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How to eat a mangosteen
www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBZ9rviGTpg
The purple mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), colloquially known simply as mangosteen, is a tropical evergreen tree believed to have originated in the Sunda Islands and the Moluccas of Indonesia. Nevertheless, it also grows in tropical South American countries such as Colombia, where the tree has been introduced. The tree grows from 7 to 25 m (20–80 ft) tall. The fruit of the mangosteen is sweet and tangy, juicy, and somewhat fibrous, with an inedible, deep reddish-purple colored rind (exocarp) when ripe.In each fruit, the fragrant edible flesh that surrounds each seed is botanically endocarp, i.e., the inner layer of the ovary.
The purple mangosteen belongs to the same genus as the other, less widely known, mangosteens, such as the button mangosteen (G. prainiana) or the charichuelo (G. madruno).
A tropical tree, the mangosteen must be grown in consistently warm conditions, as exposure to temperatures below 0°C (32°F) for prolonged periods will generally kill a mature plant. They are known to recover from brief cold spells rather well, often with damage only to young growth. Experienced horticulturists have grown this species outdoors, and brought them to fruit in extreme South Florida.
Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami FL
Pandanus is an unusual tree that stands up on prop roots the way corn plants do. My tree is about 30 feet high... quite tall for a Pandanus around here. It produces cones about 7 inches in diameter that are quite heavy when they fall to the ground. These trees become quite woody and gnarly and strong enough to face up to tropical winds!
Pandanus is also called Screw Pine because, as it grows, the trunk twists and turns like a corkscrew. Looking up, its thorny-edge long spiky leaves allow a view of the sky while providing dappled shade below.
I have always been fascinated by this tree. It somehow calls to "the magic child within me" who is amazed with the world!
The Common Screwpine (Pandanus utilis) is a tropical tree native to Madagascar. Contrary to it´s name, it is NOT a pine and doesn't even look like a pine. It is sometimes called a "Madagascar Screw-pine".
Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami FL
Ceiba pentandra is a tropical tree
The tree grows to 60–70 m (200–230 ft) tall and has a very substantial trunk up to 3 m (10 ft) in diameter with buttresses.
One of many HUGE Kapok trees are growing here.
Brownsberg nature park, Suriname
Same tree 2 different shots.
SN/NC: Ceiba Pentandra, Malvaceae Family
Ceiba pentandra is a tropical tree of the order Malvales and the family Malvaceae (previously separated in the family Bombacaceae), native to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, northern South America, and (as the variety C. pentandra var. guineensis) to tropical west Africa. A somewhat smaller variety is found throughout southern Asia and the East Indies. Kapok is the most used common name for the tree and may also refer to the cotton-like fluff obtained from its seed pods. The tree is cultivated for the seed fibre, particularly in south-east Asia, and is also known as the Java cotton, Java kapok, silk-cotton, Samauma, or ceiba.
Ceiba pentandra is een tropische boom van de orde Malvales en de familie Malvaceae (voorheen gescheiden in de familie Bombacaceae), afkomstig uit Mexico, Midden-Amerika en het Caribisch gebied, noordelijk Zuid-Amerika, en (zoals de variëteit C. pentandra var. Guineensis) tot tropisch West-Afrika. Een iets kleinere variëteit wordt gevonden in heel Zuid-Azië en Oost-Indië. Kapok is de meest gebruikte algemene naam voor de boom en kan ook verwijzen naar de katoenachtige pluis die wordt verkregen uit de zaaddozen. De boom wordt gekweekt voor de zaadvezel, vooral in Zuidoost-Azië, en staat ook bekend als het Java-katoen, Java-kapok, zijde-katoen, Samauma of ceiba.
Ceiba pentandra est un arbre tropical de l'ordre des Malvales et de la famille des Malvaceae (précédemment séparées dans la famille des Bombacaceae), originaire du Mexique, d'Amérique centrale et des Caraïbes, du nord de l'Amérique du Sud, et (comme la variété C. pentandra var. guineensis) de Afrique occidentale tropicale. Une variété un peu plus petite se trouve dans toute l'Asie du Sud et les Indes orientales. Kapok est le nom commun le plus utilisé pour l'arbre et peut également faire référence aux peluches ressemblant à du coton obtenues à partir de ses gousses. L'arbre est cultivé pour la fibre des graines, en particulier en Asie du Sud-Est, et est également connu sous le nom de coton de Java, kapok de Java, coton de soie, Samauma ou ceiba.
La Ceiba pentandra è un albero tropicale dell'ordine Malvales e la famiglia Malvaceae (precedentemente separata nella famiglia Bombacaceae), originaria del Messico, America Centrale e Caraibi, Nord America del Sud e (come la varietà C. pentandra var. Guineensis) a Africa occidentale tropicale. Una varietà un po 'più piccola si trova in tutta l'Asia meridionale e nelle Indie orientali. Kapok è il nome comune più usato per l'albero e può anche riferirsi alla lanugine simile al cotone ottenuta dai suoi baccelli. L'albero è coltivato per la fibra di semi, in particolare nel sud-est asiatico, ed è noto anche come cotone Java, Java kapok, cotone di seta, Samauma o ceiba.
Ceiba pentandra é uma árvore tropical da ordem Malvales e da família Malvaceae (anteriormente separada na família Bombacaceae), nativa do México, América Central e Caribe, norte da América do Sul e (como a variedade C. pentandra var. Guineensis) a África ocidental tropical. Uma variedade um pouco menor é encontrada no sul da Ásia e nas Índias Orientais. Kapok é o nome comum mais usado para a árvore e também pode se referir ao cotão de algodão obtido de suas vagens. A árvore é cultivada para a fibra de sementes, principalmente no sudeste da Ásia, e também é conhecida como algodão Java, kapok Java, algodão de seda, Samauma ou ceiba. Mas nós a conhecemos simplesmente como paineira, no Brasil.
La ceiba, lupuna, bonga o bongo, pochote o kapok, de nombre binomial Ceiba pentandra Gaertn., es un árbol de la zona intertropical del orden Malvales y de la familia Malvaceae y originario de la región de Mesoamérica. Una variedad algo más pequeña se encuentra en todo el sur de Asia y las Indias Orientales. Kapok es el nombre común más utilizado para el árbol y también puede referirse a la pelusa similar al algodón obtenida de sus vainas de semillas. El árbol se cultiva para la fibra de semillas, particularmente en el sudeste asiático, y también se le conoce como algodón Java, kapok Java, algodón de seda, Samauma o ceiba.
Ceiba pentandra ist ein tropischer Baum der Ordnung Malvales und der Familie Malvaceae (früher in der Familie Bombacaceae getrennt), der in Mexiko, Mittelamerika und der Karibik sowie im nördlichen Südamerika beheimatet ist und (wie die Sorte C. pentandra var. guineensis) an tropisches Westafrika. Eine etwas kleinere Sorte kommt in ganz Südasien und Ostindien vor. Kapok ist der am häufigsten verwendete gebräuchliche Name für den Baum und kann sich auch auf den baumwollähnlichen Flaum beziehen, der aus seinen Samenkapseln gewonnen wird. Der Baum wird vor allem in Südostasien für die Samenfaser angebaut und ist auch als Java-Baumwolle, Java-Kapok, Seidenbaumwolle, Samauma oder Ceiba bekannt.
Ceiba pentandraは、メキシコ、中央アメリカ、カリブ海、南アメリカ北部に自生し、（品種C. pentandra var。guineensisとして）アオイ目とアオイ科（以前はパンヤ科で分離されていた）の熱帯樹木です。熱帯西アフリカ。南アジアと東インド諸島では、やや小さい品種が見られます。カポックは木の最もよく使われる一般名であり、その種子のさやから得られる綿のような綿毛を指すこともあります。この木は、特に東南アジアで種子繊維用に栽培されており、ジャワ綿、ジャワカポック、シルク綿、サマウマ、セイバとしても知られています。
To Ceiba pentandra είναι ένα τροπικό δέντρο της τάξης των Malvales και της οικογένειας Malvaceae (προηγουμένως χωριζόταν στην οικογένεια Bombacaceae), εγγενές στο Μεξικό, την Κεντρική Αμερική και την Καραϊβική, τη Βόρεια Νότια Αμερική και (όπως η ποικιλία C. pentandra var. guineensis) τροπική δυτική Αφρική. Μια κάπως μικρότερη ποικιλία βρίσκεται σε όλη τη νότια Ασία και τις Ανατολικές Ινδίες. Το Kapok είναι το πιο χρησιμοποιούμενο κοινό όνομα για το δέντρο και μπορεί επίσης να αναφέρεται στο χνούδι που μοιάζει με βαμβάκι που λαμβάνεται από τους λοβούς των σπόρων του. Το δέντρο καλλιεργείται για τις ίνες των σπόρων, ιδιαίτερα στη νοτιοανατολική Ασία, και είναι επίσης γνωστό ως βαμβάκι Java, Java kapok, μετάξι-βαμβάκι, Samauma ή ceiba.
pentandra هي شجرة استوائية من رتبة Malvales وعائلة Malvaceae (كانت منفصلة سابقًا في عائلة Bombacaceae) ، موطنها المكسيك وأمريكا الوسطى ومنطقة البحر الكاريبي وشمال أمريكا الجنوبية ، و (مثل الصنف C. pentandra var. guineensis) غرب أفريقيا الاستوائية. تم العثور على تنوع أصغر إلى حد ما في جميع أنحاء جنوب آسيا وجزر الهند الشرقية. Kapok هو الاسم الشائع الأكثر استخدامًا للشجرة وقد يشير أيضًا إلى الزغب الشبيه بالقطن الذي يتم الحصول عليه من حبات البذور. تُزرع الشجرة من أجل ألياف البذور ، خاصة في جنوب شرق آسيا ، وتُعرف أيضًا باسم قطن جافا ، أو جافا كابوك ، أو قطن الحرير ، أو ساماوما ، أو سيبا.
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."Mahua longifolia is an Indian tropical tree found largely in the central and north Indian plains and forests. It is commonly known as mahuwa,mahua, mahwa or Iluppai. It is a fast-growing tree that grows to approximately 20 meters in height, possesses evergreen or semi-evergreen foliage, and belongs to the family Sapotaceae."Wikipedia .
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Tropical trees in Honduras. / Arbres tropicaux au Honduras.
© Vincent Demers
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The Gumbo Limbo is a fast growing tropical tree in the Florida Keys. Sometimes called the Tourist Tree because of the red peeling skin.
The rambutan (/ræmˈbuːtən/; taxonomic name: Nephelium lappaceum) is a medium-sized tropical tree in the family Sapindaceae. The name also refers to the edible fruit produced by this tree. The rambutan is native to the Malay-Indonesian region, and other regions of tropical Southeast Asia. It is closely related to several other edible tropical fruits including the lychee, longan, and mamoncillo.
ETYMOLOGY
The name 'rambutan' is derived from the Malay-Indonesian languages word for rambut or "hair", a reference to the numerous hairy protuberances of the fruit, together with the noun-building suffix -an. In Vietnam, it is called chôm chôm (meaning "messy hair") due to the spines covering the fruit's skin.
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
Native to tropical Southeast Asia, rambutan is commonly grown among various countries throughout the region. It has spread from there to various parts of Asia, Africa, Oceania and Central America. The widest variety of cultivars, wild and cultivated, are found in Malaysia.
Around the 13th to 15th centuries, Arab traders that played a major role in Indian Ocean trade introduced rambutan into Zanzibar and Pemba of East Africa. There are limited rambutan plantings in some parts of India. In the 19th century, the Dutch introduced rambutan from their colony in Southeast Asia and Suriname in South America. Subsequently the plant spread to tropical Americas, planted in the coastal lowlands of Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Trinidad and Cuba. In 1912, rambutan was introduced to the Philippines from Indonesia. Further introductions were made in 1920 (from Indonesia) and 1930 (from Malaya), but until the 1950s its distribution was limited.
There was an attempt to introduce rambutan to the southeastern United States, with seeds imported from Java in 1906, but the species proved to be unsuccessful, except in Puerto Rico.
DESCRIPTION
It is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 12–20 m. The leaves are alternate, 10–30 cm long, pinnate, with three to 11 leaflets, each leaflet 5–15 cm wide and 3–10 cm broad, with an entire margin. The flowers are small, 2.5–5 mm, apetalous, discoidal, and borne in erect terminal panicles 15–30 cm wide.
Rambutan trees can be male (producing only staminate flowers and, hence, produce no fruit), female (producing flowers that are only functionally female), or hermaphroditic (producing flowers that are female with a small percentage of male flowers).
The fruit is a round to oval single-seeded berry, 3–6 cm (rarely to 8 cm) long and 3–4 cm broad, borne in a loose pendant cluster of 10–20 together. The leathery skin is reddish (rarely orange or yellow), and covered with fleshy pliable spines, hence the name, which means 'hairs'. The fruit flesh, which is actually the aril, is translucent, whitish or very pale pink, with a sweet, mildly acidic flavor very reminiscent of grapes.
The single seed is glossy brown, 1–1.3 cm, with a white basal scar. Soft and containing equal portions of saturated and unsaturated fats, the seeds may be cooked and eaten. The peeled fruits can be eaten raw, or cooked and eaten: first, the grape-like fleshy aril, then the nutty seed, with no waste.
POLLINATION
Aromatic rambutan flowers are highly attractive to many insects, especially bees. Flies (Diptera), bees (Hymenoptera), and ants (Solenopsis) are the main pollinators. Among the Diptera, Lucilia spp. are abundant, and among the Hymenoptera, honey bees (Apis dorsata and A. cerana) and the stingless bee genus Trigona are the major visitors. A. cerana colonies foraging on rambutan flowers produce large quantities of honey. Bees foraging for nectar routinely contact the stigma of male flowers and gather significant quantities of the sticky pollen from male blossoms. Little pollen has been seen on bees foraging female flowers. Although male flowers open at 6 am, foraging by A. cerana is most intense between 7 and 11 am, tapering off rather abruptly thereafter. In Thailand, A. cerana is the preferred species for small-scale pollination of rambutan. Its hair is also helpful in pollination where pollen can be hooked on and transported to female flowers.
PRODUCTION
Rambutan is an important fruit tree of humid tropical Southeast Asia, traditionally cultivated especially in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. It is a popular garden fruit tree and propagated commercially in small orchards. It is one of the best-known fruits of Southeast Asia and is also widely cultivated elsewhere in the tropics including Africa, the Caribbean islands, Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama, India, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka; it is also produced in Ecuador where it is known as achotillo and on the island of Puerto Rico.
Thailand is the largest producer of rambutan, with 588,000 tonnes (55.5%), followed by Indonesia with 320,000 tonnes (30.2%) and Malaysia with 126,300 tonnes (11.9%) in 2005, the three countries collectively accounting for 97% of the world's supply of rambutan. In Thailand, major cultivation center is in Surat Thani Province. In Indonesia, the production center of rambutan is located in the western parts of Indonesia, which includes Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan. In Java, the orchards and pekarangan (habitation yards) in the villages of Greater Jakarta and West Java, has been known as rambutan production centers since colonial era, with trading center in Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta. Rambutan production is increasing in Australia and, in 1997, was one of the top three tropical fruits produced in Hawaii.
The fruit are usually sold fresh, used in making jams and jellies, or canned. Evergreen rambutan trees with their abundant coloured fruit make beautiful landscape specimens.
In India, rambutan is imported from Thailand as well as grown in Pathanamthitta District of the southern state of Kerala.
Rambutans are not a climacteric fruit — that is, they ripen only on the tree and appear not to produce a ripening agent such as the plant hormone, ethylene, after being harvested.
CULTIVATION
Rambutan is adapted to warm tropical climates, around 22–30 °C, and is sensitive to temperatures below 10 °C. It is grown commercially within 12–15° of the equator. The tree grows well at elevations up to 500 m above sea level, and does best in deep soil, clay loam or sandy loam rich in organic matter, and thrive on hilly terrain as they require good drainage. Rambutan is propagated by grafting, air-layering, and budding; the latter is most common as trees grown from seed often produce sour fruit. Budded trees may fruit after two to three years with optimum production occurring after eight to 10 years. Trees grown from seed bear after five to six years.
The aril is attached to the seed in some commercial cultivars, but "freestone" cultivars are available and in high demand. Usually, a single light brown seed is found, which is high in certain fats and oils (primarily oleic acid and arachidic acid) valuable to industry, and used in cooking and the manufacture of soap. Rambutan roots, bark, and leaves have various uses in traditional medicine and in the production of dyes.
In some areas, rambutan trees can bear fruit twice annually, once in late fall and early winter, with a shorter season in late spring and early summer. Other areas, such as Costa Rica, have a single fruit season, with the start of the rainy season in April stimulating flowering, and the fruit is usually ripe in August and September. The fragile fruit must ripen on the tree, then they are harvested over a four- to seven-week period. The fresh fruit are easily bruised and have a limited shelf life. An average tree may produce 5,000–6,000 or more fruit (60–70 kg per tree). Yields begin at 1.2 tonnes per hectare in young orchards and may reach 20 tonnes per hectare on mature trees. In Hawaii, 24 of 38 cultivated hectares were harvested producing 120 tonnes of fruit in 1997. Yields could be increased by improved orchard management, including pollination, and by planting high-yielding compact cultivars.
Most commercial cultivars are hermaphroditic; cultivars that produce only functionally female flowers require the presence of male trees. Male trees are seldom found, as vegetative selection has favored hermaphroditic clones that produce a high proportion of functionally female flowers and a much lower number of flowers that produce pollen. Over 3,000 greenish-white flowers occur in male panicles, each with five to seven anthers and a nonfunctional ovary. Male flowers have yellow nectaries and five to seven stamens. About 500 greenish-yellow flowers occur in each hermaphroditic panicle. Each flower has six anthers, usually a bilobed stigma, and one ovule in each of its two sections (locules). The flowers are receptive for about one day, but may persist if pollinators are excluded.
In Thailand, rambutan trees were first planted in Surat Thani in 1926 by the Chinese Malay K. Vong in Ban Na San. An annual rambutan fair is held during August harvest time.
In Malaysia, rambutan flowers from March to July and again between June and November, usually in response to rain following a dry period. Flowering periods differ for other localities. Most, but not all, flowers open early in the day. Up to 100 flowers in each female panicle may be open each day during peak bloom. Initial fruit set may approach 25%, but a high abortion level contributes to a much lower level of production at harvest (1 to 3%). The fruit matures 15–18 weeks after flowering.
Rambutan cultivation in Sri Lanka mainly consists of small home gardens. Malwana, a village located in the Kelani River Valley, is popular for its rambutan orchards. Their production comes to market in May, June, and July, when it is very common to observe seasonal traders along the streets of Colombo. Sri Lanka also has some off-season rambutan production in January and February in areas such as Bibile, Medagama, and Monaragala.
Both male and female flowers are faintly sweet-scented and have functional nectaries at the ovary base. Female flowers produce two to three times more nectar than male flowers. Nectar sugar concentration ranges between 18% and 47% and is similar between the flower types. Rambutan is an important nectar source for bees in Malaysia.
Cross-pollination is a necessity because the anther is absent in most functionally female flowers. Although apomixis may occur in some cultivars, rambutan, like lychee, is dependent upon insects for pollination. In Malaysia, where only about 1% of the female flowers set fruit, no fruit is set on bagged flowers while hand pollination resulted in 13% fruit set. Pollinators may maintain a fidelity to either male or hermaphroditic flowers (trees), thus limiting pollination and fruit set under natural conditions where crossing between male and female flowers is required.
CULTIVARS
Well over 200 cultivars were developed from selected clones available throughout tropical Asia. Most of the cultivars are also selected for compact growth, reaching a height of only 3–5 m for easier harvesting.
In Indonesia, 22 rambutan cultivars were identified with good quality, with five as leading commercial cultivars: 'Binjai', 'Lebak Bulus', 'Rapiah', 'Cimacan' and 'Sinyonya', with other popular cultivars including 'Simacan', 'Silengkeng', 'Sikonto' and 'Aceh kuning'. In Malaya, commercial varieties include 'Chooi Ang', 'Peng Thing Bee', 'Ya Tow', 'Azimat', and 'Ayer Mas'.
In Nicaragua, a joint World Relief–European Union team distributed seedlings to organizations such as Ascociación Pueblos en Acción Comunitaria in 2001 to more than 100 farmers. Some of these farmers saw the first production of rambutan from their trees in 2005–2006 with development directed at the local market.
In the Philippines, two cultivars of rambutan are distinguished by their seed. The common rambutan seed and fruit are difficult to separate, while the 'Maharlika Rambutan' fruit separates cleanly from its seed. The fruit taste and size of these two cultivars are identical, but the 'Maharlika Rambutan' is more popular with a higher price.
NUTRIENTS AND PHYTOCHEMICALS
Rambutan fruit contains diverse nutrients but in modest amounts, with only manganese having moderate content at 16% of the Daily Value per 100 g consumed (right table; note data are for canned fruit in syrup, not as raw which may have different nutrient contents).
As an unpigmented fruit flesh, rambutan does not contain significant polyphenol content, but its colorful rind displays diverse phenolic acids, such as syringic, coumaric, gallic, caffeic and ellagic acids having antioxidant activity in vitro. Rambutan seeds contain equal proportions of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, where arachidic (34%) and oleic (42%) acids, respectively, are highest in fat content.
The pleasant fragrance of rambutan fruit derives from numerous volatile organic compounds, including beta-damascenone, vanillin, phenylacetic acid and cinnamic acid.
WIKIPEDIA
The most common tropical tree ant, and a source of food by many people in Indonesia. These two are exchanging liquid. This was in Cape Tribulation, Australia.
Tropical trees in Honduras. / Arbres tropicaux au Honduras.
© Vincent Demers
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The Manila American Cemetery and Memorial in the Philippines occupies 152 acres on a prominent plateau, visible at a distance from the east, south and west. It contains the largest number of graves of our military dead of World War II, a total of 17,201, most of whom lost their lives in operations in New Guinea and the Philippines. The headstones are aligned in 11 plots forming a generally circular pattern, set among masses of a wide variety of tropical trees and shrubbery.
Syzygium samarangense is a plant species in the family Myrtaceae, native to an area that includes the Greater Sunda Islands, Malay Peninsula and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, but introduced in prehistoric times to a wider area and now widely cultivated in the tropics.
Common names in English include Java apple, Semarang rose-apple and wax jambu.
Cultivation and uses:
Syzygium samarangense is a tropical tree growing to 12 m tall, with evergreen leaves 10–25 cm long and 5–10 cm broad. The flowers are white, 2.5 cm diameter, with four petals and numerous stamens. The fruit is a bell-shaped, edible berry, with colors ranging from white, pale green, or green to red, purple, or crimson, to deep purple or even black, 4–6 cm long in wild plants. The flowers and resulting fruit are not limited to the axils of the leaves, and can appear on nearly any point on the surface of the trunk and branches. When mature, the tree is considered a heavy bearer, yielding a crop of up to 700 fruits.
Syzygium samarangense with a cross section of the fruit
When ripe, the fruit will puff outwards, with a slight concavity in the middle of the underside of the "bell". Healthy wax apples have a light sheen to them. Despite its name, a ripe wax apple only resembles an apple on the outside in color. It does not taste like an apple, and it has neither the fragrance nor the density of an apple. Its flavor is similar to a snow pear, and the liquid-to-flesh ratio of the wax apple is comparable to a watermelon. Unlike either apple or watermelon, the wax apple's flesh has a very loose weave. The very middle holds a seed situated in a sort of cotton-candy-like mesh. This mesh is edible, but flavorless. The color of its juice depends on the cultivar; it may be purple to entirely colorless.
A number of cultivars with larger fruit have been selected. In general, the paler or darker the color, the sweeter it is.[clarification needed] In Southeast Asia, the black ones are nicknamed "Black Pearl" or "Black Diamond", while the very pale greenish-white ones, called "Pearl", are among the highest priced ones in fruit markets. The fruit is often served uncut, but with the core removed, to preserve the unique bell-shaped presentation. In Malay peninsula it is also used as bonsai plant as it grows well in pots and has thick trunk.
In the cuisine of Indian Ocean islands, the fruit is frequently used in salads, as well as in lightly sautéed dishes.
In India, water apples are found in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh near the dry land areas of Rajanagaram mandal (mainly around G.Donthamuru village surroundings). In Telugu, these are called kammari kayalu (కమ్మరి కాయలు). It is also found throughout Kerala where it is called as Champakka or Chambakka. It is mainly eaten as a fruit and also used to make pickles (Chambakka Achar).
In Taiwan, it is known as 蓮霧 (Lián wù).
In the Philippines, its local name is macopa. Because of their similarity in appearance, Filipinos always confuse macopa with tambis (Syzygium aqueum), although the latter is more commonly cultivated.
Medicinal uses:
The flowers are astringent and used in Taiwan to treat fever and halt diarrhea. Investigators have found their principal constituent to be tannin. They also contain desmethoxymatteucinol, 5-O-methyl-4'-desmethoxymatteucinol, oleanic acid and B-sitosterol. They show weak antibiotic action against Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Candida albicans.
Canon ball tree flower-couropita guianensis
This large deciduous tropical tree, 75' tall and indigenous to the Amazon rainforest, is listed as a rare tree and flower in India. The leaves, up to 6" long, are simple with serrate margin; it flowers in racemes which is cauliflorus; the yellow, reddish and pink flowers are stunning fragrant. These are 3" to 5" waxy aromatic smelling, pink and dark-red flowers growing directly on the bark of the trunk. Cannon ball flowers are considered of special significance in Buddhist culture in Sri Lanka. In Tamil Nadu, it is called Nagalingam flower. The sivalingam shape is visible at the center of the flower and snake shaped pollen is the specialty of this flower and it has very good fragrance. This rare flower can be used for Shiva Pooja -Flowers of India
These tropical trees in the sea breeze were shot today in Santos, Brazil.
Folhas de coqueiros contra o céu.
Estas árvores tropicais, à brisa do mar, foram fotografadas hoje em Santos, Brasil.
Ceiba pentandra or "Kapok" (also called as "Java cotton", "Java kapok", "Silk cotton" or "ceiba") is a tropical tree of the order Malvales and the family Malvaceae.
It is native to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, northern South America, and tropical west Africa.
It is known in Brazil as "mafumeira", "sumauma" or "algodoeiro".
there's a part of my parents garden, where huge magnolias and other tropical trees grow to rainforest-like sizes. they are so huge and form such a tight group, that my kids call this part of the garden, the forest. well, i was really surprised to meet two friendly faces in such a wild place....
raggedy ann and andy were a birthday present from a dear friend.... ann wears a käthe kruse dress
The curry tree (Murraya koenigii) or curry leaf tree is a tropical to sub-tropical tree in the family Rutaceae (the rue family, which includes rue, citrus, and satinwood), and is native to India. Its leaves are used in many dishes in the Indian subcontinent. Often used in curries, the leaves are generally called by the name curry leaves, although they are also actually sweet neem leaves in most Indian languages. It is a small tree, growing 4–6 m tall, with a trunk up to 40 cm diameter. The aromatic leaves are pinnate, with 11–21 leaflets, each leaflet 2–4 cm long and 1–2 cm broad. The plant produces small white flowers which can self-pollinate to produce small shiny-black drupes containing a single, large viable seed. The berry pulp is edible, with a sweet flavor. 925_c
Seen in Puerto de la Cruz | Tenerife
The flame tree, also known as royal poinciana or flamboyant, is a member of the bean family (Leguminosae) and is widely regarded as one of the most beautiful tropical trees in the world.
This is a tropical tree macro shot taken in Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
Macro de árvore tropical.
Este é um macro shot de árvore tropical registrado em Santos, São Paulo, Brasil.
This is a 30 foot tall tree, full of spikes...
This tropical tree is in the Crystal Bridge in downtown OKC!
taken in the grounds of our hotel for our stay in Mexico, which was set among natural vegetation and tropical trees ( essentially jungle ) and fauna, and a few ruins in the grounds too. This ruin was along the coastal path, I have taken a shot from behind it here so I could see the beautiful blue sea and sky through the shot....I'll post another from the front of the ruin ( small compared with El castillo ! ). July 2016, Grand Xcaret, Riviera Maya, Mexico,
Explore Nov 6, 2011 #178
An intimate look at a newly hatched Atala butterfly! I was a couple of inches away so I can show you details we rarely see. Butterfly wings are not perfect, especially not the Atala's with their blurry edges and random sky blue shapes. Yet let the sunlight catch them in flight, and nothing is more perfect!
Notice the deep orange pigment particles that have fallen from the Atala's body onto its dark blue wings. And the iridescent sky blue patches glistening in the heavy shiny air after this morning's rain.
Early Florida settlers learned from the Indians how to arrowroot flower from the roots of the Coontie plant, the host plant of the Atala. The only plant they lay their eggs on. Arrowroot became the prime money crop and the Coontie plants were destroyed. And the Atala as well, becoming nearly extinct until an upsurge of interest in the Atala led landscapers to begin using it. The Atala population is still small but there's hope for the recovery of both the Coontie and the Atala.
Atala Eumaeus, Chapman's Senna
These Atalas have just hatched! And they will hang till they dry and strengthen, then fly to a nearby nectar source to gain energy and vitality. So rare to see Atalas hatch, and even more rare to see so many hatching at the same time! A lot of us did a lot of work to get Coonties planted and Atala larvae introduced in open fields, along railroad tracks and in landscaping projects.
The Atala butterfly is strange to photograph. The colored areas are vague at the margins so the color looks like it has been dusted on a bit carelessly. But look at its marvelous tones below... deep velvety blue, bright sky blue and a brilliant red orange! It is very fast moving so getting a shot at all is always a thrill! Usually looks like a vibrant patch of astounding flying color and it's gone.
Interdependencies in nature once again. This marvelous creature owes its life to the Florida Coontie which was almost wiped out after being the money crop of the first Florida pioneers. Without the Coontie, this beauty will be gone. Coontie is the host plant and the only plant the Atala can lay its eggs on. The short, woody stem and rootstock of the Coontie grows almost completely underground and produces a terminal crown of stiff, evergreen, pinnate leaves up to 3 feet long. The brown, fleshy, erect, female or seed-bearing cones are pendent when mature. Coontie plants contain a natural toxin, which atala larvae accumulate in their bodies and use to repel birds. Without coontie, adult atalas have no place to lay eggs. No eggs means no new generations. .
Wild coonties’ demise began with starch: Long before Europeans arrived in Florida, Native Americans used coontie as a source of starch. Coontie, in fact, is a Seminole word that means “bread” or “white root” because the roots can be made into arrowroot flour. The Tequesta Indians thrived in the Arch Creek area. The oak hammock near the creek provided shade, edible plants, nuts and berries. Nearby Biscayne Bay provided shellfish, shark, manatee and turtle. North of the hammock were pine flatlands which sheltered the all-important coontie plant (Zamia integrifolia).
Around 1858 two ambitious pioneers used the creek and its natural bridge as a site for a coontie starch mill. These early entrepreneurs learned how to clean the poisonous roots and dammed up the waterway under the bridge diverting the flow through a sluice they carved out of a solid limestone bank. The water turned a wooden wheel attached to a nail-studded grinder which mashed the cootie roots into a paste-like pulp which was soaked and strained to remove any remaining poison. Laid out in wooden racks, the starch dried quickly and the sun bleached it white. In the early 1900s, several commercial factories in South Florida processed coontie roots for the manufacture of arrowroot biscuits. Unfortunately the coontie was overused and the Atala had no place to lay its eggs. In recent years, there is a great effort to reestablish coontie and as a result the Atala is coming back! And coming back abundantlyl!
Atala Eumaeus
Miami, FL
This photo featured in Butterfly Gardening: The North American Butterfly Association Guide. Pg 24 www.amazon.com/Butterfly-Gardening-North-American-Associa...
For more images of this rare, nearly extinct beauty, see my set Florida Butterflies.
Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami, FL
For more images of this rare, nearly extinct beauty, see my set Florida Butterflies.
A Sunflower - @ New Town Eco Park (officially Prakriti Tirtha) - Calcutta, India.
IN FLICKR EXPLORE ON 27-11-2013.
www.flickr.com/photos/59670248@N05/11088443496/in/explore...
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New Town Eco Park (officially Prakriti Tirtha) is an urban park in Rajarhat, Kolkata. The park is situated on a 480 acres (190 ha) plot and will surround a 104 acres (42 ha) waterbody with an island in the middle. The park was conceptualised by Chief Minister of West Bengal, Mamata Banerjee in July 2011. West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation (HIDCO) is the overarching body coordinating the construction of the park, along with different other government bodies responsible for implementation of different works inside the park. The park has been divided into three broad parts; 1) ecological zones like wetlands, grasslands, and urban forest, 2)theme gardens and open spaces, 3)and urban recreational spaces. The Eco Park will be further divided into different sub-parts according to the different types of fauna planted. According to the plan, the park will have different areas like wild flower meadows, a bamboo garden, grasslands, tropical tree garden, bonsai garden, tea garden, Cactus Walk, a heliconia garden, a butterfly garden, a play area and an amphitheatre. Further, there is plan to develop an eco-resort in public-private partnership, and will also include an area where handicrafts from different part of the state will be exhibited. The park was inaugurated on 29 December 2012 by Mamata Banerjee.
Source : Internet
Palladium & Platinum, the ancient photographic printing process.
This is the method of William Willies 1873 the discoverer of the process of using the Platinum metal salts mixed with some oxidizers, coating it on water color paper.. as making your own light sensitive emulsion and a present of a UV light to come up with the most great long tonal scale that gelatin silver wouldn’t ever make. I love it because its so deep and meaningful.. its the joy of photography.
I took this picture in Abu Dhabi and print the negative (8x10) on Palladium coating, controlled by the ratio method, printed on UV light (box which I designed) set for one hour, developed in Potassium Oxalate at 110 F cleared in Citric Acid.
The Rambutan is known botanically as Nephelium lappaceum. It is a tropical tree in the family Sapindaceae, and also the fruit of this tree. Although it does not grow very tall, it produces an ample harvest. Rambutan is widely distributed throughout Indonesia, Malaysia and Southeast Asia and is identified in some countries, by different names. For example, in Nicargua, Costa Rica and Panama, Rambutan is identified as mamon chino while Thailand people call it ngoh. In Malaysia, another type of Rambutan is sold called wild Rambutan. Although the common color of Rambutan is red, the fruit of this particular type is yellowish. The hairy skin of the Rambutan fruit is removed to get to the whitish or pinky edible parts. They typically taste is sweet, sour and slightly grape like and gummy to the taste.
Scientific name: Spathodea campanulta.
Common name:African tulip
tree Nickname: meaíto (pisser tree)
The single species it contains, Spathodea campanulata, is commonly known as the African tuliptree, fountain tree, pichkari or Nandi flame. The tree grows between 7–25 m (23–82 ft) tall and is native to tropical dry forests of Africa.
Photo taken from a paddock in private property. The dark green canopy is unmistakable and easily noticed. Hence the alternative name "Negrohead beech".
An unusually low altitude stand of trees at around 600 metres above sea level. Until fairly recently, this Comboyne population was considered "extinct" by scientists. However, the local farmers knew better.
The land owner said that this hill had been entirely cleared a hundred years ago, and this is all natural regeneration. The Antarctic Beech is common here. Colin, the local farmer was remarkably friendly, helpful and knowledgeable.
The soils here are on colluvium derived from basalt. The rounded conglomerate stones were likely to be from an alluvial origin. Derived from Triassic sediments from around two kilometres upstream. "Colluvium" is loose earth material that has accumulated downhill, through the action of gravity.
All sites we visited were basalt influenced, making a reasonably high soil quality. Thanks to Michael for this soil information. At the first site, the tree there was 17 metres tall. It's unlikely any in shot in this photo would exceed 25 metres tall. The largest I've seen of this species is in excess of 50 metres tall at the Barrington Tops.
This rainforest may be classified as "warm temperate". As the other trees nearby were almost all of that variety. Such as Native Crabapple, Lilly Pilly, Coachwood, Common Sassafras, White Aspen, Jackwood, Bonewood, Pittosporum, Callicoma, common tree heath, Guioa & Watergum*.
* Scientific names; Schizomeria ovata, Acmena smithii, Ceratopetalum apetalum, Doryphora sassafras, Aconychia oblongifolia, Pittosporum undulatum, Callicoma serratifolia, Acradenia euodiiformis, Guioa semiglauca, Tristaniopsis collina.
It was interesting to see the Antarctic Beech growing next to Bangalow Palms. As well as more common warmer species such as birds nest ferns. Cool temperate associates include Dicksonia antarctica, Lomatia arborescens, Quintinia sieberi, Orites excelsus and Vesselowskya rubifolia.
We noted several Trochocarpa plants, and identified them as the lowland T. laurina, rather than the beech associate, T. montana. Others, however, say that T. montana is present. We searched without success for the Beech orchid. It was recorded in the past at Comboyne, but perhaps now is locally extinct. (Dendrobium falcorostrum).
Can't quite figure out why the rainforest is mostly of warm temperate species, as the good quality soils are better suited to sub tropical rainforest trees. Such as the Rosewood, Red Cedar, Pigeonberry Ash, Booyong, Carabeen and dozens and dozens more.
At this photographed site, we parked the cars near a grove of original rainforest trees. They were all warm temperate species; (Cryptocarya glaucescens & Doryphora sassafras). Soils were typical red/brown kraznozem types derived from basalt. The streams on the Comboyne plateau are often subject to unusually cold winters, which would assist the Antarctic Beech. Perhaps this rainforest is cool temperate, type 49 as described by Alexander Floyd.
Michael E's soil analysis is at odds with Bale & Williams. I reckon Michael is correct, though. My theory is that the Comboyne plateau was covered in warm temperate & sub tropical rainforest. And the warm temperate rainforest is not confined to the Triassic sedimentary soils. (as we saw).
I suspected there is an agent in the red/brown kraznozem soils which hinders the development sub tropical species and supports the warm temperate species. It also favours the cool temperate species, the Antarctic Beech. That soil agent may be aluminium or another which renders the soils less fertile in a practical way. (This theory is now discarded).
The warm temperate species out-competed the sub tropical types. That missing factor when absent promotes sub tropical rainforest remnants at other farm areas at Comboyne. The sub tropical species out compete the warm temperate species in the richer soils. Temperature, soil degradation after clearing and aspect are factors too. But minor ones, perhaps. I've asked Colin Bale about this, waiting for a reply.
The answer is that it's too cold for sub tropical rainforests. The cold air drains down by the creek lines. The rainforest is properly classified as "cool temperate".
Although our soils scientist says that the ph is 4 to 5, which could mobilize toxins such as aluminium which could encourage warm temperate species and hinder the growth of sub tropical species.
The Comboyne plateau is a scarp-bounded paleoplain located between the central north coast of New South Wales and the Great Escarpment. Location: -31.605, 152.468. Miocene basalts overlie much of the plateau, creating red/brown kraznozem soils. However, exposed in the southern third of the plateau are underlying Triassic sediments of the Lorne basin.
The two major streams are the Thone River flowing north and Mumfords Creek, flowing west. The beech trees are found near these streams. The altitudes at the north of the plateau are 450 metres and 700 at the southern rim.
The plateau is mostly used for agriculture. The rainfall at nearby Boorganna Nature Reserve is 1930 mm per year. Mists and fog are common, being exposed to orographic influences from the east.
Dairy farms and vegetable plantations are often seen on the plateau. It is a rich farming community with high land prices. On Monday we noted a healthy avocado plantation next to Boorganna Nature Reserve.
Within these farms are the occasional original sub tropical rainforest tree. Sometimes a small patch of between five and a hundred trees. Cattle enjoy the shade underneath these original rainforest trees. One of the most common farm trees is the Rosewood (Dysoxylum fraserianum). It's possible that some Comboyne farm trees may be Antarctic Beech, as yet undiscovered.
In 1925 the botanist E.C. Chisholm surveyed the remains of the Comboyne rainforests. He wrote that the beech was "extremely rare, although many trees were undoubtedly destroyed during clearing." However, on Monday, our wonderful guide Colin suggests that he has evidence that the beech was common or abundant on the Comboyne plateau in the 19th century.
Chisholm's text was read by contemporary botanists and used as evidence for the species' supposed extinction in the Comboyne area. However, the rainforest botanist A.G. Floyd has the species listed at Comboyne in his 1989 publication: Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern Australia, Inkata Press 1989, ISBN 0-909605-57-2
The Antarctic Beech at Comboyne show strong regeneration from seed. Here the beech seems mostly confined to stream-side locations. Though there did appear to be a number of trees up the hill (see notes on the photo). As with the population at east Dorrigo, the species grows at unusually low altitudes.
These Comboyne populations show the resilience of the species after the plateau was almost entirely cleared in the first quarter of the twentieth century. It is clearly "vagile", that is able to move and distribute in disturbed areas through "mast" seeding. The trees we saw included relic plants of considerable age, as well as mature, young, sapling and seedlings.
The Antarctic Beech group (Nothofagaceae) is an ancient type of plant, of great significance to southern hemisphere botanical distribution. This group is often associated with the breakup of the ancient super continent Gondwana.
They are currently found in southern South America (Chile, Argentina) and Australasia (east and southeast Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and New Caledonia).
This particular species is found between the Barrington Tops in the south (-32.052, 151.493). To the Lamington Plateau to the north (just over the border of New South Wales in Queensland). (-28.142, 153.115)
Now known as Lophozonia moorei. It was previously known for many years as Nothofagus moorei and other names including Fagus moorei. Fagus being the genus of the European Beech (Fagus sylvatica).
The Antarctic Beech is usually seen between altitudes of 900 to 1550 metres above sea level. At Comboyne they are found as low as 570 metres. There is a Facebook report of the beech growing on the upper Nymboida river at 520 metres above sea level. Though I've not seen this published anywhere. I've seen them nearby at Mobong Creek at 605 metres altitude.
It is not limited to the better quality basaltic soils, such as at Werrikimbe national park. At nearby Mount Banda Banda it grows on soils derived from porphyry, a type of granite. There associate species include the sub tropical Yellow Carabeen and Walking Stick palms. Near Dorrigo it grows beside the Hoop pine.
Further north at Cathedral Rock, it grows on adamellite, another granite which produces even less fertile soils. The cool temperate rainforests there are dominated by an expected associate, the Black Olive Berry (Elaeocarpus holopetalus). The Antarctic Beech can become a competitive and viable species in unexpected places within its range.
North at the Border Ranges/Lamington National park, the Antarctic Beech grows alongside sub tropical trees like the Bangalow Palm and Black Booyong. (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana & Argyrodendron actinophyllum). Here at Comboyne it also grows next to the Bangalow Palm.
There is a record of this species in the Blue Mountains west of Sydney. However, this is considered a "blow-in" from Mount Tomah Botanic Gardens, several kilometres away. There's another record of it from Mount Kaputar on the western plains near Narrabri. I've yet to hear if this 1911 record is accepted by the scientific community.
There is a record in New South Wales of the related Lophozonia cunninghamii. However, this is a fossilized stump, some thirty thousand years old. Located in Kościuszko National Park. It's unlikely that it occurs alive in New South Wales. But you never know!
The documentation by Bale & Williams of these refugial stands at Comboyne is another interesting chapter of the story of the Nothofagaceae. It gives extra clues regarding paleoclimatic and paleobiogeographic inferences.
As these stands of Antarctic Beech are at such low altitudes and in a warmer climate as one might expect. Their potential deterioration in more hot weather in situ may signify further evidence of climate change.
Thanks to the botanist Colin Bale for his e-mails, advice and support.
I shot this close up of a water lily mid afternoon on July 4, 2009 while visiting the Conservatory of Flowers in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park - one of my favorite places to stroll through and admire the flowers, plants, and tropical trees in the big glass building. Even though I have made many photos of water lilies, the brilliance of the inside of some of these images still amazes me - as did this one when I viewed it on my monitor. I shot this in the Aquatic Plants Room of the COF with my CAnon Powershot SX10 that I was using at the time.
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My larger plumeria cutting has many relatively large leaves now! Sure enough, my plumeria cuttings from Hawaii continue to grow and flourish! I'm one happy plumeria owner at this point!
More about plumerias:
Plumerias are tropical trees and are famous for their beautiful flowers which are used to make leis (flower garlands). In regions with colder climates, plumerias can be grown in containers and brought indoors during the winter months. Plumerias have thick stems, leathery leaves, and an abundance of flowers from early summer until fall. In the tropics, some varieties can even grow to a height of over 30 feet! The plumeria's waxy, 2-4-inch flowers are very fragrant. Flower colors include pink, red, white, and yellow. Plumerias are commonly planted in containers and make excellent cut flowers. At this point, my smaller cutting was now clearly blooming. I can even see some pinkish color to the flower buds. Yup, this smaller cutting is a pink plumeria! Time to give it fertilizer (high in phosphorus)... Of course, my larger cutting at this point was also growing a decent inflo, or flower stalk!
(As of Monday, April 4, 2016)
Gloriously graceful, broad branches, dotted with rosy red flower clusters.
The Red Cassia, (Cassia roxburghii), also known as the Roxburgh's cassia, and Ceylon senna, is a flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. The species is native to the Indian subcontinent and adjacent regions of Southeast Asia. It ranges throughout South India and Sri Lanka.
The red cassia is a medium-sized tree, growing to 15–20 m (49–66 ft) tall with spreading, drooping branches. The leaves are clusters of pink, rose or orange flowers, 15–60 cm (5.9–23.6 in) long, and pinnate with three to eight pairs of leaflets, each leaflet 7–21 cm (2.8–8.3 in) long and 4–9 cm (1.6–3.5 in) broad. The flowers are produced in pendulous racemes 20–40 cm (7.9–15.7 in) long, each flower 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 in) diameter with red to pinkish petals. The fruit is a legume.
Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami FL