View allAll Photos Tagged Trivia
Foot very extensile, can extend beyond shell by more than 50% of shell-length. Translucent, whitish with only slight yellowish tinting and a few characteristic opaque yellowish streaks at posterior tip.
Height (longest shell-dimension) 9.4 mm. Menai Strait, Wales. March 2014.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION: flic.kr/p/Cfnfpb
Albums of OTHER SPECIES:
Il Fritillary Spotted minore (Melitaea trivia) è una farfalla del Nymphalidae famiglia. Si trova nella parte meridionale della Ecozona paleartica. In Europa si è talvolta chiamato "deserto fritillary", ma questo nome si riferisce più precisamente al nordafricano relativo M. deserticola. L'apertura alare è 15-23 mm.
The Lesser Spotted Fritillary (Melitaea trivia) is a butterfly of the Nymphalidae family. It is found in the southern part of the Palearctic ecozone. In Europe it is sometimes called "desert fritillary", but this name more accurately refers to the North African relative M. deserticola.The wingspan is 15–23 mm.
Texas Trivia
WORLD'S FIRST CHAMPIONSHIP JACKRABBIT ROPING
CONTEST BEGAN AS "HARD-BRAINED" PUBLICITY STUNT DURING
1932 ANNUAL ODESSA RODEO, HELD AT 3RD AND GRANT STREET
SITE DESPITE OBJECTIONS FROM OUT-OF-TOWN DO-GOODERS.
LOCAL SHERIFF OPPOSED EVENT, BUT MAYOR AND JUDGE RULED
NO VIOLATION OF TEXAS LAW. COWGIRL GRACE HENDRICKS ROPED
"RABBIT FROM HORSEBACK IN FIVE SECONDS FLAT, WINNING OVER
NUMEROUS MALE COMPETITORS. NOTORIOUS CONTEST REVIVED IN
1977 CAUSING COAST-TO-COAST OUTCRY. MIDLAND ANIMAL LOVER
DELAYED ACTION BY LIBERATING CAPTIVE JACKRABBITS. EVENT
PROCEEDED ON SCHEDULE WHEN FORMER PRISONERS RETURNED AT
FEEDING TIME. SEVEN ROPERS COMPETED ON FOOT. JACK TORIAN
PLACED FIRST WITH A SIX SECOND SCAMPER. IN 1978 HUMANE
SOCIETY BLOCKED ALL FUTURE ROPINGS WITH COURT ORDER.
NO. 12 1990
HERITAGE OF ODESSA FOUNDATION
Author received the following letter by email in March 1999 from Jon Hendricks.
Concerning your information on the history of Odessa, I found a few errors that I felt needed to be brought up concerning the 1932 jackrabbit roping in which my grandmother Grace Hendricks was the one who roped the jack- rabbit in 5 seconds flat!!!! She told me many years later that she had gone to the event dressed up since she had been to a tea.
She was convinced to enter the event, which she did and walked to the center of the arena to prepare to rope the rabbit. She told us that she saw the rabbit heading for her so she roped it in self defense!!! She was not on horse back that I remember from her stories.
She was also the first woman Justice of the Peace in Ector County.
Please feel free to contact me if I can provide more info!!!
Sincerely,
Jon Hendricks
Jackrabbit roping is now illegal in Texas. :-)
1: exposed juvenile spire and smooth white shell.
2: well developed papillae on mantle of juvenile.
3: inhalent siphon contracted.
Shell height 9.2 mm. Anglesey, Wales, September 2015. Leg. J. Light.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION: flic.kr/p/CGERbH
Sets of OTHER SPECIES:
Made in my 6 x 9 Fabriano Venezia journal using s Sharpie and watercolors and a uni-ball Signo white gel pen.
Post veliger juvenile.
Late stage post veliger juvenile, larger than many adults; may be because shell reabsorbed during change to adult (disputed by Forbes & Hanley), or because of individual size-variation. Shell entirely translucent white. No operculum or periostracum. Overall shape ovoid.
1: spire, 2.5% of height, exposed adjacent to 2: top of body whorl.
3: body whorl 100% of height.
4: sculpture of ribs and grooves commenced formation on all faces.
5: aperture 100% of shell height, gently-curved linear as on adult but wider.
6: outer (palatal) lip bent into aperture.
7: no columellar or parietal lip on body whorl on inner side of aperture.
11.7 mm high. Orkney 1975.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION: flic.kr/p/CGERbH
Sets of OTHER SPECIES:
Early-stage post veliger juvenile has helicoid spiral shell, as usual for gastropods, but lacks operculum and periostracum. Shell entirely translucent white. After this stage the size of the spire relative to body whorl reduces with growth until entirely enveloped by body whorl. Measurements are of this individual; others may vary.
1: body-whorl ovoid.
2: distinct small spire of three convex whorls with distinct sutures, 15.5% of shell-height.
3: body whorl 92% of height.
4: D-shaped aperture 84% of shell-height; wide open basally, narrowing adapically.
5: adapical angle about 25º.
6: very short, thin columellar lip basally; no other lip on body whorl on inner side of aperture.
7: thin, semi-circular palatal (outer) lip.
8: no sculpture apart from fine prosocline growth lines.
6.4 mm high. Orkney 1975.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION: flic.kr/p/CGERbH
Key id. features: flic.kr/p/BSzH7X
Sets of OTHER SPECIES:
Ya ha comenzado la migracion otoñal hacia el sur, asi que poniendo nuestros ojos en los playeros aqui les envio esta trivia para que se rompan el coco un rato.
Can you name this lake in Snohomish county?
The winner gets to choose between a scratched up 52mm UV filter, a warm PBR that has been sitting on my fly tying desk for a month, or a pair of stinky Brooks Defiance 2s.
BTW.. prizes must be picked up in person before trash day Friday.
Trivia questions pertaining to the Mercury, Gemini & Apollo moon landings by NASA in the 1960s. Daniel followed all missions closely Daniel followed the landing avidly in 'The Astronot' (www.TheAstronot.com).
Trivia (foreground) is a classic racing yacht of the 12mR class. The ship was built by Camper & Nicholsons, of Gosport, in 1937, beginning to successfully compete with the other Twelve metres in the same year. In 1938 owner MacAndrew steered her so successfully that at Cowes Week he won 21 prices, including the King's Cup. Between 1958 and 1987 the 12mR class was used for the America's Cup, the oldest and most prestigious trophy in sports.
After a long and varied career elsewhere, and sailing under the names of Norsaga and Phoenix, respectively, Trivia participated in the America's Cup Jubilee off Cowes, Isle of Wight, in 2001, back in the waters of the Solent where she was originally built and also restored. She is now owned by Trivia GmbH, of Hamburg, and home to the Baltic waters off Kiel, Germany.
(Nikon FM3A, Velvia 50)
More classic yacht photos:
www.flickr.com/photos/oliversesemann/3104652515/
www.flickr.com/photos/oliversesemann/3104652501/
Sectioned adult shell to show interior.
1: entirely white whorls of juvenile shell enveloped by final adult whorl.
2: apical part of enveloped juvenile shell.
3: entirely-white, thick shell deposited by internal mantle.
4: very thin layer of pinkish shell material deposited in grooves by external mantle.
5: ribs whitish as little, or virtually no, pink shell material deposited on them.
6: exterior (palatal) lip reflected into interior of shell, not visible from exterior of aperture.
Height 12.4 mm. Orkney 1975.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION: flic.kr/p/CGERbH
Sets of OTHER SPECIES:
February 20, 2016: In Atlanta for the trivia finals. We were doing well, until we got to a question about boxing. It killed us.
(51/366)
1: juvenile foot translucent colourless with distinct opaque white lines.
2: lines absent from chamfered peripheral border.
3: juvenile mantle translucent, dingy buff-white.
4: fine grey/black particles coalesce to form spots grouped into dark discs.
Shell height 9.3 mm. Anglesey, Wales, September 2015. Leg. J. Light.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION: flic.kr/p/CGERbH
Key id. features: flic.kr/p/BSzH7X
Sets of OTHER SPECIES:
Trivia is a classic racing yacht of the 12mR class. The ship was built by Camper & Nicholsons, of Gosport, in 1937, beginning to successfully compete with the other Twelve metres in the same year. In 1938 owner MacAndrew steered her so successfully that at Cowes Week he won 21 prices, including the King's Cup. Between 1958 and 1987 the 12mR class was used for the America's Cup, the oldest and most prestigious trophy in sports.
After a long and varied career elsewhere, and sailing under the names of Norsaga and Phoenix, respectively, Trivia participated in the America's Cup Jubilee off Cowes, Isle of Wight, in 2001, back in the waters of the Solent where she was originally built and also restored. She is now owned by Trivia GmbH, of Hamburg, and home to the Baltic waters off Kiel, Germany.
More classic yacht photos:
www.flickr.com/photos/oliversesemann/3104652515/
www.flickr.com/photos/oliversesemann/3104652501/
1: three pitch-brown/black dorsal marks on shell (central mark smaller than usual on this specimen).
2: mantle generally dark but no distinct pitch-brown/black blotches near orange rim.
3: many distinct opaque yellow lines on dorsal surface of foot.
Height (longest shell-dimension) 10.8 mm. Menai Strait, Wales. August 2010.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION: flic.kr/p/CGERbH
Sets of OTHER SPECIES:
Typical sizes in Britain (adults usually 8-12 mm high). Convolute shell, i.e. all earlier whorls concealed by enveloping final whorl.
1: smallest specimen palest as pigmented layer deposited by external mantle is thinner than on larger older specimens.
2: shell broadest towards apical end (posterior of animal).
3: slight mound indicates position of hidden apex.
Heights (longest shell-dimensions) 8.7 mm, 9.6 mm, 11.2 mm. west Scotland. April 1976.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION BELOW
Sets of OTHER SPECIES: www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/
Trivia arctica (Pulteney, 1799)
Revised December 2023.
Synonyms: Cypraea arctica Pulteney, 1779 ; Cypraea europaea Montagu, 1808 [= aggregate of T. monacha and T. arctica in Forbes & Hanley, Jeffreys, and many authors pre-1925]; Cypraea europaea var. minor Marshall, 1893; Trivia mollerati Locard, 1894.
Current taxonomy: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141744
Meaning of name: (Latin) Trivia = a common thing; arctica = northern.
Vernacular: Northern cowrie, Unspotted cowrie (English); Cragen fair y gogledd (Welsh); Ongevlekt koffieboontje (Dutch); Nordlig kauri (Danish). Sometimes “Arctic cowrie” is used, but a misnomer as not a typical Arctic species, just a few records beyond Arctic Circle in Norway where Atlantic Drift brings anomalous temperate water far north.
Names applied to both T. monacha and T. arctica: European cowrie, nun, sea-cradle, maiden, stick-farthing, (English); Groatie-buckie (Scots); Cragen fair (Welsh); Europäische Kauri (German); Pucelage; Pou-de-mer; Porcelaine puce; Grain de café (French); Kaffebønne (Norwegian); Freirinha (Portuguese); Porcelanita (Spanish).
GLOSSARY below.
Adult shell description
In Britain, adult T. arctica are usually from 8 mm to 12 mm high (longest dimension of shell) 01Ta flic.kr/p/Cfnfpb. They are broadest towards the apical end. In the Mediterranean they are usually smaller; Vayssière (1923) in Lebour (1933) gives height extremes of 6-12 mm at Marseilles. The shell is ovoid with a flatter apertural/ventral face 02Ta flic.kr/p/D5AdRz , likened in its vernacular names to a coffee bean (Dutch, French, Norwegian) or kernel of oats (Scots). The shell is convolute with all earlier whorls hidden from view by the enveloping final whorl; a slight pimple or mound on posterior end sometimes indicates the position of the hidden apex 01Ta flic.kr/p/Cfnfpb. It is solidly built with an adult sculpture of 20-25 ribs crossing the entire shell with a few short intervening ribs. The intervening grooves are the same width as the ribs. The ribs of left and right sides are perfectly aligned where they meet with no discontinuity on the dorsum (van Nieulande et al., 2022 & 27.1Ta flic.kr/p/2pkGM2T . There is a thickened white labial varix on the left 02Ta flic.kr/p/D5AdRz .
The aperture is a gently bowed slit positioned ventrally on the living animal, and it extends the entire height of the shell. The outer (palatal) lip of the aperture is curved out of sight into the interior of shell 03Ta flic.kr/p/CKKP6m . The columellar region is a concave furrow and its ribs protrude as teeth. An expansion of the aperture slit at the anterior forms an inhalant siphonal canal, and narrower expansion at the posterior forms an exhalant canal. The adult shell is opaque white internally and externally, apart from a thin external pinkish layer deposited by the external mantle in grooves dorsally and laterally; the ribs receive less pigment so are paler than the grooves 03Ta flic.kr/p/CKKP6m . The ventral surface and labial varix are white 02Ta flic.kr/p/D5AdRz . Shells of live animals are glossy and lack erosion or epizooic growths as they are protected and maintained by the expanded mantle depositing shell material on the exterior 04Ta flic.kr/p/D3j1Ws . There is no operculum or periostracum on adults.
Post-veliger shell development
The veliger larva metamorphoses when its shell is about 1.25 mm diameter (Lebour, 1933). The early juvenile shell is flimsy, smooth, white and has a typical gastropod aperture and spire. At this stage it is not possible to differentiate the shell from that of T. monacha 04.1Ta flic.kr/p/2pjL6Za unless the diagnostic foot is visible 04.2Ta flic.kr/p/2pjLJAh . As it grows, the spire is completely enveloped by the final whorl. Post-veliger juvenile shells grow in the normal three-layered helical fashion of most other snails (Meyer & Paulay, 2005). This changes after about six months when: i) the spire is completely enveloped by the body whorl, ii) the shell is thickened mainly internally, but also externally, with layers of differing crystalline structure, iii) the ribs act as teeth along both sides of the narrowed aperture, iv) the ribs and grooves complete their formation ventrally and dorsally on the body-whorl. The shell now has adult form, but is pure white as the outer pinkish layer has not yet been deposited 04.3Ta flic.kr/p/2pkpebK .
Adult shell development is completed by deposition externally of a thin, outermost pinkish layer mainly in the grooves, and ventrally the shell remains white.
Body description
The cephalic tentacles are long, slender and translucent white 10Ta flic.kr/p/CKKHdQ to mustard-yellow 11Ta flic.kr/p/CDnCcB , usually with opaque, hyphen-like streaks of yellow. The large inhalant siphon is a rolled extension of the mantle 09Ta flic.kr/p/DcSQig coloured whitish 12Ta flic.kr/p/D3iU6U to pale yellow 13Ta flic.kr/p/CfuduK ; often with stronger yellow at the tip and sometimes opaque white or yellow marks. The siphon protrudes, often held high, from a short, wide expansion of the aperture slit at the anterior which acts as a siphonal canal 09Ta flic.kr/p/DcSQig & 13Ta flic.kr/p/CfuduK . The exhalant siphon is formed by a fold of mantle resting within an expansion of the aperture slit forming the posterior siphonal canal 07Ta flic.kr/p/Cfn8gU . The much thickened and lobulated mantle can expand over the entire exterior 12Ta flic.kr/p/D3iU6U . In Britain, when stretched to full extension, the mantle is often translucent enough for the shell to be discerned under it. Its general colour is whitish, brownish or orange-brown. It is palest ventrally and usually greyed by a spray of very fine grey particles which may locally aggregate into small blotches 12Ta flic.kr/p/D3iU6U , and occasionally form lines aligned with grooves of shell. The mantle rim is usually pale yellow 12Ta flic.kr/p/D3iU6U or whitish and is often unobtrusive 04Ta flic.kr/p/D3j1Ws . There are usually several pitch-brown/black pigment blotches near, or interrupting, the yellow/white rim 10Ta flic.kr/p/CKKHdQ . On the fully expanded mantle the blotches are often mistaken for the similar dorsal blotches on the shell of T. monacha 12Ta flic.kr/p/D3iU6U .
Colour saturation varies between individuals, and on any individual increases with degree of mantle contraction 14Ta flic.kr/p/DcSran . Specimens from southern Europe usually have more saturated colours and sometimes have a dark brown mantle. Light yellow or whitish papillae often protrude from the mantle. They vary in size, shape and number and are occasionally “hedgehog-like” 15Ta flic.kr/p/Cfuc4Z ; sometimes absent 11Ta flic.kr/p/CDnCcB and sometimes extremely prominent and branched. They are usually more prominent on juveniles (Lebour, 1933). Post-veliger juveniles have paler body pigmentation and at the earliest stages can be entirely white 04.2Ta flic.kr/p/2pjLJAh . The mantle on later juveniles is translucent, yellowish with minute blackish purple particles which coalesce into blotches near the mantle edge, only when adult 31Ta flic.kr/p/DcJu9q . Juveniles often have yellow tipped papillae on the mantle and minute dark spots on the body and base of siphon, and sometimes pale yellow flecks on siphon and tentacles (Lebour, 1933).
The foot at all stages can extend beyond the shell by more than 50% of shell-length 16Ta flic.kr/p/CDnwTF . It is translucent, whitish with varying amounts and intensity of yellow 13Ta flic.kr/p/CfuduK or orange-red 17Ta flic.kr/p/CKKznQ tinting. The dorsal surface of the foot has a distinct, broad, peripheral chamfer 13Ta flic.kr/p/CfuduK , often with some irregular, opaque, yellow 10Ta flic.kr/p/CKKHdQ or whitish 12Ta flic.kr/p/D3iU6U blotches but not extensive well-defined lines. The chamfer narrows at the posterior tip, often giving it a flat 18Ta flic.kr/p/D5zWZK or concave 15Ta flic.kr/p/Cfuc4Z outline which is frequently marked with about 6 short yellow streaks. The anterior of the foot is bilaminate 19Ta flic.kr/p/CKKxxs .
The sole is coloured as the dorsum of the foot or paler 19Ta flic.kr/p/CKKxxs , but without opaque marks, though those on the dorsal surface may show through it 20Ta flic.kr/p/D5zUR6 . It has a median groove containing a posterior pedal mucus gland 07Ta flic.kr/p/Cfn8gU . In the anterior half of the sole on females there is a ventral pedal gland the opening of which often has a more saturated colour 21Ta flic.kr/p/D3iJt7 . A transverse fold allows the anterior of the foot to fold back on itself to bring the ventral gland forwards 22Ta flic.kr/p/Cfu4CX . Unlike most gastropods which have a single columellar muscle/pedal retractor muscle, T. arctica has two because of its expanded body whorl.
A large flat leaf-like penis arises behind and below the right tentacle on males (Lebour, 1933).
Key identification features
Trivia arctica
1) Adult pink shell has no pitch-brown/black dorsal marks 10Ta flic.kr/p/CKKHdQ but dark dorsal blotches on rim of fully extended mantle of adult T. arctica are often confused with similar marks on shell of T. monacha.
2) The dorsal surface of the foot of T. arctica at all stages is whitish to yellowish or reddish orange, often with some irregular opaque marks, but is not covered by a network of opaque yellow or white lines 12Ta flic.kr/p/D3iU6U . * Most reliable diagnostic feature.
3) Post veliger juveniles with smooth white shells 04.1Ta flic.kr/p/2pjL6Za cannot be differentiated from juvenile T. monacha, unless the dorsal surface of the foot is seen not to be covered by a network of white or yellow lines 04.2Ta flic.kr/p/2pjLJAh .
4) Final stage juveniles of both T. arctica and T. monacha have adult-like ribs but are white and lack pigment blotches 04.3Ta flic.kr/p/2pkpebK . T. arctica can be identified by the dorsal surface of the foot lacking a network of lines, or by the perfect dorsal alignment dorsally of the shell ribs from left and right sides 23Ta flic.kr/p/2nuWGWu . The same applies to bleached dead adult shells.
5) Extended mantle of T. arctica has pitch-brown/black dorsal marks (vary in size and number, but often three) where edges meet 12Ta flic.kr/p/D3iU6U . Juvenile has grey/black particles that do not coalesce to form dark discs elsewhere on mantle. (Lebour, 1933).
6) Large flat leaf-like penis on males of T. arctica. (Lebour, 1933).
7) Veliger larvae of T. arctica have yellowish intestines, and very little dark pigment on sides of stomach; always has less pigment than T. monacha larvae. Late stage veligers have velum of four long, thin lobes 24Ta flic.kr/p/CDnozB (Lebour, 1933).
8) 3.5mm post-veliger juveniles of T. arctica have yellowish (not orange or bright yellow) soft-parts with minute dispersed blackish-purple spots on exposed mantle, not congregated into disc-shaped groups (Lebour, 1933).
9) Transparent egg capsules of T. arctica, unknown until 2017, are embedded in compound ascidian with neck projecting from surface 25Ta flic.kr/p/Cfu1R4 & 21.1Ta flic.kr/p/234LSrM , veligers in plankton from January to May in southern England 24Ta flic.kr/p/CDnozB .
Similar species
Trivia monacha (da Costa, 1778)
1) Adult shell has three pitch-brown/black dorsal marks 27Ta flic.kr/p/CDnkwn .
2)The dorsal surface of the foot of T. monacha at all stages is orange/yellow covered by a network of opaque yellow or white lines 27Ta flic.kr/p/CDnkwn . * Most reliable diagnostic feature.
3) Juveniles with smooth white shells 04.1Ta flic.kr/p/2pjL6Za cannot be differentiated from T. arctica, unless the dorsal surface of the foot is covered by a network of white or yellow lines 27Ta flic.kr/p/CDnkwn .
4) Final stage juveniles of T. arctica and T. monacha both have ribs, are white and lack dark blotches 27.1Ta flic.kr/p/2pkGM2T . T. monacha can be distinguished by network of lines on foot, or by the dorsal misalignment of some shell ribs from left and right sides 23Ta flic.kr/p/2nuWGWu . The same applies to bleached dead adult shells. Rare exceptional T. monacha lack misalignment.
5) Extended mantle of T. monacha is varied but usually has an unbroken orange border at the edge not accompanied three large pitch-brown/black blotches on the mantle 27Ta flic.kr/p/CDnkwn .
6) Filiform, cylindrical penis on males (Lebour, 1933).
7) Veliger larvae have almost black intestines & stomach, and dark digestive gland. Late stage veligers have slight lateral bay in the vela, but insufficient to change them into four long thin lobes 24Ta flic.kr/p/CDnozB (Lebour, 1933).
8) 3.5mm (and larger) post-veliger juveniles have orange or bright yellow soft parts 28Ta flic.kr/p/Day2bu , and grey/black particles that coalesce to form spots grouped into dark discs scattered over mantle 29Ta flic.kr/p/CftVz2 (Lebour, 1931 & 1933).
9) Egg capsules with orange eggs embedded in compound ascidian with neck projecting from surface, ( veligers April to September in S. England) 25Ta flic.kr/p/Cfu1R4 .
Marsenia perspicua (Linnaeus, 1758) 30Ta flic.kr/p/CDnfUX
Inhalant siphon and sometimes roughened surface resemble Trivia.
Mantle halves fused so never retract to expose shell.
Fragile, white, internal, ear-shape shell.
Transparent egg-capsules with white eggs embedded in compound ascidian with lid flush with surface apart from rim 25Ta flic.kr/p/Cfu1R4 & 26Ta flic.kr/p/Cfu178 .
Simnia patula (Pennant, 1777) 31.1Ta flic.kr/p/2pmaPvE
Juvenile shells of T. arctica might be mistaken for S. patula.
Shell drawn out into anterior and posterior siphonal canals.
Two sides of exterior mantle meet on right side of shell, not along median line.
Mantle white or orange with orange or red transverse lines.
S. patula lives 15-75 m deep and not intertidally.
Erato voluta (Montagu, 1803) 32Ta flic.kr/p/2nbgWAZ
Strong shell retains exposed spire throughout life.
Animal narrower at anterior, reflecting the shape of the concealed shell.
Stout inhalant siphon and foot are pink or whitish with red spots.
White spots on tentacles.
When fully extended, two sides of dark papillate mantle meet at dorsal median line.
Exotic cowries
Attractive tropical cowries and smaller, duller ones used in school bean-bags and historically used as currency are dropped by humans on beaches, and washed up in the Netherlands from historical shipwrecks.
Habits and ecology
T. arctica is usually found near its compound and unitary ascidian prey on hard substrate at LWS and more frequently sublittorally to 100 m in Norway and 1000 m in southern Europe (Fretter & Graham, 1981). It feeds on Diplosoma listerianum especially var. gelatinosum, the preferred food near Plymouth (Lebour, 1933); on Polyclinum aurantium, the preferred food in Brittany (Pelseneer, 1926), Botryllus schlosseri, especially its yellow and orange forms, Trididemnum, Botrylloides leachi and the unitary Ciona intestinalis and Corella parallelogramma 08.2Ta flic.kr/p/2cQ7E8T & 22.1Ta flic.kr/p/2bpJEk6 .
It examines the surface of the ascidian with its inhalant siphon and, from a pouch in its head, extends a proboscis containing radula and jaws to cut through the test to expose the zooid. Both test and zooid are ingested, and fragments of indigestible test are voided in the faecal rods or pellets. Unitary ascidians, such as Corella parallelogramma 22.1Ta flic.kr/p/2bpJEk6 and Ciona intestinalis (D. Kipling, 2018. pers. comm. 11 Nov.) are sometimes eaten by forcing the proboscis into them through the oral siphon, avoiding the need to bite through the indigestible test.
The body is very pliable and can withdraw into/extend from the narrow aperture with speed and ease. The siphon is usually extended first to test the water 14Ta flic.kr/p/DcSran .
The anterior pedal gland in the bilaminate anterior edge of the foot 19Ta flic.kr/p/CKKxxs , and posterior pedal gland in the median groove of the sole, produce mucus to assist movement, and many other glands in the sole and mantle exude a variety of secretions, not all mucal, and some probably repugnatory. The female has a yellow opening to a ventral pedal gland in the anterior half of her foot. The foot can fold up at a right-angle on a traverse line in front of the gland to position the gland on a leading edge for its protrusion and operation in egg capsule formation 05Ta flic.kr/p/D3j1pq & 22Ta flic.kr/p/Cfu4CX.
Respiratory water is taken in through a long inhalant siphon projecting from the anterior siphonal canal of the shell and passes into the mantle cavity where an osphradium tests the water-quality before passing it through the ctenidium. Water leaves the shell via an exhalant siphon in the posterior siphonal canal.
T. arctica breeds, at Plymouth, from late autumn to spring. The female is fertilized internally by the large flat leaf-like penis of the male. Until 2017, egg laying had not been recorded but was assumed to be similar to that of T. monacha (Fretter & Graham, 1981; and Wigham & Graham, 2017). In March 2017, a Belgian diver, Stefan Verheyen, photographed laying egg capsules by T. arctica 21Ta flic.kr/p/D3iJt7 & 21.1Ta flic.kr/p/234LSrM , and the details were, as anticipated, similar to those of T. monacha. The egg-capsule is transparent showing the crowded orange ova within. It is inserted in a hole bitten into the compound ascidian Diplosoma listerianum, a food favoured by it and T. monacha, and possibly other compound ascidians. The female protrudes the ventral pedal gland embedded in her sole to drive the capsule into the hole and give it its final shape with the two lobes of its bifid tip 25Ta flic.kr/p/Cfu1R4 . The capsule is a spheroidal flask with a funnel-shape neck which protrudes well above the surface of the ascidian, but the neck is easily overlooked as its colourless transparent nature makes it almost invisible 25Ta flic.kr/p/Cfu1R4 .
The eggs hatch into planktonic echinospira larvae with a velum with four long lobes. Larvae were taken in plankton nets by Lebour in coastal waters from January to May, while T. monacha larvae were taken from April to September (Fretter & Graham, 1962) 24Ta flic.kr/p/CDnozB . An echinospira larva has a 'double shell'; the exterior one is flimsy, transparent, colourless and shiny. Fretter & Graham (1962) interpreted the exterior one as the periostracum layer separated from the inner calcareous shell. The intervening gap is filled with seawater and helps reduce the specific gravity of the larva to near neutral buoyancy, and the increased surface area slows the rate of sinking, so easing the effort needed to orientate and maintain position in the water column (McCloskey, 1972). The inner calcareous shell contains the larval animal. Though T. arctica has smaller adults than T. monacha, its larvae are larger at equivalent stages and its vela are more developed probably because it lives in deeper off-shore waters and needs more power to maintain position in the water column.
At metamorphosis, the larval operculum and outer shell/periostracum are shed and the mantle spreads over the exterior of the inner shell. “The number of old [adult] shells taken surprisingly exceeds that of the young.” (Forbes & Hanley, 1853). This quote might be explained by poor survival of thin, fragile, dead juvenile shells on strandlines, but live juveniles are much rarer than live adults on suitable shores, although, when present, several may be found at the same location. Divers seem to see juveniles more often 31Ta flic.kr/p/DcJu9q . Juveniles assume adult form with ribbed pink shells about 6 months after metamorphosis.
Distribution and status
T. arctica occurs from northern Norway to Gibraltar and the western Mediterranean, but is absent from the Baltic and Danish and German coasts apart from dead shells in the vicinity of Helgoland, GBIF map www.gbif.org/species/5192808 . It lives on hard substrate around most coasts of Britain and Ireland but is absent or scarce in the north-east Irish Sea, from Flamborough Head to Kent and much of the east coast of Scotland. U.K. map NBN species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000178458 .
Acknowledgements
For help with specimens, images, information and/or literature, I gratefully thank Maëlan Adam, Jim Anderson, Nils Aukan, Karen Boswarva, Pierre Corbrion, Dick Hoeksema, David Kipling, Jan Light, Paula Lightfoot, Chris Rickard, Stefan Verheyen and Dawn Watson.
Links and references
Browne, E.T. 1898. On keeping medusae alive in an aquarium. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 5 (2): 176-180. [Description of “plunger jar” used by Lebour to rear Trivia] plymsea.ac.uk/192/
Forbes, E. & Hanley S. 1849-53. A history of the British mollusca and their shells. vol. 3 (1853), London, van Voorst. (As Cypræa europæa [agg.]); pp. 495-497. archive.org/stream/ahistorybritish05forbgoog#page/n508/mo...
Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1962. British prosobranch molluscs. London, Ray Society.
Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1981. The prosobranch molluscs of Britain and Denmark. Part 6 – Cerithiacea, Strombacea, Hipponicacea, Calyptraeacea, Lamellariacea, Cypraeacea, Naticacea, Tonnacea, Heteropoda. J. Moll. Stud. Suppl. 9: 285-363.
Graham, A. 1988. Molluscs: prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) no.2 (Second edition). Leiden, E.J.Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys. 662 pp.
Høisæter, T. 2009. Distribution of marine, benthic, shell bearing gastropods along the Norwegian coast. Fauna norvegica 28: 5-106. www.ntnu.no/ojs/index.php/fauna_norvegica/article/view/563
Jeffreys, J.G. 1862-69. British conchology. vol. 4 (186). London, van Voorst. (As Cypræa europæa agg.) archive.org/stream/britishconcholog04jeff#page/402/mode/2up .
Lebour, M.V. 1931. The larval stages of Trivia europea. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 17 (3): 819-832. [Aggregate species, but nearly all details are of T. monacha.] plymsea.ac.uk/698/
Lebour, M.V. 1933. The British species of Trivia: T. arctica and T. monacha. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 18 (2): 477-484. plymsea.ac.uk/782/
Lebour, M.V. 1935. The echinospira larvae of Plymouth. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 163-174.
Lebour, M.V. 1937. The eggs and larvae of the British prosobranchs with special reference to those living in the plankton. J. mar. biol. Ass., 22: 105 – 166. plymsea.ac.uk/953/
McCloskey, L.R. 1972. Development and ecological aspects of the echinospira shell of Lamellaria rhombica Dall (Prosobranchia; Mesogastropoda). Ophelia 10 (2): 155-168. Preview www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00785326.1972.10430111
McKay, D. & Smith, S.M. 1979. Marine mollusca of East Scotland. Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.
Meyer, C. & Paulay, G. 2005. Shell microstructure. Cowrie Genetic Database Project, Florida Museum of Natural History. www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cowries/microstructure.html
Pelseneer, P. 1926. Note d'embryologie malacologique. Ponte et développement de Cypræa europea, etc. Bull. Biol. de la France et de la Belgique 60 (1): 88-112. [Cited in Lebour, 1933, as having mistakenly interchanged descriptions of penes of T. monacha and T. arctica]
Pelseneer, P. 1932. La métamorphose préadulte des Cypræidæ. Bull. Biol. de la France et de la Belgique 66 (2): 149-163. [Cited in Lebour, 1933, as having corrected mistaken interchange made in 1926 of descriptions of penes of T. monacha and T. arctica]
Van Nieulande, F.A.D., Hoeksema, D.F., Nijhuis, H.W. & Rijken, A.C. 2022. De fossiele schelpen van de Nederlandse kust II, deel 17. Velutinidae, Triviidae, Eratoidae en Ovulidae Spirula 431: 16 – 25. www.researchgate.net/publication/360897905_De_fossiele_sc...
Vayssièrre, A. 1923. Recherches Zoologiques et anatomiques sur les mollusques de la Famille des Cypræidés. Annls Mus. Hist. nat. Marseille Zoologie. 18: 1-120. (In Lebour, 1933.)
Verheyen, S. & Smith, I.F. 2018. Discovery of the egg capsule of Trivia arctica (Pulteney, 1799) Mollusc World 46: 8-9 Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. conchsoc.org/MolluscWorld46
Wiese, V. and Janke, K. 2021. Die Meeresschnecken und –muscheln Deutschlands Wiebelsheim, Quelle & Meyer.
Wigham, G.D. & Graham, A. 2017. Marine gastropods 2: Littorinimorpha and other, unassigned, Caenogastropoda. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) no.61. (344 pages). Field Studies Council, Telford, England.
Glossary
aperture = mouth of gastropod shell; outlet for head and foot.
cephalic = (adj.) of or on the head.
columella = solid or hollow axial “little column” around which gastropod shell spirals
columellar = (adj.) of or near central axis of spiral gastropod.
convolute = (adj.) body whorl of shell envelopes and conceals the spire.
ctenidium = comb-like molluscan gill; usually an axis with a row of filaments or lamellae on one or two sides.
dorsoventrally flattened = pressed flat from above and below like a pancake.
echinospira = special form of drifting larva with an inner and outer shell, and the intervening space filled with sea water.
epizooic = (adj.) of non-parasitic organisms living on surface of animals.
ELWS = extreme low water spring tide (usually near March and September equinoxes).
filiform = threadlike.
height = (of gastropod shells) distance from apex of spire to base of aperture but, as apex concealed, the longest dimension on Trivia.
labial varix = especially strong or broad costa (rib) along or near outer lip of aperture.
mantle = sheet of tissue which secretes the shell and forms a cavity for the gill in most marine molluscs. Confined to the shell-interior of most British shelled-gastropods, but can also cover exterior on Trivia.
operculum = plate of horny conchiolin used to close shell aperture; absent from Trivia .
osphradium = organ for testing water quality usually near ctenidium (gill).
papilla = (pl. papillae) small cone-shaped protrusion of flesh.
papillate = covered in papillae
periostracum = thin horny layer of chitinous material often coating shells.
plankton = animals and plants that drift in pelagic zone (main body of water).
suture = groove or line where whorls of gastropod shell adjoin.
test = (of ascidian) a.k.a. tunic; outer cellulose sheath containing zooid.
umbilicus = cavity up axis of some gastropods.
veliger = shelled larva of marine gastropod or bivalve mollusc which swims by beating cilia of a velum (bilobed flap).
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