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The Postcard
A postally unused postcard that was published by Judges Ltd. of Hastings. On the divided back of the card they have printed:
"British Chieftain Tank.
R A C Tank Museum,
Bovington Camp,
Dorset.
The Chieftain Tank
The Chieftain was the main battle tank (MBT) of the United Kingdom from the 1960's into 1990's. When introduced in 1967, it was among the most heavily armed MBTs of the era, mounting a 120 mm Royal Ordnance L11 gun, the equal of the much larger specialist heavy tanks then in service.
It also was among the most heavily armoured, with up to 195 mm (7.7 in) that was highly sloped to offer 388 mm (15.3 in) thickness along the line of sight.
A development of the Centurion, the Chieftain introduced the supine (reclining) driver position to British design, allowing a heavily-sloped hull with reduced height.
Improved transmission gave it a higher speed than the Centurion despite being heavier due to major upgrades to armour protection and the armament. This allowed the Chieftain to replace both the Centurion MBT and Conqueror heavy tank while performing their roles effectively.
However the Chieftain's engine, and especially the suspension system, were of older design, and proved to be the design's primary drawback; it was said that the Chieftain was extremely effective if it broke down in a useful location.
This led to a series of improved models with new armour, sensors, engines and suspension systems, and these produced sales export success.
Among these was the Shir 2 version for Iran, which added Chobham armour, one of first British uses. This order was cancelled due to the Iranian Revolution in 1979.
It was intended that the Chieftain would be replaced by a new design, the MBT-80. When tensions with the Warsaw Pact rose in 1980, Vickers offered a further updated version of the Shir 2 which became Challenger 1. This could be available years earlier, and it still met many of the MBT-80 design goals.
Challenger deliveries began in 1983, but initially proved problematic, and the Chieftain remained in front-line service until 1996 with the introduction of the Challenger 2.
Development of the Chieftain
The Chieftain was an evolutionary development of the successful cruiser line of tanks that had emerged at the end of the Second World War. Its predecessor, the Centurion main battle tank (MBT), is widely considered to be one of the most successful of post-war MBT designs.
However, the introduction of the Soviet IS-3 heavy tank along with the Soviet T-54 led to the introduction of the Conqueror heavy tank armed with a 120 mm (4.7 in) gun.
A single design combining the firepower of the Conqueror's 120 mm gun with the mobility and general usefulness of the Centurion was seen as the ideal combination.
Starting in 1950, a series of Concept Research Studies were undertaken in the search for a design to succeed the Centurion.
These involved both a development of the existing Centurion Heavy Cruiser Tank design, as well as a variety of unconventional concepts such as small 1 and 2 man tanks equipped with anti-tank missiles or auto-loading and liquid-propellant guns.
in 1954 the decision was taken that:
"The next UK tank should be an
evolutionary one designed to
carry an HV gun with a bagged
charge ammunition system".
Leyland, who had been involved in the Centurion tank, had built their own prototypes of a new tank design in 1956. Several aspects of the design were trialled by the production of the FV4202 "40-ton Centurion" with a reclined driver position and mantlet-less gun mounting.
A gun mantlet is an armour plate or shield attached to an armoured fighting vehicle's gun, protecting the opening through which the weapon's barrel projects.
In effect, the FV4202 was a shorter Centurion chassis with a prototype of what would become the Chieftain turret, but armed with the 20pdr gun.
This work led to a War Office specification for a new tank. The General Staff specification drew on the experience of Centurion tanks in the Korean War as well as that of the Conqueror tank.
The new tank was expected to be able to engage the enemy at long range, from defensive positions, and be proof against medium artillery. To this end, the gun was to have a greater angle of depression than the 8 degrees of Conqueror and would be equipped with better frontal armour.
The tank was expected to achieve a firing rate of 10 rounds per minute in the first minute and six per minute for the following four.
The first few prototypes were provided for troop trials from 1959 which identified a number of changes.
Improvements to address engine vibration and cooling resulted in a redesign of the rear hull. This increased the design weight to nearly 50 tons, and accordingly the suspension (which had been designed for 45 tons) was strengthened.
Trackpads had to be fitted to protect roads from damage, and the ground clearance was increased. The design was accepted in the early 1960's.
Great Britain and Israel had collaborated on the development in its latter stages, with a view to Israel purchasing and domestically producing the vehicle. Two prototypes were delivered as part of a four-year trial.
However, it was eventually decided not to sell the marque to the Israelis (since, at that period of time in the late 1960's, the UK was more friendly towards the Arab states and Jordan than to Israel), which prompted the Israelis to follow their own development programme.
In 1957, NATO specified that its forces should use multi-fuel engines. The early Leyland engine delivered around 450 bhp (340 kW) to the sprocket, which meant a top road speed of around 25 mph (40 km/h) and cross-country performance was limited.
Whilst the Horstmann coil spring suspension reduced the on-road ride-quality compared to tanks with torsion bar suspension, Colonel Peter Hamer of the 11th. Hussars commented that:
"Over really bad rough ground it
could leave a Leopard for dead".
Due to the cylinder linings being pressure fitted, coolant leaks within the cylinder block were common, resulting in white smoke billowing from the exhaust.
In the late 1970's, engine design changed with the introduction of Belzona which was used to improve the lining seals. Belzona is used to repair cracks and holes on engine and pump casings, pipes, tanks and other equipment. It resurfaces pitted metal surfaces and repairs damaged shafts and hydraulic rams.
Engine output also increased, with later engines delivering some 850 bhp (630 kW). This meant better performance and an increased speed. However, cross-country performance remained limited.
Design of the Chieftain
The design of the Chieftain included a heavily sloped hull and turret which greatly increased the effective thickness of the frontal armour – 388 mm (15.3 in) on the glacis (from an actual thickness of 120 mm (4.7 in)) and 390 mm (15.4 in) on the turret (from 195 mm (7.7 in)).
It had a mantlet-less turret in order to take full advantage of reclining the vehicle up to ten degrees in a hull-down position.
For security reasons early prototypes had a canvas screen and a sheet metal box mounted over the sloping glacis plate to disguise the configuration of the vehicle.
The driver lay semi-recumbent in the hull when his hatch was closed down which helped to reduce the profile of the forward glacis plate. The commander, gunner and loader were situated in the turret.
To the left side of the turret was a large searchlight with infrared capability in an armoured housing.
The original design of the Chieftain tank called for a petrol V8 Rolls Royce engine. However with a two year delay in the development of the V8 engine, the decision was taken to drop the V8, and go with a yet-to-be-produced multi fuel engine.
The Leyland L60 engine is a two-stroke opposed piston design intended for multi-fuel use so that it could run on whatever fuel was available.
In practice the engine did not deliver the expected power and was unreliable, estimated to have a 90% breakdown rate, but improvements were introduced to address this.
Primary problems included cylinder liner failure, fan drive problems and perpetual leaks due to vibration and badly routed pipework. However, as the engine power improved the tank itself became heavier.
The tank was steered by conventional tillers hydraulically actuated onto external brake discs. The Merritt-Brown gearbox was operated motorcycle-style with a kick up/kick down "peg" on the left, which actuated electro-hydraulic units in the gearbox. The accelerator cable was operated by the right foot.
In the turret, the loader was on the left and the gunner on the right of the gun, with the commander situated behind the gunner. The suspension was of the Horstmann bogie type with large side steel plates to protect the tracks and to provide stand-off protection from hollow charge attack.
Armament of the Chieftain
The main armament was the 120 mm L11A5 rifled gun. This differed from most contemporary main tank armament as it used projectiles and charges that were loaded separately, as opposed to a single fixed round.
The design of the Bagged Charge System was initiated after the earlier Liquid Propellant Gun project had failed due to the injection pump being so large that no tank could accommodate it.
This led to design studies to find a means of reducing the ammunition size, and from this the bagged charge concept emerged. The charges were encased in combustible bags.
An advantage of using two-part ammunition was that in the case of inert rounds the loader could reach for the next round and hold it in his lap, ready to load while the gunner was acquiring the target and firing. This practice increases the rate of fire, but would be hazardous with one-piece ammunition.
Other tank guns such as the 120mm L1 gun on the Conqueror needed to store the spent shell cartridges, or eject them outside. The combustible charges were stored in 36 recesses surrounded by a pressurised water/glycol mixture – so-called "wet-stowage".
In the event of a hit penetrating the fighting compartment, the jacket would rupture, soaking the charges and preventing a catastrophic propellant explosion. As there was no shell case, the firing of the charge was by vent tubes automatically loaded from a ten-round magazine on the breech.
Due to the length of the gun, which required balancing, and the need for storage space, the turret has a large overhang to the rear. This contains radios, ammunition and fire control equipment, and has further stowage externally.
The gun could fire a wide range of ammunition, but the most commonly loaded types were high explosive squash head (HESH), armour-piercing discarding sabot (APDS), or practice round equivalents for both types.
The Chieftain could store up to 64 projectiles (although the propellant stowage allowed a maximum of 36 charges for APDS rounds).
The gun was fully stabilised with a fully computerized integrated control system.
The secondary armament consisted of a coaxial 7.62 mm machine gun and another 7.62 mm machine gun mounted on the commander's cupola.
The initial Fire-control system (FCS) was the Marconi FV/GCE Mk 4.
A half inch (12.7 mm) ranging gun was mounted above the main gun (with 300 rounds available). This fired ranging shots out to a maximum of 2,600 yards (2,400 m), at which point the tracer in the ranging rounds burned out, although the high explosive tip still created a visible "splash" on impact.
The tank commander had a rotating cupola with nine vision blocks giving all round view, plus the 7.62 mm machine-gun.
The aiming systems were provided for both the gunner and the tank commander; they had 1x or 10x selectable magnification power, increasing to x15 in the Mk5 and beyond, and they were replaceable with infra red vision systems for night operations (3x magnification power).
The commander could rotate his cupola to bring his sight onto a target and then engage the mechanism that brought the turret round on to the correct bearing so that the gunner could complete the aiming.
The commander's controls had over-ride capability on those of the gunner.
The left side of the turret had a large searchlight with an electrically controlled infrared filter inside an armoured box, with a relatively long range – up to 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi).
From the beginning of the 1970's, the Mk 3/3 version replaced the ranging gun with a Barr and Stroud LF-2 laser rangefinder with a 10 km (6.2 mi) range. This allowed engagements at much longer ranges, and also could be linked to the fire control system, allowing more rapid engagements and changes of target.
The Chieftain used the TESS (TElescopic Sighting System) developed in the early 1980's that was later sold as surplus for use on the RAF Phantom aircraft.
The Chieftain Tank in Service
Like its European competitors, the Chieftain found a large export market in the Middle East, but unlike the Centurion, it was not adopted by any other NATO or Commonwealth country.
The Chieftain proved itself capable in combat, and able to be upgraded, both for overall improvement and to meet local requirements. It was continuously upgraded until the early 1990's, when it was replaced by Challenger 1.
The final Chieftain version, which was used by the British Army until 1995, incorporated "Stillbrew" armour named after Colonel Still and John Brewer from the Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment (MVEE). It also used the Improved Fire Control System (IFCS) and the Thermal Observation Gunnery Sight (TOGS).
The last British Regiment equipped with Chieftains was the 1st. Royal Tank Regiment, which was based at Aliwal Barracks, Tidworth.
Chieftains were supplied to at least six countries, including Iran, Kuwait, Oman and Jordan. An agreement for sales to Israel and local production was cancelled by the British Government in 1969.
The cancellation was despite considerable Israeli technical and tactical input into the development of the tank, especially the capacity to operate successfully in desert environments, and the provision for the tank to make good use of hull-down positioning.
Nevertheless, two examples were delivered to, and extensively trialled by, the Israeli Armoured Corps. This experience spurred the creation of the indigenous Israeli Merkava.
The largest foreign sale was to Iran, who took delivery of 707 Mk-3P and Mk-5P (the letter P standing for Persia), as well as 187 FV4030-1, 41 ARV and 14 AVLB before the 1979 revolution.
It was in the Middle East that the Chieftain was to see all of its operational experience. It was first used extensively by Iran, during the Iran–Iraq War of 1980–88, including the largest tank battle of the war.
The Chieftain however produced mixed results, as it suffered from chronic engine problems and a low power-to-weight ratio, making it unreliable and slow when manoeuvring over harsh terrain. This made it prone to breakdowns in the midst of battle, or a sluggish target and thus vulnerable to enemy tank fire.
After the tank battle at Susangerd, captured Iranian Chieftains were taken back to Baghdad for trials. According to Aladdin Makki, the Iraqi Army Corps chief of staff, in a post-war interview:
"Iraqi sabot rounds went through the
front armour of the Chieftain and came
out the backside".
This, as well as the Chieftain's poor off-road capability, influenced the Iraqis to reject British arms sale propositions, who were at the time courting Iraq for arms sales that included Chieftain MBT's.
According to Makki, when the British telephoned the Iraqi director of Armor, Salah Askar, he responded with:
"We don't want your stupid tanks!"
Ra'ad Al-Hamdani, an Iraqi general also expressed negative opinion on the Chieftain's performance in combat, stating:
"The 16th Iranian Armored Division, which
was equipped with Chieftain tanks, lost a
battle against the 10th. Iraqi Armored Brigade
with T-72 tanks.
It is hard for an armoured brigade to destroy
a division in 12 hours, but it happened.
It was a disaster for the Iranians".
Out of the 894 Chieftain tanks that had started the war, only 200 were left by the war's end.
The Chieftain remains in service in Iran, the Mobarez tank being a locally upgraded version.
Kuwait and the Battle of the Bridges
Kuwait had 143 Chieftains on the eve of the 1990 Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait. Thirty-seven Chieftains of the Kuwaiti 35th. Armoured Brigade fought at the Battle of the Bridges against elements of the Iraqi Hammurabi and Medina divisions before withdrawing over the Saudi border.
None of the brigade's tanks were lost in the battle, and the 35th. Armoured Brigade became part of Joint Command Forces East during the 1991 Gulf War, and was able to return into Kuwait undefeated.
Besides those of the 35th. Armored Brigade, the rest of the Kuwaiti Armed Forces' Chieftains (136 tanks) were either destroyed or captured by the invading forces after they had been abandoned by their Kuwaiti crews when their ammunition ran out.
Chieftain Statistics
-- Unit cost: £90,000–£100,000 (1967)
-- No. built: 1896 (900 for the UK, 996 exported)
-- Mass: 55 long tons (62 short tons)
-- Length: 35 ft 4 in (10.77 m) – gun forward, 7.5 m (24 ft 7 in) – hull
-- Width: 12 ft 0 in (3.66 m)
-- Height: 2.9 m (9 ft 6 in)
-- Crew: 4
-- Armour Glacis: 127 mm (5.0 in) (72°)
Hull sides: 50 mm (2.0 in) (10°)
Turret: 350 mm (14 in) (60°)
-- Engine: Leyland L60 (multifuel 2-stroke opposed-piston compression-ignition)
750 hp (560 kW) 6 Cylinders, 19 litres.
-- Ground clearance: 1 ft 10 in (0.56 m)
-- Fuel capacity: 195 imp gal (890 L)
-- Operational range: 500 km (310 miles) on roads
-- Maximum speed Road: 40 km/h (25 mph)
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