University of St Andrews
View allAll Photos Tagged TransActing
Ici, les arbres ont un feuillage aussi vert qu'ailleurs... Ils ne sont pas davantage envahis par les araignées : ce damier blanc est formé par les filets anti-grêle qui couvrent les champs, parfois à perte de vue.
L'arboriculture est en effet omniprésente sur le cours moyen de la Durance, comme cela se trouve mentionné sur les deux extraits ci-dessous :
L'arboriculture haut-alpine est essentiellement concentrée sur deux vallées : La vallée de la Durance -- allant du barrage de Serre-Ponçon à Sisteron -- (Monêtier-Allemont, la Saulce, Remollon...) et la vallée du Buëch (Aspres, Veynes, Ribiers, Laragne.)
L'altitude moyenne de la zone de production est comprise entre 500 et 650 mètres (Extrêmes de 480 à 1000 mètres).
Les arbres fruitiers sont cultivés dans les Hautes-Alpes depuis très longtemps -- on a retrouvé des documents concernant des transactions de fruits datant de 1358.
Aujourd'hui, il y a plus de 240 exploitations sur les départements Alpins.
C'est le climat qui fait la force de ce terroir : 300 jours de soleil par an, une hygrométrie faible et une luminosité exceptionnelle sont des éléments favorables à la synthèse chlorophyllienne. Le pommier et le poirier sont les deux espèces fruitières dominantes : elles représentent 95% du verger alpin.
Que ce soit en poire ou en pomme, la qualité des fruits des Alpes est connue et reconnue.
Adapté de : www.paysandici.fr/l-arboriculture/
L’arboriculture, c'est 40% des produits agricoles haut-alpins et le chiffre d’affaires le plus important du monde agricole départemental. Elle compte 168 exploitations pour 1 400 hectares dont 95% en pommiers et poiriers. Elle est aussi le 2ème employeur saisonnier, notamment pour le ramassage des 124 500 tonnes de pommes et poires annuelles. Elle se distingue par son IGP (Indication Géographique Protégée) Pommes des Alpes de Haute Durance, validée en 2010.
D'après : www.alpes-et-midi.fr/article/agriculture-coeur-hautes-alpes
D'une construction remarquable, bien qu'effectuée à différentes époques, l'église de Polignac est un véritable joyau de l'art roman qui mérite une visite attentive. Le chœur est des Xème et XIème siècles, la nef du XIIème siècle, sauf la dernière travée, qui fut ajouté au siècle dernier. Ses dimensions : 30m de long, 14m de large et 12m de haut (sous voûte) en font un édifice remarquable pour une petite agglomération. L'église est (sauf la dernière travée à l'intérieur) construite en pierre taillée, ocre ou noire, provenant des coulées volcaniques de la Denise. Cette pierre se prêtant mal à la sculpture fine, a été remplacée pour la plupart des chapiteaux par la pierre blanche des carrières de Blavozy.
Le bâtiment comporte une nef centrale, deux nefs latérales et un transept incomplet. Les piliers massifs, en forme de croix, sont agrémentés dans les angles, par de belles colonnettes en fuseau, qui ornent également le pourtour de l'église.
L’existence de l’église Saint Martin est attestée dès 1062. Des chanoines y célèbrent la messe, jusqu’à ce que le vicomte de Polignac s’en empare. En 1128, l’évêque rétablit l’ordre des choses. En 1588 l’église est cédée sous la contrainte au Collège des Jésuites et rétrocédée en 1597. Mais en 1603 le Parlement Toulousain confirme le droit des Jésuites. Les villageois refusent alors de payer la dîme jusqu’en Juillet 1617, où le parlement Bordelais fait signer une transaction. L’intérieur de cette église romane, construite à partir de brèches volcaniques, mérite l’attention des visiteurs. Des fresques murales ont été mises à jour en 1923 et restaurées quelques années plus tard. La plus impressionnante demeure le jugement dernier à travers des tableaux de l’Enfer et du Paradis. Imposante par sa taille, l'église a été régulièrement restaurée dès le début du XIXème siècle.
Un grand merci pour vos favoris, commentaires, encouragements et critiques toujours très appréciés.
Many thanks for your much appreciated favorites and comments
The abbey was founded in 1129 by Duke Godfrey, surnamed "Barbatus" ("the Bearded"), who possessed an immense park near Leuven and had invited the Premonstratensians to take possession of a small church he had built there.
Walter, abbot of St Martin's, Laon, brought a colony of his canons and acted as their superior for nearly three years, until the canons, now in sufficient number, elected Simon, another canon of Laon, as their abbot. The canons performed the general work of the ministry in the district of Leuven, in opposition to the heretic Tanchelm.
In 1137 the abbot was able to found Ninove Abbey. Godfrey made the Abbot of the Park and his successors his archchaplains. Simon died on 30 March 1142 and was succeeded by Philip, whose correspondence with Saint Hildegard of Bingen was preserved in the Park Abbey archives. Philip and his successors enlarged the buildings and prepared the land for agriculture. At the time there a canon living in the abbey, Blessed Rabado, whose devotion to the Passion was attested by miracles.
Abbot Gerard van Goetsenhoven (1414–34) had much to do with the establishment of the Catholic University of Leuven, and was also delegated by John IV, Duke of Brabant to transact state affairs with the King of England and the Duke of Burgundy. Abbot van Tulden (1462–94) was successful in his action against commendatory abbots being imposed on religious houses in Belgium. Abbot van den Berghe (1543–58) managed the contributions levied in support of the Belgian theologians present at the resumed Council of Trent.
The abbey seen from across one of the fishponds
The abbey frequently suffered during the wars waged by William of Orange and the Calvinists. Abbots included Loots (1577–1583), van Vlierden (1583–1601), Jan Druys (1601–1634), Maes (1635–1647), De Pape (1648–1682), and van Tuycum (1682–1702). They all favoured higher education at the University of Leuven, and academic study flourished in the abbey.
Under Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, the abbey was confiscated, because Abbot Wauters (died 23 November 1792) refused to send his religious to the general seminary erected by the emperor at Leuven. In the successful revolution against the emperor, the religious returned to their abbey. Wauters was succeeded by Melchior Nysmans (1793–1810).
Under the French Republic the abbey was confiscated again on 1 February 1797. At the request of the people the church was declared to be a parish church and was thus saved. The abbey was bought by a friendly layman who wished to preserve it for the religious, in better times. One of the canons, in the capacity of parish priest, remained in or near the abbey.
When Belgium was made a kingdom and religious freedom was restored, the surviving religious resumed community life and elected Peter Ottoy, then rural dean of Diest, as their superior.
In 1897 the abbey undertook the foundation of a priory in Brazil. (Wikipedia) Leuven, Belgium
Des mains d'agriculteur! Cette photo va être imprimée sur une très grande bâche à l'entrée d'un village d'Occitanie pour la période estivale. Fière.
Oui, toutes les fenêtres offrent une vue imprenable sur le port de Port-Vendres.
Non, je n'ai pas de commission sur une éventuelle transaction !
Ma seule motivation est le partage de cette façade que je trouve belle.
The abbey was founded in 1129 by Duke Godfrey, surnamed "Barbatus" ("the Bearded"), who possessed an immense park near Leuven and had invited the Premonstratensians to take possession of a small church he had built there.
Walter, abbot of St Martin's, Laon, brought a colony of his canons and acted as their superior for nearly three years, until the canons, now in sufficient number, elected Simon, another canon of Laon, as their abbot. The canons performed the general work of the ministry in the district of Leuven, in opposition to the heretic Tanchelm.
In 1137 the abbot was able to found Ninove Abbey. Godfrey made the Abbot of the Park and his successors his archchaplains. Simon died on 30 March 1142 and was succeeded by Philip, whose correspondence with Saint Hildegard of Bingen was preserved in the Park Abbey archives. Philip and his successors enlarged the buildings and prepared the land for agriculture. At the time there a canon living in the abbey, Blessed Rabado, whose devotion to the Passion was attested by miracles.
Abbot Gerard van Goetsenhoven (1414–34) had much to do with the establishment of the Catholic University of Leuven, and was also delegated by John IV, Duke of Brabant to transact state affairs with the King of England and the Duke of Burgundy. Abbot van Tulden (1462–94) was successful in his action against commendatory abbots being imposed on religious houses in Belgium. Abbot van den Berghe (1543–58) managed the contributions levied in support of the Belgian theologians present at the resumed Council of Trent.
The abbey seen from across one of the fishponds
The abbey frequently suffered during the wars waged by William of Orange and the Calvinists. Abbots included Loots (1577–1583), van Vlierden (1583–1601), Jan Druys (1601–1634), Maes (1635–1647), De Pape (1648–1682), and van Tuycum (1682–1702). They all favoured higher education at the University of Leuven, and academic study flourished in the abbey.
Under Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, the abbey was confiscated, because Abbot Wauters (died 23 November 1792) refused to send his religious to the general seminary erected by the emperor at Leuven. In the successful revolution against the emperor, the religious returned to their abbey. Wauters was succeeded by Melchior Nysmans (1793–1810).
Under the French Republic the abbey was confiscated again on 1 February 1797. At the request of the people the church was declared to be a parish church and was thus saved. The abbey was bought by a friendly layman who wished to preserve it for the religious, in better times. One of the canons, in the capacity of parish priest, remained in or near the abbey.
When Belgium was made a kingdom and religious freedom was restored, the surviving religious resumed community life and elected Peter Ottoy, then rural dean of Diest, as their superior.
In 1897 the abbey undertook the foundation of a priory in Brazil. (Wikipedia) Leuven, Belgium
Foire aux chameaux de Pushkar, état du Rajasthan, Inde.
Le soleil vient juste de se lever sur les bivouacs des marchands de chameaux de la foire de Pushkar mais il ne fait pas encore très chaud. Encore un peu ensommeillé, l'homme se pelotonne dans sa couverture avant de commencer une nouvelle journée de transactions.
Quelques centaines de marchands de dromadaires mais aussi de chevaux se donnent rendez-vous chaque année en novembre dans la plaine de Pushkar pour une manifestation certes commerciale durant laquelle sont négociés des milliers d'animaux, mais aussi religieuse, dédiée au dieu hindouiste Brahma. A cette occasion, de nombreuses activités commerciales, religieuses et festives animent la ville durant douze jours
L'actuelle église paroissiale Saint-Rémy est l'ancienne abbatiale de l'abbaye bénédictine fondée en 673 par saint Berchaire sur des terres données par le roi Childéric II. A la Révolution, l'ancienne église paroissiale de Montier-en-Der, du vocable de Saint-Rémy, fut détruite. Les paroissiens retrouvèrent un lieu de culte dans l'abbatiale inoccupée qui était alors dédiée à Notre-Dame et où ils continuèrent à célébrer leur ancien patron, saint Rémy.
L'abbé Adson (960-982) entreprit la reconstruction de l'église qui fut consacrée en 998 (il en subsiste les grandes arcades de la nef).
Au cours de la 1ère moitié du 11e siècle, on dota la nef de tribunes et d'un massif antérieur à tours et à la fin 12e on édifia le choeur et la tour de façade qui furent probablement achevés aux alentours de 1200.
Au 14e siècle, l'abbé Ferry éleva la chapelle des fonts au nord du choeur. Au début du 16e siècle, l'abbé commendataire François de Dinteville modifia la partie antérieure de l'église (reconstruction de la façade et destruction de sa tour septentrionale) et remplaça les charpentes des tribunes par des voûtes.
Une transaction fut passée le 6 février 1556 entre le cardinal Charles de Lorraine, archevêque de Reims et abbé commendataire, et Girard de Hault, procureur des habitants dépendants de l'abbaye pour que ces derniers effectuent 600 charrois pour la réparation de l'église (réfection des flèches des deux clochers de l'abbaye et de leur couverture en ardoise), d'autres travaux comme la démolition des corps de logis en bois de l'abbaye (maisons abbatiales, trésorerie, chantrerie, aumônerie, étables, prévôté) et reconstruire le mur de clôture de l'abbaye avec quatre tours à canonnière, un pont-levis et une herse à l'entrée.
En 1773, les bâtiments abbatiaux furent reconstruits puis transformés en haras en 1811 et enfin rasés en 1860.
Sous l'impulsion de Prosper Mérimée, le choeur, la chapelle axiale et le déambulatoire furent restaurés par Emile Boeswillwald entre 1851-1855 et 1860-1863. Son fils, Paul-Louis Boeswillwald, reconstruisit la charpente de la nef, brûlée par un incendie en 1893, et les parties supérieures du clocher entre 1896 et 1901.
L'édifice fut bombardé et incendié le 14 juin 1940 ce qui entraîna un grand chantier de restauration dès 1941 et la reconstruction quasi-totale de la nef sous la direction de Jacques Laurent, architecte en chef des Monuments Historiques. Cette phase de travaux s'acheva au milieu des années 1950 mais la flèche de la tour ne fut posée qu'en 1982
L’édifice Archivo de Indias, Avenida de la Constitución, Séville (Sevilla), Andalousie, Espagne.
Les Archives générales des Indes ont investi en 1785 le vaste bâtiment de style Renaissance de la Casa Lonja, ancien centre de transactions commerciales (ancienne Bourse de commerce) du 16e siècle. On y trouve aujourd’hui des documents concernant la navigation et les explorations entreprises par des Espagnols ainsi que des nombreuses cartes et dessins datant du 15e siècle jusqu’au 19e siècle. Parmi les documents, on compte des lettres de Colomb, de Magellan, Cortés ou encore de Cervantès.
Séville est la capitale de la région de l'Andalousie, au sud de l'Espagne. Elle est réputée pour la danse flamenco, en particulier dans le quartier de Triana. C’est également une ville au passé prestigieux, dotée d'un patrimoine artistique d’une grande richesse, ce qui en fait une des destinations touristiques les plus prisées d’Europe.
Les principaux monuments incluent le palais richement travaillé de l'Alcazar, construit sous la dynastie maure des Almohades, ainsi que les arènes de la Real Maestranza de Caballería, qui datent du 18e siècle. La cathédrale gothique de Séville comprend le tombeau de Christophe Colomb et un minaret transformé en clocher surnommé « la Giralda ». Depuis 1987, la Cathédrale, l'Alcázar et l'Archivo de Indias de Séville sont classés au patrimoine de L’UNESCO (WHL-383bis).
Au fil du marché de Courteille, le commerce va bon train. De quoi opérer quelques transactions monétaires permettant d'échanger un bouquet de fleurs issu du travail vivant contre de la monnaie, c'est à dire du travail cristallisé.
Au final, quelque part, tout dans l'économie est une question de travail... Même le dimanche. :-))
Imaged during the night of the 3-4 March this is an image of the galaxy triplet in the constellation of Leo.
Two of the galaxies were catalogued by Charles Messier, M66 (top left) and M65 (bottom left). The third galaxy (right) is found in the NGC Catalogue as NGC 3628.
NGC 3628 is popularly known as the "Hamburger Galaxy" due to its edge on appearance to us said to resemble a Hamburger.....!
Lying at a distance of 35 million light-years from us they are a true group of interacting systems.
Our viewpoint means we see the three galaxies at different angles. NGC appears edge-on - displaying lots of dust and a prominent dust lane.
M65 & M66 are inclined enough so that their spiral arms are visible.
The three systems are very different in character.
M66 is a barred and shows a high rate of star formation with numerous tell-tale red/pink areas of glowing hydrogen gas. Its spiral arms are also deformed, indicative of interactive gravitational forces within the group.
M65 is an intermediate spiral and is poor in dust and star formation. It appears the least affected by interaction showing a more or less classical spiral shape.
NGC3628 is an unbarred spiral which we see edge on. The galaxy is transacted by a broad band of dust which stretches along its outer edge hiding young stars in the galaxy arms.
Imaged with an Esprit 120ED with flattener and a cooled ZWO 2600MC camera.
Thanks for looking!
Au nombre de quelques milliers seulement vivant dans quatre hameaux à proximité de la frontière kenyane près du lac Stéphany (ou Chew Bahir), les Arbores (A la fois nom de la tribu et du village), s’ils pratiquent l'agriculture dont leur économie dépend dans une large mesure, se considèrent cependant avant tout comme des pasteurs. Les inondations saisonnières du fleuve Weito créent une sorte d’oasis, fine bande de terre fertile arrachée au désert sur laquelle les Arbores cultivent le sorgho et le maïs indispensables à leur survie. Mais ces berges, périodiquement revitalisées par le limon déposé, offrent aussi de bons pâturages au bétail, deuxième pilier de l’économie locale. Vaches, chèvres et moutons, qui constituent l’unité de mesure de toutes leurs transactions commerciales, sont le capital indispensable à tout homme voulant se marier. La possession d’un nombre important de bovins est un signe de richesse et de statut social, qui fait la fierté des familles. Ils sont rarement abattus, uniquement pour des raisons cérémonielles.
De langue couchitique, les Arbores sont proches linguistiquement parlant des Dassanechs, mais génétiquement plus proches d’ethnies non couchitiques, comme les Nyangatoms et les Karos, que d’autres ethnies de langue couchitique.
L’organisation sociale est basée sur les classes d’âge et les diverses générations, dont chacune se divise en quatre classes, se succèdent au pouvoir tous les quarante ans environ. Les chefs politiques ont le devoir de rendre la justice, d’entretenir de bonnes relations avec les peuples voisins et de régler les relations de propriété concernant les terres et les bêtes. Les champs sont distribués de façon saisonnière entre les familles, astreintes à respecter les règles coutumières.
Le village traditionnel dans un environnement aride et poussièreux, est construit entièrement en papyrus.
Port de pêche de la ville d'Hawassa, installée sur la rive orientale du lac du même nom, Ethiopie.
Le lac Hawassa est l'un des nombreux lacs qui parsèment le Rift éthiopien, faille de l'écorce terrestre qui témoigne de l'éloignement des plaques africaine et somalienne initié il y a environ 10 millions d'années.
Depuis notre précédent passage en 2014, le tourisme encore embryonnaire s'est cependant bien développé et les rives du lac ont été en certains endroits agréablement aménagées en promenades le long desquelles tout un ensemble de petits commerces informels s'est développé. Un essai de parc zoologique a remplacé les friches qui jouxtaient le chemin menant au lac, dans lequel des singes à moitié domestiqués vous grimpent sur la tête et vous labourent le cuir chevelu de leurs 15 kg, pour quelques birrs et le plus grand plaisir des visiteurs.
Chaque matin, très tôt, une intense activité anime le petit port de pëche pour l'accès duquel il faut désormais acquitter un droit d'entrée. Les transactions animent le hangar sous lequel se négocie le poisson, les dernières barques des pêcheurs rentrent au port, pendant que sur les rives du lac, de jeunes, parfois très jeunes garçons, recrutés chaque matin comme journaliers, vêtus de pauvres vêtements qu'ils protègent par des surplis grossièrement fabriqués dans de vieux sacs de plastique tressé, ont commencé à déméler et réparer les filets.
"Depuis une centaine d’années, aux alentours des villes orientales islamiques, les éléments traditionnels et populaires ont subi de grandes transformations, et dans certains cas, ont même littéralement disparu. Ces éléments dépendent directement de la situation sociale. Cette relation bilatérale d’indifférence ou de réconciliation, doit être envisagée sous un double aspect.
Une relation traditionnelle existe encore entre les gens et le bazar. On entend souvent dire que le bazar procure, encore aujourd’hui, des produits moins chers et plus accessibles ; et c’est un fait, le bazar offre aux clients des rabais et une plus large palette de produits.
Une partie des revenus du bazar était destinée au bazar et à la construction de relais pour les voyageurs. Les revenus sont aujourd’hui consacrés à la construction de "passages", à des transactions de terrains et à l’achat d’actions.
De plus, les commerçants du bazar sont souvent multicartes. Ils ont d’autres occupations professionnelles en dehors du bazar ; des occupations qui peuvent s’avérer nuisibles au fonctionnement même du lieu".
" extraits d'un article de la Revue de Téhéran (2006) avec le professeur Mohammad Hossein Zia Tavana, de l’université Shahid Beheshti, titulaire d’un doctorat de géographie obtenu en Allemagne, et auteur d’une thèse importante sur les bazars iraniens."...
As I’ve recounted in prior postings, the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam which became New York after the war between Great Briton and the Netherlands originated on the southern tip of the island of Manhattan, it is the oldest part of the city. The age of the area which was organized prior to the grid pattern of streets that dominates the rest of the island which really only has Broadway traversing diagonally across the pattern, explain why it streets cross and turn sometimes without logic; remember that Broadway was in fact an original Lenape Indian trail. I enjoy walking this part of the city, without the grid pattern, you end up in a different direction before you know it. It is just east of the aforementioned Broadway at the intersection of Liberty Street and Liberty Place that one encounters 65 Liberty Street what today is the International Commercial Bank of China. However as captured on this image on the buildings restored façade, etched in the stone above its six two story columns are carved “1768 Chamber of Commerce 1901” which reveals the edifice’s original purpose. Opening in 1902 though its cornerstone was actually laid on November 8, 1901 (which is what the 1901 stands for) and it was a designed by James B. Baker during the City Beautiful Movement that spawned the architectural masterpieces such as the majestic entrance to the Manhattan Bridge that I posted previously
[ flic.kr/p/pqXEUq ]. The architect Baker’s design was French Renaissance Eclectic Style. What is captured in this image is the top of the building from Liberty Street, reminiscent of the Paris Opera House with large fluted columns, topped by a gently curved mansard copper clad roof with distinct ornate dormers which contained the the Assembly Hall where most of the gatherings for the Chamber of Commerce of New York State were held during its heyday.
What is the 1768 stand for? That is when a group of twenty New York City merchants met on April 5th at Bolton and Sigel's Tavern (today Fraunces Tavern [ flic.kr/p/CcLpzj ]) to forge a mercantile union that would promote and protect their collective interests, which was initially called ‘The New York Chamber of Commerce and Industry”. Yes, it predated the American Revolutionary War and in 1770 was granted a royal charter from good old King George III himself, incorporating as “the Corporation of the Chamber of Commerce in the City of New York in America.” It survived the British occupation of New York City during the Revolutionary War as it was a divided organization, the Patriots left New York City when the Brits arrived, but the Loyalist remained and continued to hold meetings and transact business in the city. The organization grew, though for its first century it was a gypsy of sorts, moving from location to location. Initially meeting at Bolton and Sigel’s Tavern, in 1770 after receiving their royal charter it moved its home-base to the Royal Exchange. After the British evacuation in 1783, the organization moved to the Merchants' Coffee House building where the following year they received a new charter reincorporating it as "the Corporation of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York." A decade later in 1793 the organization migrated across the street to the Tontine Association. In 1827 the Chamber of Commerce took over the Merchants Exchange Building until the great New York City fire of 1835 found the organization moving to the Merchants Bank located on Wall Street. It was during this time the powerful Chamber of Commerce heavily pushed with it influence the building of the Erie Canal citing the interest of serving regional commerce which greatly contributed to the development of the ever growing New York City. The sphere of influence of the organization was far reaching during most of the 19th Century, expansion of New York City’s water & waste water system, the building of a rapid transit system for the city, even health initiatives like developing measures to protect New York during the cholera outbreaks of the 1890’s were championed by the visionary members of this group.
The organization continued to grow in power and influence at the turn of the 20th Century, and it was actually in 1897 that the Chamber of Commerce began a building fund to build a permanent and proper headquarters. After securing the location at 65 Liberty Street, they chose James B. Baker to design the building. The building would open in November of 1902 with an impressive list of guest attending the opening ceremony including sitting US President Theodore Roosevelt (a New York City native), former president Grover Cleveland (a Caldwell New Jersey native), the French & British Ambassadors, New York City Mayor Seth Low, the Consul Generals of Russia, Germany and Britan as well as several European Royals. The building was not completely finished at the opening; eventually in 1903 three donated statues were placed in the three spans between the fluted columns, statues of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and De Witt Clinton. Then in 1921 architects Helmle & Corbett began a major remodeling which required that the building be closed for six months reopening in January of 1922. The organization remained in the magnificent white Vermont marble building until 1980; it being designated a New York City landmark in 1966 and National Historic Landmark in 1977. The Chamber of Commerce moved in with an affiliate organization, The New York City Partnership in 1980. In 2002 the two organizations merged into The Partnership for New York City and sadly that is where New York Chamber of Commerce ended its existence, which was amongst the oldest merchant organizations in the States.
Before the International Commercial Bank of China completely moved into the historic edifice in this image, extensive restoration was done by Haines Lundberg Waehler in 1991. The damage of acid rain and pollution had deteriorated the white marble façade of the building to the extent that it required 25,000 tons of white Vermont marble to accomplish the restoration. Sadly the three aforementioned statues of Hamilton, Jay and Clinton as well as a statue of Mercury were beyond repair when the restoration was completed in 1992.
Captured on Olympus E-5 using an Olympus Zuiko 12-60MM F2.8-4.0 SWD lens hand held processed with Adobe Photoshop Lightroom.
Plage de Puri, état d'Orissa, Inde.
Visage empreint de gravité pour cette femme venue comme chaque matin s'approvisionner en poissons auprès des pêcheurs de la plage de Puri afin d' alimenter son petit commerce de détail. Aucune des femmes présentes sur la plage ce matin là, bien qu'arrivées en petits groupe, n'a esquissé le plus petit sourire ni exprimé le moindre signe de convivialité durant le déroulement des transactions. Mais je ne saurai rien de plus sur elles, sur leurs difficultés, sur leur vie.
MARCHANDS ET ARTISANS VEULENT SAVOIR L'HEURE !
À partir de 1490 est lancé un autre grand chantier : la réédification de la tour de l'Horloge, symbole du pouvoir municipal grandissant, au détriment de celui de l'évêque, du bailli et du comte. En cette fin de Moyen Âge, les bourgeois, comme les artisans et les marchands, aspirent à mieux suivre le cours du temps, rythmé jusqu'alors par les cloches des églises, et par conséquent à maîtriser la production d'une journée de travail et les transactions commerciales. De plus, d'une tour, il est possible de donner l'alerte en cas d'incendie ou d'attaque ennemie. Et elle peut être aussi utilisée lors des réjouissances collectives, comme l'annonce d'une victoire royale ou l'entrée d'un prince dans la ville.
Dès 1403, il est donc décidé de construire un nouveau beffroi où sera installée une horloge publique placée précédemment dans l'une des tours des fortifications, près du château comtal. Trois ans plus tard, une lourde cloche est fondue. Elle est baptisée « la Louyse » en l'honneur de son parrain, le dauphin Louis, fils de Charles VI. Des ouvriers sont payés « huit sols et six deniers » pour la transporter jusqu'à la cathédrale, où elle sera bénie.
En 1410, la Louyse est hissée en haut de l'édifice enfin terminé. Pourtant, pour une raison que l'on ignore, les Ébroïciens décident d'abattre la tour et, dès 1464, demandent à Louis XI des fonds pour sa reconstruction au même endroit. En raison des importants travaux entrepris à la cathédrale, il leur faut cependant patienter. En 1481, le roi envoie le prévôt et 70 archers pour la démolition. La cloche et l'horloge sont transférées à l'église Saint-Pierre, de l'autre côté des remparts. Mais les travaux tardent à démarrer, les années passent, et l'espace prévu est bientôt occupé par une nouvelle maison.
LE NOUVEAU BEFFROI EST LA CIBLE DES CANONS
En 1490, l'affaire est toutefois réglée. Les bourgeois achètent la demeure à son propriétaire, un pelletier, afin de la raser. Le 20 février, le contrat est enfin signé, et les artisans entrent en action sous la direction d'un architecte-maçon du cru, Pierre Moteau. Sept ans plus tard, l'horloge et la Louyse sont en place, en haut de l'escalier de 140 marches.
Des documents contemporains de sa construction sont conservés aux archives municipales. Parmi eux, précise Gilles Leblond, le directeur, plusieurs dizaines de mandements des conseillers et des procureurs nous permettent de suivre avec une précision rare la progression du chantier et d'identifier les différents corps de métiers qui ont été mis à contribution : charretiers, maçons, manoeuvres et carriers, charpentiers et menuisiers, chaufourniers, chargés de la livraison de la chaux, et serruriers.
Au début du XVIe siècle, le beffroi s'insère dans un véritable quartier municipal, comprenant aussi une chambre de ville, en face du donjon comtal, et de nouvelles halles. Fortifié dès 1512, le plus ancien édifice civil d'Évreux porte sur ses murs la trace de boulets. Ceux qui seront tirés sur la ville, opposée au cardinal de Mazarin, lors de la Fronde, au milieu du XVIIe siècle. Mais c'est là le début d'une tout autre histoire...
Project 365 (one photo per day for 2022 taken on 5x4 large format film)
Event: Project 365
Location: Bedroom at home
Camera: Wista 45VX
Lens(s): Schneider-Kreuznach Apo-Symmar 210mm f/5.6
Film: Ilford Delta 100
Shot ISO: 80
Light Meter: Minolta Spot Meter F
Movements: Rear swing, front swing, front tilt forwards, front rise
Bellows: 240mm (+0.33)
Exposure: 1s @ f/32
Lighting: Vivanco VL300 - 11:45am
Mounting: Tripod - Manfrotto
Firing: Cable release
Developer: Ilford DD-X(1+4)
Scanner: Epson V800
Post: Adobe Lightroom & Photoshop (dust removal)
Well-worn steps lead up to the Chapter House, completed in 1306. The beautiful octagonal chamber was where clergy met to transact Cathedral business, and is still used today on formal occasions.
Wells Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in Wells, Somerset, dedicated to St Andrew the Apostle, and is the seat of the Bishop of Bath and Wells. Built as a Roman Catholic cathedral from around 1175 to replace an earlier church on the site since 705, it became an Anglican cathedral when King Henry VIII split from Rome.
1 single portrait : L7800 or $25
plus L4700 or $15 for additional avi
1 single child portrait : L5600 or $17
I prefer the payment option to be paypal as it would be quicker and easier, plus cheaper for you since SL charge a lot more now every time you transact your lindens to money.
(I only do portrait and bust shots picture. No porn, no furries)
Puri, état d'Odissa, Inde.
Dès l'aube, sur la plage du village de pêcheurs, a lieu la vente des poissons. Les femmes qui revendront ces poissons un peu plus tard dans la matinée au marché, se rassemblent pour participer aux transactions.
Best viewed LARGE size. This drawing of the William Henry Sternberg residence at 1065 North Waco Avenue appeared in the 1887 Wichita City Directory. The house is still standing today (09/2010) and looks much the same except for maintenance and upkeep on the structure and the south chimney is temporarily down due to structural instability. Sternberg Mansion is the only one of the "Fabulous 10" homes (see photostream for the Fabulous 10 flyer) to survive from Wichita's economic boom of the 1870s and 1880s. The house incorporates a variety of Sternberg design elements also seen on other Sternberg-designed Sternberg-built homes such multiple ornate chimney flues that corbel down through the second and/or first floors, diamond designs within the slate roof, a zig-zag "V"-shaped design at the very apex of the roof, one and only one half-moon window in the entire structure and located on the 3rd floor, an asymmetrical roofline broken with multiple dormers and pitches, a triangular porch roof over the main entry way with a square porch over that, second and third story windows held together with decorative designs which give the appearance of a two-story enclosure, multiple fuctional porches on the first and second levels and decorative porches (too small to be functional) appearing on the 3rd level, a fourth floor dormer with windows, uncovered stairs entering into the home, large heavy carved double front doors, a plethora of decorative gingerbread ornamentation, two-story bay windows separated with bands of fishscales between the first and second story and many other features common to Sternberg.
William Henry Sternberg was a highly skilled and popular builder during Wichita’s boom years of the 1870s and 1880s. Mr. Sternberg came to Kansas from New York in 1875. He grew up on a family farm in Norwich, New York helping his father in the family saw mill, felling and hauling trees, cutting lumber, woodworking and working as a carpenter on local homes and buildings. As years passed and Sternberg continued working as a contractor and a carpenter, his skills in building grew and he became well-known throughout New York State for his elegant and innovative building designs, his integrity, work quality and prudent approach to costs. People far and wide knew of his reputation for quality and knew him as a fair man in dealing with customers. Partly as a result of his reputation for being a fair and honest man in addition to his first-rate work as a builder, he was elected Mayor of Norwich for a period of several years. Although comfortable with his life in New York, Mr. Sternberg increasingly heard about Wichita, Kansas ~ a rapidly growing nucleus on the plains. Indeed the growth bubble (from the late 1870’s until about 1890) was so significant that Wichita was by some estimates the fastest growing city in the country! At one point, the absolute value of real estate transactions in Wichita ranked it the third highest in the nation in terms of dollars transacted. This was behind only New York City (#1) and Kansas City (#2). People were speculating on land and buildings and making handsome profits in return.
“In the first five months of 1887 real estate transactions
totaled $34,893,565 according to Dunn and Bradstreet’s
reports. Wichita was third in the nation in total real estate
transactions. Only New York and Kansas City were ahead
of Wichita (in terms of volume). Chicago was fourth having
$33,173,950 in transactions.”
However, in terms of the dollar value of real estate transactions per capita, Wichita was first in the country for a period of several years in the mid-late 1880s, because New York City and Kansas City had much larger populations to produce a similar amount of real estate transactions. The volume of real estate transactions going on in Wichita was a little surprising to say the least (shocking may be a better word) because in the 1870s,1880s and 1890s, New York City was the largest city (population-wise) in the country. Kansas City was around the 75th largest city of the top 100 cities in the U.S. and Wichita didn't even figure into the top 100 largest cities until the 1920 census! In terms of population numbers, New York boasted 1,206,299 in 1880. Kansas City came in at 55,785 in 1880 and Wichita came in 4,911 in 1880 but had more dollars of real estate being transacted per person than a city 10 times its size (KC) or even 250 times its size (NYC)! With its new found wealth, Wichita was progressive in its early days and news of its budding wealth traveled the country. Evidence of its progressive spirit was noted with much fanfare on May 23, 1873 when Wichita’s first regularly-scheduled electrified street cars (trolley cars) began shuttling people between the bustling downtown and the outskirts of the city. Three years later, Wichita installed several hundred nighttime electric street lamps throughout downtown, while still retaining some of its existing gas and “vapor” lamps. Then, in 1882 Wichita began installing an underground water system with corner hydrants for fire suppression. In this year, Wichita contracted with a St. Louis firm for laying a 14-inch main, six inch supply pipes and a total of 60 hydrants throughout the city. This system was finished, tested and in operation by Spring of 1883.
Spying an opportunity for building, Mr. Sternberg moved his family to Wichita and after only a few months, was successfully bidding contracts, hiring workers and constructing buildings at a frenzied pace. The economic bubble of Wichita in the 1880s was perhaps the most dynamic growth spurts of any city in American history. Wealth sprung up practically overnight. Land offices implemented numbering systems and pecking rules for the crowds frequently waiting outside to get in. Not uncommonly, people camped out overnight in front of the land offices to get an early ticket for the next day. Indeed, wealth was fast and easy and people such as William Griffenstein, George Pratt, Bertrand H. Campbell and John O. Davidson displayed their newly found wealth by building palatial mansions of the highest quality and most extraordinary craftsmanship. When Wichita’s well-to-do wanted homes or buildings, W.H. Sternberg was the builder of choice by a wide margin. The 1888 book, Portrait and Biographical Album of Sedgwick County, Kansas (Chapman Brothers; Chicago, 1888) in which Sternberg is noted, states about him:
“Ninety brick stores in Wichita stand as monuments of
his skill and industry, besides numberless other
buildings, probably twice as many as have been put
up by any other contractor in the city.”
Not long after coming to Wichita, Mr. Sternberg used a marketing approach – common today, but relatively unheard of at the time, called a “spec home”. The spec home he built was his own (drawing above) and it was a huge 7,500 sq. ft. showcase home that contained virtually every ornamental and stylish feature that he and his crews could muster. He located his home on the most elite street in Wichita at the time ~ Waco Avenue (as it was to become). Before Waco became the “elite street” of Wichita, city planners named it “Waco Street”. As elegant mansions continued to appear on Waco, property owners in this well-dressed district became dissatisfied with the designation of “Street”, so local residents petitioned the City and officially had the name changed to “Avenue” to be more in keeping with the fashionable tone of the neighborhood. Today, the official name of "Waco" is actually "Waco Avenue". Mr. Sternberg reckoned that showcasing the capabilities and ornate building skills of the construction trade would draw customers to him, and it proved to be a very successful technique. Even back in 1886 when he completed his Victorian gingerbread mansion people acknowledged it was something extraordinary. His worthy showcase mansion was written up in the newspapers as well as the 1888 Portrait and Biographical Album of Sedgwick, County, Kansas as follows,
“The residence of Mr. Sternberg, a handsome and costly structure, is beautifully located on a rise of ground commanding a fine view of its surroundings. Within and without it bears the evidence of refined tastes and ample means, and it is universally admired by all who have occasion to pass it.”
Even before the Sternberg’s mansion was finished, the newspaper was remarking about its exceptional characteristics as the September 6, 1886 edition of the Wichita Beacon commented,
“Mr. Sternberg is building for his own use a fine residence on the corner of 10th and Waco Streets. Judging by the foundation it will be one of the largest and finest in the city.”
Within weeks after finishing his home at 1065 North Waco Avenue, Mr. Sternberg was flooded with requests to build other fine mansions for Wichita’s “polite society”. And in 1887 and 1888, Sternberg and his crews built first-class mansions and buildings all over Wichita as quickly as they could.
The Sternberg Mansion at 1065 North Waco Avenue is historically significant because it represents the height of elegance, style and Victorian housing dreams at the height of one of the greatest sustained economic booms in American history . . . it was the height of pure style and “refined tastes” on “Wichita’s Fifth Avenue,” when money was easy and the future was indeed bright. That the Sternberg Mansion is historically significant is demonstrated in part by the fact that it is listed on the: (1) National Register of Historic Places, (2) the Register of Historic Kansas Places, and (3) the Wichita Register of Historic Places. But there are additional reasons that speak for the historical significance of the Sternberg Mansion . . . The house at 1065 North Waco Avenue and its builder W. H. Sternberg are historically significant for a number of “firsts”. Sternberg set precedence in building design at a time when style and social status was highly important and people had the money to express it. Sternberg (unlike other home designers and builders of the day) built custom features into his homes that allowed the occupants to enjoy their home more, such as low rise stairs, windows at the apex of the home which create strong upward movement of air through the home and staircases that turn allowing access while maintaining privacy. In addition to an extensive use of smaller more intimate porches in his homes and particularly romantic highly corbelled chimney flues, Sternberg was also the first builder in Wichita to construct a very practical laundry chute into a home (the first home in Wichita to have a laundry chute was the Pratt house at 1313 North Emporia). The idea of such a feature so that people didn’t have to climb up and down stairs was new and unheard of in 1887, but Sternberg believed a home should be both beautiful and comfortable. It was new and trend-setting features such laundry chutes, ornate porches, better ventilation, floor plans and walls that visually enlarged the home yet kept personal areas private and his ability to create exceptional milled gingerbread work that brought acclaim and respect to Sternberg. Other builders simply didn’t offer such features, and most didn’t have the expertise to do so.
In early Wichita before there were wood millworking shops with millworking equipment, local saw mills would attempt to create ornate millwork on ordinary saws and equipment for example by holding the wood pieces and cutting curves. But more often than not this didn't work. Pieces frequently broke or were cut the wrong way and when a final piece was struck, the wood was often quite rough especially in curved areas - not meeting Sternbergs standards for high quality millwork.
In New York state where Sternberg grew up and worked for many years before coming to Wichita, he is credited with being the first person to build a Mansard-style roof. The concept was made popular at the 1855 Worlds Fair in Paris - which reports indicate Sternberg attended. A mansard roof is a French style that allows more unencumbered space on the attic level than a traditional pitched roof does. Although not an architect by training, Sternberg often had considerable input into the design and layout of the homes he built. Indeed Sternberg publically advertised himself as an architect. Many of his customers, unaware of the need for an architect at the time when deciding to build a house, would contact Sternberg first when they wanted to build and then it was Sternberg who would usually contact an architect of his choice and advise the architect on what the home-owner wanted and could afford. So the architect (if there was one) would frequently follow Sternberg's ideas and designs. Sternberg was the first recorded builder to and use an “outside” (New York) architect purely for style and design in a Wichita residence. The house, designed by Stanford White and built by Sternberg was the Charles R. Miller residence at 507 S. Lawrence Avenue (now Broadway Street). Stanford White although building a national reputation would a few years later would receive national acclaim for his designs including Madison Square Garden in New York as well as many homes for the Vanderbilts, the Astors, Joseph Pulitzer and other notables of the day. The design and construction of this Sternberg-built home that Stanford White-designed was eye-catching and charming to Wichitans of the day and the local Wichita Beacon in April 18, 1883 commented about the house,
“It will be of brick, 40 x 44 feet in area, with basement
eight feet, two stories above that, and a ten foot mansard
attic. The basement will be used for a steam heater,
laundry, coal, etc. The facades will be broken by swells,
bay windows and porches. It will be one of the finest
in southern Kansas.”
Obviously, Sternberg felt that for some exceptional projects, local architects were not up to the task, and Sternberg liked the press attention. What's more and another “first” for Sternberg is that he was the only builder during the 1870s-1880s working in Wichita to have also built major public and private buildings in at least two other states. No other builders in Wichita at the time are known to have done anything outside the area. In addition, he’s the only builder during Wichita’s boom period to have his works from three states (Kansas Missouri and New York) listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Additionally his 30 years of experience in the lumber business grading qualities of woods and knowing the particular characteristics of various woods allowed Sternberg to build with exceptional quality. Arguably he provided the highest quality and was the most highly skilled builder of the day in Wichita. An article from November 2, 1969 in the Eagle-Beacon newspaper noted the quality of the Sternberg Mansion,
“It was built to last with joists
of 2 by 8-inch timbers, and wood-
work of pine so hard it will not take
a regular nail and one interior
wall that is 15 inches thick.”
Indeed modern-day carpenters have remarked when doing remodel work on Sternberg Mansion that “when hammering, nails, they bend before they go into the wood;” even today the wood still prefers to bend nails.” For Sternberg’s own residence and for other first-class houses, Sternberg selected only the highest grades of lumber, had them cut extra thick and insisted they be cut to maximize the wood grain for the particular use of the wood. Sternberg was a dedicated builder ~ he loved woodworking and building and he was still bidding and building up until about a month before his death (1906). Mr. Sternberg’s passion for Wichita, Kansas wasn’t just a passing affair when the boom period ended, either. After moving to Wichita in 1875, he remained in Wichita for 31 years until his death in August, 1906. His two sons continued living and working in Wichita for many years after their father’s death and almost the entire family including W. H. Sternberg is buried in Wichita. The current owner is pursuing an additional status of “National Historic Landmark” for the Sternberg Mansion ~ identifying it as a structure worthy of national attention, partly based on the fact that Sternberg built structures throughout the country that today are designated historical, but in addition, historic information indicates that Sternberg built a fair amount of temporary housing for people moving to the area to take part in various land rushes. Not uncommonly, people would move Wichita (as it was the largest major town close to the Oklahoma border) or between Wichita and the Oklahoma border sometimes two to three years in advance of a land rush. Tens of housands of people did this and land rushes were opened several different times (there wasn't just one land rush). Sternberg was directly involved in helping with housing for these people getting ready to take part in a land rush and thereby helping to settle the western frontier.
Of the surviving local homes and buildings that W.H. Sternberg built or contributed to, not all are protected with historic designation. Following are some of the structures that Sternberg and his crews constructed. Note the Carey Hotel (originally called the "Carey House but now the Eaton Apartments) and Garfield University (now Friends University) had multiple contractors. Sternberg wasn’t the sole contractor on these two buildings, but he did contribute significantly to their erection (such as the ornamental stonework, window headers, windows, doors and interior carpentry). These two buildings (the Eaton and Friends) are protected on historical registers. It was somewhat unusual in Sternberg’s day with buildings as large and lavish as the Carey Hotel or Garfield University to have only one contractor do all the work. To Sternberg’s credit, however, he was the sole contractor on the Sedgwick County Courthouse.
List of Confirmed Sternberg-designed and built structures:
1)Alfred W. Bitting residence - Wichita
2)Finlay Ross residence - Wichita
3)Sternberg Mansion - Wichita
4)High School building - Wichita
5)Expansion of the Occidental and renovations to it - Wichita
6)County Poor House – 1886 in Wichita - Wichita
7)Garfield Memorial Hall (corner of 1st and Water) - Wichita
8)Carey Hotel (carpentry all doors, windows and interior woodwork) - Wichita
9)Sedgwick County Courthouse - Wichita
10)First Ward School - Wichita
11)City Hall and Government Building in Springfield Missouri - Springfield
12)Gettos Block Building in Wichita – Wichita (SW corner of Main & Second St)
13)Second Ward School in Wichita
14)Garfield University (Friends University Administration Building) - Wichita
15)The Methodist Church in Guilford New York
16)The Chenango County Poor House in New York
17)The Methodist Episcopal Church in Norwich New York
18)The residence of Charles Merritt in Norwich New York
19)The store of John O. Hill & Company in New York
20)The residence of Warren Newton in New York
21)An elegant mansion for himself in New York which had the first Mansard roof – Norwich, NY
22)New Telephone Building (on North Market immediately south of Hose House #1) - Wichita
23)New Baptist Church (begun in September 1883 in Wichita, Kansas) - Wichita
24)Ferrell’s Brick Block (opposite the Post Office) in Wichita
25)The house and two lots adjoining Mr. Barnes on North Lawrence Avenue – enlarging it and raising it to occupy himself - Wichita
26)The new Masonic Temple (formerly the YMCA building) - Wichita
27)Masonic home and the limestone buildings on its grounds - Wichita
28)Four story brick building for W.H. Porter @ 211 – 213 E. Douglas - Wichita
29)Additions to the Masonic Home (June 1904) - Wichita
30)Congregational Church (October 1885) - Wichita
31)Naftzger Building (three stories high, corner of St. Francis and Douglas 50’ X 140’) - Wichita
32)Central Power Station of the Wichita Electric Railway Company (June 1890) - Wichita
33)The Little-Reed Building - Wichita
34)Two homes for Kos Harris - Wichita
35)Four homes on the 1200 block of North Waco Avenue – Wichita
1231 North Waco Avenue – Russell Harding Superintendent MO Pacific Rail Road
1235 North Waco Avenue – Robert A. Hamilton – 1891 (Manager of Whittaker P H).
1235 North Waco Avenue, W E Reeves
1230 N. Waco Avenue – Mr. George B. Chapman in 1891 and Miss Sarah
Chapman in 1891 (Chapman & Walker)
36)One brick home on University Avenue – Wichita (1813 W. University Avenue in Wichita, Kansas)
37)The Hydraulic Mills - Wichita
38)The old Post Office and Federal Building - Wichita
39)Two old frames on the west side of Main belonging to Emil Werner to put up a two story brick building with a 50 foot front - Wichita
40)Residence of C.N. Lewis in Wichita - Wichita
41)Residence of Albert. W. Oliver in Wichita - Wichita
43)Residence of Aaron Katz in Wichita Katz Aaron, prop Philadelphia store, r 420 s Main
44) Residence of Mark J. Oliver at 1105 North Lawrence in Wichita
45)Residence of Hiram. Imboden in Wichita
46)Residence of M.W. Levy (1st and Topeka) - Wichita
47)Residence of Peter Gettos in Wichita – Wichita (255 N. Water)
48)Residence of Reuben H. Roys in Wichita - Roys Reuben H, atty 217 e Douglas, r 1127 n Lawrence
49)Residence of Finlay Ross in Wichita - Wichita
50)Residence of William H. Whitman in Wichita
51)Residence of Jacob Henry Aley @ 1505 Fairview in Wichita
52)Residence of Robert E. Gutherie on Third Street in Wichita
53)Residence of J.R. Van Zandt in Wichita
54)Residence of George Pratt (now the Pratt Campbell Mansion on Emporia in Wichita)
55)Residence of C.W. Bitting (corner of Pine and Lawrence) - Wichita
56)Residence of A.W. Bitting in Wichita - Wichita
57)Residence of Judge James L. Dyer in Wichita
58)Residence of Charles M Jones in Wichita
59)Residence of Dr. G.E. McAdams in Wichita
60)Residence of Charles Smyth in Wichita
61)Residence of Dr. J. Russell in Wichita
62)Eads Block Building - Wichita
63)Smyth & Sons Block Building - Wichita
64)Fletcher Block Building - Wichita
65)Union Block (corner of Douglas and Water) – Wichita
66)Temple Block Building - Wichita
67)Bitting Block Building / Bitting Building (corner of Market and Douglas) - Wichita
68)Elliott’s Store - Wichita
69)Peter Getto’s Store - Wichita
70)Finlay Ross’s Furniture Store (corner of Main and 1st Street 119 & 121 N. Main) - Wichita
71)Roys Block at the corner of Lawrence and Douglas - Wichita Roys Block 217 219 227 and 229 e Douglas
72)Market Street Block (August 1887) – Wichita
Count: 75 structures Sternberg confirmed either built or did significant work on.
The 6 buildings below (all still standing) are all listed on the National Register of Historic Places and Sternberg either designed, built or both:
1)Sternberg Mansion
2)Friends University Administration Building
3)Sedgwick County Courthouse
4)Eaton Hotel (formerly the Carey Hotel)
5)Occidental Hotel Building
6)Methodist Episcopal Church in Norwich New York (brick)
In all W. H. Sternberg built hundreds and hundreds of buildings and homes in Wichita alone after moving here in 1875. Other homes and buildings he is known to have built before coming to Wichita include: (1) the Methodist Church in Guilford, New York, (2) the Chenango County Poor House in Norwich, New York, (3) the Methodist Episcopal Church in Norwich, New York at a cost of $47,000, he later completed the beautiful case inside this church for the church organ, (4) the residence of Charles Merritt in Norwich, New York at a cost of $35,000, (5) the store of John O. Hill & Co. at a cost of $23,000, (6) the residence of Warren Newton in New York and (7) “an elegant mansion for himself” which had the first mansard roof in the town.
Mr. Sternberg was a remarkable man. In 1888, Chapman Brothers in Chicago, Illinois printed an expensive first-class volume of notable persons in Sedgwick County, Kansas ~ a sort of “Who’s Who” of the time. At the time, Wichita was growing so fast, the value of real estate transactions during the 1880s ranked Wichita third largest city in the country behind only New York and Kansas City. The book, entitled “Portrait and Biographical Album of Sedgwick County, Kan.” Contained “Full Page Portraits and Biographical Sketches of Prominent and Representative Citizens of the County together with Portraits and biographies of all the governors of Kansas, and of the Presidents of the United States.” Mr. Sternberg is listed on pages 190 – 191 in the Album. His biography notes:
“William H. Sternberg, who is one of the prominent citizens
of Wichita, arrived here in time to assist in the building up of
the town, the growth of which has been phenomenal. He has
been one of the most interested witnesses of its progress
and development, and no unimportant factor in bringing it to
its present proud position. As a man of influence, public
spirit and liberal, this brief record of his history will be more
than ordinarily interesting to those who are identified in any
way with the business or industrial interests of one of the
leading cities of the West.”
In addition the biography noted that,
“Ninety brick stores in Wichita stand as monuments of
his skill and industry, besides numberless other
buildings, probably twice as many as have been
put up by any other contractor in the city.”
Sternberg is credited in Masonic history books as being one of three key individuals whose work and labors were instrumental in reviving the early (and struggling) Masons movement in Wichita particularly by giving the Masons a grand and wonderful place in which to conduct their activities. W.H. Sternberg was an active and devoted member of the Mason's movement in Wichita and even though Sternberg didn't originally build the Scottish Rite Temple, after the somewhat impoverished Mason's acquired it, he undertook and completed extensive renovations to the interior of it (without any expectation of compensation at the time - although the Masons did later compensate Sternberg for his work on this building).
And as always, whatever the job, W. H. Sternberg was noted for work of the finest quality and expertise. Mr. Sternberg had a reputation for only hiring the best workers which sometimes was hard to do as the building boom created quite a shortage of workers, never-the-less, he was known for the fact that he and “his workmen should be persons of the highest skill and reliability.” In 1888, just two years after. Sternberg personally built and constructed his own “showcase” mansion for himself, it was written up in the Portrait and Biographical Album as though it was undeniably a special residence in Wichita . . . .
“The residence of Mr. Sternberg, a handsome and costly
structure is beautifully located on a rise of ground
commanding a fine view of its surroundings. Within and
without it bears the evidence of refined tastes and ample
means, and is universally admired by all who have
occasion to pass it.”
Today, historical authorities who know the Sternberg Mansion lay accolades on it for its style, its authentic representation of Victorian influence, its extreme ornamentation and its first-rate quality throughout. The following is an excerpt from the City of Wichita’s Historic Landmark website (www.wichitagov.org/Residents/History/Listing51-60) about the Sternberg Mansion:
“William H. Sternberg, a prominent builder during Wichita's
economic boom days of the 1880's built his own resi-
dence in 1886, incorporating the Victorian penchant
for "gingerbread" millwork with this extravagantly gabled
Queen Anne-styled home. This house is one of a few
remaining homes of this elaborate style in the city and
is regarded as a quintessential product of the late
Queen Anne residential design and stylistic features.
From its native stone foundation to the four corbelled
brick chimneys with their decorative flues, the house
served as a showcase for the builder's trade including
colored glass window panes, stained glass windows in
the ornate stairway, several fireplaces and combination
gas/electric chandeliers. The two and one-half story
residence also has porches projecting from each of
the three main elevations.”
A quote in the Wichita Eagle-Beacon from Wichita’s Historic Preservation Officer, Marian Cone on April 10, 1977 stated about the mansion,
“The Sternberg Mansion…is unusual in that its
eclectic style incorporates all the elements Stern-
berg could fabricate…Sternberg used his own
home as a sort of ‘model home,’ a tangible ex-
ample of his expertise for prospective customers…
it is the only remaining Queen Anne-style man-
sion of its size in the city and it is a magnificent
example of architecture…The use of exterior
wood in patterns is most unusual as are the var-
iations of the use of colored and plain glass.
The leaded and stained glass windows on the
landing of the very ornate staircase are most
unusual in that they are of a geometric pattern
not common until the 1920s.”
Yet another article about the Sternberg Mansion in the Eagle-Beacon in November 16, 1976 states,
“The house, built in 1886 by William H. Stern-
berg, one of Wichita’s foremost builders during
the city’s early boom days, is the only remaining
Queen Anne style mansion of this size in the city.
It is seen as a magnificent example of Victorian
architecture, with most of the original detailing
and gingerbread on the exterior, a large walnut
staircase, wood paneling, and six fireplaces.”
And Mr. Sternberg located his first-rate mansion in Wichita’s finest district at the time (on Waco Avenue). Yet another article appearing in the Wichita Evening Eagle on August 3, 1933 comments,
“in the early ‘70s (1870s)…Waco avenue was
‘the elite’ street. Waco avenue in the very early
day was considered to be the best residential street
and many believed that when the city grew large it
would be the choice residence district of the city.”
Indeed, W. H. Sternberg was an extraordinary person in Wichita at a time when the rest of the country was curiously taking note of this fast-growing prairie town. His work as a contractor, his involvement in civic groups, his reputation for doing the highest quality work possible, his reputation for being hard-working and fair to all, his diligence to hire only the most highly skilled workers and his pioneering ideas in building style and function bestowed to the people of Wichita and beyond an authentic Victorian legacy to be enjoyed by all for generations to come.
Your comments, ideas, thoughts and/or stories about this drawing or this place (Sternberg Mansion) are greatly appreciated and welcomed!
La Muse Clio
vers 1475-1480
Tempera sur panneau
Giovanni Santi
(avant 1439 - 1494)
Florence, Galerie Corsini
Inscription : CLIO GESTA CANENS TRANSACTIS TEMPORA REDDIT
[En chantant les exploits, Clio redonne vie au passé]
Exposition Le Corps et l'Âme, musée du Louvre, 2021
La tour Agbar, est un gratte-ciel de Barcelone en Catalogne, datant du début du xxie siècle. Elle a été dessinée par l'architecte français Jean Nouvel en collaboration avec la société b720 Fermin Vazquez Arquitectos. La tour a ouvert ses portes en juin 2005, et a été inaugurée officiellement par la famille royale d'Espagne le 16 septembre 2005.
Le 16 novembre 2013, il est annoncé que le gratte-ciel a été racheté par la chaîne hôtelière Hyatt et qu'il sera transformé en hotel de luxe. La transaction s'élève à 150 millions d'euros1,2.
Il offre 30 000 m2 de bureaux, 3 210 m2 pour les services techniques et 8 351 m2 destinés à des fonctions diverses, avec notamment un auditorium et des parkings, pour une superficie totale de 50 693 m2. La tour Agbar mesure 145 mètres de haut et comporte 38 étages, dont quatre en sous-sol.
Son design mêle différentes conceptions en matière d'architecture : une structure en béton armé, entièrement recouverte d'une façade de verre, créant plus de 4 400 fenêtres.
Cette tour est devenue l'un des bâtiments les plus remarquables de Barcelone, occupant désormais la troisième place en termes de hauteur, derrière l'Hôtel Arts et la Tour Mapfre, qui culminent tous deux à 154 mètres. Elle est située sur l'avenue Diagonale, près de la Place des Glòries Catalanes. Le bâtiment possède, intégrés à sa façade, plus de 4 000 dispositifs de types DEL qui permettent la création d'images sur les parois extérieures. De plus, des capteurs de température, placés à l'extérieur du gratte-ciel, permettent d'agir sur l'ouverture ou la fermeture des fenêtres, et par là même, de réduire la consommation d'énergie du dispositif d'air conditionné. Ce bâtiment abritera le siège du groupe Aigües de Barcelona, la Société des Eaux de Barcelone.
La tour s'éclaire différemment lors des équinoxes, d'ailleurs, son inauguration a eu lieu quelques jours avant l'équinoxe d'automne (21 septembre).
La Torre Agbar est appelée par les Barcelonais par le joli surnom de « suppositoire » (supositori). Un surnom en verdict populaire qui reste assez réducteur pour qualifier ce projet.
L'ambition délibérée fut de créer une icône pour la ville de Barcelone s'inscrit dans un contexte de profusion architecturale en Asie et dans les pays du Golfe a conduit à choisir l'architecte super-star Jean Nouvel. La Torre Agbar répond doublement à l'architecte super-star anglais Norman Foster, qui a fait sa marque de fabrique la production de "bâtiments symboliques" ("New Symbol...), comme l’exceptionnelle tour de communication de Barcelone justement, ou encore la tour londonienne en forme d'ogive conçue en 2004 appelée le Gherkin, le "cornichon" par les Londoniens. Mais ici pour insérer la Torre Agbar dans la ville de Barcelone, les architectes font appel à l’héritage architectural de Barcelone, et plus précisément à l’œuvre de l'architecte GAUDI selon deux références claires, la forme et la couleur.
1-Le profil de la tour est une parabole (x2) appelée chaine, catène ou caténa par les architectes : La simple suspension d'une chaine permet d'obtenir la courbe d'égale tension, en inversant nous déduisons la courbe d'égale compression, tel fut l’extraordinaire apport de Gaudi, à la pensée constructive et à l'esthétique de la ville ainsi qu'à l'architecture en général. Ici, seule l'enveloppe offre cette expression de catène, on peut regretter que la structure ne l'ai pas suivie (si ici le dogme fonctionnaliste s'applique à cette tour « form follows functions », disait Louis Sullivan, on peut regretter que la forme ne suive pas la structure comme le prônait Gaudi et bien d'autres architectes, on peut se demander quelle fut la part d'innovation structurelle ici? Il semble que ce ne fut pas l'ambition du projet.
2-Les couleurs miroitantes modulables sont aussi une belle interprétation contemporaine des revêtements en céramiques multicolore des façades et cheminées de l’œuvre de Gaudi.
Mais au delà des références symboliques relatives à la ville ou à la concurrence entre architectes ou entre les métropoles, on retrouve dans ce projet une constance de l’œuvre de Jean Nouvel : vouloir rendre les bâtiments vivants, cette ambition poétique est atteinte dans le projet de double peau et elle trouve son apogée quand la ville est plongée dans la nuit ; les jalousies de verre oscillent pour faire passer l'air et les couleurs chatoient.
WIKIPEDIA
Touchay (Cher)
Château de l'Isle-sur-Arnon.
Situé aux rives de l'Arnon en contrebas du village.
La construction du château est attribuée à Jean Dumas (Jean du Mas ou de Mas), conseiller et chambellan de Louis XI en 1480 et enrichi par son fils, évêque de Périgueux en 1494, puis passe aux mains de Jean de Beaufort, prince de Canillac en 1579, mais fut incendié par le prince de Condé en 1650 après avoir perdu une partie de ses défenses en 1591 à la suite d'un siège.
Par une transaction intervenue en 1175 entre Jean II, seigneur de Lignières et Isambert, abbé de Puyferrand, nous savons qu'une seigneurie de l'Isle existait déjà au XIIe siècle.
Au XIIIe siècle plusieurs seigneurs de l'Isle se succéderont. Au XIVe siècle, le domaine est dans la famille du Mas, famille qui tirait son nom du lieu dit le Mas Sarrazin commune de Préveranges (Cher).
Les deux premiers seigneurs de l'Isle du nom de du Mas sont Isambert et Humbault (fin du XIVe siècle). Humbault ou Humbert du Mas était écuyer comme l'indique une quittance de gages du 18 mars 1386. qui lui furent octroyés pour l'indemniser de ses frais pendant la dernière campagne.
A Humbault succéda Pierre du Mas vers 1450, auquel la tradition attribue la construction d'un château féodal. Il mourut le 8 juillet 1456, et fut inhumé dans une chapelle latérale de l'église Saint-Martin de Touchay. De son mariage avec Jacqueline de Chamcour, Pierre du Mas laissa plusieurs fils : Philippe, Gabriel, Pierre et Jean.
Philippe du Mas était seigneur de l'Isle en 1460-1470.
Gabriel entra dans les ordres et sera, peut-être, seigneur du Mas -Sarrazin, la terre d'origine de la famille. Sixte IV nommera Gabriel évêque de Mirepoix en 1475. En 1497, il devient évêque de Périgueux, qu'il administra par l'intermédiaire d'un tiers.
Pierre du Mas se consacra également à l'Eglise, comme moine, et deviendra le trente-cinquième abbé du monastère de Chezal-Benoît. Le couvent était en triste état, ayant été pillé et incendié par les Anglais, et la discipline s'était relâchée. Grâce à la puissante protection de son frère Jean, le monastère put être entièrement reconstruit (il sera de nouveau détruit par un incendie au XVIIIe siècle). Il rétablit également l'ordre intérieur dans le couvent en changeant la règle. La Règle de Pierre du Mas subsista jusqu'à l'époque
de Richelieu.
Jean du Mas hérita de la seignerie de l'Isle et fut conseiller et favori de deux rois de France et d'une régente. Dans sa jeunesse, vers 1463, Jean du Mas batailla, avec quelques compagnons bourguignons, contre Louis XI, mais celui-ci sut se l'attacher par quelques faveurs. Jean de Mas fut de l'expédition contre Jacques d'Armagnac, duc de Nemours, celui-ci ayant participer au complot féodal de la "Ligue du Bien Public" contre le pouvoir royal. Jean de Mas participa à la prise du château de Carlat, possession du duc de Nemours. Jean de Mas fera partie des 17 qui jugeront le duc de Nemours à la décapitation en place publique, à Paris, le 4 août 1477. Les biens de l'accusé furent donnés aux juges, en confirmation de la promesse faite avant le procès. Jean du Mas s'était vu attribuer la seigneurie de Vigouroux et la vicomté de Murat. A la mort de Louis XI, à Amboise, le 30 août 1483, Jean du Mas resta dans les bonnes grâces de la régente Anne de Beauleu (le roi n'avait que 13 ans), puis de Charles VIII. Jean du mas fut le probable maître d'oeuvre du château actuel.
Au XVIe siècle, la terre de l'Isle sortira de la famille du Mas, vers 1578-1579, pour passer dans celle des Beaufort-Montboissier Canillac. A la fin du XVIe siècle, l'Isle était une des places fortes du Berry en faveur du roi. C'est ainsi qu'elle fut assiégée le 5 janvier 1591 par le maréchal de La Châtre, qui avait rompu avec Henri IV, et venait d'échouer dans le siège d'Aubigny. La place était forte, elle était entourée de larges fossés qu'alimentait la rivière l'Arnon, de plus elle avait d'épaisses murailles. La position de la rivière rendant impossible l'établissement de canons devant la porte d'entrée, le château fut prit grâce à un pétard* attaché à la porte par un habitant du village, le nommé Texier, probablement par ruse. M. de la Châtre fit détruire les remparts du château.
Au début du XVIIe siècle, la terre de l'Isle est dans la famille de Varie (ou Varye). René de varie, seigneur de l'Isle, avait pour grand père Guillaume de Varie clerc et bras droit de l'argentier Jacques Coeur. Guillaume fut entraîné dans la chute de Jacques Coeur, ses biens furent vendus et il fut emprisonné en 1453, mais il put bénéficier de la réhabilitation que le roi accorda à la mémoire de Jacques Cœur.
Philippe de Varie, héritier de René, seigneur de l'Isle et de la Brosse, résidait habituellement à l'Isle, sans doute avec ses frères. En 1638, les frères de Varie accordèrent l'hospitalité aux habitants de Linières qui fuyaient la ville infestée par la peste.
Les familles Longueval et Villeneuve Trans succéderont aux Varie dans la possession de la seigneurie de l'Isle.
En 1650, pendant la Fronde, le château de l'Isle, ayant pour seigneur Antoine de Villeneuve marquis de Trans, restait fidèle au roi. La même année, le 13 juillet, les troupes du prince de Condé s'emparèrent de la place. Les assiégeants occupèrent la place pendant huit jours et abattirent une tour d'enceinte et toute la muraille orientale. Les bâtiments furent incendiés**.
Anthoine de Villeneuve mourut en 1672 sans laisser d'enfants et sa veuve*** vendit ou donna l'Isle à Henry de Mousnier, écuyer, seigneur de Meslan. Le fils d'Henry de Mousnier, Louis de Mousnier vendit l'Isle, à son tour, à Georges Goujenot, écuyer conseiller et secrétaire du roi, tuteur onéraire des enfants du régent et plus tard du prince de Condé. Sa famille le conserva jusqu'à la Révolution.
Adrien Gougenot, chevalier des Mousseaux,seigneur de l'Isle, Mallerays et autres lieux, devait être avant la
Révolutionl e dernier châtelain de cette terre. Il partit pour l'émigration en 1792.
Le château, y compris la réserve, fut adjugé le 24 ventôse, an II, au citoyen Étienne Boulié dont la famille l'a gardé jusqu'en 1859.
Au XIXème siècle, des tours menaçant de ruines ont été abattues, dégageant la cour du château. Ce château est actuellement habité et propriété privée.
* Les pétards étaient des petits canons qu'on accrochait aux portes pour les défoncer.
** Une inscription sur le mur intérieur d'une tour en témoigne : "Cette place a été prise le XIII juillet 1650 à
XI heures de nuict et brûlée le XXVI du mesme mois par les Condéistes."
*** Gabrielle du Mas de Castellane qui descendait des du Mas.
(Pour l'essentiel, voir François Deshoulières)
visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=30000004083972&I=2...
maison.omahony.free.fr/ascendants/fiche dumas jean.pdf
Customers transact business at the drive-up teller window of the remains of the First National Bank in Iaeger, West Virginia on the morning of April 6, 2019.
L'Association pour la taxation des transactions financières et pour l'action citoyenne, généralement connue par son acronyme Attac, est une organisation altermondialiste créée en France en 1998.
Elle est présente dans 38 pays.
Wedensday.
And still on the Island.
Through the night, yet more rain fell, and into the morning so I woke to the sound of yet another cloudburst. But it should be clearing soon.
So, I leap out of bed, do 50 press-ups, have a cold shower and am ready for the rigours of the day ahead, and in this I would be helped by a pot of black coffee and the finest sausage and bacon sandwich known to man.
And a man in the kitchen makes it for me, so all I have to do is eat it.
Non nom nom.
I drink the last dregs off the coffee, and I'm away to work.
It was supposed to be a slow and easy start, but I was summoned to an emergency department meeting, and needed to be at the factory to get internet access.
Our soon-to-be-ex-boss is now officially our ex-boss, and we have a new interim manager.
That's it.
So on with the audit.
Outside, the clouds did clear and the sun did shine, and did shine into the meeting room where even in November was so warm the air conditioning could not cope and we got very warm indeed.
We broke for lunch, and talked about the struggles we face, and how jolly nice the Island is.
Well, it is.
We were done by half three, so I drove back to the hotel, but saw the sign I had passed dozens of times, pointing to the 11th century church of St John the Baptist. Today would be the day to visit.
Light was fading fast, but with a warm light, and only with my compact camera, my shots won't win many prizes, but the best camera is the one you have.
From the outside, it seems to be a very Victorian church, but there is a Norman arch in the porch, and many more details inside, among the Victorian fixtures and fittings.
Inside there is a very tall and narrow Jacobian pulpit, some fine monuments from before the 19th century work, and some what I think is medieval glass, or at least fragements reset.
Back at the hotel I wrote a little then decided I really should go an exercise my fat little legs, so should walk into Cowes for a pint at the Ale House, where there was a fine firkin of porter on.
But, before then, as I walked along the promenade, over the other side of the Solent, the just past full moon rose over the Pompy skyline. It was pretty breath-taking, I leaned on railings to watch it rise and get brighter and its yellow colour fade to pure white.
Dozens of other people were doing the same thing too.
And it was a free show.
My favourite price.
I walk into town and up the Ale House, a group of sailing types were talking over pints of fizzy Eurolager, so I order porter just because I can.
There was a wide range of places to eat, most with lots of free tables.
I wasn't in a seafood mood, curry perhaps, but then at a restaurant I saw they had a dish called "sambal chicken". Sambal is a spicy chili sauce from Indonesia, that I sued to eat lots of when I was on the survey boats.
I asked, do you make your own sambal?
They did.
And cocktails were two for £15.
I order the sambal chicken and a marshmallow martini.
Very fuckin sophisticated.
The sambal was hot, just about bearable, but not not leave any doubt, it came with sliced fresh chilli, as did the Thai spiced cheesy chips.
I eat most of it all, then finish up with a "rhubarb and custard cocktail, which did mix quite poorly with the sambal on the walk back to the hotel.
Back to the hotel, I settle the bill and so all ready to leave in the morning, as I have to catch the six o'clock ferry.
--------------------------------------------
The Church of St. John the Baptist is a parish church located in Northwood, Isle of Wight. The church dates from the 12th century. The mid-19th century saw extensive restoration work carried out on the church. In 1864 the wooden tower and dormer window were both swept away. The restoration was completed in 1874. Despite this restoration work, the church still retains many of its original features including a Norman arch over the south doorway and a Jacobean pulpit.
www.spottinghistory.com/view/12080/church-of-st-john-the-...
----------------------------------------------
NORTHWOOD
Northewode (xiii cent.).
Northwood is a parish and village midway between Newport and Cowes, and now includes Pallance Gate. In 1894 the parish was extended to include a part of the parish of St. Nicholas. (fn. 1) The soil is for the most part loam, while the subsoil is of clay and gravel. The parish contains 4,333 acres, of which 878 acres are arable, 2,612 acres are permanent grass and 419 acres woodlands. There are also 292 acres of foreshore, 2 of land covered by water and 78 by tidal water. Cowes contains 576 acres, of which 2 acres are arable and 166 permanent grass. There are also 35 acres of foreshore and 5 acres of land covered by water. (fn. 2) There is a station on the Isle of Wight Central railway at the cement works, available for Northwood, and the pumping station of the Cowes Waterworks is situated at Broadfields within the parish. The Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers have large works on the Medina at the West Medina Mills, and there are brickworks at Hillis belonging to Messrs. Pritchett. There existed a confraternity of Brothers and Sisters of St. John Baptist (fn. 3) in a building, later called the Church House, which was standing in 1690. It was founded c. 1500 and dissolved in 1536. An old glebe barn, with a date stone 'Restored 1742,' was pulled down in 1901. There is a Council school (mixed), built in 1855 and enlarged in 1906. The rectory-house lies to the east of the church and dates from the 18th century. (fn. 4)
The parish has a long seaboard as the north-west boundary, which includes the bays of Thorness and Gurnard, the latter the landing-place of Charles II in 1671. Gurnard (fn. 5) is a small village, mostly consisting of villas with a number of artisans' dwellings. There are a coastguard station here and a Council school, erected in 1863.
Northwood Park, the property of Mr. E. Granville Ward, was occupied from 1902 to 1906 by a community of Benedictine nuns, who have since moved to Appley, near Ryde (q.v.). The house, which is properly in Cowes, was built in 1837, on the site of a former residence called Belle View, by Mr. George H. Ward, uncle to the present owner, and is a somewhat stately stone building of classic detail, to which a wing has been since added.
At Hurstake on the Medina there was in the 18th century a flourishing shipyard, but by the end of the century it had fallen to decay. (fn. 6)
Cowes was taken out of Northwood and constituted a separate parish under the Local Government Act of 1894. (fn. 7) It is a thriving seaport town, daily increasing inland to the south, and is a terminus of the Isle of Wight Central railway and the main entrance to the Isle of Wight from Southampton. A steam ferry and launch service connect it with East Cowes. The town affairs are regulated under the Local Government Act of 1894 by an urban district council, who have acquired control of the water supply and gasworks. There is a steamboat pier and landingstage, and the Victoria Promenade Pier was built by the urban district council in 1901. There are wharves and storehouses along the Medina. The principal industries are the shipbuilding business of John Samuel White & Co., Ltd., the brass and iron foundry of Messrs. William White, the ropery of Messrs. Henry Bannister & Co. and the well-known sail-making establishment of Messrs. Ratsey & Lapthorn. A recreation ground of 9 acres was presented to the town by Mr. W. G. Ward in 1859.
The main or High Street of Cowes is a narrow, winding, old-fashioned road, widening as it approaches the shore at the north end, and finally terminating in the Parade, the principal sea-front of the town. At the end of the Parade is the Royal Yacht Squadron (fn. 8) Club House, converted to its present use in 1858, and beyond is the 'Green,' made over to the town authorities in 1864 by Mr. George R. Stephenson. The well-known annual regatta is held here the first week in August. (fn. 9) The oldest inn is the 'Fountain,' by the landing-pier, dating from the 18th century. The Gloucester Hotel, by the Parade, was the former home of the Royal Yacht Squadron, and probably owes its name to the visit of the Duke of Gloucester and his sister the Princess Sophia in 1811. The Royal Marine Hotel, also on the Parade, was certainly in existence at the beginning of the 19th century. (fn. 10) A public cemetery, about half a mile south of the town, was opened in 1855, and is under a joint burial board composed of members from Cowes and Northwood.
Besides Northwood Park, the principal residences are Egypt House, (fn. 11) the property of Mr. E. Granville Ward, and Nubia House, the home of Sir Godfrey Baring, late M.P. for the Island.
The name Cowes dates from the beginning of the 16th century, before which time the port—if port it could be called—was higher up the river at Shamblers. (fn. 12) In 1512 the fleet under Sir Edward Haward victualled at Cowes (the Cowe) on its way to Guienne, (fn. 13) so it is evident the place did not take its name from the defensive work, which was certainly not built before 1539. (fn. 14) Leland speaks of forts both at East and West Cowes, (fn. 15) but the former had become a ruin by the 17th century. (fn. 16) The latter, however, was kept up and added to, and had, in addition to the gun platform and magazine, apartments for the captain and gunners, and at the end of the 18th century mounted eleven nine-pounders. (fn. 17)
The inhabitants of this part of Northwood parish seem to have been seafarers and traders, or at any rate smugglers, as early as the 14th century. In July 1395 Thomas Shepherd received a 'pardon of the forfeitures and imprisonment incurred by him because he and two of the ferrymen sold two sacks of wool to men of a skiff from Harflete, carried the said wool as far as le Soland and there delivered the same, taking money.' (fn. 18) At another time he 'sold wool without custom . . . with the clerks of the chapel of the Earl of Salisbury, and at another time with a skiff from Harflete belonging to Janin Boset of Harflue.' (fn. 19)
The merchants' houses and stores were principally at East Cowes, where most of the business was transacted; but West Cowes in the 18th century became a shipbuilding centre, contributing many first-class battleships to the English navy. (fn. 20) By the year 1780 it was 'the place of greatest consideration in the parish of Northwood,' (fn. 21) and though the town was indifferently built, with very narrow streets, the inhabitants managed to be 'in general, genteel and polite although not troublesomely ceremonious.' (fn. 22)
In 1795 there were 2,000 inhabitants and the town had a good trade in provisions to the fleets riding in the roads waiting for a wind or a convoy. While the lower part of Cowes was crowded with seamen's cottages and business premises, the upper part on the hill slope was occupied by villas, chiefly of retired naval men. (fn. 23)
By the 19th century the tide of prosperity began to flow from East to West Cowe, which became a favourite bathing and boating resort, patronized by Royalty. The town now grew rapidly, and in 1816 an Act was passed for 'lighting, cleansing and otherwise improving the town of West Cowes . . . and for establishing a market within the said town.' (fn. 24)
The advent of the Royal Yacht Squadron, and the consequent popularity of racing, put a seal on West Cowes. It became fashionable and has remained so ever since—the hub of the yachting world.
There are two halls for entertainments—the Foresters' Hall in Sun Hill and another in Bridge Road, each capable of seating over 500 people.
There are Council schools in Cross Street (infants), and a mixed school has been lately erected in the same street; boys' and infants' in York Street; non-provided (boys and girls) in Cross Street.
MANORS
There is no mention of a manor of NORTHWOOD in Domesday Book, and it seems probable that then, as in the 13th century, the greater part of the land in the parish formed a member of the manor of Bowcombe in Carisbrooke (fn. 25) (q.v.). In the 17th century this land came to be regarded as a separate manor, but it continued to follow the descent of Bowcombe (fn. 26) until the latter half of the 18th century, when it was presumably sold to the Wards, whose representative, Mr. Edmund Granville Ward, is the present lord of the manor.
There was a small holding in Northwood possibly, as Mr. Stone suggests from research he has made, to be identified with Shamlord (q.v.). It was held, together with other property, under the manor of Bowcombe by a branch of the Trenchard family at least as early as 1338. (fn. 27) In 1560 Richard Trenchard, who seems to have been the grandson of John Trenchard of Chessell in Shalfleet, died seised of this property, which he had held 'in socage by fealty and rent of 25s. yearly, suit at court and finding one man and one woman yearly to mow the corn of the farmer of Bowcombe for one day.' He was succeeded by his son William. (fn. 28)
There were also lands in Northwood which formed a member of the manor of Alvington in Carisbrooke and were held in the reign of Henry III by William de St. Martin. (fn. 29) They afterwards belonged to Sir Stephen Popham (fn. 30) and descended to Sir Nicholas Wadham in the early part of the 16th century, at which time they were regarded as a separate manor; they continued, however, to follow the descent of Alvington (q.v.).
In the reign of Henry VIII there was in the parish much woodland which belonged before the Dissolution to the Prior and convent of Christchurch Twyneham, (fn. 31) who had perhaps bought it from the abbey of St. Mary, Romsey, to which it belonged in the 13th century. (fn. 32) In 1280 this abbey had received from Edward I a confirmation of a charter of Henry II granting them 'all their wood of Northwood, as King Edward gave it to them.' (fn. 33) There is, however, no mention of any property in Northwood among the possessions of Romsey Abbey at its dissolution. In 1544 the wood was granted to Thomas Hopson (fn. 34) and subsequently followed the descent of Ningwood in Shalfleet (q.v.). It was described as 'the manor of Northwood' in 1626, at which time it was in the possession of John Hopson. (fn. 35)
The manor of WERROR (Werore, xii cent.; Werole, xiii cent.; Warror, xvi cent.) was granted to God's House, Southampton, immediately after its foundation about 1197, for it was confirmed to the hospital by Richard I in 1199. (fn. 36) It had been given to the hospital by a certain Mark, and his gift was confirmed in 1209 by his son Roger, of whom the manor was to be held at a yearly rent of 6d. (fn. 37) William de Redvers Earl of Devon (1184–1216) granted to the hospital rights of pasturage and fuel, except for six weeks each year, over the whole land of Werror which belonged to his fee, and which is described as lying within Parkhurst, Northwood, Carisbrooke and the Medina. (fn. 38)
The estate remained in the hands of successive priors until the Dissolution (fn. 39) and passed with God's House to Queen's College, Oxford, (fn. 40) by whom the manor is still owned. (fn. 41)
CHURCHES
The church of ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST lies to the east of the road from Newport to Cowes. It was built as a chapel for the northern portion of the parish of Carisbrooke in the middle of the 12th century, and consists of a chancel, a nave with north and south aisles and a modern tower with spire added at the west end in 1864. The south door is a good specimen of 12th-century work, to be classed with those of Yaverland and Wootton. Both aisles are very narrow and are of four bays, with columns having the characteristic splay-cornered capitals found elsewhere in the Isle of Wight, (fn. 42) and must have been added towards the end of the century, the south being the later. (fn. 43) There are curious flying arches across these, evidently inserted later, to withstand the thrust of the roof and carry the flat above. In the 15th century windows of the period were inserted in the walls and the chancel reroofed, (fn. 44) if not rebuilt, and a small door inserted in the north wall of the nave. There is a good canopied Jacobean pulpit, somewhat similar in detail to that at Wootton. The chancel arch is a plain splay springing direct from the wall without an impost, and looks as though the earlier one had been destroyed and the opening widened in the 15th century. The memorials of interest are a painted wooden tablet to the children of Samuel and Grace Smith, who died in 1668 and 1670, and a curious memorial to Thomas Smith, rector, who died in 1681. (fn. 45)
The one bell, founded by Mears, was hung in 1875.
The plate consists of a chalice inscribed 'T.H. E.L.'; a paten inscribed 'Thomas Troughear, D.D. istius Ecclĩae Rector,' dated 1732; a flagon (plated) inscribed 'Northwood Church, 1831'; an oval paten inscribed '1813.'
The registers date from 1539, and are in seven books (fn. 46) : (i) 1539 to 1593; (ii) 1594 to 1598; (iii) 1599 to 1605; (iv) 1606 to 1618; (v) 1621 to 1660; (vi) 1653 to 1759; (vii) 1743 to 1812.
There is a mission church in Pallance Road with a Sunday school attached.
The church of ST. MARY, WEST COWES, built in 1867 on the site of an earlier church erected in 1657, is a stone structure consisting of chancel, nave of four bays and aisles, with a tower containing one bell and a clock. It has a handsome reredos and a fine organ. There is a brass memorial tablet to Dr. Arnold of Rugby. The living is a vicarage in the gift of the vicar of Carisbrooke. The register dates from 1679.
HOLY TRINITY CHURCH
HOLY TRINITY CHURCH, built of brick in 1832 at the sole expense of the late Mrs. S. Goodwin, was enlarged by the addition of a chancel in 1862. It has a western tower with embattled cornice and angle pinnacles. The register dates from 1833. The living is in the gift of Mr. Ll. Loyd.
The Roman Catholic church of St. Thomas of Canterbury in Terminus Road is a white brick building erected in 1796. There is a large altar-piece by Cau representing the Descent from the Cross, and another of the Death of the Virgin, on the north wall.
At Gurnard is the church of ALL SAINTS, attached to Holy Trinity, Cowes. It is of brick with Bath stone dressings, and has nave, chancel, north and south transepts and a turret with one bell.
ADVOWSONS
The church of Northwood was a chapel of ease to Carisbrooke, and belonged in early times to the priory there, (fn. 47) to which it had been granted by William de Redvers Earl of Devon. When the prior and convent obtained the rectory and endowed the vicarage of Carisbrooke, the tithes of Northwood, both great and small, were assigned to the vicar. (fn. 48) In the reign of Henry VIII Northwood obtained parochial privileges and was exempted from contribution to the repairs of Carisbrooke Church. (fn. 49) The living is still attached to Carisbrooke, and the patrons at the present day are the Provost and Fellows of Queen's College, Oxford.
Cowes is ecclesiastically divided into two districts. The church of St. Mary was built in 1657, and further endowed in 1679 by George Morley Bishop of Winchester, 'provided that the inhabitants should pay the minister (who is always of their own choosing) £40 a year.' (fn. 50) The living is a vicarage, net yearly value £130, in the gift of the vicar of Carisbrooke.
The Roman Catholic church of St. Thomas of Canterbury was served at the beginning of the 19th century by two chaplains of Napoleon's Foreign Legion. The earliest register contains the names of several of the officers and men.
¶There are several large Nonconformist chapels in the town. The oldest of these is the Congregational chapel, which was built in 1804. The Wesleyan chapel was built in 1831, the Baptist chapel in 1877 and the Primitive Methodist and United Methodist Free Churches in 1889.