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The Manila American Cemetery and Memorial in the Philippines occupies 152 acres on a prominent plateau, visible at a distance from the east, south and west. It contains the largest number of graves of our military dead of World War II, a total of 17,201, most of whom lost their lives in operations in New Guinea and the Philippines. The headstones are aligned in 11 plots forming a generally circular pattern, set among masses of a wide variety of tropical trees and shrubbery.
The chapel, a white masonry building enriched with sculpture and mosaic, stands near the center of the cemetery. In front of it on a wide terrace are two large hemicycles. Twenty-five mosaic maps recall the achievements of the American armed forces in the Pacific, China, India and Burma. On rectangular Trani limestone piers within the hemicycles, are inscribed the Tablets of the Missing containing 36,285 names. Rosettes mark the names of those since recovered and identified. Carved in the floors are the seals of the American states and its territories. From the memorial and other points within the cemetery there are impressive views over the lowlands to Laguna de Bay and towards the distant mountains.
This a tropical tree view in Santos, Brazil.
Santo Amaro island is seen at the bottom of the image in the Atlantic Ocean.
Azores - São Miguel -
At the edge of the tropical tree line of Lagoa das Furnas there is a charming lake in the middle of São Miguel Island. Emerging from this fairytale landscape is the slim tower of a neo-Gothic church that dates to 1882. What began as a testament to the ailing spouce of a wealthy Azorean gardener and amateur botanist, ended up as one of the most evocative churches in the whole archipelago.
I shot this red leaf in Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
A última folha vermelha em uma árvore tropical.
Eu fotografei esta folha vermelha em Santos, São Paulo, Brasil.
Papiliorama in a few words
The innovative and avant-garde architecture of the Papiliorama was designed to fulfill the needs of its inhabitants.
An amphitheater 40 metres in diameter and 14 metres at its maximum height offers ideal conditions for the growth of several dozen species of tropical trees and plants, among which more that 15 species of palms and many nectar plants.
In this garden, more than 60 species of butterflies from all over the tropics can be found. At all times around a thousand butterflies flutter around in an enchanting and colourful ballet. As more than 10 species breed naturally in Papiliorama, visitors can observe the complete butterfly life cycle from egg to adult, going through caterpillars and pupae.
I shot this coconut tree at Gonzaga beach in Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
Árvore tropical em um dia ensolarado de inverno.
Eu fotografei este coqueiro na praia do Gonzaga em Santos, São Paulo, Brasil.
Roundhay parks secret 300 million year history
ONCE – 300m years ago – an orange lizard called the Europs walked the fields that are now Roundhay Park.
It dwelt among tropical trees and baking heat – for the land was close to the Equator. This is the secret history of the north Leeds playground being brought to life by the Friends of Roundhay Park. They have published 5,000 copies of A Walk Back in Time, a glossy guide to the geology of the parkland. A trail with nine marker stones has been created and will be launched officially on Wednesday. The Friends will gather at the Education Centre in the Mansion at 2pm to hear a talk by expert geologist Bill Fraser, a teacher in Garforth, before walking the trail. Mr Fraser has a collection of fossils from Roundhay Park and has provided the scientific basis for the guide book.Bob Reid, one of the Friends, was the driving force behind the creation of the trail "The dates given in the guide are not fictitious – they are real, based on the evidence of radioactive decay," he said.
Glacier
At different times, Roundhay Park has been under both freshwater and sea water. We tend to think the park is as it has always been but over millions of years it has been continually changing . "The V-shaped ravine was formed by melt water from a glacier. "And a geological fault runs in front of the Mansion and is said to form the northern boundary of the Yorkshire coalfields .Bob visited viewing site No. 6 – Dog Mouth Spring – which is found in the woodland. The rock here is sandstone which is porous and allows water to bubble from it. At marker No. 9 by the banks of the Waterloo Lake, visitors can look back to the head of the lake where the fault crosses the valley. And the last marker, No. 10, also by the lakeside, reveals sandstone rock where burrowing worms have left their imprint. A Walk Back in Time costs 1 and can be bought at the Roundhay Park visitor centre, City Stationers at Oakwood, and at the tourist centre in Leeds City Station.
The Gorge at Roundhay Park has recently been cleared and new pathways introduced, a waterfall leaves the Upper Lake and tumbles down into this area of outstanding natural beauty. Take a short walk along the edge of the Gorge and emerge at the Caste Folly. You can also take the longer 'Secret Gorge Walk' This peaceful walk passes through an area of outstanding natural beauty. The walk has rough, good quality footpaths with sections of steep ground - approximately 2.7 km,
Secret Gorge Walk "The Ravine"
This peaceful walk passes through an area of outstanding natural beauty. The walk has rough, good quality footpaths with sections of steep ground.
Approx 2.7Km
Upper Lake Walk
This walk circumnavigates the Upper Lake with wooded areas, natural water space and a host of wildlife.
The walking surface is rough in sections but mainly flat.
Approx 0.7Km
Lake View Walk
This walk circumnavigates Waterloo Lake passing Parkland, Woods and the Dam. The main focus of the walk is the tranquil beauty of the Lake. The walking surface is rough in sections but mainly flat. Approx 2.7Km
Roundhay Park
Roundhay Park in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, is one of the biggest city parks in Europe. It has more than 700 acres (2.8 km2) of parkland, lakes, woodland and gardens which are owned by Leeds City Council. The park is one of the most popular attractions in Leeds, nearly a million people visit each year. It is situated on the north-east edge of the city, bordered by the suburb of Roundhay to the west and Oakwood to the south.
Old History
In the 11th century William the Conqueror granted the lands on which the park stands to Ilbert De Lacy for his support in the Harrying of the North in the winter 1069-70. De Lacy, who founded Pontefract Castle, was a knight from Normandy. During the 13th century, the area was used as a hunting park for the De Lacys who were the Lords of Bowland on the Yorkshire-Lancaster border. Ownership of Roundhay passed through succession to John of Gaunt and then to his son, Henry IV. In the 16th century Henry VIII gave the park (though not the manor) to Thomas Darcy. Through succession and marriage, it was acquired by Charles Stourton (1702-1753) in the 18th century.
In 1803, Charles Stourton's nephew, another Charles Stourton (1752–1816), sold the estate to Thomas Nicholson and Samuel Elam. Nicholson took the northern part which became Roundhay Park. Thomas Nicholson's land had the remains of quarries and coal mines. He disguised these former industrial areas by constructing the Upper Lake and the Waterloo Lake. The mansion house was built between 1811 and 1826 with a view over the Upper Lake. Nicholson constructed a castle folly. The Nicholson family was responsible for building the Church of St John, almshouses and a school on the south side of the park. After Thomas Nicholson's death in 1821, the estate passed to his half-brother Stephen. In 1858, his nephew William Nicholson Nicholson inherited the land on the death of his uncle. In 1871 Roundhay Park was put up for sale. It was purchased for £139,000 by a group including the Mayor of Leeds, John Barran. Leeds City Council was unable to buy such a large tract of land without an Act of Parliament, which was obtained on 21 June 1871. The local authority agreed to pay the same price and gave the estate to the people of Leeds as a public park.
Leeds architect, George Corson, won the competition for landscaping Roundhay Park. Some parts of the estate were then sold for building plots to offset the cost to the council and Barran. Prince Arthur officially re-opened the park in 1872 in front of 100,000 people. In 1891 the first public electric tram with overhead power (trolley system) in Britain was inaugurated linking Roundhay Park with Leeds city centre 3 miles (4.8 km) away. The tram terminus is now a car park but some of the trolley poles remain.
Albert is not a fan of having his picture taken so we compromised and I got him as much in shadow as light, more in background than foreground. In Chinese Astrology, Albert is a tiger so these shadow stripes suit him well!
We've become quite a photography team! So much fun exploring the world of images together! This was at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden here in Miami... our absolute favorite spot! He was standing next to Pandanus Lake which is surrounded by enormous Pandanus plants.
By the way, the Common Screwpine (Pandanus utilis) is a tropical tree native to Madagascar. Contrary to its name, it is NOT a pine and doesn't even look like a pine. It is sometimes called a Madagascar Screw-Pine. Interestingly, like corn plants, it has prop roots to hold it up. They become woody and gnarly and strong enough to face up to tropical winds! Believe it or not, Albert is holding onto and standing among some very tall prop roots beside Pandanus Lake at Fairchild Garden!
Come visit our Living in a Jungle Set!
Tikal, Guatemala.
Chicle is made from the coagulation of "sapodilla"(Achras zapotas) 's lymph, an evergreen tropical tree of Yutacan peninsula and Central America.
This is a study of light on tropical trees shot in the beach gardens of Santos, Brazil.
Árvores tropicais.
Este é um estudo sobre a luz em árvores tropicais fotografas nos jardins de praia de Santos, Brasil.
Clicked this at the market place.
Jambuls resemble large berries. They are oblong in shape. They are green when they are raw, then pink and finally shiny crimson black when ripe. The fruit has a sweetish, mildly astringent taste.The tongue turns purple after eating jambuls. Ripe jambuls have a smell that is reminiscent of ripe apricots.
Common names for jambul are Jambolan, Jambu, Jamum, Java Plum, Rose Apple and Thorn Apple.
Jambul is an evergreen tropical tree that belongs to the plant family Myrtaceae. It is native to India, Pakistan and Indonesia. It is also grown Myanmar, Brazil, Suriname and Afghanistan.
Jambul is used as a carminative in India for diarrhea and stomach aches. The seeds of fresh jambuls have been found effective in diabetes in quickly reducing sugar in the urine. Jambuls are also a useful remedy for stomach cramps
These photos were taken at Centenary Lakes in Cairns. I was not able to stay long but got a few interesting images. The scent of these flowers is really very lovely. Sweet and perfume-like. In the first photo there is a nipple like thing inside lower down and this must be the embryo fruit. Here are some Internet facts:-
SMALL STATEMENT
Large fruit that has the size and shape of a cannonball. A definite eye catcher, the cannonball fruits grow en masse from stalks surrounding the trunk of the large tree. A large tree, up to 50-75ft tall. It will only grow in tropical zones and is very susceptible to frost. Flowers (followed by fruit), grow directly from the trunk. Fruits are soft and very fleshy.
FROM WIKIPEDIA, THE FREE ENCYCLOPAEDIA
It grows to 30-35m tall, with leaves in whorls on the ends of the shoots. The flowers, which are borne only on special stems on the main trunk, are orange, scarlet or pink forming racemes up to 3 m long. They mature into large spherical woody fruit 15-24 cm diameter, containing numerous (200-300) seeds. The pulp of the fruits oxidizes bluish, and has an unpleasant smell. Like coconut palms, the trees should not be planted near paths or near traffic filled areas, as the heavy nut is known to fall without notice. The trees are grown extensively in Shiva temples in India. It is called the 'nagalingam' tree in Tamil. The flowers are called 'Shivalinga flowers', 'Nagamalli flowers' or 'Mallikarjuna flowers' in Telugu. It is considered a sacred tree among Hindus because the flower resembles a nagam or a sacred snake on the central large shiva lingam and numerous shivalingams around.
THIS IS AN ASIAN SITE
Common name: Cannon Ball Tree • Hindi: Nagalinga नागलिंग, Tope gola तोप गोला • Kannada: Lingada mara, Nagalingam • Marathi: Shivalingam • Bengali: Kaman gola • Tamil: நாகலிங்கம் Naagalingam
This large deciduous tropical tree, 75' tall and indigenous to the Amazon rainforest, is listed as a rare tree and flower in India. The leaves, up to 6" long, are simple with serrate margin; it flowers in racemes which is cauliflorus; the yellow, reddish and pink flowers are stunning fragrant. These are 3" to 5" waxy aromatic smelling, pink and dark-red flowers growing directly on the bark of the trunk. The tree bears, directly on the trunk and main branches, large globose woody fruits; they look like big rusty cannonballs hanging in clusters, like balls on a string. Cannon ball trees usually carry 'CAUTION' signs posted on the trunks to advise people not to stand close to and directly under the fruits as one can get hurt as they drop off by themselves. The fruit contains small seeds in a white, unpleasant smelling white jelly, which are exposed when the upper half of the fruit goes off like a cover. The long dangling fruity branches give the tree an unkempt appearance. The hard shells are used to make containers and utensils. Cannon ball flowers are considered of special significance in Buddhist culture in Sri Lanka. In Tamil Nadu, it is called Nagalingam flower. The sivalingam shape is visible at the center of the flower and snake shaped pollen is the specialty of this flower and it has very good fragrance. This rare flower can be used for Shiva Pooja
FROM ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF EARTH - www.eoearth.org/article/Cannon_ball_tree_(Couroupita_guia...
Pollination of the Flower - The flowers (Fig.2) of C. guianensis are without nectar and are mostly visited by bees in search of pollen. The structure of the male part of the flower is not found in any other plant family in the world except for other species of the Brazil nut family. In the cannon ball tree, fertile stamens are found in a ring around the reduced style and stamens with sterile pollen are located in the anthers of staminodes located in the hood (a prolongation from one side of the staminal ring that arches over the ovary) (Fig. 1C). Carpenter bees (Xylocopa brasilianorum) have been reported as the principal pollinators outside of the native range of the cannon ball tree in the botanical garden of the Museu Nacional in Rio de Janeiro. The large black carpenter bees enter the flowers with their ventral side toward the sterile stamens of the hood and their head and backs against the ring with fertile pollen and, as a result of their position, they are dusted with pollen on their heads and back. The two types of pollen were first described as being different in 1825 by the French botanist Pierre Antoine Poiteau who was the first to recognize the family Lecythidaceae in the same publication. The morphological and physical differences of the pollen have been demonstrated by several botanists since that time. The most important pollen difference is that the pollen of the ring stamens germinates and is fertile while the hood pollen does not and is sterile. Thus, hood pollen has become specialized as the reward to attract pollinators to the flowers. In turn, the fertile pollen is transferred to the next flowers the bees visit and as a result fruits and seeds develop. Most fruits of this species in nature are probably the result of the movement of pollen from one tree to another, but experiments show that self-pollinated plants of the cannon ball tree also set fruit.
Git Git Waterfall, Bali, Indonesia.
Git Git Waterfall is a beautiful tourist destination in north part of Bali. Gitgit waterfall is located in the plateau area with the height about 35 meters and it is surrounded by tropical tree and emits the constantly natural water debit during the year. Waterfall voice around the charming nature was amazing and it was the separate attraction which can be enjoyed by each visitor who comes to visit. There are some plantations protecting the rain forest around the waterfall and in this place we often met the wild monkey to get the water from this waterfall.
For video, please visit youtu.be/bytr2pHbwrE?list=UULJqdxR1UK1Pzk7FSwTSneg
Canarium ovatum, commonly known as pili (/piːliː/ pee-lee), is a species of tropical tree belonging to the genus Canarium. It is one of approximately 600 species in the family Burseraceae. Pili are native to maritime Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea, and Northern Australia. They are commercially cultivated in the Philippines for their edible nuts.
Although they are grown as ornamental trees in many areas of the Old World tropics of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, only the Philippines produces and processes pili nuts commercially (Tablas Island and the Bicol region). Production centers are located on Tablas Island and in the Bicol region, provinces of Sorsogon, Albay, and Camarines Sur, southern Tagalog, and eastern Visaya. There is no commercial planting of this crop, fruits are collected from natural stands in the mountains near these provinces. In 1977, the Philippines exported approximately 3.8 t of pili preparation to Guam and Australia.
source: wikipedia
SN/NC: Jacaranda mimosifolia, Bignoniaceae Family
Jacaranda is a sub-tropical tree native to south-central South America that has been widely planted elsewhere because of its attractive and long-lasting violet-colored flowers. It is also known as the jacaranda, blue jacaranda, black poui, Nupur or fern tree. Older sources call it J. acutifolia, but it is nowadays more usually classified as J. mimosifolia. In scientific usage, the name "jacaranda" refers to the genus Jacaranda, which has many other members, but in horticultural and everyday usage, it nearly always means the blue jacaranda. In its native range in the wild, J. mimosifolia is listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN.
Native of Brazil, it has its name inherited from the native tribe Tupi-Guarani and in Botanic is the only tree that keeps the same name in more than 200 countries across the world.
Pretoria, the administrative capital of South Africa, is popularly known as Jacaranda City because of the large number of trees, which turn the city blue and purple when they flower in spring. The jacaranda trees, far from their native Brazil, bloom every October.
The city of Grafton on the north coast of New South Wales, Australia, is famous for its jacarandas. Each year in late October and early November, the city has a jacaranda festival.[
In the United States, the jacaranda is grown extensively in California, the Southwest, southeast Texas and Florida and even in Hawaii. It is such a beautiful tree and used as ornamental tree in many cities across the universe. The color captivates and it has also a nice smell attracting bees and butterflies. The wood is noble and a reason for a tirelessly hunt of this precious tree.
Jacarandá é uma árvore subtropical nativa do centro-sul da América do Sul que tem sido amplamente plantada em outros lugares por causa de suas flores atraentes e duradouras de cor violeta. Também é conhecido como jacarandá, jacarandá azul, poui preto, Nupur ou samambaia. Fontes mais antigas chamam-na de J. acutifolia, mas hoje em dia é mais comumente classificada como J. mimosifolia. No uso científico, o nome "jacarandá" refere-se ao gênero Jacaranda, que possui muitos outros membros, mas no uso hortícola e cotidiano quase sempre significa o jacarandá azul. Em sua área de distribuição nativa na natureza, J. mimosifolia está listada como Vulnerável pela IUCN.
Nativa do Brasil, tem nome herdado da tribo nativa Tupi-Guarani e na botânica é a única árvore que mantém o mesmo nome em mais de 200 países ao redor do mundo.
Pretória, capital administrativa da África do Sul, é popularmente conhecida como Cidade Jacarandá devido ao grande número de árvores, que tornam a cidade azul e roxa quando florescem na primavera. Os jacarandás, longe de seu Brasil natal, florescem todo mês de outubro.
A cidade de Grafton, na costa norte de Nova Gales do Sul, na Austrália, é famosa por seus jacarandás. Todos os anos, no final de outubro e início de novembro, a cidade realiza um festival de jacarandá.[
Nos Estados Unidos, o jacarandá é cultivado extensivamente na Califórnia, no sudoeste, no sudeste do Texas e na Flórida e até no Havaí. É uma árvore tão bonita e usada como árvore ornamental em muitas cidades do universo. A cor cativa e tem também um cheiro agradável atraindo abelhas e borboletas. A madeira é nobre e motivo de uma caça incansável a esta preciosa árvore.
La jacarandá es un árbol subtropical originario del centro-sur de América del Sur que se ha plantado ampliamente en otros lugares debido a sus atractivas y duraderas flores de color violeta. También se le conoce como jacarandá, jacarandá azul, poui negro, nupur o helecho. Fuentes más antiguas lo llaman J. acutifolia, pero hoy en día se clasifica más habitualmente como J. mimosifolia. En el uso científico, el nombre "jacarandá" se refiere al género Jacaranda, que tiene muchos otros miembros, pero en el uso hortícola y cotidiano, casi siempre significa jacarandá azul. En su área de distribución nativa en estado silvestre, J. mimosifolia está clasificada como Vulnerable por la UICN.
Originario de Brasil, tiene su nombre heredado de la tribu nativa Tupí-Guaraní y en Botánico es el único árbol que mantiene el mismo nombre en más de 200 países alrededor del mundo.
Pretoria, la capital administrativa de Sudáfrica, es conocida popularmente como Ciudad Jacaranda debido a la gran cantidad de árboles, que tiñen la ciudad de azul y violeta cuando florecen en primavera. Los jacarandás, lejos de su Brasil natal, florecen cada octubre.
La ciudad de Grafton en la costa norte de Nueva Gales del Sur, Australia, es famosa por sus jacarandas. Cada año, a finales de octubre y principios de noviembre, la ciudad celebra un festival de jacarandá.
En Estados Unidos, la jacarandá se cultiva extensamente en California, el suroeste, el sureste de Texas y Florida e incluso en Hawaii. Es un árbol muy hermoso y se utiliza como árbol ornamental en muchas ciudades de todo el universo. El color cautiva y también tiene un olor agradable que atrae a las abejas y mariposas. La madera es noble y motivo de una caza incansable de este precioso árbol.
Jacaranda is een subtropische boom afkomstig uit zuid-centraal Zuid-Amerika en die elders op grote schaal is aangeplant vanwege zijn aantrekkelijke en langdurige violetkleurige bloemen. Het is ook bekend als de jacaranda, blauwe jacaranda, zwarte poui, Nupur of varenboom. Oudere bronnen noemen het J. acutifolia, maar tegenwoordig wordt het vaker geclassificeerd als J. mimosifolia. In wetenschappelijk gebruik verwijst de naam "jacaranda" naar het geslacht Jacaranda, dat nog veel meer leden kent, maar in de tuinbouw en in het dagelijks gebruik betekent het bijna altijd de blauwe jacaranda. In zijn oorspronkelijke verspreidingsgebied in het wild wordt J. mimosifolia door de IUCN als kwetsbaar beschouwd.
De boom komt oorspronkelijk uit Brazilië en heeft zijn naam geërfd van de inheemse stam Tupi-Guarani. In Botanic is het de enige boom die dezelfde naam draagt in meer dan 200 landen over de hele wereld.
Pretoria, de administratieve hoofdstad van Zuid-Afrika, staat in de volksmond bekend als Jacaranda City vanwege het grote aantal bomen, die de stad blauw en paars kleuren als ze bloeien in de lente. De jacarandabomen, ver van hun geboorteland Brazilië, bloeien elk jaar in oktober.
De stad Grafton aan de noordkust van New South Wales, Australië, is beroemd om zijn jacaranda's. Elk jaar eind oktober en begin november heeft de stad een jacarandafestival.
In de Verenigde Staten wordt de jacaranda op grote schaal verbouwd in Californië, het zuidwesten, zuidoosten van Texas en Florida en zelfs op Hawaï. Het is zo’n prachtige boom en wordt in veel steden in het universum als sierboom gebruikt. De kleur fascineert en het heeft ook een aangename geur die bijen en vlinders aantrekt. Het hout is nobel en een reden voor een onvermoeibare jacht op deze kostbare boom.
Le jacaranda est un arbre subtropical originaire du centre-sud de l'Amérique du Sud qui a été largement planté ailleurs en raison de ses fleurs violettes attrayantes et durables. Il est également connu sous le nom de jacaranda, jacaranda bleu, poui noir, Nupur ou fougère. Des sources plus anciennes l'appellent J. acutifolia, mais elle est aujourd'hui plus généralement classée comme J. mimosifolia. Dans l'usage scientifique, le nom « jacaranda » fait référence au genre Jacaranda, qui compte de nombreux autres membres, mais dans l'usage horticole et quotidien, il signifie presque toujours le jacaranda bleu. Dans son aire de répartition naturelle à l'état sauvage, J. mimosifolia est classée vulnérable par l'UICN.
Originaire du Brésil, son nom est hérité de la tribu indigène Tupi-Guarani et, en botanique, c'est le seul arbre qui conserve le même nom dans plus de 200 pays à travers le monde.
Pretoria, la capitale administrative de l'Afrique du Sud, est communément connue sous le nom de Jacaranda City en raison du grand nombre d'arbres qui colorent la ville en bleu et violet lorsqu'ils fleurissent au printemps. Les jacarandas, loin de leur Brésil natal, fleurissent chaque octobre.
La ville de Grafton, sur la côte nord de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, en Australie, est célèbre pour ses jacarandas. Chaque année, fin octobre et début novembre, la ville organise un festival des jacarandas.
Aux États-Unis, le jacaranda est largement cultivé en Californie, dans le sud-ouest, le sud-est du Texas, en Floride et même à Hawaï. C’est un très bel arbre et utilisé comme arbre ornemental dans de nombreuses villes à travers l’univers. La couleur captive et elle a aussi une odeur agréable qui attire les abeilles et les papillons. Le bois est noble et incite à chasser inlassablement cet arbre précieux.
Jacaranda ist ein subtropischer Baum aus Süd- und Zentralsüdamerika, der aufgrund seiner attraktiven und langlebigen violetten Blüten auch anderswo häufig gepflanzt wird. Er ist auch als Jacaranda, blauer Jacaranda, schwarzer Poui, Nupur oder Farnbaum bekannt. Ältere Quellen nennen es J. acutifolia, heutzutage wird es jedoch häufiger als J. mimosifolia klassifiziert. Im wissenschaftlichen Sprachgebrauch bezieht sich der Name „Jacaranda“ auf die Gattung Jacaranda, die viele weitere Mitglieder hat, im gärtnerischen und alltäglichen Gebrauch ist damit jedoch fast immer der blaue Jacaranda gemeint. In seinem natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiet wird J. mimosifolia von der IUCN als gefährdet eingestuft.
Der in Brasilien beheimatete Baum hat seinen Namen vom einheimischen Stamm Tupi-Guarani geerbt und ist botanisch gesehen der einzige Baum, der in mehr als 200 Ländern auf der ganzen Welt denselben Namen trägt.
Pretoria, die Verwaltungshauptstadt Südafrikas, ist im Volksmund als Jacaranda City bekannt, da es hier eine große Anzahl an Bäumen gibt, die die Stadt bei ihrer Blüte im Frühling blau und lila färben. Die Jacarandabäume, weit entfernt von ihrer Heimat Brasilien, blühen jedes Jahr im Oktober.
Die Stadt Grafton an der Nordküste von New South Wales, Australien, ist berühmt für ihre Jacarandas. Jedes Jahr Ende Oktober und Anfang November findet in der Stadt ein Jacaranda-Fest statt.[
In den Vereinigten Staaten wird Jacaranda in großem Umfang in Kalifornien, im Südwesten, im Südosten von Texas und Florida und sogar auf Hawaii angebaut. Es ist ein wunderschöner Baum und wird in vielen Städten im ganzen Universum als Zierbaum verwendet. Die Farbe ist faszinierend und der Duft lockt Bienen und Schmetterlinge an. Das Holz ist edel und ein Grund für eine unermüdliche Jagd nach diesem kostbaren Baum.
La Jacaranda è un albero subtropicale originario dell'America centro-meridionale che è stato ampiamente piantato altrove a causa dei suoi fiori viola attraenti e durevoli. È anche conosciuto come jacaranda, jacaranda blu, poui nero, Nupur o albero di felce. Fonti più antiche la chiamano J. acutifolia, ma oggigiorno è più comunemente classificata come J. mimosifolia. Nell'uso scientifico, il nome "jacaranda" si riferisce al genere Jacaranda, che comprende molti altri membri, ma nell'uso orticolo e quotidiano significa quasi sempre la jacaranda blu. Nel suo areale nativo in natura, J. mimosifolia è elencata come vulnerabile dalla IUCN.
Originario del Brasile, prende il nome ereditato dalla tribù nativa Tupi-Guarani e in botanica è l'unico albero che mantiene lo stesso nome in più di 200 paesi nel mondo.
Pretoria, la capitale amministrativa del Sud Africa, è popolarmente conosciuta come Jacaranda City per via del gran numero di alberi, che colorano la città di blu e viola quando fioriscono in primavera. Gli alberi di jacaranda, lontani dal loro nativo Brasile, fioriscono ogni ottobre.
La città di Grafton, sulla costa settentrionale del Nuovo Galles del Sud, in Australia, è famosa per le sue jacaranda. Ogni anno tra la fine di ottobre e l'inizio di novembre, la città organizza un festival della jacaranda.[
Negli Stati Uniti, la jacaranda è ampiamente coltivata in California, nel sud-ovest, nel sud-est del Texas, in Florida e persino alle Hawaii. È un albero così bello ed è usato come albero ornamentale in molte città dell'universo. Il colore affascina e ha anche un buon odore che attira api e farfalle. Il legno è nobile e motivo di una caccia instancabile a questo prezioso albero.
الجاكراندا هي شجرة شبه استوائية موطنها جنوب وسط أمريكا الجنوبية وقد تم زراعتها على نطاق واسع في أماكن أخرى بسبب أزهارها الجذابة ذات اللون البنفسجي التي تدوم طويلاً. تُعرف أيضًا باسم شجرة الجاكاراندا أو الجاكاراندا الزرقاء أو البوي الأسود أو النوبور أو شجرة السرخس. تسميها المصادر القديمة J. acutifolia، ولكن يتم تصنيفها في الوقت الحاضر على أنها J. mimosifolia. في الاستخدام العلمي، يشير اسم "الجاكراندا" إلى جنس الجاكاراندا، الذي يضم العديد من الأعضاء الآخرين، ولكن في الاستخدام البستاني واليومي، فهو يعني دائمًا الجاكراندا الزرقاء. في موطنها الأصلي في البرية، تم إدراج J. mimosifolia ضمن الأنواع المعرضة للخطر من قبل الاتحاد الدولي لحفظ الطبيعة.
موطنها الأصلي البرازيل، وقد ورثت اسمها من قبيلة توبي غواراني الأصلية، وهي الشجرة الوحيدة التي تحتفظ بنفس الاسم في أكثر من 200 دولة حول العالم.
بريتوريا هي العاصمة الإدارية لجنوب أفريقيا، وتعرف شعبياً باسم مدينة جاكاراندا بسبب كثرة الأشجار التي تحول المدينة إلى اللون الأزرق والبنفسجي عندما تزهر في فصل الربيع. تزهر أشجار الجاكراندا، بعيدًا عن موطنها الأصلي البرازيل، في شهر أكتوبر من كل عام.
تشتهر مدينة جرافتون الواقعة على الساحل الشمالي لولاية نيو ساوث ويلز بأستراليا بأشجار الجاكراندا. في أواخر أكتوبر وأوائل نوفمبر من كل عام، تقام في المدينة مهرجان الجاكراندا.[
في الولايات المتحدة، تتم زراعة الجاكراندا على نطاق واسع في كاليفورنيا والجنوب الغربي وجنوب شرق تكساس وفلوريدا وحتى في هاواي. إنها شجرة جميلة وتستخدم كشجرة زينة في العديد من المدن في جميع أنحاء الكون. لونه آسر وله أيضًا رائحة لطيفة تجذب النحل والفراشات. الخشب نبيل وسبب للبحث بلا كلل عن هذه الشجرة الثمينة.
ジャカランダは、南アメリカ中南部原産の亜熱帯の木で、その魅力的で長持ちする紫色の花のため、他の場所でも広く植栽されています。ジャカランダ、ブルー ジャカランダ、ブラック ポイ、ヌプール、またはシダの木としても知られています。古い情報源では J. acutifolia と呼ばれていますが、現在では一般的に J. mimosifolia として分類されています。科学的に使用される場合、「ジャカランダ」という名前は、他にも多くの仲間がいるジャカランダ属を指しますが、園芸や日常的に使用される場合は、ほぼ常に青いジャカランダを意味します。野生の自生範囲では、J. mimosifolia は IUCN によって絶滅危惧Ⅱ類に指定されています。
ブラジル原産のこの木は、原住民の部族トゥピ・グアラニ族からその名前を受け継いでおり、植物園では、世界 200 か国以上で同じ名前を保っている唯一の木です。
南アフリカの行政首都であるプレトリアは、春に花が咲くと街を青や紫に染める木々がたくさんあるため、ジャカランダ シティとして広く知られています。ジャカランダの木は原産地のブラジルから遠く離れており、毎年 10 月に開花します。
オーストラリア、ニューサウスウェールズ州の北海岸にあるグラフトン市は、ジャカランダで有名です。毎年 10 月下旬と 11 月上旬に、市ではジャカランダ フェスティバルが開催されます。[
米国では、ジャカランダはカリフォルニア、南西部、テキサス南東部、フロリダ、さらにはハワイでも広く栽培されています。それはとても美しい木であり、宇宙の多くの都市で装飾用の木として使用されています。色は魅惑的で、蜂や蝶を引き寄せる良い香りもします。この木材は高貴であり、この貴重な木を精力的に狩猟する理由があります。
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), also known as the purple mangosteen, is a tropical evergreen tree with edible fruit native to Island Southeast Asia. Its exact origins are unknown due to its widespread cultivation since ancient times, but it is believed to have been somewhere between the Sunda Islands and the Moluccas. It grows mainly in Southeast Asia, southwest India and other tropical areas such as Colombia, Puerto Rico and Florida, where the tree has been introduced. The tree grows from 6 to 25 m tall. The fruit of the mangosteen is sweet and tangy, juicy, somewhat fibrous, with fluid-filled vesicles (like the flesh of citrus fruits), with an inedible, deep reddish-purple colored rind (exocarp) when ripe. In each fruit, the fragrant edible flesh that surrounds each seed is botanically endocarp, i.e., the inner layer of the ovary. Seeds are almond-shaped and -sized.
Mangosteen belongs to the same genus as the other, less widely known fruit, such as the button mangosteen (G. prainiana) or the charichuelo (G. madruno).
HISTORY
Mangosteen is a native plant to Southeast Asia. Highly valued for its juicy, delicate texture and slightly sweet and sour flavour, the mangosteen has been cultivated in Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, Mainland Southeast Asia, and the Philippines since ancient times. The 15th-century Chinese record Yingya Shenglan described mangosteen as mang-chi-shih (derived from Malay Language manggis), a native plant of Southeast Asia of white flesh with delectable sweet and sour taste.
A description of mangosteen was included in the Species Plantarum by Linnaeus in 1753. The mangosteen was introduced into English greenhouses in 1855. Subsequently its culture was introduced into the Western Hemisphere, where it became established in West Indies islands, especially Jamaica. It was later established on the Americas mainland in Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, and Ecuador. The mangosteen tree generally does not grow well outside the tropics.
There is a legend about Queen Victoria offering a reward of 100 pounds sterling to anyone who could deliver to her the fresh fruit. Although this legend can be traced to a 1930 publication by the fruit explorer, David Fairchild, it is not substantiated by any known historical document, yet is probably responsible for the uncommon designation of mangosteen as the "Queen of Fruit".
The journalist and gourmet R. W. Apple, Jr. once said of the fruit, "No other fruit, for me, is so thrillingly, intoxicatingly luscious...I'd rather eat one than a hot fudge sundae, which for a big Ohio boy is saying a lot." Since 2006, private small-volume orders for fruits grown in Puerto Rico were sold to American specialty food stores and gourmet restaurants who serve the flesh segments as a delicacy dessert.
PROPAGATION, CULTIVATION AND HARVEST
Mangosteen is usually propagated by seedlings. Vegetative propagation is difficult and seedlings are more robust and reach fruiting earlier than vegetative propagated plants.
Mangosteen produces a recalcitrant seed which is not a true seed strictly defined, but rather described as a nucellar asexual embryo. As seed formation involves no sexual fertilization, the seedling is genetically identical to the mother plant. If allowed to dry, a seed dies quickly, but if soaked, seed germination takes between 14 and 21 days when the plant can be kept in a nursery for about 2 years growing in a small pot.
When the trees are approximately 25–30 cm , they are transplanted to the field at a spacing of 20–40 m. After planting, the field is mulched in order to control weeds. Transplanting takes place in the rainy season because young trees are likely to be damaged by drought. Because young trees need shade, intercropping with banana, plantain, rambutan, durian or coconut leaves is effective. Coconut palms are mainly used in areas with a long dry season, as palms also provide shade for mature mangosteen trees. Another advantage of intercropping in mangosteen cultivation is the suppression of weeds.
The growth of the trees is retarded if the temperature is below 20 °C. The ideal temperature range for growing and producing fruits is 25–35 °C with a relative humidity over 80%. The maximal temperature is 38–40 °C, with both leaves and fruit being susceptible to scorching and sunburn, while the minimum temperature is 3–5 °C. Young seedlings prefer a high level of shade and mature trees are shade-tolerant.
Mangosteen trees have a weak root system and prefer deep, well drained soils with high moisture content, often growing on riverbanks. The mangosteen is not adapted to limestone soils, sandy, alluvial soils or sandy soils with low organic matter content. Mangosteen trees need a well distributed rainfall over the year (<40 mm/month) and a 3–5 week dry season.
Mangosteen trees are sensitive to water availability and application of fertilizer input which is increased with the age of trees, regardless of region. Maturation of mangosteen fruits takes 5–6 months, with harvest occurring when the pericarps are purple.
BREEDING
In breeding of perennial mangosteen, selection of rootstock and grafting are significant issues to overcome constraints to production, harvesting or seasonality. Most of the genetic resources for breeding are in germplasm collections, whereas some wild species are cultivated in Malaysia and the Philippines. Conservation methods are chosen because storage of seeds under dried and low temperature conditions has not been successful.
Because of the long duration until the trees yield fruits and the long resulting breeding cycles, mangosteen breeding has not proven attractive for transplanting or research. Breeding objectives that may enhance mangosteen production include:
Drought tolerance, especially sensitivity to drought in the first 5 years after germination
Tree architecture to produce a tree with a crown that is regular and pyramid-shaped
Fruit quality including i) overcoming bitter taste components caused by changes in pulp, pericarp or aril and ii) pericarp cracking resulting from excessive water uptake
Rootstock for improved adaptation to drought and robust development in early years of growth
YIELD
Mangosteen trees may reach fruit-bearing in as little as 5–6 years, but more typically require 8–10 years. The yield of the mangosteen is variable, depending on climate and age of the tree. If the young tree is bearing for the first time, 200–300 fruits may be produced, whereas at maturity, 500 fruits per season are average. At age 30 to 45 years in full maturity, each tree may yield as many as 3,000 fruits, with trees as old as 100 years still producing.
REGIONAL PRODUCTION
Major mangosteen production occurs in Southeast Asia, mainly in Thailand as the country with the most acreage planted, estimated at 4,000 ha in 1965 and 11,000 ha in 2000, giving a total yield of 46,000 tons. Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines are other major Asian producers. Mangosteen production in Puerto Rico is succeeding, but despite decades of attempts, no major production occurs elsewhere in the Caribbean Islands, South America, Florida, California, Hawaii or any continent except Asia.
DISEASES AND PESTS
COMMON DISEASES AND PESTS
The pathogens which attack mangosteen are common in other tropical trees. The diseases can be divided into foliar, fruit, stem and soil-borne diseases.
Pestalotiopsis leaf blight (Pestalotiopsis flagisettula (only identified in Thailand)) is one of the diseases which infect especially young leaves. Furthermore, the pathogen causes the fruits to rot before and after the harvest. Additional stem canker and dieback are caused by the pathogen. Some of the symptoms of stem canker are branch splitting, gummosis and bark blistering. The main areas where the disease was observed are Thailand, Malaysia and North Queensland.
Another common disease is the thread blight or white thread blight disease (Marasmiellus scandens) whereas the name comes from the mycelia which resembles thread. Leaves, twigs and branches may also be damaged by the disease. The spores spread with the help of wind, raindrops and insects, and thrive in shady, humid and wet conditions.
An important post-harvest disease affecting mangosteen especially in Thailand is called Diplodia fruit rot (Diplodia theobromae) which, as a secondary pathogen, enters the host plant through wounds.
Phellinus noxius living on the roots and trunk bases causes brown root disease, a name derived from the appearance of the mycelium-binding soil particles. The distribution of the fungus happens through contact with infected wood or thick rhizomorphs on tree stumps.
There are a few pests which feed on mangosteen leaves and fruits including leaf eater (Stictoptera sp.), leaf miner (Phyllocnictis citrella) and fruit borer (Curculio sp.). Especially in nurseries, the larval stage of the leaf eater can cause visible damage on young leaves, but can be managed by biological control agents. The larval stage of fruit borer (Curculio sp.) feeds on different parts of fruit before ripening.
CONTROL MEASURES FOR DISEASES AND PESTS
Different management options can be applied to control mangosteen diseases.
Measures to inhibit sun scalding to minimize leaf blight and stem canker.
Reduction of wounds caused by insects and storm damage to minimize disease incidence.
Change of the microclimate by tree spacing and pruning.
Chemicals applied to root collars and tree stumps to control root diseases.
Fungicides to control fungal pathogens.
Biological pest control or insecticides to control insects.
TREE AND FRUIT
A tropical tree, the mangosteen must be grown in consistently warm conditions, as exposure to temperatures below 0 °C for prolonged periods will usually kill a mature plant. They are known to recover from brief cold spells rather well, often with damage only to young growth. Experienced horticulturists have grown this species outdoors, and brought them to fruit in extreme south Florida.
The juvenile mangosteen fruit, which does not require fertilisation to form (see agamospermy), first appears as pale green or almost white in the shade of the canopy. As the fruit enlarges over the next two to three months, the exocarp colour deepens to darker green. During this period, the fruit increases in size until its exocarp is 6–8 centimetres in outside diameter, remaining hard until a final, abrupt ripening stage.
The subsurface chemistry of the mangosteen exocarp comprises an array of polyphenols, including xanthones and tannins that assure astringency which discourages infestation by insects, fungi, plant viruses, bacteria and animal predation while the fruit is immature. Colour changes and softening of the exocarp are natural processes of ripening that indicates the fruit can be eaten and the seeds have finished developing.
Once the developing mangosteen fruit has stopped expanding, chlorophyll synthesis slows as the next colour phase begins. Initially streaked with red, the exocarp pigmentation transitions from green to red to dark purple, indicating a final ripening stage. This entire process takes place over a period of ten days as the edible quality of the fruit peaks.
Over the days following removal from the tree, the exocarp hardens to an extent depending upon post-harvest handling and ambient storage conditions, especially relative humidity levels. If the ambient humidity is high, exocarp hardening may take a week or longer when the flesh quality is peaking and excellent for consumption. However, after several additional days of storage, especially if unrefrigerated, the flesh inside the fruit might spoil without any obvious external indications. Using the hardness of the rind as an indicator of freshness for the first two weeks following harvest is therefore unreliable because the rind does not accurately reveal the interior condition of the flesh. If the exocarp is soft and yielding as it is when ripe and fresh from the tree, the fruit is usually good.
The edible endocarp of the mangosteen has the same shape and size as a tangerine 4–6 centimetres in diameter, but is white. The number of fruit segments corresponds exactly with the number of stigma lobes on the exterior apex; accordingly, a higher number of fleshy segments also corresponds with the fewest seeds. The circle of wedge-shaped segments contains 4–8, rarely 9 segments, the larger ones harbouring the apomictic seeds that are unpalatable unless roasted. As a non-climacteric fruit, a picked mangosteen does not ripen further, so must be consumed shortly after harvest.
Often described as a subtle delicacy, the flesh bears an exceptionally mild aroma, quantitatively having about 1/400th of the chemical constituents of fragrant fruits, explaining its relative mildness. The main volatile components having caramel, grass and butter notes as part of the mangosteen fragrance are hexyl acetate, hexenol and α-copaene.
NUTRITIONAL CONTENT
The endocarp is the white part of the fruit containing a mild flavor that makes the fruit popular for eating. When analyzed specifically for its content of essential nutrients, however, mangosteen nutrition is modest, as all nutrients analyzed are a low percentage of the Dietary Reference Intake (see table for canned fruit in syrup, USDA Nutrient Database; note that nutrient values for fresh fruit are likely different, but have not been published by a reputable source).
USES
CULINARY
Due to restrictions on imports, mangosteen is not readily available in certain countries. Although available in Australia and New Zealand, for example, they are still rare in the produce sections of grocery stores in North America. Following export from its natural growing regions in Southeast Asia, the fresh fruit may be available seasonally in some local markets like those of Chinatowns.
Mangosteens are available canned and frozen in Western countries. Without fumigation or irradiation (in order to kill the Asian fruit fly) fresh mangosteens were illegal to import into the United States until 2007. Freeze-dried and dehydrated mangosteen flesh can also be found.
Upon arrival in the US in 2007, fresh mangosteens sold at up to $60 per pound in specialty produce stores in New York City, but wider availability and somewhat lower prices have become common in the United States and Canada.[4] Despite efforts described above to grow mangosteen in the Western Hemisphere, nearly the entire supply is imported from Thailand.
Before ripening, the mangosteen shell is fibrous and firm, but becomes soft and easy to pry open when the fruit ripens. To open a mangosteen, the shell can be scored with a knife, pried gently along the score with the thumbs until it cracks, and then pulled apart to reveal the fruit. Alternatively, the mangosteen can be opened without a knife by squeezing the shell from the bottom until it breaks, allowing the shell to be removed and the fruit eaten while intact with the stem. Occasionally, during peeling of ripe fruits, the purple exocarp juice may stain skin or fabric. In Vietnam, the ripe fruit is also used as a salad ingredient.
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
Various parts of the plant have a history of use in traditional medicine, mostly in Southeast Asia; it may have been used to treat skin infections, wounds, dysentery, urinary tract infections, and gastrointestinal complaints, although there is no high-quality clinical evidence for any of these effects.
Dried fruits are shipped to Singapore to be processed for medical uses which may include dysentery, skin disorders, and various other minor diseases in several countries across Asia. There is no reliable evidence that mangosteen juice, puree, bark or extracts is effective as a treatment for human diseases.
NATURAL DYE
The extract of mangosteen peels are traditionally used in Indonesia as the source of natural dye for textile colouring; to acquire brown, dark brown, purple to red hues, especially applied in traditional tenun ikat and batik textiles.
OTHER USES
Mangosteen twigs have been used as chew sticks in Ghana, and the wood has been used to make spears and cabinetry in Thailand. The rind of the mangosteen fruit has also been used to tan leather in China.
PHYTOCHEMICALS
Mangosteen peel contains xanthonoids, such as mangostin, and other phytochemicals. Polysaccharide and xanthone compounds are found in the fruit, leaves, and heartwood of the mangosteen. Fully ripe fruit contain xanthones, garthanin, 8-disoxygartanin, and normangostin.
MARKETING
Fresh mangosteen is marketed for only a short period of six to ten weeks due to its seasonal nature. It is mainly grown by smallholders and sold at fruit stalls by roadsides. Its irregular, short supply leads to wide price fluctuations throughout its season and over the years. Additionally, there is no standard product quality assessment or grading system, making international trade of the fruits difficult. The mangosteen still remains rare in Western markets, though its popularity is increasing, and it is often sold at a high price.
WIKIPEDIA
Caught sight of this monkey resting at the dense tropical tree tops at Fraser's Hill. I was taking a walk along a horizontal path on a steep slope in the dense tropical forest. Hence I can see this view from a vantage point, being on ground level, but higher up than the trees below. A sudden rustling of leaves led my sight to this monkey on a reflective mood. Later, i found out that she has two little ones and she was a bit aggressive towards me. Usually only male are more territorial, but probably this a case of protective maternal instinct.
ZIZ-ih-fuss -- an ancient Greek name derived from the Persian word zizafun ... Dave's Botanary
maw-rih-tee-AY-na -- of Mauritius, from the Mascarene islands ... Dave's Botanary
commonly known as: common jujube, Indian jujube, Indian plum • Abor: gange-asing • Ahom: মাক খে maak khe • Arabic: سدر هندي sidr hindi • Assamese: বগৰী bogori • Bengali: বদরি badari, বরই boroi, কুল kula • Bodo: बाइग्री baigree, बैग्रिफिथाय bwigriphithai • Deori: তিকজি tikoji • Dimasa: sam-dilaudi, thaigundi • Dogri: बेरी beri • Garo: theng-khi • Gujarati: બોર bor, બોરડી bordi • Hajong: bogri • Haryanvi: बेर ber • Hmar: theite • Hindi: बदर badar, बेर ber, खिचड़ी khichadi, कोल kol, कुबल kubal, फेनिल phenil, पिच्छल दला picchal-dala • Kachari: thai-ganggi • Kachchhi: બોએડી boedi • Kannada: ಬಾರೆ baare, ಬದರಿ badari, ಬೊಗರಿ bogari, ಬೋರೇ bore, ಎಗಚಿ egaci, ಎಲಚಿ elachi, ಎರ era, ಕರ್ಕಂಧು ಮರ karkandhu mara • Karbi: bogori, thakri-arong • Khasi: dieng-soh-broi, kangkil, u sohplom • Kokborok: barui • Konkani: बॉर्र boaarr, बोर bor • Kuki: boroi • Kumaoni: बेर baer • Malayalam: ബദരി badari, ചിരിമുള്ള് chirimullu, ഇലന്ത ilantha • Manipuri: ꯕꯣꯔꯣꯏ boroi • Marathi: बदरी badari, भेर bher, बोर bor, सौबरी saubari • Mishing: বগৰী bogori • Mizo: bo-rai • Nagamese: bogori, plom • Nepali: अगुजे बयर aguje bayar, बयर bayar • Odia: ବରକୋଳି barakoli, ବିର୍ରୁ କୋଲି bir-ru koli, କର୍କନ୍ଧୁ karkandhu, ଫେନିଳ phenila • Pahari: बेर baer • Pali: बदर badar • Punjabi: ਬੇਰ ber, ਖਿੱਚਡ਼ khichchar, ਉਨਾਬ unab • Rabha: khingkhi • Rajasthani: बोर bor, मिठीबेर mithiber • Sanskrit: बदर badara, बालेष्ट baleshta, दृढबीज drdhabija, कल kala, कर्कन्धु karkandhu, कोल kola, कुहा kuha, कुवल kuvala, फलशैशिर phalashaishira, फेनिल phenila, पिच्छलदला picchaladala, सौवीरक sauviraka, स्निग्धपत्त्र snigdhapattra, सुफल suphala, सुवीर suvira, स्वच्छ svaccha, स्वादुफला svaduphala, वक्रकण्ट vakrakanta • Santali: ᱰᱮᱰᱷᱟᱣᱲᱮ dedhaure, ᱰᱤᱰᱷᱟᱹᱣᱲᱤ didhauri, ᱮᱰᱷᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱩᱢ edhe janum, ᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱩᱢ jom janum • Sindhi: ٻيرِ ber • Tamil: இலந்தை ilantai • Tangkhul: boroi • Telugu: బదరి badari, గంగరేగు gangaregu, కరఖండువు karkhanduvu • Tibetan: གྱ་ཤུག gya-shug • Tiwa: pugri • Tulu: ಬೊಗೊರಿ bogori • Urdu: بدر badar, بير ber, کهچڙي khichadi, کول kol, کبل kubal, پهينل phenil
botanical names: Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. ... synonyms: Rhamnus jujuba L. • Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Gaertn. non Mill. • Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Lam. non Mill. ... Hassler, Michael (1994 - 2025): World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. Version 25.02; last update February 13th, 2025. Last accessed 17/02/2025 (dd/mm/yyyy).
NOTE: Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Chinese jujube) and Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (Indian jujube) are distinct species | Ziziphus jujuba Mill. has lesser distribution in India - Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, while Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. is distributed almost throughout mainland of India including her islands | Confusion arises because of multiple homonyms for Ziziphus jujuba: Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Gaertn. and Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Lam. ... both of these are synonyms of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. and they are found mentioned in old literature, most often without author citations.
Names compiled / updated at Names of Plants in India.
11:58 01-03-2025
Bombax ceiba, like other trees of the genus Bombax, is commonly known as cotton tree or tree cotton. This tropical tree has a straight tall trunk and its leaves are deciduous in winter. Red flowers with 5 petals appear in the spring before the new foliage.. This tree is commonly known as Semal in India. In Tamil it is called as mul ilava maram. It reaches up to 30 to 40 meters. They bear 5 to 10 cm long red flowers between January and March while the tree is still leafless. The bright red coloured flowers are very attracive and they invite numeous birds- wikipedia
By one of the ball courts at Coba Mayan ruins. It is said that if the tree flowers by a specific date (in March, I think) then the weather will be perfect for the crops. If it flowers earlier, there will be floods. If it flowers later, there will be drought.
From Wikipedia -
Ceiba is the name of a genus of many species of large trees found in tropical areas, including Mexico, Central and South America, The Bahamas, Belize and the Caribbean, West Africa, and Southeast Asia. Some species can grow to 70 m (230 ft) tall or more, with a straight, largely branchless trunk that culminates in a huge, spreading canopy, and buttress roots that can be taller than a grown person. The best-known, and most widely cultivated, species is Kapok, Ceiba pentandra.
The tree figures in the mythologies of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures, in particular that of the Maya civilization, where the concept of the central world tree is often depicted as a Ceiba trunk, which connects the planes of the Underworld (Xibalba), the terrestrial realm and the skies. The unmistakable thick conical thorns in clusters on the trunk were reproduced by the southern lowland Maya of the Classical Period on cylindrical ceramic burial urns or incense holders. Modern Maya still often respectfully leave the tree standing when harvesting forest timber.
The Honduran city of La Ceiba was named after a particular Ceiba tree that grew down by the old docks. The Puerto Rican town of Ceiba is also named after this tree. Ceiba is also the national tree of Guatemala.
In 1525, Spanish Conquistador Hernán Cortés ordered the hanging of Aztec emperor Cuauhtemoc from a Ceiba tree after overtaking his empire.
In 1898, the Spanish Army in Cuba surrendered to the United States under a Ceiba, which was named the Tree of Peace (Arbol de la Paz), outside of Santiago de Cuba.
Ceiba insignis and Ceiba speciosa are added to some versions of the hallucinogenic drink Ayahuasca.
Recent botanical opinion incorporates Chorisia within Ceiba, raising the number of species from 10 to 20 or more, and puts the genus as a whole within the family Malvaceae.
Ceiba species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species including the leaf-miner Bucculatrix ceibae which feeds exclusively on the genus.
From Wikipedia -
Ceiba pentandra is a tropical tree of the order Malvales and the family Malvaceae (previously separated in the family Bombacaceae), native to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, northern South America, and (as the variety C. pentandra var. guineensis) to tropical west Africa. Kapok is the most used common name for the tree and may also refer to the fibre obtained from its seed pods. The tree is also known as the Java cotton, Java kapok, Silk cotton or ceiba. It is a sacred symbol in Maya mythology.
The tree grows to 60-70 m (200-230 ft) tall and has a very substantial trunk up to 3 m (10 ft) in diameter with buttresses. The trunk and many of the larger branches are often (but not always) crowded with very large, robust simple thorns. The leaves are compound of 5 to 9 leaflets, each up to 20 cm (8 in) and palm like. Adult trees produce several hundred 15 cm (6 in) seed pods. The pods contain seeds surrounded by a fluffy, yellowish fibre that is a mix of lignin and cellulose.
The fibre is light, very buoyant, resilient and resistant to water. The process of harvesting and separating the fibre is labour-intensive and manual. It is difficult to spin but is used as an alternative to down as filling in mattresses, pillows, upholstery, zafus, and stuffed toys such as teddy bears, and for insulation. It was previously much used in life jackets and similar devices until synthetic materials largely replaced the fibre. The seeds produce an oil used locally in soap and that can be used as fertilizer.
Native tribes along the Amazon River harvest the kapok fibre to wrap around their blowgun darts. The fibres create a seal that allows the pressure to force the dart through the tube.
The commercial tree is most heavily cultivated in the rainforests of Asia, notably in Java (hence its nicknames), Philippines, Malaysia, Hainan Island in China as well as in South America.
The flowers are an important source of nectar and pollen for honeybees.
This tree is the official national tree of Puerto Rico and Guatemala.
Ethnomedical uses -
Ceiba pentandra bark decoction has been used as a diuretic, aphrodisiac, and to treat headache, as well as type II diabetes.
Ceiba pentandra is used as an additive to some versions of the hallucinogenic drink Ayahuasca.
A view of New Town Eco Park (officially Prakriti Tirtha) - Calcutta, India.
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New Town Eco Park (officially Prakriti Tirtha) is an urban park in Rajarhat, Kolkata. The park is situated on a 480 acres (190 ha) plot and will surround a 104 acres (42 ha) waterbody with an island in the middle. The park was conceptualised by Chief Minister of West Bengal, Mamata Banerjee in July 2011. West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation (HIDCO) is the overarching body coordinating the construction of the park, along with different other government bodies responsible for implementation of different works inside the park. The park has been divided into three broad parts; 1) ecological zones like wetlands, grasslands, and urban forest, 2)theme gardens and open spaces, 3)and urban recreational spaces. The Eco Park will be further divided into different sub-parts according to the different types of fauna planted. According to the plan, the park will have different areas like wild flower meadows, a bamboo garden, grasslands, tropical tree garden, bonsai garden, tea garden, Cactus Walk, a heliconia garden, a butterfly garden, a play area and an amphitheatre. Further, there is plan to develop an eco-resort in public-private partnership, and will also include an area where handicrafts from different part of the state will be exhibited. The park was inaugurated on 29 December 2012 by Mamata Banerjee.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) helped Huerta del Valle (HdV) Co-Founder and Executive Director Maria Alonso obtain high tunnel hoop houses to extend their growing season and help nurture tropical trees such as the papaya to grow new roots into the soil wrapped around the branches; here, she checks for roots, the branch will later be cut to become independent trees at the 4-Acre organic Community Supported Garden and Farm in the middle of a low-income urban community, where USDA NRCS Redlands District Conservationist Tomas Aguilar-Campos works closely with her as she continues to improve the farm operation in Ontario, California, on Nov. 13, 2018.
USDA NRCS has helped with hoop houses to extend the growing season, low-emission tractor replacement to efficiently move bulk materials and a needed micro-irrigation system for this San Bernardino County location that is in a severe drought condition (drought.gov). Huerta del Valle is also a recipient of a 4-year USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) Community Food Projects (CFP) grant and a USDA funded California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) Specialty Crop Block Grant Program (SCBGP). She and her staff grow nearly 150 crops, including papayas and cactus. CSA customers pick up their produce on site, where they can see where their food grows. To pay, they can use the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Electronic Benefits Transfer (EBT) cards. The price of a produce box is based on the customerâs income.
Alonsoâs inspiration came from her desire to provide affordable organic food for her child. This lead to collaborators that included students and staff from Pitzer College's âPitzer in Ontario Programâ and the Claremont Colleges, who implemented a project plan and started a community garden at a public school. Shortly after that, the City of Ontario was granted $1M from the Kaiser Permanente Healthy Eating Active Living (HEAL) Zone initiative. Huerta del Valle was granted $68,000 from that grant for a three-year project to increase the scale of operation. The city of Ontario supported the project above and beyond the grant by providing a vacant piece of land next to a residential park and community center. Alonso says that this spot, nestled near an international airport, two major interstate highways, suburban homes, and warehouses, is a âgreen space to breathe freely.â
She far exceeded Kaiser's expectations by creating 60 10â X 20â plots that are in full use by the nearby residents. Because of the demand, there is a constant waiting list for plots that become available.
As the organization grew, it learned about the NRCS through an advertisement for the high-tunnel season extension cost-sharing program. The ad put them in touch with the former district manager Kim Lary who helped Huerta del Valle become federal grant ready with their Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) and System for Award Management (SAM) registrations and connected the young organization to NRCS as well as the Inland Empire Resource Conservation District (IERCD.) Since then, Alonso has worked closely with them sharing her knowledge with a broader community including local colleges such as the Claremont Colleges and California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona).
Cal Poly Pomona is an example where education institutions help the community. Cal Poly Pomona Plant Science Nursery Manager Monica Salembier has produced plant seedlings (plant trays) for transplant at HdV for many years. Aaron Fox and Eileen Cullen in the Plant Science department have hosted HdV in their classes and brought many groups on tours of the farm to learn about sustainable urban growing practices.
The shaded picnic tables in the center of the garden have been the site of three USDA NRCS workshops for regional farmers, students, and visitors. The site also serves as a showcase for students and other producers who may need help with obtaining low-emission tractors, micro-irrigation, and high tunnel âhoop houses.â
Alonso says, âevery day is a good day, but especially at the monthly community meetings where I learn from my community.â
For more information, please see www.usda.gov and www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/community-supported-agriculture
Farm Production and Conservation (FPAC) is the Departmentâs focal point for the nationâs farmers and ranchers and other stewards of private agricultural lands and non-industrial private forest lands. FPAC agencies implement programs designed to mitigate the significant risks of farming through crop insurance services, conservation programs, and technical assistance, and commodity, lending, and disaster programs.
The agencies and service supporting FPAC are Farm Service Agency (FSA), Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), and Risk Management Agency (RMA).
Natural Resources Conservation Service has a proud history of supporting Americaâs farmers, ranchers, and forest landowners. For more than 80 years, we have helped people make investments in their operations and local communities to keep working lands working, boost rural economies, increase the competitiveness of American agriculture, and improve the quality of our air, water, soil, and habitat.
As the USDAâs primary private lands conservation agency, we generate, manage, and share the data, technology, and standards that enable partners and policymakers to make decisions informed by objective, reliable science.
And through one-on-one, personalized advice, we work voluntarily with producers and communities to find the best solutions to meet their unique conservation and business goals. By doing so, we help ensure the health of our natural resources and the long-term sustainability of American agriculture.
For more information, please see www.usda.gov.
USDA Photo by Lance Cheung.
Photo © Tristan Savatier - All Rights Reserved - License this photo on Getty Images
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Here goes our old-growth tropical rain forest.
Old growth rain forest is cut and logged to make room for oil-palm plantations (Borneo island)
View my other photos of Tree Logging and Deforestation.
Photo processed in HDR with Tone Mapping from a single RAW exposure.
If you like this photo, follow me on instagram (tristan_sf) and don't hesitate to leave a comment or email me.
The flowers are rather large (10-15 cm across), but the petals are really delicate. This species is bee pollinated, as you can see from the black 'specks' in the flower...
Cibodas 3 months without raining.
This offshoot of the Bogor Botanical Gardens was founded in 1862 to study mountain flora. The cinchona (a tropical tree belonging to the madder family) was first brought from South America in 1854 and later cultivated here.
The collection now showcases 5,000 montane plants acquired from around the world. At an altitude of 1,200 meters, the serene pastures stretch more than 80 hectares and see cool temperatures averaging 18 degrees Celsius. The charming mountainside panorama adds to the tranquility. This is a gateway to the Gede-Pangrango National Park, Mount Gede and Mount Pangrango.
By one of the ball courts at Coba Mayan ruins. It is said that if the tree flowers by a specific date (in March, I think) then the weather will be perfect for the crops. If it flowers earlier, there will be floods. If it flowers later, there will be drought.
From Wikipedia -
Ceiba is the name of a genus of many species of large trees found in tropical areas, including Mexico, Central and South America, The Bahamas, Belize and the Caribbean, West Africa, and Southeast Asia. Some species can grow to 70 m (230 ft) tall or more, with a straight, largely branchless trunk that culminates in a huge, spreading canopy, and buttress roots that can be taller than a grown person. The best-known, and most widely cultivated, species is Kapok, Ceiba pentandra.
The tree figures in the mythologies of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures, in particular that of the Maya civilization, where the concept of the central world tree is often depicted as a Ceiba trunk, which connects the planes of the Underworld (Xibalba), the terrestrial realm and the skies. The unmistakable thick conical thorns in clusters on the trunk were reproduced by the southern lowland Maya of the Classical Period on cylindrical ceramic burial urns or incense holders. Modern Maya still often respectfully leave the tree standing when harvesting forest timber.
The Honduran city of La Ceiba was named after a particular Ceiba tree that grew down by the old docks. The Puerto Rican town of Ceiba is also named after this tree. Ceiba is also the national tree of Guatemala.
In 1525, Spanish Conquistador Hernán Cortés ordered the hanging of Aztec emperor Cuauhtemoc from a Ceiba tree after overtaking his empire.
In 1898, the Spanish Army in Cuba surrendered to the United States under a Ceiba, which was named the Tree of Peace (Arbol de la Paz), outside of Santiago de Cuba.
Ceiba insignis and Ceiba speciosa are added to some versions of the hallucinogenic drink Ayahuasca.
Recent botanical opinion incorporates Chorisia within Ceiba, raising the number of species from 10 to 20 or more, and puts the genus as a whole within the family Malvaceae.
Ceiba species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species including the leaf-miner Bucculatrix ceibae which feeds exclusively on the genus.
From Wikipedia -
Ceiba pentandra is a tropical tree of the order Malvales and the family Malvaceae (previously separated in the family Bombacaceae), native to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, northern South America, and (as the variety C. pentandra var. guineensis) to tropical west Africa. Kapok is the most used common name for the tree and may also refer to the fibre obtained from its seed pods. The tree is also known as the Java cotton, Java kapok, Silk cotton or ceiba. It is a sacred symbol in Maya mythology.
The tree grows to 60-70 m (200-230 ft) tall and has a very substantial trunk up to 3 m (10 ft) in diameter with buttresses. The trunk and many of the larger branches are often (but not always) crowded with very large, robust simple thorns. The leaves are compound of 5 to 9 leaflets, each up to 20 cm (8 in) and palm like. Adult trees produce several hundred 15 cm (6 in) seed pods. The pods contain seeds surrounded by a fluffy, yellowish fibre that is a mix of lignin and cellulose.
The fibre is light, very buoyant, resilient and resistant to water. The process of harvesting and separating the fibre is labour-intensive and manual. It is difficult to spin but is used as an alternative to down as filling in mattresses, pillows, upholstery, zafus, and stuffed toys such as teddy bears, and for insulation. It was previously much used in life jackets and similar devices until synthetic materials largely replaced the fibre. The seeds produce an oil used locally in soap and that can be used as fertilizer.
Native tribes along the Amazon River harvest the kapok fibre to wrap around their blowgun darts. The fibres create a seal that allows the pressure to force the dart through the tube.
The commercial tree is most heavily cultivated in the rainforests of Asia, notably in Java (hence its nicknames), Philippines, Malaysia, Hainan Island in China as well as in South America.
The flowers are an important source of nectar and pollen for honeybees.
This tree is the official national tree of Puerto Rico and Guatemala.
Ethnomedical uses -
Ceiba pentandra bark decoction has been used as a diuretic, aphrodisiac, and to treat headache, as well as type II diabetes.
Ceiba pentandra is used as an additive to some versions of the hallucinogenic drink Ayahuasca.
Rockhampton Botanic Gardens.
In 1869 land was set aside for a botanical garden in Rockhampton. It was planned to acclimatize new plants and determine plants of economic benefit to the region. It soon became a pleasure garden. It has excellent specimens of palms, cycads and ferns, some of which are over 100 years old now. The gardens were managed by just three curators over a span of 84 years. Once trams were introduced to Rockhampton in 1909 they brought visitors to the Botanic Gardens.
The Garden features include a Japanese garden, a large fernery dating from 1939 which is in the shape for a cross, and a cenotaph built in 1924 to commemorate World War One. It is now the local war memorial for all wars. Seeds from the Lone Pine at Gallipoli were obtained from the Turkish Government in 1988 and these pines now form a small avenue to the Cenotaph. The Cenotaph is surrounded by Canary Island Date Palms and is made of grey granite. It also has an excellent collection of over 200 species of palms and cycads. One of the prettiest features is Murray Lagoon. In the early days it was used as a swimming hole until the public baths were opened in 1883. The lagoon also supplied Rockhampton with water. Since 1902 it has been home to a large variety of fish, and Eastern Long-Necked Turtles, Chelodina longicollis. This small snake-necked turtle produces a carapace of about 20cm in length when the animal is in captivity. The species is widely distributed and found from Adelaide and the Murray River to Cape York and Central Queensland. Chelodina longicollis is a very hardy turtle and is able to tolerate lower temperatures than most other turtles of the genus. In colder regions of Australia the turtles may hibernate. There should be plenty of tortoises in the lagoon.
The gardens include a mature Mango orchard, a pinetum with Kauri and Hoop pines; a garden of ginger plants; and a floral clock. The plants attract a wide variety of birds.
The newly refurbished Gardens Tearoom is situated under a Giant Banyan Fig (Ficus benghalensis). This imposing tree has large aerial roots.
Pandanus is an unusual tree that stands up on prop roots the way corn plants do. My tree is about 30 feet high... quite tall for a Pandanus around here. It produces cones about 7 inches in diameter that are quite heavy when they fall to the ground. These trees become quite woody and gnarly and strong enough to face up to tropical winds!
Pandanus is also called Screw Pine because, as it grows, the trunk twists and turns like a corkscrew. Looking up, its thorny-edge long spiky leaves allow a view of the sky while providing dappled shade below.
I have always been fascinated by this tree. It somehow calls to "the magic child within me" who is amazed with the world!
The Common Screwpine (Pandanus utilis) is a tropical tree native to Madagascar. Contrary to it´s name, it is NOT a pine and doesn't even look like a pine. It is sometimes called a "Madagascar Screw-pine".
Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami Fl
Maniltoa browneoides (sometimes listed as Cynometra b.) - "Handkerchief Tree" - the New Guinean common name is "Pokok sapu tungan"...a highly ornamental tropical tree that can grow from 9 to 30m high! Photo taken in the Cairns Botanic Garden (Far North Queensland, Australia)...Cheers form Oz
What are mangroves?
The word 'mangrove' is used to refer to both the plants as well as the entire community of plants. According to Tomlinson, mangroves may be defined as tropical trees that grow only in the intertidal and adjacent communities.
Mangrove trees grow where no tree has grown before. They are able to survive inundation by salt water twice a day, and in 'soil' which is soft, unstable and poor in oxygen (anaerobic). They also have to deal with rivers carrying silt during the wet season, as well as violent storms that hit the coasts.
Me
Mangroves at the Chek Jawa Boardwalk at Pulau Ubin this was taken during the first trip, this time we couldn’t able to go to this place exploring more on the other side of ubin for sunset and sunrise but nothing had happen except rain this time also.
Shot
Usual Standard three exposure shot bracketing [-3, 0, +3] with 11-18mm sony lens
Process
HDR Tone mapped detail enhancer option
One mask layer Hue/ Saturation Master
One mask layer Hue/ Saturation Blues
One mask layer Hue/ Saturation yellows
One mask layer Hue/ Saturation greens
Used Burn tool slightly in some spots
One mask layer Curves for contrast
One mask Levels layer for brightness
High pass sharpening (Thanks to Erroba)
Noise reduction
Added black strips
♫
You
All comments, criticism and tips for improvements are (as always) welcome.
Tsavo East National Park, Kenya.
From Wikipedia -
The Blue Jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia) more often known simply as the "Jacaranda", is a sub-tropical tree native to South America that has been widely planted elsewhere because of its beautiful and long-lasting blue flowers. Older sources give it the systematic name Jacaranda acutifolia, but it is nowadays more usually classified as Jacaranda mimosifolia. It is also known as the Black Poui, or as the fern tree. In scientific usage, the name "Jacaranda" refers to the genus Jacaranda, which has many other members, but in horticultural and everyday usage, it nearly always means the Blue Jacaranda.
The taxonomic status of the Blue Jacaranda is unsettled. ITIS regards the older name, Jacaranda acutifolia, as a synonym for J. mimosifolia. However, some modern taxonomists maintain the distinction between these two species, regarding them as geographically distinct: J. acutifolia is endemic to Peru, while J. mimosifolia is native to Bolivia and Argentina. If this distinction is made, cultivated forms should be treated as J. mimosifolia, since they are believed to derive from Argentine stock. Other synonyms for the Blue Jacaranda are Jacaranda chelonia and J. ovalifolia. The Blue Jacaranda belongs to the section Monolobos of the genus Jacaranda.
The Blue Jacaranda has been cultivated in almost every part of the world where there is no risk of frost. Established trees can however tolerate brief spells of temperatures down to around −7°C (20°F). In the United States, it grows in parts of Oregon, California, Nevada, Arizona, Texas, and Florida, and has been reported to grow in Lafayette, southern Louisiana, the Mediterranean coast of Spain, in southern Portugal (very noticeably in Lisbon), southern Italy (in Naples there are beautiful specimens). It is regarded as an invasive species in parts of South Africa and Queensland, Australia, the latter of which has had problems with the Blue Jacaranda preventing growth of native species. Lusaka, the capital of Zambia also sees the growth of many Jacarandas.
The tree grows to a height of 5 to 15 metres (16 to 49 feet). Its bark is thin and grey-brown in colour, smooth when the tree is young though it eventually becomes finely scaly. The twigs are slender and slightly zigzag; they are a light reddish-brown in colour. The flowers are up to 5 cm long, and are grouped in 30 cm panicles. They appear in spring and early summer, and last for up to two months. They are followed by woody seed pods, about 5 cm in diameter, which contain numerous flat, winged seeds. The Blue Jacaranda is cultivated even in areas where it rarely blooms, for the sake of its large compound leaves. These are up to 45 cm long and bi-pinnately compound, with leaflets little more than 1 cm long.
In the USA, 30 miles east of Los Angeles where winter temps can dip to 10 degrees F (-12 C) for short several-hour periods, the mature tree survives with little or no visible damage. Profuse flowering is regarded as magnificent by some and quite messy by others. The unusually shaped, tough pods, which are about 2 to 3 inches (5-7.5 cm) across, are often gathered, cleaned and decorated for use on Christmas trees and in dried arrangements.
The wood is pale grey to whitish, straight-grained, relatively soft and knot-free. It dries without difficulty and is often used in its green or wet state for turnery and bowl carving.
Pretoria, the administrative capital of South Africa is popularly and poetically known as Jacaranda City or Jakarandastad in Afrikaans because of the huge number of the trees which turn the city blue when they flower in the spring. The name Jakarandastad is frequently used in Afrikaans songs, such as Staan Op by Kurt Darren.
People in Australia sing a Christmas song about Jacaranda trees, as the blooms are only seen in summer time - as the song explains, "When the bloom of the jacaranda tree is here, Christmas time is near" ...
In Argentina, writer Alejandro Dolina, in his book Crónicas del Ángel Gris ("Chronicles of the Gray Angel"), tells the legend of a massive jacarandá tree planted in Plaza Flores (Flores Square) in Buenos Aires, which was able to whistle tango songs on demand. María Elena Walsh dedicated her Canción del Jacarandá song to the tree. Also Miguel Brascó's folk song Santafesino de veras mentions the aroma of jacarandá as a defining feature of the littoral Santa Fe Province (along with the willows growing by the rivers).
British singer songwriter Steve Tilston eulogizes the beautiful blue tree he encountered in Australia with his song "Jacaranda" (track 11 on his album Ziggurat, 2008). The American singer songwriter Tori Amos briefly mentions the tree in her lyrics with the song entitled "Don't Make Me Come to Vegas" (track 8 on her album "Scarlet's Walk", 2009).
Medicinal uses -
Water extract of Jacaranda mimosifolia shows higher antimicrobial action against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli than gentamicin sulfate does. The extract also acts against Staphylococcus aureus.
It's Spring!
Zuelania guidonia is a deciduous tree with a high, thin, pyramidal crown; it can grow 10 to 25 meters tall. The straight, cylindrical bole is free of branches for the majority of its height, it can grow to about 30 feet. The common name 'Turds' apparently refers to the similarity between the green fruit and horse excreta.
The tree is sometimes harvested in the wild for timber and medicinal uses. Zuelania guidonia grows mainly at low elevations in the tropics, though it can be found up to 1,500 meters. The flowers are very attractive to bees, giving it great potential as a bee fodder for apiarists.
The abundant, clear resin which exudes from incisions in the trunk, is said to have great medicinal virtues. A decoction of the bark is used as a remedy for amenorrhea.
Zuelania guidonia, Magnoliophyta
Bahamian section, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami FL
Planting around the Upper Lake includes a few ornamental willows, rhododendron, birch pine and amenity grassland. Many waterfowl can be observed here.
A powerful water jet helps maintain the aeration and circulation of the lake and creates a stunning feature. Once used for boating this view is taken from the restored landing platform.
The Upper Lake is the smaller of the two lakes in the park and is set much higher than Waterloo Lake. Roundhay Castle is on the hill between the two lakes. The Upper Lake has a large fountain in the centre.
Planting around the Upper Lake includes a few ornamental willows, rhododendron, birch pine and amenity grassland. Many waterfowl can be observed here.
A powerful water jet helps maintain the aeration and circulation of the lake and creates a stunning feature. Once used for boating this view is taken from the restored landing platform.
1896 upper lake
In 1896 it was reported that high-wire artist Charles Blondin, aged 72 years, crossed the upper lake.
Noah's Ark site
The upper lake at Roundhay Park has been designated a safe haven for an endangered species. Pollution and habitat destruction, together with the menace of the larger North American signal crayfish, are depleting its numbers. So Leeds City Council and Environment Agency have launched the Ark Project to give it a safe refuge. Kerry Fieldhouse, species conservation officer, says this may be the last hope for the creature. Some were rescued four years ago and put into the upper lake and now there is a five-year project to protect them there, It will be a Noah's Ark site.hope to introduce some at the end of this summer and also next summer ,they exist in the Gorge and people say they have seen them in Waterloo Lake. Anglers used to pull them out all the time and one man found one in a Coca Cola can. It had gone in there to moult its shell." Crayfish are at risk from predatory fish and so pike and carp are being moved from the upper lake to other sites. An interpretation board next to the upper lake describes the Ark Project. It urges the public to report any sightings of the crayfish to the Environment Agency and to wash boots and fishing tackle to help limit the spread of disease. It points out that crayfish eat plant material at night and break down plant and animal matter, returning nutrients to the eco-system.Leaf litter offers protection for hiding and feeding, and old walls and other stonework have crevices and gaps which provide refuges and over-wintering sites.
Roundhay Park and has launched a project to identify bat species. volunteers use bat sensors which pick up sounds that are beyond human hearing. and have identified the common pipistrelle and soprano pipistrelle over Waterloo Lake," "Pipistrelle don't fly very high."They might be small and cute but they are very feisty and don't want to be in captivity."
Roundhay parks secret 300 million year history
ONCE – 300m years ago – an orange lizard called the Europs walked the fields that are now Roundhay Park.
It dwelt among tropical trees and baking heat – for the land was close to the Equator. This is the secret history of the north Leeds playground being brought to life by the Friends of Roundhay Park. They have published 5,000 copies of A Walk Back in Time, a glossy guide to the geology of the parkland. A trail with nine marker stones has been created and will be launched officially on Wednesday. The Friends will gather at the Education Centre in the Mansion at 2pm
to hear a talk by expert geologist Bill Fraser, a teacher in Garforth, before walking the trail. Mr Fraser has a collection of fossils from Roundhay Park and has provided the scientific basis for the guide book.Bob Reid, one of the Friends, was the driving force behind the creation of the trail "The dates given in the guide are not fictitious – they are real, based on the evidence of radioactive decay," he said.
Glacier
At different times, Roundhay Park has been under both freshwater and sea water. We tend to think the park is as it has always been but over millions of years it has been continually changing . "The V-shaped ravine was formed by melt water from a glacier. "And a geological fault runs in front of the Mansion and is said to form the northern boundary of the Yorkshire coalfields .Bob visited viewing site No. 6 – Dog Mouth Spring – which is found in the woodland. The rock here is sandstone which is porous and allows water to bubble from it. At marker No. 9 by the banks of the Waterloo Lake, visitors can look back to the head of the lake where the fault crosses the valley. And the last marker, No. 10, also by the lakeside, reveals sandstone rock where burrowing worms have left their imprint. A Walk Back in Time costs 1 and can be bought at the Roundhay Park visitor centre, City Stationers at Oakwood, and at the tourist centre in Leeds City Station.
The Gorge at Roundhay Park has recently been cleared and new pathways introduced, a waterfall leaves the Upper Lake and tumbles down into this area of outstanding natural beauty. Take a short walk along the edge of the Gorge and emerge at the Caste Folly. You can also take the longer 'Secret Gorge Walk' This peaceful walk passes through an area of outstanding natural beauty. The walk has rough, good quality footpaths with sections of steep ground -
approximately 2.7 km,
Secret Gorge Walk "The Ravine"
This peaceful walk passes through an area of outstanding natural beauty. The walk has rough, good quality footpaths with sections of steep ground.
Approx 2.7Km
Upper Lake Walk
This walk circumnavigates the Upper Lake with wooded areas, natural water space and a host of wildlife.
The walking surface is rough in sections but mainly flat.
Approx 0.7Km
Lake View Walk
This walk circumnavigates Waterloo Lake passing Parkland, Woods and the Dam. The main focus of the walk is the tranquil beauty of the Lake. The walking surface is rough in sections but mainly flat. Approx 2.7Km
Roundhay Park
Roundhay Park in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, is one of the biggest city parks in Europe. It has more than 700 acres (2.8 km2) of parkland, lakes, woodland and gardens which are owned by Leeds City Council. The park is one of the most popular attractions in Leeds, nearly a million people visit each year. It is situated on the north-east edge of the city, bordered by the suburb of Roundhay to the west and Oakwood to the south.
Old History
In the 11th century William the Conqueror granted the lands on which the park stands to Ilbert De Lacy for his support in the Harrying of the North in the winter 1069-70. De Lacy, who founded Pontefract Castle, was a knight from Normandy. During the 13th century, the area was used as a hunting park for the De Lacys who were the Lords of Bowland on the
Yorkshire-Lancaster border. Ownership of Roundhay passed through succession to John of Gaunt and then to his son, Henry IV. In the 16th century Henry VIII gave the park (though not the manor) to Thomas Darcy. Through succession and marriage, it was acquired by Charles Stourton (1702-1753) in the 18th century.In 1803, Charles Stourton's nephew, another Charles Stourton (1752–1816), sold the estate to Thomas Nicholson and Samuel Elam. Nicholson took the northern part which became Roundhay Park. Thomas Nicholson's land had the remains of quarries and coal mines. He disguised these former industrial areas by constructing the Upper Lake and the Waterloo Lake. The mansion house was built between 1811 and 1826 with a view over the Upper Lake. Nicholson constructed a castle folly. The Nicholson family was responsible for building the Church of St John, almshouses and a school on the south side of the
park. After Thomas Nicholson's death in 1821, the estate passed to his half-brother Stephen. In 1858, his nephew William Nicholson Nicholson inherited the land on the death of his uncle. In 1871 Roundhay Park
was put up for sale. It was purchased for £139,000 by a group including the Mayor of Leeds, John Barran. Leeds City Council was unable to buy such a large tract of land without an Act of Parliament, which was obtained on 21 June 1871. The local authority agreed to pay the same price and gave the estate to the people of Leeds as a public park. Leeds architect, George Corson, won the competition for landscaping Roundhay Park. Some parts of the estate were then sold for building plots to offset the cost to the council and Barran. Prince Arthur officially re-opened the park in 1872 in front of 100,000 people. In 1891 the first public electric tram with overhead power (trolley system) in Britain was inaugurated linking Roundhay Park with Leeds city centre 3 miles (4.8 km) away. The tram terminus is now a car park but some of the trolley poles remain.