 to 70 years ago you improvised and used what was available to do a job ! Some of us still do.
My Dad always carried a coin in his pocket on the basis that you never knew when it might come in useful. I've seen him remove stones from his car tyre with a coin and I've seen him use a coin as a screw driver.
So here you have a more common use - removing a lid from a tight tin. Those more familiar with a 'modern' film camera will have used a coin to loosen and tighten the battery cover on the base of their camera.
Lesson to be leant - always carry a coin in your purse or pocket, but perhaps not like my Grandfather who always had a half-sovereign with him!
Russian Jupiter 9 85mm ...................................... less than 2 inches
Left to right:
Random Assassin #1 - 'Nuff said. :P
Silver Monkey - Inspired by [Skatersponge]. And no, he isn't an OC, this guy is an offical DC Character (whilst his name is quite weird...)
Black Arrow - Reason he's called Black Arrow, and not Merlyn, is beccause in my GA stories, his name wil be Black Arrow (Ollie gives him that name). I quite like this design. Based off Arrow, and various comic versions.
Ra's Al Ghul - Quite simple design really. I like it TBH, I never liked the version with Burns' suit. Currently don't have a better face, so this will have to do.
Nyssa Al Ghul - I decided to put Nyssa here, instead of Talia, beccause I think Talia get's way too much attention. So anyway, based off her Arrow appearence, cos I think it looked really nice.
Ra's Al Ghul's Personal Guard - Based and inspired by BatmanBeyond117's The Demon's Hand. I got the Shredder set a couple of days ago (it was on Sale, otherwise I wouldn't have bought it. Oh and the old one), and I must say, the Shredder is really useful. Same with the Foot Soldier. So anyway, I played around with a couple of combos and this kinda came out.
Random Assassin #2 - Title says it all. 'Nuff said. :P
_
I got Arrow Season 2 Complete Boxset a couple of days ago, and re-watched The League Of Assassin's, Heir To The Demon and Unthinkable (plus of course Suicide Squad, but that isn't the point :P) so I kinda wanted to make some Assassin's. I've actually been working on some others, but if I'll be posting them is another question.
Oh and expect some of these to appear in my GA Stories. ;)
nobody said art had to be popular!!! where there's art, there's critics!!
here are some useful "cracker "termsA GUIDE TO CRACKERESE
Here are words and phrases used by Crackers over the centuries.
Catchdogs — Cracker cattle-herding dogs trained to literally "catch" a cow and hold its ear or nose in its teeth until a cowman arrived.
Chittlins — Cracker version of chitterlings, or hog innards, cleaned and cooked.
Conchs — Key West Crackers.
Cooter — A freshwater soft-shell turtle eaten by Crackers.
Corn Pone — A "dressed-up" hoecake, made from the standard cornmeal, but with milk instead of water used in the batter. Cone pone differs from cornbread in that the former is fried and the latter is baked.
Cracklin — Fried hog fat used for food, sometimes mixed into meal to make cracklin cornbread.
Croker sack — Burlap gunny sack sometimes used for clothing.
Curlew — Pink spoonbills hunted for food and for their plumes.
Drag — A rawhide whip used by Crackers for driving cattle or wagon oxen.
Fatback — Called fatback because this is exactly where it comes from — off the back of a hog. It was cut in small squares and put in cooking pots to flavor beans and other vegetables. Sometimes, it was roasted until it became crunchy and eaten like popcorn for a snack. Lard was made by boiling the fatback and straining it through fine cloth.
Fetch — To get, as in to "fetch" some water.
Grits — A principal Cracker staple made from dried and coarsely ground corn, used in place of potatoes, never as a cereal. Hominy grits, not to be confused with hominy corn, is a Northern label for a coarser grain of ground corn.
Hoecake — Primitive bread cake made of cornmeal, salt and water and cooked in an iron griddle or skillet. It is said that these cakes were once baked on a hoe held over an open fire.
Hominy — Whole grains of white corn treated with lye and boiled for food.
Literd — A hot fire started with fat pine.
Low-bush lightning — Cracker term for moonshine–liquor made and smuggled during Prohibition.
Marshtackie — A small horse with a narrow chest, prized by cowmen for their smooth ride, durability and quick maneuverability. Descendants of the horses brought to Florida by the Spanish, they are adapted to the Florida wilderness.
Pilau — Any dish of meat and rice cooked together, like a chicken pilau. Pronounced "per-loo" by Crackers.
Piney-woods rooter — Wild hog and a regular part of the Cracker diet.
Poultices — Medicinal salves made with materials such as soap, fat meat, chewing tobacco, chopped onion, scraped Irish potato and wet baking soda.
Pull — To take a hard drink from a liquor jug.
Rot gut — Bad whiskey.
Sawmill chicken — Salt pork.
Scrub chicken — Gopher tortoise, once a Cracker delicacy, now illegal to take.
Scrub cows — Cracker cattle bred to withstand the tough conditions of the Florida range. They are descendants of original Spanish cattle introduced to Florida in 1521.
Swamp cabbage — The tender heart of Sabal palm, cut and boiled like cabbage.
Store-boughten — Cracker materials which could only be purchased from a store.
Truck garden — A plot garden which was grown to produce a surplus of vegetables for sale to local grocery stores, etc.
Varmit — The Cracker version of varmint, or any small animal, especially rodents.
Courtesy Dana Ste. Claire, curator, The Cracker Culture in Florida History. Daytona Beach Museum of Arts and Sciences
Quality prints, greeting cards and many useful products can be purchased at >> kaye-menner.pixels.com/featured/seagull-landing-by-kaye-m... OR www.lens2print.co.uk/imageview.asp?imageID=34040
A seagull in flight preparing to land as he sighted some food. Image captured by my daughter, Nikki Menner and edited by myself.
Captured in the Garigal National Park in Sydney at one of the parklands called Davidson Park at Roseville, which is a pretty harborside park with boating and canoeing access, just a short drive from the Sydney CBD.
[From Wikipedia] The silver gull, Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae, is the most common gull seen in Australia. It has been found throughout the continent, but particularly at or near coastal areas.
THE FINE ART AMERICA LOGO / MY WATERMARK WILL NOT APPEAR ON PURCHASED PRINTS OR PRODUCTS.
Sprinkles was also a topic for 'Looking close on Friday' in 2021. I took this picture for it then completely forgot to upload it - so it has finally come in useful for something!
After leaving the short break near Valence we continued south and encountered near Montelimar a lengthy uphill stretch that caused SMS 352 to overheat.
We were to have a few more such issues but thankfully, for a bus type known for overheating, it was probably due to the constant low temperatures that such instances didn`t occur more often. It would also be fair to say that relentless climbing responsible for an overheat problem would very likely affect more than one bus and there was only so much precautionary water we could carry due to having a limited supply of suitable containers to put it in. The bottles of cola and lemonade that had been provided for us became very useful not just for additional water storage but as a much more accurate means of filling a bus tank as opposed to trying to hold a big drum in position without wasting a precious resource when a means of refilling wasn`t nearby. Such as at the side of the road up a hill in the middle of nowhere!
Looking at this picture, I`m really wondering where the hell I must have been standing as I can`t imagine it was on a bit of level ground!
"You have been useful, my apprentice. You were my willing tool, but those days are at an end."
_________________________
The Force Unleashed is awesome, enough said ;)
After a while, a new scene of mine. Nothing special, though.
Quality prints, puzzles and many useful products can be purchased at >> kaye-menner.pixels.com/featured/green-grapes-on-glass-pla... OR www.lens2print.co.uk/imageview.asp?imageID=68612
A photograph of mine of green grapes on a glass plate in an outdoor setting with a light painterly texture overlay.
I think this would look nice in a kitchen or restaurant.
[From Wikipedia]
A grape is a fruit, botanically a berry, of the deciduous woody vines of the flowering plant genus Vitis.
Grapes can be eaten fresh as table grapes or they can be used for making wine, jam, grape juice, jelly, grape seed extract, raisins, vinegar, and grape seed oil. Grapes are a non-climacteric type of fruit, generally occurring in clusters.
Grapes are a type of fruit that grow in clusters of 15 to 300, and can be crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange, and pink. "White" grapes are actually green in color, and are evolutionarily derived from the purple grape. Mutations in two regulatory genes of white grapes turn off production of anthocyanins, which are responsible for the color of purple grapes.
This high-resolution image shows newly discovered frost at the top of Olympus Mons, the tallest volcano not only on Mars but in the entire Solar System. The frost appears blue on the floor of the volcano’s caldera (summit crater) and around its northern rim. It is absent on the well-lit steep slopes seen on the left of this image.
This frost was recently discovered by ESA’s ExoMars and Mars Express missions. The researchers spotted frost on not only Olympus Mons but on the other Tharsis volcanoes of Arsia Mons, Ascraeus Mons and Ceraunius Tholus. This is the first time that water frost has been found near Mars’s equator, a part of the planet where it was thought improbable for frost to exist.
The landscape on the right side of the image is filled with wrinkle ridges that lie inside the caldera, while the rippled structures on the centre-left are collapsed caldera rim terraces.
The image is false colour, meaning that the colours shown here are not those that would be seen by the human eye. This is because the CaSSIS instrument onboard ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter is sensitive to near-infrared light (which is invisible to our eyes), and the image has stretched contrast to better show the details of the terrain. In this false-colour image the water ice frost appears blue. False-colour images are really useful for scientists, revealing more information than can be seen with the human eye. Read more on how CaSSIS constructs its blue-hued images, and how this allows us to explore the Red Planet.
The image resolution is 4.5 m/pixel, and the Local Solar Time is 7:11 AM.
[Image description: This rectangular slice of Mars shows the terrain atop Mars’s volcano Olympus Mons. Rippled, uneven, stepped terrain can be seen, with different illuminations. The right-hand side of the image is blue-toned, representing the newly discovered water ice frost.]
Credits: ESA/TGO/CaSSIS; CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
Print this out and you may find it useful to help you quickly find all the different ways to achieve the same exposure in terms of different aperture and shutter speed values. This chart uses whole-stop increments. Let's say you have a certain EV (exposure value) made up of the two components of an f/2.8 aperture and a 1/500 second shutter speed. That's an EV of 12 by the way. Just follow the same-colour diagonal on the chart to find equivalent combinations. Eg: f/2.8 and 1/500th second is equivalent to f/22 at 1/8th sec, is equivalent to f/8 at 1/60th sec. And so on. Handy for nerds like me and creatives like Freeman Patterson who want to play around with the possibilities in manual mode
____________________________________
Useful Links
§ Article 3 December 2014 by Aime Williams, a highly talented journalist then with the Tottenham and Wood Green Independent. Carpetright in iconic building to close before Christmas.
§ Click to view in Flickr lightbox.
§ Click to see photos of this building on fire in the Tottenham riot; and later rebuilt flic.kr/p/ptMfxL. It's one of his fascinating then-and-now pairings of photos, posted on Flickr by Roll the Dice.
§ A scary children's story about Lord Bigwig of Carpets. A short video by Rhonda Evans about protesting parents who held a kids' "carpet time" at Carpetright in Tottenham Hale Retail Park.
§ View the film Academies and Lies by Rhonda Evans about Lord Phil Harris of Carpetright and his takeover of a Tottenham Primary School. Also on YouTube.
For the psychedelic trance musical band, see Astral Projection (band). For physical travel to other stars, see Interstellar travel."The Separation of the Spirit Body" from , a Chinese handbook on alchemy and meditation
Astral projection (or astral travel) is a term used in esotericism to describe a willful out-of-body experience (OBE), a supposed form of telepathy, that assumes the existence of a soul or consciousness called an "astral body" that is separate from the physical body and capable of travelling outside of it throughout the universe where it interacts with other astral bodies and is capable of implanting ideas into other people's minds. The idea of astral travel is rooted in esotericism and occultism, and was promoted by 19th century Theosophists—philosophers who explored the mystical and preternatural origins of the natural world.It is sometimes reported in association with dreams, and forms of meditation.Some individuals have reported perceptions similar to descriptions of astral projection that were induced through various hallucinogenic and hypnotic means (including self-hypnosis). There is no scientific evidence that there is a consciousness or soul which is separate from normal neural activity or that one can consciously leave the body and make observations..Claims of scientific evidence of astral projection are pseudoscientific.According to classical, medieval and renaissance Hermeticism, Neoplatonism, and later Theosophist and Rosicrucian thought the astral body is an intermediate body of light linking the rational soul to the physical body while the astral plane is an intermediate world of light between Heaven and Earth, composed of the spheres of the planets and stars. These astral spheres were held to be populated by angels, demons and spirits.The subtle bodies, and their associated planes of existence, form an essential part of the esoteric systems that deal with astral phenomena. In the neo-platonism of Plotinus, for example, the individual is a microcosm ("small world") of the universe (the macrocosm or "great world"). "The rational soul...is akin to the great Soul of the World" while "the material universe, like the body, is made as a faded image of the Intelligible". Each succeeding plane of manifestation is causal to the next, a world-view called emanationism; "from the One proceeds Intellect, from Intellect Soul, and from Soul - in its lower phase, or that of Nature - the material universe".Often these bodies and their planes of existence are depicted as a series of concentric circles or nested spheres, with a separate body traversing each realm.[18] The idea of the astral figured prominently in the work of the nineteenth-century French occultist Eliphas Levi, whence it was adopted and developed further by Theosophy, and used afterwards by other esoteric movements.
Biblica
Some have claimed that the Bible contains mentions of astral projection.[weasel words]Carrington, Muldoon, Peterson, and Williams—renowned experts in the field of astral projection—claim that the subtle body is attached to the physical body by means of a psychic silver cord. The final chapter of the Book of Ecclesiastes is often cited in this respect: "Before the silver cord be loosed, or the golden bowl be broken, or the pitcher be shattered at the fountain, or the wheel be broken at the cistern." Scherman, however, contends that the context points to this being merely a metaphor, comparing the body to a machine, with the silver cord referring to the spine
Paul's Second Epistle to the Corinthians is more generally agreed to refer to the astral planes; "I know a man in Christ, fourteen years ago, (whether in the body I know not, or out of the body I know not, God knows) such a one caught up to the third heaven..."This statement gave rise to the Visio Pauli, a tract that offers a vision of heaven and hell, a forerunner of visions attributed to Adomnan and Tnugdalus as well as of Dante's Divine Comedy.
Ancient Egypt
Similar concepts of soul travel appear in various other religious traditions. For example, ancient Egyptian teachings present the soul (ba) as having the ability to hover outside the physical body via the ka, or subtle body
China
Taoist alchemical practice involves creation of an energy body by breathing meditations, drawing energy into a 'pearl' that is then "circulated". "Xiangzi ... with a drum as his pillow fell fast asleep, snoring and motionless. His primordial spirit, however, went straight into the banquet room and said, "My lords, here I am again." ... When Tuizhi walked ... with the officials to take a look, there really was a Taoist sleeping on the ground and snoring like thunder. Yet inside, in the side room, there was another Taoist beating a fisher drum and singing Taoist songs. The officials all said, “Although there are two different people, their faces and clothes are exactly alike. Clearly he is a divine immortal who can divide his body and appear in several places at once. ..." ... At that moment, the Taoist in the side room came walking out, and the Taoist sleeping on the ground woke up. The two merged into one."
India
Similar ideas such as the Lin'ga S'ari-ra are found in ancient Hindu scriptures such as the YogaVashishta-Maharamayana of Valmiki. Modern Indians who have vouched for astral projection include Paramahansa Yogananda who witnessed Swami Pranabananda doing a miracle through a possible astral projection, and Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh) who practiced it himself.The Indian spiritual teacher Meher Baba described one's use of astral projection:In the advancing stages leading to the beginning of the path, the aspirant becomes spiritually prepared for being entrusted with free use of the forces of the inner world of the astral bodies. He may then undertake astral journeys in his astral body, leaving the physical body in sleep or wakefulness. The astral journeys that are taken unconsciously are much less important than those undertaken with full consciousness and as a result of deliberate volition. This implies conscious use of the astral body. Conscious separation of the astral body from the outer vehicle of the gross body has its own value in making the soul feel its distinction from the gross body and in arriving at fuller control of the gross body. One can, at will, put on and take off the external gross body as if it were a cloak, and use the astral body for experiencing the inner world of the astral and for undertaking journeys through it, if and when necessary....The ability to undertake astral journeys therefore involves considerable expansion of one’s scope for experience. It brings opportunities for promoting one’s own spiritual advancement, which begins with the involution of consciousness.Astral projection is one of the Siddhis considered achievable by yoga practitioners through self-disciplined practice. In the epic The Mahabharata Drona leaves his physical body to see if his son is alive.
Japan
The 'ikiryō' as illustrated by Toriyama Sekien.
In Japanese mythology, an ikiryō (生霊?) (also read shōryō, seirei, or ikisudama) is a manifestation of the soul of a living person separately from their body. Traditionally, if someone holds a sufficient grudge against another person, it is believed that a part or the whole of their soul can temporarily leave their body and appear before the target of their hate in order to curse or otherwise harm them, similar to an evil eye. Souls are also believed to leave a living body when the body is extremely sick or comatose; such ikiryō are not malevolent.[
Inuit In some Inuit groups, people with special capabilities are said to travel to (mythological) remote places, and report their experiences and things important to their fellows or the entire community; how to stop bad luck in hunting, cure a sick person etc., things unavailable to people with normal capabilities.
Amazon
The yaskomo of the Waiwai is believed to be able to perform a "soul flight" that can serve several functions such as healing, flying to the sky to consult cosmological beings (the moon or the brother of the moon) to get a name for a new-born baby, flying to the cave of peccaries' mountains to ask the father of peccaries for abundance of game or flying deep down in a river to get the help of other beings.
"Astral" and "etheric"
The expression "astral projection" came to be used in two different ways. For the Golden Dawn and some Theosophists[ it retained the classical and medieval philosophers' meaning of journeying to other worlds, heavens, hells, the astrological spheres and other imaginal landscapes, but outside these circles the term was increasingly applied to non-physical travel around the physical world.Though this usage continues to be widespread, the term, "etheric travel", used by some later Theosophists, offers a useful distinction. Some experients say they visit different times and/or places:"etheric", then, is used to represent the sense of being "out of the body" in the physical world, whereas "astral" may connote some alteration in time-perception. Robert Monroe describes the former type of projection as "Locale I" or the "Here-Now", involving people and places that actually exist: Robert Bruce calls it the "Real Time Zone" (RTZ) and describes it as the non-physical dimension-level closest to the physical. This etheric body is usually, though not always, invisible but is often perceived by the experient as connected to the physical body during separation by a “silver cord”. Some link "falling" dreams with projection.According to Max Heindel, the etheric "double" serves as a medium between the astral and physical realms. In his system the ether, also called prana, is the "vital force" that empowers the physical forms to change. From his descriptions it can be inferred that, to him, when one views the physical during an out-of-body experience, one is not technically "in" the astral realm at all.Other experients may describe a domain that has no parallel to any known physical setting. Environments may be populated or unpopulated, artificial, natural or abstract, and the experience may be beatific, horrific or neutral. A common Theosophical belief is that one may access a compendium of mystical knowledge called the Akashic records. In many accounts the experiencer correlates the astral world with the world of dreams. Some even report seeing other dreamers enacting dream scenarios unaware of their wider environment.The astral environment may also be divided into levels or sub-planes by theorists, but there are many different views in various traditions concerning the overall structure of the astral planes: they may include heavens and hells and other after-death spheres, transcendent environments, or other less-easily characterized states
Notable practitioners
Emanuel Swedenborg was one of the first practitioners to write extensively about the out-of-body experience, in his Spiritual Diary (1747–65). French philosopher and novelist Honoré de Balzac's fictional work "Louis Lambert" suggests he may have had some astral or out-of-body experience.
There are many twentieth century publications on astral projection,although only a few authors remain widely cited. These include Robert Monroe,Oliver Fox,Sylvan Muldoon, and Hereward Carrington,and Yram.Robert Monroe's accounts of journeys to other realms (1971–1994) popularized the term "OBE" and were translated into a large number of languages. Though his books themselves only placed secondary importance on descriptions of method, Monroe also founded an institute dedicated to research, exploration and non-profit dissemination of auditory technology for assisting others in achieving projection and related altered states of consciousness.Robert Bruce,William Buhlman, and Albert Taylor,have discussed their theories and findings on the syndicated show Coast to Coast AM several times. Michael Crichton gives lengthy and detailed explanations and experience of astral projection in his non-fiction book Travels.The soul's ability to leave the body at will or while sleeping and visit the various planes of heaven is also known as "soul travel". The practice is taught in Surat Shabd Yoga, where the experience is achieved mostly by meditation techniques and mantra repetition. All Sant Mat Gurus widely spoke about this kind of out of body experience, such as Kirpal Singh.Eckankar describes Soul Travel broadly as movement of the true, spiritual self (Soul) closer to the heart of God. While the contemplative may perceive the experience as travel, Soul itself is said not to move but to "come into an agreement with fixed states and conditions that already exist in some world of time and space".American Harold Klemp, the current Spiritual Leader of Eckankar practices and teaches Soul Travel, as did his predecessors, through contemplative techniques known as the Spiritual Exercises of ECK (Divine Spirit).
In occult traditions, practices range from inducing trance states to the mental construction of a second body, called the Body of Light in Aleister Crowley's writings, through visualization and controlled breathing, followed by the transfer of consciousness to the secondary body by a mental act of will.There is no known scientific evidence that astral projection as an objective phenomenon exists.There are cases of patients having experiences suggestive of astral projection from brain stimulation treatments and hallucinogenic drugs.Robert Todd Carroll writes that the main evidence to support claims of astral travel is anecdotal and comes "in the form of testimonials of those who claim to have experienced being out of their bodies when they may have been out of their minds."Subjects in parapsychological experiments have attempted to project their astral bodies to distant rooms and see what was happening. However, such experiments have produced negative results.According to Bob Bruce of the Queensland Skeptics Association, astral projection is "just imagining", or "a dream state". Although parallel universes are mathematically possible,Bruce writes that the existence of an astral plane is contrary to the limits of science. “We know how many possibilities there are for dimensions and we know what the dimensions do. None of it correlates with things like astral projection.” Bruce attributes astral experiences such as "meetings" alleged by practitioners to confirmation bias and coincidences.The psychologist Donovan Rawcliffe has written that astral projection can be explained by delusion, hallucination and vivid dreams.Arthur W. Wiggins, writing in Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends...and Pseudoscience Begins, said that purported evidence of the ability to astral travel great distances and give descriptions of places visited is predominantly anecdotal. In 1978, Ingo Swann provided a test of his alleged ability to astral travel to Jupiter and observe details of the planet. Actual findings and information were later compared to Swann's claimed observations; according to an evaluation by James Randi, Swann's accuracy was "unconvincing and unimpressive" with an overall score of 37 percent. Wiggins considers astral travel an illusion, and looks to neuroanatomy, human belief, imagination and prior knowledge to provide prosaic explanations for those claiming to experience it.A recent study, The AWARE Study, conducted by medical researcher Sam Parnia, was designed to get information on possible OBEs during cardiac arrest.
Trying to decide which faces will be useful for the debate coming up.
Toy Sunday (Group) Theme: Debate.
"A quiet secluded life in the country, with the possibility of being useful to people to whom it is easy to do good, and who are not accustomed to have it done to them; then work which one hopes may be of some use; then rest, nature, books, music, love for one's neighbor -- such is my idea of happiness."
Leo Tolstoy, Family Happiness
"And so with the sunshine and the great bursts of leaves growing on the trees, just as things grow in fast movies, I had that familiar conviction that life was beginning over again with the summer."
F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby
Follow me on: Facebook - Flickriver - Tumblr. - Twitter
© Copyright Natalie Panga - All rights reserved.
Most beautiful waterfalls in the world you should visit – The waterfall is one of the beauties that can make us amazed to see it. The melodious sound of water rushing and running water make us homesick. have you ever visited a waterfall? if you visit the waterfall that was beautiful? whether you visit water falls is the most beautiful waterfalls in the world? The following are the most beautiful waterfalls in the world you should visit
Huangguoshu Waterfall – China
Huangguoshu Waterfall, is located in Anshun, is one of the largest waterfalls in China, with a height of 255ft (77.8m). Name it, ‘Huangguoshu’, literally translated as ‘yellow fruit tree’. Known as the Huangguoshu Waterfall National Park.
Angel Falls – Venezuela
Angel Falls, the highest waterfall in the world, has a height of 3212ft (979m). And a decrease in total fell along the 2648ft (807m) on the side of Mount Auyantepui. The name, ‘Angel Falls’, taken from Jimmie Angel, an aviator who flew over the mountain in 1933. The waterfall is also known as Kerepakupai Vena, in Pemon language, which means ‘waterfall deepest place’. Angel Falls is part of the Canaima National Park in Venezuela, a UNESCO World Heritage site, designated in 1994.
Yosemite waterfalls – USA
Yosemite Falls (Niagara Yosemite) with 3 levels with a total height of 2425 ft, located in Yosemite National Park, California. If the three levels considered as a whole, Yosemite Falls is the highest waterfall in North America and the fifth highest in the world. Three levels including the Upper (1430ft), the middle cascades (675ft) and most lower (320ft). This waterfall is almost entirely from snow melt, which can cause the water to become less or even stops, at certain times of the year.
Kaieteur Falls – Guyana
Kaieteur Falls with a high volume of water, waterfalls waterfalls located in Guyana Kaieteur part of the National Park. At an altitude of 741ft (226m), has the bulk of the largest waterfalls in the world. The height is five times higher than Niagara Falls, and two times higher than the Victoria Falls. In the Amerindian language, Kaieteur means ‘parents fall’, described as an old man who pushed above the falls from a boat by his relatives.
Plitvice Waterfall – Croatia
Waterfall Plitvice is a collection of lakes and cascading waterfalls, and is part of the National Park Plitvice Lakes in Croatia. Regarded as one of the greatest natural wonders of the world, Plitvice Lakes National Park declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979. Covering an area of 296 square km, is the oldest national park in Southeast Europe, which was founded in 1949. More than 1.2 million visits recorded each year, making it one of the national parks in Croatia with the biggest travel.
Well, how? incredible, right? immediately stacking plan your holiday and enter the waterfall on your holiday list. Thank you for reading this article, may be useful for those of you who are looking for a holiday reference, and hopefully can add insight.
by New Hotel Travel in ift.tt/28Xvsel
RICOH GXR MOUNT A12 My Useful set for traveling
Total weight 1.25kg
Voigtlander Super Wide-Heliar 15mm f4.5 Aspherical (22.5mm)
GR LENS A12 28mm F2.5
GR LENS A12 50mm F2.5 MACRO
Leica SUMMICRON-M f/2/50mm (75mm)
From 'Street Life in London', 1877, by John Thomson and Adolphe Smith
The class of Nomades with which I propose to deal makes some show of industry. These people attend fairs, markets, and hawk cheap ornaments or useful wares from door to door. At certain seasons this class 'works' regular wards, or sections of the city and suburbs. At other seasons its members migrate to the provinces, to engage in harvesting, hop-picking, or to attend fairs, where they figure as owners of 'Puff and Darts','Spin 'em rounds', and other games….
The accompanying photograph, taken on a piece of vacant land at Battersea, represents a friendly group gathered around the caravan of William Hampton, a man who enjoys the reputation among his fellows, of being 'a fair-spoken, honest gentleman'. Nor has subsequent intercourse with the gentleman in question led me to suppose that his character has been unduly overrated….
He honestly owned his restless love of a roving life, and his inability to settle in any fixed spot. He also held that the progress of education was one of the most dangerous symptoms of the times, and spoke in a tone of deep regret of the manner in which decent children were forced now-a-days to go to school. 'Edication, sir! Why what do I want with edication? Edication to them what has it makes them wusser. They knows tricks what don't b'long to the nat'ral gent. That's my 'pinion. They knows a sight too much, they do! No offence, sir. There's good gents and kind 'arted scholards, no doubt. But when a man is bad, and God knows most of us aint wery good, it makes him wuss. Any chaps of my acquaintance what knows how to write and count proper aint much to be trusted at a bargain.'
…The dealer in hawkers' wares in Kent Street, tells me that when in the country the wanderers 'live wonderful hard, almost starve, unless food comes cheap. Their women carrying about baskets of cheap and tempting things, get along of the servants at gentry's houses, and come in for wonderful scraps. But most of them, when they get flush of money, have a regular go, and drink for weeks; then after that they are all for saving…They have suffered severely lately from colds, small pox, and other diseases, but in spite of bad times, they still continue buying cheap, selling dear, and gambling fiercely.'
…Declining an invitation to 'come and see them at dominoes in a public over the way', I hastened to note down as fast as possible the information received word for word in the original language in which it was delivered, believing that this unvarnished story would at least be more characteristic and true to life.
For the full story, and other photographs and commentaries, follow this link and click through to the PDF file at the bottom of the description
These pouches are amazingly useful for holding all sorts of treasures - here's just a few ideas:
*make-up
*jewellery
*money
*holiday documents/Passports
*keys
*ribbons & bows
*Notebook and Pen
*stationary
*seashells, sea glass & pretty stones
*sewing supplies
*trinkets and findings
The fastening ribbon also doubles up as a hanger to pin to your wall so you can store all sorts of useful things!
I keep one of these in my bag all the time so if I find any treasures when I'm on an adventure, I just put them in my pouch so I know they'll be safe until I get home!
Measurements
Width:
7 inches
Height:
7 inches (fastened)
11 inches (unfastened)
Available at www.dearestjackdaw.com/
20th biennial Finnish-American Festival, Naselle, Washington.
July 2022
Below are entries chock-full of information having to do with each of the plates shown above.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Left: "Compliments of FORSMAN & COMPANY, Naselle"
This would be a useful plate to have around now, 102 years after it was made, because I've never had a good grip on the year the Great War (WWI) ended. The plate would reinforce the year the war began and ended. Or would it?
The prominence of the date 1920 might confuse matters further. However, with the war having ended in November, 1919, it makes sense that 1920 was when commemorative objects such as plates were produced.
While the passage of years appears to have erased all traces of Deep River's Forsman & Company, history has not forgotten the community of Deep River, not even a little bit!
=======================================================
Many Finnish immigrants settled in Deep River and the surrounding areas of Washington. There were striking similarities between life in Finland and life in this area, including an economic life that depended largely on timber and salmon, both of which were plentiful in the Deep River area. The Pacific Northwest was an ideal destination for Finnish immigrants. There was free land that was covered with timber for them to claim.
Seasonal work opportunities were available all year. There was salmon fishing in the spring and summer. Work was available at logging camps the rest of the year.
The daughter of a Finnish immigrant described the early settlement of Deep River:
When asked how the area was settled, an elderly, buxom woman replied, "First the Finns came to fish. Then when Olsons opened the logging camp, they went to Sweden and brought back men to work in the woods. The Swedes married the Finn girls. Later a few Irishmen and Poles drifted in." (Appelo, 1986, p. 110)
This woman also related that her protective Finnish father had built the family’s house in the center of their property to prevent his daughters from seeing and associating with the railroad workers. In spite of his precautions, she waved at one of the railroad brakemen, a handsome Swede. She noted that this Swedish railroad worker later became her husband.
Carlton Appelo (1978, p. 12) listed the names of some of the early Finnish settlers in the Deep River area who arrived before Washington became a state in 1889: Erik Hanson; Henrik Denson (Deep River Cemetery land donor); Isak Herajarvi; Johan Pakanen; Antti Jakob Kantola (Kandoll); Henrik Harrison (Pirila); Mikael Homstrom; Lars Loukkanen (father of August and Chas. Larson); Johan Lueeni; Johan S. Nelson (Ahola); Antti Pirila (father of Albert and Gust Pirila); Johan Erik Rull; Johan Vilmi; Erik Johnson; Karl Forsman; Erik Melin; Antti Rippa (Andrew Rinell); Simon Keko (father of Ed Simmons); Johan Parpala; Johan Salmi (Santalahti); Johan Lamppa (Johnson); Matt, Fredricka, Matti, Joseph, Rosa, and Kalle (Charles) Riippa; Matt Hakala; Matti Harpet (Haapakangas); John Haapakangas; Antti Penttila; Gust Gustafson; Peter Maata; John Ehrlund Rantala; Erik Maunula; Andrew and August Eskola; Antti Johnson (Salmi); John Laakso; Matt Puskala; Abraham Wirkkala; Matt Mathison; and John Warra (Autiovarra).
The prevalence of Finnish immigrants in the Deep River area is evidenced by the many Finnish names that are listed in a cemetery transcription that was recorded for the Deep River Cemetery, and listed on a website that is maintained by the Genealogical Society of Finland. Many Scandinavian names are also found at a Wahkiakum County cemetery transcription site maintained by the "RootsWeb" genealogy organization that lists the names of persons buried in several cemeteries in the county.
The Early Deep River Community
The two major early industries of the Washington territory, particularly in Deep River, were the timber and salmon-fishing industries.
The Timber Industry.
An article in a special section of the Ilwaco, Washington Tribune in 1970 celebrated 100 years of logging at Deep River. The author, Larry Maxim, described the life of the men who worked in the timber industry and felled the gigantic trees as men who were "giants with muscles of laced steel cable and the stamina of an Olympic athlete." The men worked hard for extended periods of time and lived at the logging camps, which usually consisted of a bull barn, a cook shack, and a bunkhouse.
The bunkhouse was crude, just enough to keep out the rain. The bunks were just as crude, a few rough boards spread with straw. The logger had to do his own laundry. His laundry machine–each logger had one–was a five-gallon kerosene can in which he boiled his socks and underwear and sometimes took a sponge bath. (Maxim, 1970)
II. THE LASTING LEGACY OF THE DEEP RIVER FINNS
by Sandra Johnson Witt *
References
I. C. Arthur Appelö and Carlton Appelo: The contributions of two Swedish-Finns to Deep River, Washington and America
An important center of activity at the logging camps was the recreation hall, which the logging companies provided for their workers. The loggers and their families often gathered for dances that lasted until the early morning hours. Children came along too, and slept on mattresses that their parents brought.
Jessie Hindman, an Astorian Budget columnist, wrote an article about the history of the Deep River Timber Company in 1956.
This company owned 4,000 acres of land located above Deep River, one of the shortest and deepest rivers in the world. The logging area contained some of the best timber in the country, including top-grade fir, spruce, hemlock, and cedar.
She described how the local people and logging workers, mostly Finns and Swedes who had begun their lives here as fishermen, became the pioneers of the logging industry in this area. These early families lived together in close association with each other.
The early families along Deep River lived together in such a closely knit life that it was almost as if they had been hurled back into some clannish age. Travel was done entirely by boat as there were no roads except private ones. Towns just 50 miles away were spoken of as "The Outside." Yet, when talking to the older inhabitants of the valley, one is immediately impressed with the full realization that theirs was a happy, satisfying life. (Appelo, 1986, p. 103)
Early home life among the settlers in Deep River was simple. Kerosene lamps provided light and wood stoves provided heat. Most of the houses were made from rough unpainted boards. The women made the clothes and quilts for their families, which they washed by hand. They also planted the gardens and flower beds in addition to planning the recreational activities for their families, which included dances, picnics, boat rides, water carnivals, and playing cards. Playing cards was especially popular during the winter months when steady rainfall forced the families to stay inside. At times, the men would animate their poker games with the hard liquor or beer that they had purchased in Astoria.
Salmon Fishing.
The other major early industry in Deep River was fishing. Astoria had become a major salmon-fishing area by 1870. Because of its location on the Columbia River near the Pacific Ocean, riverboats provided access to the transcontinental railroad. Astoria’s facilities had access to the Pacific Ocean on the west.
Their experiences in Finland made many of the Finnish immigrants ideally suited for successful careers in the salmon-fishing industry.
The Columbia River Fishermen’s Protective Union was incorporated in 1884 and is one of the oldest conservation unions on the West Coast.
In 2003, an article in the Columbia River Gillnetter, the union’s official publication, outlined its early history. "The Story of Two Hundred Fishermen" describes how a group of fishermen successfully established the Union Fishermen’s Cooperative Packing Company in 1896 during troubled economic times, when the salmon industry’s future was uncertain because of some unethical practices that had taken place for 30 years.
The founders, many of whom were from Finland, risked their savings and worked hard to establish this company. They were convinced that their efforts to offer the consumers superior canned salmon would succeed. The cooperative was incorporated by Sofus Jensen, Anton Christ, Ole B. Olsen, J. W. Angberg, and Matt Raistakka:
With their savings for capital, our founders entered into the highly competitive and well-financed salmon packing industry of the Columbia…
Building of the net racks, except for pile driving, was done without charge by stockholders. They received $1.50 a day working on the cannery. They were eager and capable craftsmen. Many had been brought up in Scandinavia and Finland where they had learned trades under masters.
All were imbued with the cooperative movement then taking root in Western Europe. They had acquired a practical understanding of what it means to run a cooperative business successfully. (p. 19)
Community Life, Schools, and Churches.
Many of the immigrants’ children did not learn English until they attended school. The early rural schools in the area were small. The elementary schools were usually one-room buildings that served as many as 80 pupils. It was common for one female teacher to be responsible for teaching the children in all eight grades. Teachers were generally brought into the area from the "Outside," but often married the local farmers, loggers, or fisherman and stayed in Deep River to raise their families.
Church activities were an integral part of community life. The Finnish settlers of Deep River, Naselle, and Salmon Creek organized into a congregation in 1894 as the Finnish Holy Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church. They shared a pastor with the Astoria Finnish Church. The Deep River Holy Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church was built in 1898 near the Deep River Cemetery. The church was the first organized Evangelical Lutheran Church in the area and has been officially proclaimed a National Historical Site.
Women were deeply involved in community life. In 1906, the female members of Naselle Church formed the Nasellin Ompelu Seura (Naselle Sewing Circle), which functioned for 71 years to support missions and hospitals, with an emphasis on salvation and benevolence.
Athletic Activities and Music.
Finnish immigrants knew how to work hard, but they also knew how to play hard. They actively participated in all aspects of Deep River community life, including athletic activities. Baseball was especially popular. Most of the members of the official Deep River team, the "Coyotes," were Finnish loggers and fishermen. The team had a very successful pitcher, Arvo Davis, and catcher, Arthur Anderson.
Athletic activities, including footraces and baseball, were often held on the boardwalk road from the Deep River landing to Pentti’s Pool Hall. When the weather was good, Fred Pentti was often observed sitting on a bench in front of the pool hall to view the athletic events.
The Swedes used to sit on the railing on one side and the Finns on the other–hurling insults at one another. When things got too rough, Pentti would wind up his phonograph and play some nice accordion music. Even the kids were allowed to come down and listen to the music. (Appelo, 1997, p.1)
The Finns have always enjoyed music. Many of the Finnish settlers were accomplished musicians. Axel Larson, a well-known fiddler from the Olson’s Logging Camp, played for hundreds of dances with his wife Matilda, who played the piano, and his brother Ernest on the accordion. Charles Hertzen, a talented violinist, and Fred George, who played the guitar, later joined their band. Axel liked to relate their experience of leaving the logging camp by pump cars (also known as hand speeders, operated on railroad tracks) with their musical instruments, and pumping their way four miles to Deep River:
They transferred to row boats and rowed two miles to Svenson’s Landing, then walked nearly six miles by road (carrying their dress shoes in the pocket of their coats) wearing boots. Arriving at Meserve’s store they climbed the stairs to the large hall on the second floor to play for a local crowd plus the ten dancers they brought with them. This lasted until 3 a.m. and they retraced their route only to find that the railroad rails had become frosted. The hand speeders had to be pushed rather than pumped over the slippery areas. They arrived back at Olson’s camp in time to hear the breakfast bell at the cook house. Some of the men had to go to work for a full day in falling timber. (Appelo, 1978, p. 41)
Axel Larson, long-time employee of Deep River Logging Company, playing his fiddle as he did for countless local dances in southwest Washington.
World War I.
Twenty five years after the Washington territory became a state, the young Finnish immigrant men were asked to defend their new country in World War I. Carlton Appelo (1978) cites an article from the June 1917 edition of the Deep River newspaper:
A party of well known young men residing in Deep River were en route to Cathlamet to take physical exams for the selective service under which they were recently called to colors.
363 Arthur C. Appelo
368 Henry J. Johnson
373 Henry W. Lassila
379 Jacob W. Matta
383 Charles L. Eskola
388 Charles Koski
390 Arvo Davis
All seven are fine specimens of physical manhood and will no doubt pass the required examinations enabling them to enter the military service with the national army which is to be mobilized in the near future. (p. 78)
Accomplishments of Early Finnish Immigrants.
Many of the children of the Finnish immigrants were able to move into professional careers through hard work and steadfast personal dedication to education. At times they pursued adult education programs at night while they worked during the day to make a living for themselves and their families.
In a brief history of Finnish settlements along the Columbia River that Carlton Appelo prepared for the 1999 FinnFest USA, he listed the accomplishments of several Finnish immigrants to the Deep River area, B. S. Sjoborg, Erikki Maunula, and Oscar Wirkkala. B. S. Sjoborg (1841-1923) immigrated from Kristinestad. He was the cannery foreman at Astoria in 1875. After changing his name to Seaborg, he founded the Aberdeen Packing Company at Ilwaco and Aberdeen. He was Washington’s first senator when it became a state in 1889.
Erikki Maunula–who invented numerous devices that were used in the salmon-canning industry–donated land for the Deep River Holy Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church. The church has been designated a National Historical Site.
Oscar Wirkkala (1881-1959) was an extremely successful inventor of items used in the logging industry. He held more than 20 patents, including the Wirkkala choker hook, the Wirkkala propeller, and the widely-used skyline logging system.
In addition to the considerable professional accomplishments of many of the Finnish immigrants, certain aspects of the Finnish culture that the immigrants brought with them contributed to the culture of Deep River and the surrounding area. In addition to the immigrants’ willingness to work hard to improve the future lives of their families, there was a pervasive sense of community and mutual respect among the Finnish immigrants. This sense of community could be observed in all types of activities, including those related to the area schools, churches, athletics, and social events.
Many immigrant Finns became prominent entrepreneurs in business in industry as well as professional fields, but it was the rural Finnish immigrant who created a sense of community. Neighbors came to the rescue when misfortune hit, and food was shared at school gatherings or social events.
Attendance at Cottage Church Services was done without worrying about denominational sponsors. It is that same familial spirit uniting entire communities that survives today. We care about each other. (Appelo, 1999, p. 1)
The Finnish immigrants supported each other through difficult times. In 1918, when Fred Pentti–an immigrant from Kannus, Finland–was severely injured while working as a brakeman on the logging train, Deep River residents and businesses readily assisted him. The logging camp workers donated $5 each to him, the Deep River Land and Wharf Company donated a piece of land to him, the Olson brothers gave him lumber from their mill, and the community joined together to build a pool hall for Fred.
His business became the focal point for all types of sport including his favorite, baseball. It was the social club for many young men of the area…It was commonly called "Pentti’s College" (pronounced collitch). No one would say that moonshine didn’t change hands out front during those days of prohibition. When 3.2 beer became legal, it was Pentti’s tavern. (Appelo, 1978, p. 41)
In order to successfully farm the land, much of which was wetland, the settlers had to install dikes and extensive drainage systems. Because of the primitive roads that were generally limited to use in the summer, almost all travel was by water.
The riverboat "General Washington" made daily round trips to nearby Astoria–the source of supplies, mail, and medical services to Deep River–and provided the residents with transportation to and contact with the outside world.
This riverboat was built in 1909 by the North Shore Transportation Company. It served Deep River, Knappton, and Frankfort until the early 1930s, when the newly built area highway became more competitive for passenger and freight travel.
The General Washington steamship approaching Deep River Landing, circa 1915
II. THE LASTING LEGACY OF THE DEEP RIVER FINNS
by Sandra Johnson Witt *
The labor of immigrants was essential in order to build the infrastructure of North America. The immigrants cut timber and cleared land to build their homes and farms. Because there were no roads (only rivers) in the early Deep River area, travel was usually by foot or boat. The immigrants (and their horses) worked hard to build the roads in their new country.
Immigrant road builders
Ironically, the advent of the better roads that the Deep River citizens had worked so hard to construct resulted in a decline in the town. Construction of the bridge one mile downstream from the Deep River landing diverted traffic away from the main part of town. The railroad that had provided economic resources and brought people to the town was doomed by the use of trucks to transport lumber.
Although the improved roads relieved the isolation of the area, they brought an end to the riverboat era. Trucks replaced the boats as the main means of transporting various types of cargo to and from the community. The Deep River Timber Company ceased operating in 1956.
The elementary school was consolidated with other schools.
The movie house and Pentti’s Tavern closed. The Shamrock Hotel had depended on the loggers as boarders, and was forced to close.
Only local residences, the post office, and Appelo’s General Merchandise and Insurance Agency remained in Deep River.
sydaby.eget.net/emig/deep_river.htm
RIGHT: CHARLES A. NIEMI (ca. 1884-1961)
1930 Federal Census
Birth Year: abt 1894
Gender: Male
Race: White
Age in 1930: 36
Birthplace: Washington
Marital Status: Married
Relation to Head of House: Head
Home in 1930: Naselle, Pacific, Washington, USA
Home Owned or Rented: Owned
Home Value: 3000
Radio Set: Yes
Lives on Farm: No
Age at First Marriage: 26
Attended School: No
Able to Read and Write: Yes
Father's Birthplace: Finland
Mother's Birthplace: Finland
Able to Speak English: Yes
Occupation: Retail Merchant
Industry: General Merchandise
Class of Worker: Employer
Veteran: Yes
War: WW
Household Members Age Relationship
Charles A Niemi 36 Head
Esther E Niemi 35 Wife
C Albert Niemi 9 Son
Henry W Niemi 7 Son
Hilda M Nasi 27 Servant
31 August 1917: Charles A. Neimi was accepted by the local draft board, presumably in connection with military service in WWI.
The Spokesman-Review, Spokane, p. 6.
26 April 1928: Niemi sues the state road contractor for $5,031.44 for materials and merchandise furnished in connection with the contractor's work in Wahkiakum and Pacific Counties in Washington.
The Olympian, Olympia, Washington, p. 14.
With its 7-year career at an end, Barker Vision number 6 is being slowly stripped of useful parts.
Surrounding number 6 are its replacements, a group of new IC Bus CEs, which arrived over the summer of 2019.
Model: 2011 Blue Bird Vision (1st Gen 1st Facelift)
Owner: Barker Bus Co.
Plate: S1Z842 (NJ)
Body Number: F418821
VIN: 1BAKFCPH7BF280062
the Perthshire winter approaches - 4X4 time! This is the "useful" beemer, the convertible is less useful but more fun: flic.kr/p/Q4jY2d
Certain elementals are useful for the constitution, condition, and well being of other occupants of the earth. They transform the energies of the astral and angelic realms to assist in energizing every atom, cell and organ within the physical bodies of humans, animals, plants, as well as minerals.
A build for the Lands of Roawia LEGO Castle game. It's based on a real medieval kitchen at Hever Castle (see the model here).
-------------------
Something wasn’t right, besides what Lord Sorely Meyrick, the Duke of Ainesford, was blabbing on about; no that cook…he was taking far too long to clean up the ale he himself had spilled. And Captain Tavish was certain he was pausing to listen to what was being said on the Speaker's Floor, strictly against the rules for “the help”. The grizzled archer nudged Baron Munro sitting next to him, but Sir Caelan barely noticed as he listened to Meyrick's speech and replied, “Can you believe what Sorely Lost here is advocating? Full compliance with Chartres! No wonder he lost the Battle of Ainesford so badly…”
Tavish shook his head in mild frustration and got up to check on that cook, but he had barely made it halfway there when the cook suddenly collected his rags and left. Now that was entirely too coincidental…
The Captain headed down the hallway to find him but was immediately accosted by the two ever-present and intellectually-challenged guards waiting there. Security at the Great Congress of Lenfald was incredibly tight; no one except the castle guards themselves were allowed any weapons whatsoever, and all the delegates and staff were sequestered inside the castle for the duration of this critical assembly. Upon seeing the archer they held out their halberds to stop him, but Tavish was way ahead of them. “Ah, there you are my good lads, I am here to report an illegal weapon, one of the delegates has a knife, I clearly saw it. Here, let me point him out.”
Excited that they finally had something real to do, the two looked like dogs waiting to go fetch a thrown stick. The Captain deliberately motioned at the middle of the delegates on the far side of the largest hall in all of Lenfald, and pointed indiscriminately, “there, that one wearing dark green.” The two were halfway across when they realized nearly every delegate there was wearing the official color of Lenfald.
The archer entered the Great Kitchen impatiently as he searched for the man, to no avail; he wasn’t there. It was incredibly busy in the hot room, but there was one cook removing the entrails from a goose who he grabbed by the arm after the man objected to his presence. “Did a cook just rush through here?”
“Oh no, I haven’t seen a cook all day!" he spit out sarcastically. "Look about you mate, you’re in a kit…” he didn’t get any farther as he was suddenly and violently shaken.
“Tall, thin, muscular, with a goatee and a deep tan like he has been in the…” a sinking feeling hit Captain Tavish as he finished his own sentence, “…desert.”
“Oh, the new bloke,” the cook muttered resentfully. “Yeah, he’s in the side kitchen over there.”
“New bloke? But the staff has been sequestered!”
“Aye but we ran short a’ help and contracted from outside…”
Now Tavish’s stomach was turning, and not from the sight of the goose’s entrails. He shot down the side hall and found the door to the secondary kitchen locked from the inside. He was not a slight man however and he burst through it after four body slams, only to face an arrow shot at him. Quickly turning to present a smaller target the shot barely missed, and he then plunged into the small kitchen. It had two ovens, one to his left and another to his right with a window facing the outer ward of the castle. A massive pot of some concoction was bubbling away in that fireplace, and two cooks were to his left, down and bleeding in front of the other oven. To his right across a table full of foodstuffs and dishes stood the dubious cook, now smoothly knocking another arrow. As Tavish reached for a large pot to try and deflect the shot, the cook instead leveled the shot at the window and fired the arrow out of it.
Instantly Tavish knew he had just lost, for two things came to his eye; the arrow had a note tied to it — the spy had just successfully gotten the word out as to whatever he had heard. And the other thing was personally alarming; the cook had an Areani tattoo on the inside of his arm—this was going to be one bloody fight, perhaps the Captain's last.
So he didn’t wait, and threw the pot at him as hard as he could, catching the spy in the ribs. That should have doubled him over, but the darker man barely noticed it. He produced a curved Loreesi dagger from inside his shirt and a second knife and attacked with both, while Tavish grabbed a kitchen knife and jar of seeds, and the two went at each other with full force. The jar wound up shattered as it absorbed a crushing blow from the dagger, and Tavish gave him a brutal slash across the shoulder, which again the Areani barely seemed to notice. In the flurry, the archer had sustained four bloody cuts from the spy and knew he wouldn’t last long against this seemingly inhuman opponent.
Then the Areani reacted to something over Tavish’s shoulder and a jar came flying out of nowhere and hit the spy in the head, shooting flour everywhere, clouding up the air. Sir Caelan then dashed by the Captain and attacked the cook with a meat cleaver, a sight that would have been hilarious if it weren't for the circumstances of their opponent being a deadly Loreesi agent.
Even dazed the Areani fought like a lion until Tavish grabbed a small iron pot and slammed it into the side of his head. Still the spy stood, but wavered. The temporary lull in the action allowed the sound of the bubbling pot to come through, and both Sir Caelan and Tavish simultaneously had the same idea, grabbing the spy by the arms and shoving him toward the fire. They forcefully pushed the Areani's head down into what turned out to be a lovely pea soup, now at full boil. The spy struggled mightily as he burned, but both his opponents held on until he went limp.
“We need to question him, I think,” Caelan barely managed and finally Tavish relented, letting the man fall to the floor with horrendous second-degree burns now all over his head and face, also covered in a slimy green.
The two friends stood huffing from their exertion until Baron Munro finally blurted, “You left just when the Duke was getting interesting…”
"I doubt that very much." Tavish stumbled to the window and cursed. “The blighter must have shot right over the outer wall. Jig’s up now; whatever was on that note is surely gone.”
Just then the same two guards who had stopped the Captain earlier now slammed into the kitchen. They took in the Areani, the mess, and the two hurt cooks to their right and looked furiously at them. Sir Caelan only waved at the spy on the floor and by way of explanation stated indignantly, “He ruined the soup.”
Two days later, a man dressed in fine red clothing stood on a tower of the King’s Castle, and held out his arm expectantly. A bird came down swiftly and alighted on his arm, and he gently caressed the falcon. He then unfastened the message tied to its leg and began reading carefully. His brow furrowed slightly after reading a few lines; then a calmness came over him. He looked towards the vast horizon and paused to consider everything that had taken place in the last few weeks. Prince Jarius then tucked the message into his pocket and, carrying the bird with him, walked purposely towards the stairs of the tower.
---------------------
This was a build to advance the Global Storyline in the Lands of Roawia LEGO Castle game. Hope you like it! 100% LEGO.
book / 2014
40 pages ($20/$33)
please see my tumblr for more info:
e5books.tumblr.com/post/104414538527/useful-reading-2014-...