View allAll Photos Tagged Trivia
Juvenile.
Sole coloured as dorsum of foot but without opaque lines.
1: bilaminate anterior of foot contains anterior pedal gland that produces mucus to aid locomotion.
Shell length 9.3 mm. Anglesey, Wales, September 2015. Leg. J. Light.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION: flic.kr/p/CGERbH
Sets of OTHER SPECIES:
1: anterior of foot bilaminate, contains anterior pedal gland that produces copious mucus to assist locomotion.
2: sole coloured as dorsum of foot but without opaque marks.
3: median groove of sole contains mucus-producing posterior pedal gland.
Height (longest shell-dimension) 9 mm. Menai Strait, Wales. March 2014.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION: flic.kr/p/Cfnfpb
Albums of OTHER SPECIES:
Did you know, that on all bags of snack crisps, in the UK, EVERY 'best before date' always falls upon a Saturday. Bet you're all going to check that out.
Also, is it just in the UK?
The adult shell is ovoid and is likened to a coffee bean in Dutch, French and Norwegian and to a kernel of oats in Scots.
Profile of right side (R) and left (L) when in living position.
1: approximate position of enveloped spire at posterior.
2 - 2: apertural face (ventral on live animal) is white.
3: dorsal and lateral faces have pinkish shell-material deposited in grooves.
4: no varix on columellar side of body-whorl; whorl bulges down centrally.
5: thickened white labial varix near palatal lip.
Adult, height (longest dimension) 10.8 mm. August 2010. Menai Strait, Wales.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION BELOW
PDF available at www.researchgate.net/publication/377074913_Trivia_monacha...
OTHER SPECIES: www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/
Trivia monacha (da Costa, 1778)
Synonyms: Cypraea monacha da Costa, 1778 ; Cypraea europaea Montagu, 1808 [ = aggregate of T. monacha and T. arctica in Forbes & Hanley, Jeffreys, and many authors pre-1925]; Cypraea europaea var. tripunctata Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883.
Meaning of name: Trivia (Latin) = a common thing
monacha (Greek) = solitary, or (Latin) = nun.
Vernacular: Spotted cowrie (English); Gevlekt koffieboontje (Dutch); Porcelaine tachetée (French).
Names applied to both T. monacha and T. arctica: European cowrie, nun, sea-cradle, maiden, stick-farthing, (English); Groatie-buckie (Scots); Cragen Fair (Welsh); Europäische Kauri (German); Pucelage; Pou-de-mer; Porcelaine puce; Grain de café (French); Kaffebønne (Norwegian); Freirinha (Portuguese) .
GLOSSARY below.
Adult shell description
In Britain, adult shells are usually not less than 10 mm and up to 13 mm high (longest dimension of shell) by about 8 mm wide 1Tm flic.kr/p/CEqony . They are broadest towards the apical end. Pelseneer (1932), in Lebour (1933), states height extremes are 8.35 to 15.4mm. The adult shell is ovoid with a flatter apertural/ventral face 2Tm flic.kr/p/CGERbH which is likened to a coffee bean in Dutch, French and Norwegian and to a kernel of oats in Scots. The adult shell is convolute, meaning that all earlier whorls are hidden from view by the enveloping final whorl. A slight pimple or mound on the posterior end sometimes indicates the position of the hidden apex. It is solidly built with a sculpture of 20 to 25 ribs crossing entire the shell with a few short intervening ribs. The grooves are about the same width as the ribs. Nearly always, some of the ribs of left and right sides are not perfectly aligned where they meet on the dorsum 04.1Tm flic.kr/p/2nuUyie & 04.2Tm flic.kr/p/2pog9zY .There is a thickened white labial varix on the palatal side of the aperture 2Tm flic.kr/p/CGERbH .
The aperture is a gently curved slit along the entire height of the shell. It is positioned ventrally on the living animal. The outer (palatal) lip of the aperture curves out of sight into the interior of the shell 1Tm flic.kr/p/CEqony . The columellar region is a concave furrow and its ribs protrude as teeth. An expansion of the aperture at the anterior forms an inhalant siphonal canal, and an expansion at the posterior forms an exhalant siphonal canal.
Colour: the opaque shell is white internally and externally, apart from a thin external pinkish layer deposited, when adult, in the grooves dorsally and laterally by the external mantle 3Tm flic.kr/p/BSsv7u The mantle also deposits three pitch-brown/black dorsal marks on the shell dorsally 4Tm flic.kr/p/BSstYs . The posterior mark is usually the largest. Colours may fade after death 1Tm flic.kr/p/CEqony and all colours may be bleached white if exposed to the sun. The ribs and median dorsal stripe receive variable amounts of pigmented layer so may be tinted slightly or remain whitish 4Tm flic.kr/p/BSstYs . The ventral/apertural surface and labial varix are white 2Tm flic.kr/p/CGERbH . The shells of live animals are glossy and lack erosion or epizooic growths as they are protected and maintained by the mantle which is able to continue shell deposition on the exterior 1Tm flic.kr/p/CEqony . There is no operculum or periostracum on adults.
Post-veliger shell development
Metamorphosis occurs when the echinospira shell is about 1.6 mm diameter (Lebour, 1933). As the outer layer is cast off then (Fretter & Graham, 1962) the initial post-veliger shell is probably smaller.
The flimsy white juvenile shell, lacking operculum or periostracum grows up to 12 mm high and changes form as it grows 5Tm flic.kr/p/BSzH7X & 6Tm flic.kr/p/CnQVrj . Stages A-G, below, merge into each other. Sizes are of specimens photographed; but changes can occur at other sizes because of individual variation.
A) juvenile up to c 3.5 mm high:
The ovoid body whorl makes up 92-96% of the shell height 6.2Tm flic.kr/p/CAtAUh . The very small, 1.2 mm diameter, spire making 4-8% of the shell height, consists of the one and a half whorls of the discoid larval protoconch. It is glossier than the rest of the shell 6.1Tm flic.kr/p/DopySS . There is no umbilicus and no sculpture apart from fine prosocline growth lines. The D-shaped aperture is 82-96% of the shell height. It is wide open basally and narrows adapically 6.3Tm flic.kr/p/CAAqtc . The adapical angle is narrow. The palatal (outer) lip is thin and semi-circular and there is a short, thin columellar lip basally.
B) juvenile 6.4 mm high: 7Tm flic.kr/p/CnQU5S
The shell is as at stage A, except that it has developed a distinct spire, 15.5% of the shell height, of 3-4 convex whorls with distinct sutures. The body whorl is c. 92% of shell height and the D-shaped aperture c. 84% of shell height. The adapical angle of the aperture is c. 25º.
C) juvenile 9.3 mm high: 8Tm flic.kr/p/CEqegY
The shell is more ovoid and the body whorl and aperture are 100% of shell height. Most snails increase the relative length of spire with growth at this stage, but on Trivia it is reduced to 5% of height, and exposed level with the top of body whorl. The adapical angle is wider and the columellar lip is no longer differentiated.
D) juvenile 9.6 mm high: 9Tm flic.kr/p/CGEGxa
The spire is c. 3% of shell height. A sculpture of ribs and grooves has commenced formation on the apertural face (ventral face when animal alive). It now has a gently curved linear aperture, as on adults but wider, and the palatal lip is bent into the aperture so its edge is hidden.
E) juvenile 11.7 mm high: 10Tm flic.kr/p/CnQPZs
The spire is c. 2.5% of height and there is a slight development of ribs on the abapertural (dorsal) surface. At this stage the shell is often larger than some adults. This appears to because the mantle changes in parts to resorb, instead of deposit, calcium carbonate during the change to adult. This was disputed by Forbes & Hanley (1853), but close examination of specimens undergoing the change show grooves cut below the level of the yet unaffected juvenile areas of the shell, leaving ribs of juvenile shell between the grooves 11Tm flic.kr/p/2ijnsgt .
F) pre-adult:
Post-veliger juvenile shells grow in the normal three-layered spiral fashion of most other snails (Meyer & Paulay, 2005). This changes as the transition to adult takes place when i) the spire is completely enveloped by the body whorl, ii) the shell is thickened mainly internally, but also externally, with layers of differing crystalline structure, iii) the ribs form teeth along both sides of the narrowed aperture and along inhalant and exhalant siphonal canals, iv) ribs and grooves complete formation ventrally and dorsally on the body-whorl.
G) adult: 1Tm flic.kr/p/CEqony
Shell development is completed with deposition dorsally by the extended mantle of a thin, outermost pinkish layer, mainly in the grooves 3Tm flic.kr/p/BSsv7u Ventrally, the shell remains white. For short time until three blotches of pitch-brown/black pigment are deposited on the dorsum of the shell it may resemble T. arctica.
Body description
Morphologically, apart from reproductive organs, the soft body parts are similar on adults and post-veliger juveniles, but pigmentation is paler and pattern differs on juveniles.
The flattened head is flanked by stout eye-peduncles fused to the bases of the cephalic tentacles. On adults it is red-brown, red, orange or sulphur-yellow, sometimes with yellow spots. On juveniles it is whitish. It can open-wide 12Tm flic.kr/p/CPXZXi or fold-shut 13Tm flic.kr/p/CPXYNp along the ventral mid-line where there is an unobtrusive, small snout with an opening to a pouch containing the feeding proboscis 14Tm flic.kr/p/CGEAQ8 . The cephalic tentacles are long, slender, translucent and the same range of colours as the head, but sometimes a paler shade 15Tm flic.kr/p/CEq61j & 16Tm flic.kr/p/CPXUjp , often with opaque, hyphen-like streaks of yellow or, on juveniles, white.
The long inhalant siphon, a rolled extension of the mantle13Tm flic.kr/p/CPXYNp , is coloured as the head or, often, a stronger shade and sometimes with black flecks flic.kr/p/aaiJPB (D. Cooke). It protrudes, usually held erect, from a short, wide anterior siphonal-canal in the shell; 13Tm flic.kr/p/CPXYNp . An exhalant siphon formed by fold of mantle rests within posterior siphonal canal of the shell 17Tm flic.kr/p/CEq373 & 14Tm flic.kr/p/CGEAQ8 . The much thickened and lobulated, translucent mantle can extend over the entire exterior of the shell 18Tm flic.kr/p/BSzrtH . On adults it is usually whitish ventrally and greyish laterally and dorsally, with dark marks, often merging into lines aligned over the underlying shell-grooves 13Tm flic.kr/p/CPXYNp . The mantle rim usually has an uninterrupted orange border of varying intensity 15Tm flic.kr/p/CEq61j . The hue of the grey areas and dark marks varies between individuals; they may be blue-grey, purple-grey or purple-brown flic.kr/p/bMBBvt (J. Weir) and may be suffused orange. Colour saturation varies between individuals, and on any individual increases with degree of mantle contraction. Specimens from southern locations tend to have more saturated colours, including dark brown. Light yellow or whitish papillae protrude from the mantle 19Tm flic.kr/p/BSzpw6 They vary in number, size and shape and are sometimes absent and sometimes extremely prominent and branched. They are usually more prominent on juveniles 20Tm flic.kr/p/CgsBYc . The mantle on juveniles is translucent, dingy buff-white with fine grey/black particles which coalesce to form spots grouped into dark discs 21Tm flic.kr/p/CMDZUG .
The foot is very extensile 22Tm flic.kr/p/CgszG8 . Its dorsal surface is translucent, pale-yellow, yellow or orange-reddish with many distinct opaque yellow or whitish lines of uniform width 22Tm flic.kr/p/CgszG8 . Lines are absent or few on the peripheral chamfer 19Tm flic.kr/p/BSzpw6 . Juveniles also have distinct opaque lines, but the rest of the foot is almost colourless 21.1Tm flic.kr/p/2dgQKdc & 21Tm flic.kr/p/CMDZUG . The foot anterior is bilaminate and often spread into an axe-head shape. It tapers slightly to a rounded posterior 12Tm flic.kr/p/CPXZXi . The sole is coloured as the dorsum of the foot or paler flic.kr/p/aaiJPB (Duncan Cooke), but without opaque lines 13Tm flic.kr/p/CPXYNp & 23Tm flic.kr/p/CMDWvY . It has a median groove containing a posterior pedal gland 12Tm flic.kr/p/CPXZXi . Unlike most gastropods with single columellar muscle, Trivia has two attached to the columellar region because of the expanded body whorl.
The long, yellow, unipectinate ctenidium and a shorter yellow bipectinate osphradium with larger lamellae are sometimes indistinctly visible in the mantle cavity through the translucent shell of juveniles 24Tm flic.kr/p/BSs3ay . A long, filiform, cylindrical, sickle-shape penis arises behind and below the right tentacle on males.
Key identification features
Trivia monacha
1) Adult shell has three pitch-brown/black dorsal marks 4Tm flic.kr/p/BSstYs . (Similar marks on extended mantle of T. arctica 25Tm flic.kr/p/CGEkHz often mistaken for them.)
2)The dorsal surface of the foot of T. monacha at all stages is covered by a network of opaque yellow or white lines 22Tm flic.kr/p/CgszG8 . * Most reliable diagnostic feature.
3) Juveniles with smooth white shells 05Tm flic.kr/p/BSzH7X cannot be differentiated from T. arctica, unless the dorsal surface of the foot is covered by a network of white or yellow lines 21Tm flic.kr/p/CMDZUG .
4) Final stage juveniles of both T. arctica and T. monacha have adult-like ribs but are white and lack pigment blotches. T. monacha can be identified by the dorsal surface of the foot having a network of lines or by the dorsal misalignment of some shell ribs from left and right sides 04.2Tm flic.kr/p/2pog9zY & 04.1Tm flic.kr/p/2nuUyie . The same applies to bleached dead adult shells.
5) Extended mantle of T. monacha is varied but usually has an unbroken orange border at the edge not accompanied three large pitch-brown/black blotches on the mantle 15Tm flic.kr/p/CEq61j .
6) Filiform, cylindrical penis on males (Lebour, 1933).
7) Veliger larvae have almost black intestines and stomach, and a dark digestive gland. Late stage veligers have a slight lateral bay in the vela, but insufficient to change them into four long thin lobes 26Tm flic.kr/p/BSzfyr (Lebour, 1933).
8) 3.5mm (and larger) post-veliger juveniles have orange or bright yellow soft parts 8Tm flic.kr/p/CEqegY , and grey/black particles which coalesce to form spots grouped into dark discs scattered over the mantle 21Tm flic.kr/p/CMDZUG (Lebour, 1931 & 1933).
9) Egg capsules with orange eggs are embedded in compound ascidian with the neck projecting from the surface, April to September in southern England 29Tm flic.kr/p/BSzbSZ
Similar species
Trivia arctica (Pulteney, 1799)
1). Adult pink shell has no pitch-brown/black dorsal marks 27Tm flic.kr/p/Cgstva but dark dorsal blotches on rim of fully extended mantle of adult T. arctica are often confused with marks on shell of T. monacha.
2) The translucent whitish to yellowish or reddish orange dorsal surface of the foot of T. arctica often has a few irregular opaque marks, but is not covered by a network of opaque yellow or white lines 25Tm flic.kr/p/CGEkHz . * Most reliable diagnostic feature.
3) Post veliger juvenile T. arctica with smooth white shells 25.1Tm flic.kr/p/2poyg11 cannot be differentiated from juvenile T. monacha, unless the dorsal surface of the foot is seen to be not covered by a network of white or yellow lines.
4) Final stage juveniles of both T. arctica and T. monacha have adult-like ribs but are white and lack pigment blotches 25.2Tm flic.kr/p/2pos63i . T. arctica can be identified by the dorsal surface of the foot lacking a network of lines, or by the perfect dorsal alignment dorsally of the shell ribs from left and right sides 04.1Tm flic.kr/p/2nuUyie . The same applies to bleached dead adult shells.
5) Extended mantle of T. arctica has pitch-brown/black dorsal marks, varying in size and number, but often three, where edges meet 25Tm flic.kr/p/CGEkHz . Juvenile has grey/black particles that do not coalesce to form dark discs elsewhere on mantle. (Lebour, 1933).
6) Large flat leaf-like penis on males of T. arctica (Lebour, 1933).
7) Veliger larvae of T. arctica have yellowish intestines, and very little dark pigment on sides of stomach; always has less pigment than T.monacha larvae. Late stage veligers have velum of four long lobes 26Tm flic.kr/p/BSzfyr .
8) 3.5 mm post-veliger juveniles of T. arctica have yellowish (not orange or bright yellow) soft-parts with minute dispersed blackish-purple spots on exposed mantle, not congregated into disc-shaped groups (Lebour, 1933).
9 Transparent egg capsules of T. arctica, unknown until 2017, are embedded in compound ascidian with neck projecting from surface 29Tm flic.kr/p/BSzbSZ , veligers in plankton from January to May in southern England.
Marsenia perspicua (Linnaeus, 1758) 28Tm flic.kr/p/CMDRSu
Inhalant siphon and sometimes roughened surface resemble Trivia.
Mantle halves fused so never retract to expose shell.
Fragile, white, internal, ear-shape shell.
Transparent egg-capsules with white eggs embedded in compound ascidian with lid flush with surface apart from rim 30Tm flic.kr/p/CGEfeZ
Simnia patula (Pennant, 1777) 30.1Tm flic.kr/p/2poBvEJ
Juvenile shells of T. monacha might be mistaken for S. patula.
Shell drawn out into anterior and posterior siphonal canals.
Two sides of exterior mantle meet on right side of shell, not along median line.
Mantle white or orange with orange or red transverse lines.
S. patula lives 15-75m deep and not intertidally.
Erato voluta (Montagu, 1803) 31Tm flic.kr/p/2nbh6xM
Strong shell, height 10 mm, retains exposed spire throughout life.
Stout inhalent siphon.
Animal narrower at anterior, reflecting the shape of the concealed shell.
White spots on tentacles.
Two sides of dark, papillate mantle meet at dorsal median line, small gap shows white shell.
Exotic cowries
Attractive tropical cowries and smaller, duller ones used in school bean-bags and historically used as currency are dropped by humans on beaches and washed up in the Netherlands from historical shipwrecks.
Habits and ecology
T. monacha is a southern species reaching its northern limit in Britain. It is usually found near its ascidian prey on hard substrate at LWS and sublittorally in coastal waters but only occasionally in deeper water (Lebour, 1933). It is usually, but not always, the commoner or only Trivia species living on shores. It feeds on Diplosoma listerianum especially var. gelatinosum, the preferred food near Plymouth (Lebour, 1933). It also eats Polyclinum aurantium, the preferred food in Brittany (Pelseneer, 1926), Botryllus schlosseri, especially the yellow and orange forms, Trididemnum and Botrylloides leachi.
T. monacha examines the surface of ascidians with its inhalant siphon and, from a pouch in the head 14Tm flic.kr/p/CGEAQ8 , extends a proboscis containing the radula and jaws to cut through the test to access the zooid. Test and zooid are ingested. Fragments of the indigestible test are voided in faecal rods or pellets. The prey ingested in a feeding session can be up to 50% of the Trivia's volume. Disc-shape dark blotches on the mantles of juveniles have a marked resemblance to the surface of some compound ascidians 24Tm flic.kr/p/BSs3ay .
The bilaminate anterior of the foot contains the anterior pedal gland which produces mucus to aid locomotion 23Tm flic.kr/p/CMDWvY and the posterior pedal gland in the sole also produces mucus to assist movement. There are many other glands in the sole and mantle which exude a variety of secretions which are not all mucal, and probably some are repugnatory.
For respiration, water is taken in through a long inhalant siphon projecting from the anterior siphonal canal of shell. It passes into the mantle cavity 12Tm flic.kr/p/CPXZXi where an osphradium tests the water quality before it passes through the ctenidium. Water leaves via the exhalant siphon 14Tm flic.kr/p/CGEAQ8 in the posterior siphonal canal. Breeding near Plymouth is in late spring and summer. The female is fertilized internally by the long, filiform, cylindrical penis of the male. The broad mantle cavity enables passage of large egg capsules 12Tm flic.kr/p/CPXZXi . The capsule is a 3 mm diameter spherical flask with a 2 mm high funnel shaped neck which is plugged at the base. It is inserted in hole bitten into a compound ascidian with the upper half of the neck protruding 29Tm flic.kr/p/BSzbSZ & 30Tm flic.kr/p/CGEfeZ . The extended ventral pedal gland of the female drives the capsule into the bitten cavity and gives final shape to funnel. There are about 800 yellow-orange ova in each capsule. Its echinospira larvae are found in coastal plankton from April to September (Fretter & Graham, 1962). The larvae have two lobes (vela), each with a slight lateral bay but insufficient to be regarded as a four-lobed larva 26Tm flic.kr/p/BSzfyr . The echinospira larva has double shell. The exterior shell is flimsy, transparent, colourless and shiny. Fretter & Graham (1962) interpreted it as a periostracum layer separated from the calcareous shell. The gap between shells is filled with seawater. This decreases the specific gravity of the veliger to near-neutral buoyancy, and the increased surface area slows the rate of sinking, so easing the effort needed to orientate and maintain position in the water column (McCloskey, 1972). The inner calcareous shell contains the larval animal. Though T. monacha has larger adults than T. arctica its larvae are smaller at equivalent stages and its vela are less developed probably because it is more coastal and needs less power to maintain position in the water column. At metamorphosis the larval operculum and outer shell/periostracum are shed and the mantle spreads over the exterior of the inner shell. “The number of old [adult] shells taken surprisingly exceeds that of the young.” (Forbes & Hanley, 1853); this might be explained by poor survival of thin, fragile, dead juvenile shells on strandlines, but live juveniles are much rarer than live adults on suitable shores, although, when present, several may be found at the same location. Divers seem to see juveniles more often. Juveniles assume the adult form about six months after metamorphosis. (See “Post-veliger shell development” section, above).
Distribution and status
Live T. monacha are found from Shetland and Normandy to Gibraltar and the western Mediterranean. Some dead shells have been found offshore in Dutch and German waters and worn fossil or strandline shells have been recorded in the Netherlands, but these probably originate from distant times or places . GBIF map www.gbif.org/species/5192813 . It lives on hard substrate all round Britain and Ireland, except it is absent or scarce in the north-east Irish Sea, from Flamborough Head to Kent and much of the east coast of Scotland. U.K. map NBN species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000178459
Acknowledgements
For specimens and/or use of images I gratefully thank Maëlan Adam, Jim Anderson, Karen Boswarva, Pierre Corbrion, Dick Hoeksema, Jan Light, Paula Lightfoot, Joanne Porter, Sankurie Pye, Chris Rickard, Ana Rodrigues and Stefan Verheyen.
Links and references
Browne, E.T. 1898. On keeping medusae alive in an aquarium. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 5 (2): 176-180. [Description of “plunger jar” used by Lebour to rear Trivia] plymsea.ac.uk/192/
Forbes, E. & Hanley S. 1849-53. A history of the British mollusca and their shells. vol. 3 (1853), London, van Voorst. (As Cypræa europæa [agg.] ; pp. 495-497. archive.org/stream/ahistorybritish05forbgoog#page/n508/mo...
Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1962. British prosobranch molluscs. London, Ray Society.
Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1981. The prosobranch molluscs of Britain and Denmark. Part 6 – Cerithiacea, Strombacea, Hipponicacea, Calyptraeacea, Lamellariacea, Cypraeacea, Naticacea, Tonnacea, Heteropoda. J. Moll. Stud. Suppl. 9: 285-363.
Graham, A. 1988. Prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods. London.
Høisæter, T. 2009. Distribution of marine, benthic, shell bearing gastropods along the Norwegian coast. Fauna norvegica 28: 5-106.
www.ntnu.no/ojs/index.php/fauna_norvegica/article/view/563
Jeffreys, J.G. 1862-69. British conchology. vol. 4 (186). London, van Voorst. (As Cypræa europæa [agg.];
archive.org/stream/britishconcholog04jeff#page/402/mode/2up
Lebour, M.V. 1931. The larval stages of Trivia europea. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 17(3): 819-832. [Aggregate species, but nearly all details are of T. monacha.] plymsea.ac.uk/698/
Lebour, M.V. 1933. The British species of Trivia: T. arctica and T. monacha. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 18(2): 477-484.
McCloskey, L.R. 1972. Development and ecological aspects of the echinospira shell of Lamellaria rhombica Dall (Prosobranchia; Mesogastropoda). Ophelia 10 (2): 155-168.
www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00785326.1972.10430111
McKay, D. & Smith, S.M. 1979. Marine mollusca of East Scotland. Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.
Meyer, C. & Paulay, G. 2005. Shell microstructure. Cowrie Genetic Database Project, Florida Museum of Natural History.
www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cowries/microstructure.html
Pelseneer, P. 1926. Note d'embryologie malacologique. Ponte et développement de Cypræa europea, etc. Bull. Biol. de la France et de la Belgique 60 (1): 88-112. [Cited in Lebour, 1933, as having mistakenly interchanged descriptions of penes of T. monacha and T. arctica]
Pelseneer, P. 1932. La métamorphose préadulte des Cypræidæ. Bull. Biol. de la France et de la Belgique 66 (2): 149-163. [Cited in Lebour, 1933, as having corrected mistaken interchange made in 1926 of descriptions of penes of T. monacha and T. arctica]
Van Nieulande, F.A.D., Hoeksema, D.F., Nijhuis, H.W. & Rijken, A.C. 2022. De fossiele schelpen van de Nederlandse kust II, deel 17. Velutinidae, Triviidae, Eratoidae en Ovulidae Spirula 431: 16 – 25. www.researchgate.net/publication/360897905_De_fossiele_sc...
Ziegelmeier, E. 1966. Die Schnecken(Gastropoda Prosobranchia) der deutschen Meeresgebiete und brackigen Küstengewässer. Helgolander Wiss. Meeresunters 13, 1–61 hmr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/bf01612655
Current taxonomy: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141744
Glossary
adapical = towards the apex of the shell.
aperture = mouth of gastropod shell; outlet for head and foot.
bipectinate = like feather with central axis and series of filaments or lamellae on either side.
cephalic = (adj.) of or on the head.
columella = “little column” around which gastropod shell spirals.
columellar = (adj.) of or near central axis of spiral gastropod.
columellar lip = lower (abapical) part of inner lip of aperture.
convolute = (adj.) last whorl of gastropod-shell envelopes and conceals all earlier whorls e.g. Trivia and Simnia.
echinospira = special form of drifting larva with an inner and outer shell.
epizooic = (adj.) of non-parasitic organisms living on surface of animals.
epizooid = (n.) non-parasitic organism living on surface of animal.
ctenidium = comb-like molluscan gill; usually an axis with a row of filaments or lamellae on one or two sides.
ELWS = extreme low water spring tide (usually near March and September equinoxes).
height = (of gastropod shells) distance from apex of spire to base of aperture, but, as apex concealed, the longest dimension on Trivia.
labial varix = especially strong or broad costa (rib) along or near outer lip of aperture.
mantle = sheet of tissue which secretes the shell and forms a cavity for the gill in most marine molluscs. Confined to the shell-interior of most British shelled-gastropods, but can cover exterior also on Trivia.
operculum = plate of horny conchiolin used to close shell aperture. Absent from Trivia.
osphradium = organ for testing water quality (chemical and/or for particles) usually near ctenidium (gill).
papilla = (pl. papillae) small cone-shaped protrusion of flesh.
papillate = covered in papillae.
periostracum = thin horny layer of chitinous material often coating shells.
plankton = animals and plants which drift in pelagic zone (main body of water).
suture = groove or line where whorls of gastropod shell adjoin.
test = (of ascidian) outer cellulose sheath containing zooid.
umbilicus = cavity up axis of some gastropods, open as a hole or chink on base of shell, often sealed over.
unipectinate = with axis and series of filaments or lamellae on one side.
veliger = shelled larva of marine gastropod or bivalve mollusc which swims by beating cilia of a velum (bilobed flap).
Large inhalant siphon, a rolled extension of mantle, partly unrolled ventrally.
Height (longest shell-dimension) 9 mm. Menai Strait, Wales. March 2014.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION: flic.kr/p/Cfnfpb
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DJ Das and hostie Myz are on the decks from 8am to start your weekend party early with two hours of rock and dance bangers!
Groove to the tunes and hang out with the friendliest mob on the grid.
1: head whitish.
Height (longest shell-dimension) 10 mm. Menai Strait, Wales. March 2011.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION: flic.kr/p/Cfnfpb
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1: head folded together.
2: tiny yellow snout containing opening to proboscis pouch.
Height (longest shell-dimension) 9 mm. Menai Strait, Wales. March 2014.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION: flic.kr/p/Cfnfpb
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1 out of 4. Pretty rare.
Bugatti Veyron "Centenaire". Jean-Pierre Wimille Edition.
video: www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjglSmf1kwg
-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-
•** My YouTube videos - only the best supercars !!
•** Follow me on Facebook for more car-related stuff & trivia !
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Adult shell brightly glazed because exterior mantle protects it from damage and epizooic growths, and deposits fresh shell-material throughout life. Colours slightly faded after shell stored for 40 years.
1: scale line 11.2 mm, height of shell. Adult usually not less than 10 mm, and up to 13 mm.
2: columellar region a concave furrow; ribs protrude as teeth.
3: slight mound marking position of enveloped apex of spire. (Shell convolute, i.e. all earlier whorls hidden from view by enveloping final whorl.)
4: posterior dark, dorsal, pigment mark; usually largest of the three.
5: central dark, dorsal, pigment mark (faded on this specimen).
6: anterior dark, dorsal, pigment mark.
7: aperture a gently bowed slit along entire height of shell.
8: outer (palatal) lip of aperture curved out of sight into interior of shell.
9: wide extension of aperture at anterior forms inhalent siphonal canal.
10: extension of aperture at posterior forms exhalent siphonal canal.
11: about twenty strong, flat-topped ribs with intervening grooves. A few ribs do not extend across complete width of shell and some are misaligned where left and right sides meet dorsally.
Orkney 1975.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION: flic.kr/p/CGERbH
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very much enjoying a long weekend taking it easy at home. hope you are all too!
Halle Lu trivia: she's been very curious of my crochet and knitting lately, not taken much interest in it before
Adult.
1: lines on dorsal surface of foot.
2: peripheral chamfered border has few or no lines.
3: yellow papillae protrude from mantle.
4: uninterrupted orange border on mantle rim of adult.
Shell height 10.8 mm (longest dimension). Menai Strait, August 2010.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION: flic.kr/p/CGERbH
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tuesday trivia
sorry for not being able to keep the quiz at one particular day, but at least it's once a week!!
today's quiz is related to the comic & movie Tank Girl, it is not my favourite by all means, but I think Mika is totally rockin' this post apocalyptic bounty hunter look!
#1. the creator of Tank Girl is the british Jamie Hewlett, he later founded a virtual band to great success. what is the name of that band, and which artist/producer did he co-create the band with?
#2. name three of the artists that featured on the Tank Girl movie soundtrack (which is AWESOME) from 1995.
#3. in which part of the world are the stories of Tank Girl set?
good luck to you all!
Foot very extensile, can extend beyond shell by more than 50% of shell-length. Translucent, whitish with only slight yellowish tinting and a few characteristic opaque yellowish streaks at posterior tip.
Height (longest shell-dimension) 9.4 mm. Menai Strait, Wales. March 2014.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION: flic.kr/p/Cfnfpb
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Il Fritillary Spotted minore (Melitaea trivia) è una farfalla del Nymphalidae famiglia. Si trova nella parte meridionale della Ecozona paleartica. In Europa si è talvolta chiamato "deserto fritillary", ma questo nome si riferisce più precisamente al nordafricano relativo M. deserticola. L'apertura alare è 15-23 mm.
The Lesser Spotted Fritillary (Melitaea trivia) is a butterfly of the Nymphalidae family. It is found in the southern part of the Palearctic ecozone. In Europe it is sometimes called "desert fritillary", but this name more accurately refers to the North African relative M. deserticola.The wingspan is 15–23 mm.
Long, slender, translucent, mustard-yellow cephalic tentacles with opaque, paler-yellow marks.
Many T. arctica have yellow papillae protruding from mantle but some, like this, have none.
Height (longest shell-dimension) 9.6 mm. Menai Strait, Wales. March 2014.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION: flic.kr/p/Cfnfpb
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