View allAll Photos Tagged TRANSFORMED
🇫🇷 Fr.
● Série BB 67200 construction de 1963 à 1967
par Brissoneau & Lotz, M.T.E, S.E.M.T.
Type de moteur diesel :
Pielstick 16 PA 4 de S.E.M.T.
Type de transmission :
électrique par génératrice à courant continu.
● Les BB 67200 sont des locomotives Diesel-électriques de la SNCF, issues de la transformation de BB 67000. Elles sont destinées à la circulation sur les lignes à grande vitesse françaises pour les travaux ou le secours des TGV en panne
● Caractéristiques :
Sur la face avant côté extrémité 1, le marchepied frontal central est supprimé et un attelage Scharfenberg de secours y est installé pour secourir et tirer une rame de TGV en panne. À la suite de cela, les UM ne peuvent se faire que par l’extrémité 2.
▪︎ Elles sont équipées suivant leur affectation soit de la TVM 300 soit de la TVM 430. Certaines sont également munies de l'attelage de secours de type BSI.
▪︎ En 2016, SNCF Réseau missionne la société de location Akiem pour commander des engins en remplacement des BB 67200. C'est la BB 79000 (DE 18) de Vossloh qui est sélectionné, les livraisons commencent en 2019
Source :
fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BB_67200
● Brissonneau et Lotz
Brissonneau et Lotz (BL) est une entreprise française de construction mécanique, spécialement de matériel ferroviaire, à l'origine localisée à Nantes, puis sur plusieurs sites français, Creil et Aytré avant d'être intégrée au groupe Alstom en 1972.
Source :
fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brissonneau_et_Lotz
🇬🇧 GB. UK.
The Class BB 67200 diesel locomotives of SNCF were adapted from BB 67000 locomotives.
History
With the opening of the LGV Sud-Est, thirty BB 67000 class locomotives were fitted with cab signalling and radio to operate ballast trains and for use in an emergency on the high speed lines. For the latter purpose they were fitted with a Scharfenberg coupler at one end to enable them to be attached to a TGV rake. Initially the class was based at Nevers.[1] A further 50 locomotives were subsequently converted.
Source :
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In 1991 Erich Bitter was negociating a 51% share participation with the Japanese company FEDCO. This company had interests in Formula One racing and in the British motor racing engineering company Spice Engineering.
MGA Developments from Coventry, who carried out work for Spice Engineering before, were asked to build a prototype for a 2-seater supercar similar to the Jaguar XJR.
In the same year already Erich Bitter presented the Bitter TASCO on the Frakfurt Auto Show together with the facelifted Bitter Type3. The car on the show was a rolling chassis only with a greenish glass fibre body but without running gear or interior.
The idea was to provide the TASCO with a luxury interior like the CD and SC as it was not only meant to be a racing car but also a daily driver. The motorisation would be the 8-litre V10 engine from the Dodge Viper.
In 1992 the financial situation of FEDCO was unstable and the plans for cooperation were canceled. This was also the end for the Bitter TASCO.
The Bitter TASCO prototype can still be seen in the Coventry Transport Museum. The car is repainted in a blueish color and has some other cosmetic chnages. A second unfinished body and chassis was bought by a private person who wanted to transform it into a running car. It has changed owner at least once and it is uncertain what the current status of that project is.
Coventry Transport Museum
Millennium Place
Hales Street
Coventry
England - United kingdom
November 2018
Zihuatanejo at heart a fishing community and if the Mexican government had not decided a few decades ago to transform nearby Ixtapa into a tourist hive, Zihuatanejo would likely have remained primarily fishing centric.
The bay the town is nestled in is not just picturesque, it’s also abundant with fish. As a result, fresh seafood dishes are a local specialty.
If you get up early you can see Zihuatanejo’s fish market in action. Fishing occurs in the dark hours of the morning and around dawn the dozens of small fishing boats convene on Playa Principal to sell their catches.
For an hour or two, the makeshift market on the beach is hectic. Not long after that there’s little sign that just a few hours before it had been the scene of a bustling and vibrant market that helps define and sustain the town.
This is commerce the old-fashioned way. There’s no neon or fancy refrigeration here – the fish are as fresh as can be, and they’re sold well before spoiling becomes an issue, on their way to the refrigerators of the local homes, restaurants, and hotels.
The catch of the day is laid out on sheets and tarps on the sand just feet from where the boats are pulled up. Prices are mercurial and negotiable.
Don’t expect Chilean Sea Bass, Swordfish, Barramundi, or scallops here – the entire catch is local, so if it can’t be caught in the immediate area with small fishing boats, it’s not going to be for sale.
There is another side to the story. There is a large commercial fishing fleet working off shore. The output from this fishery is quickly prepped and dispatched daily to restaurants in Mexico city and other major interior cities.
This weekend, I made progress on Violet’s Journey, our animated fairy tale featuring Natalina’s art ducks.
These new mockups show what Violet could look like with a beaded skirt and a new pair of wings, against different backgrounds. For this prototype, I mounted an oval plate between her belly and the robot base, then loosely hung some of Natalina's beads, for discussion purposes. I then superimposed my green screen capture of this prototype against some of the nature photos we used for the first storyboard, as well as a simpler backdrop using silhouetted shapes and gradient lighting.
Our first goal for this test is to cover the wheels and robot parts below the duck’s belly, as they seem out of place for a fairy tale. To that end, we plan to create a beaded curtain, using necklaces from Natalina’s treasure trove of jewels.
The second goal is to make Violet more expressive, as the decoy ducks are static and can’t show their feelings very well. To that end, we’re considering giving her new wings that could flap in different ways to show a range of emotions. These wings could be laser cut out of white or translucent acrylic, backlit with neopixels and made to flap gently with a servo motor attached to the oval float.
Lastly, we are experimenting with different background styles, ranging from photo-realistic backdrops to simpler landscapes with painted shapes and lighting. These simple shapes could be cut out on cardboard -- or laser cut on thin wood: I now have tons of vector files to choose from, besides the chinese landscape I used in this test. Both the forest and the cave would seem easy to implement. This first mockup is very flat, but we can add more color and texture over the laser cut shapes, to make them more real.
What do you think? Is it OK that Violet is not floating on water like a normal duck, but hovering over the ground with a beaded skirt and twitchy wings? How do you like the new backdrop idea? I think this could work if we set it up in a magical world, with surreal landscapes not just photo-realistic nature shots.
View more photos of Violet’s Journey and the Wonderbots experiment: bit.ly/wonderbot-photos
Check out our story guide for this work progress:
docs.google.com/document/d/1ceHph_XI-3m1mBk4lpduQ-JgCzGrH...
LIBRARY OF TRANSFORMED INFORMATION (2002/2003) by Wolfgang Becksteiner (Austria)
Location: Pavilion of Admont Monastery
Wolfgang Becksteiner deforms books: on internal as well as external levels of access and reception. In an on-going process that lasted 365 days and also included extensive conceptual studies to develop appropriate working methods, he attempted to master this task both technically and with regard to the contents. The material - 3650 used books published from 1800 to today - was provided to him by collectors, antiquarian dealers, and friends. With meticulousness and patience the artist began his task: the process of transforming the extensive text archive from several centuries by tearing apart and pressing the shreds into each book's original form, thus redefining contents as well as external appearance.
Once just a fence, now transformed into a memorial to the 51 people who died and the many who were injured in the Christchurch massacre. this is just a very very small part of the flowers and messages left by the people of Christchurch in support of the Muslim community of Christchurch. And appalling tragedy.
Rodimus Prime , leader of the Autobots . He transforms into a futuristic winnebago and a battle station /weapons platform too,
For more photos..
alanyuppie.blogspot.com/2017/11/lego-rodimus-prime-part-3...
And videos...
www.youtube.com/user/alanyuppie
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This year's first visit to Thorpe Park was today (May 5th 2016) and what a glorious day it was! However with only 3 visiting coaches, I also sought permission to visit the First School Bus depot adjacent to the theme park.
Here, First Beeline BMC Falcon 1100FE B60F rests away from the Bluebirds.
Demonstration video of the SNES Transformer: www.youtube.com/watch?v=583EZB93ZRc
This a slightly retooled variation of my LEGO Super Nintendo Transformers set, which was altered to have some of its principal joints removed to make it non-transforming. This was done in September while I was editing raw footage for my demonstration video, since I did this for the sole purpose of submitting my concept to LEGO Ideas. And basically, I wanted to submit an entry of a solid, non-transforming game console much akin to the official NES set from 2020, as the transformation function would be too cumbersome for average consumers – not to mention licensing issues with Transformers, as they're property of Hasbo. Unfortunately, after making these changes to my MOCs and shooting these photos, I prepared an entry to LEGO Ideas but was instantly rejected due to licensing restrictions with Nintendo as an intellectual property.
With that said, I decided to still release these photos of the updated console/accessories, since the new aesthetic changes are more accurate to a real SNES. For example, the dummy game cartridge looks more like a real SNES cartridge than the transforming version I built, since I wasn't confined to the usage of certain joint pieces which made the creations look wonky. Another set of joints I removed was the ball and socket set on the front of the console by the controller ports, and thus I fixed the little red light on the front left.
Maybe LEGO Group will change their minds and allow me to submit this as a model; I'd love to share this as a retail set.
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Wintertime in New York City transforms the moist air from the East River Generating Stacks into white puffy clouds.
I took this with Fuji's Velvia 100 film. This film is the Ferrari of films. I write more about here: www.chrisford.com/blog/fuji-velvia.
Transformative Space
Enter a cathartic pursuit. The passage entrance was small and did not indicate what we were to experience—assessing the unknowns in space, shifting dramatically from concept to academic self-questioning to a deconstructed disorientation. I followed our seers upstairs, through multiple room scapes, and down corridors, to when and where I finally realised. I had to select which self-delusion was best for me. In hindsight, I have re-entered these rooms my entire life, and my disconnection between acting and actioning required resolution. To begin a transformation and build a manifestation of social-spatial exclusiveness. To play as one within this curated experience, as a spectator and participant. A paradox in finding meaning and fulfilment.
Graphic Novel - Contemporary Art by JJFBbennett.
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Madeira Diferente -
Building these stone walls transformed Madeira as early as the fifteenth century. During that time, settlers changed the rugged landscape of Madeira. They changed it from a natural forest with dense Laurisilva forest to a tamed one. The early inhabitants transformed their surroundings into an agricultural landscape with small, flat plots of land.
TSCHE-CHU-CHU-CHU-TSCHE
Lego Sideswipe - Masterpiece Brickformer (MB-03).
Fully transformable without removing pieces.
I started work on this before Soundwave and Nemesis but his transformation was so difficult that it took the longest to build. wrapping his arms (doors) around the front wheels was the biggest challenge. But I am most proud of the feet - as they turn into the seats when in vehicle mode.
For Layers of Color: All images except the black cat and long-necked bird are from antique books or magazines
This one was tough! I probably will have to do more work on it to be satisfied, or even scratch the whole thing and start over, but I an really having fun doing these age regression pieces! Not being a great artist, it's been a challenge.
This is the second photo of my great grandmother that I have done. I think the first one was probably more accurate, but I liked the shot of her so much that I decided to give it a go, anyway. I am not pleased with the face shaping, or the eyes, but I thought the mouth and nose came out well.
There are only about three photos of my Great Grandmother that I know of in existence, and I have them. It means a lot to me to be able to transform the old woman into her younger self. The only thing I have to go on is her own face shape and bone structure and the knowledge of what my mother, grandmother, and great aunt looked like. That is how I have been feeling my way through this work. In an attempt to retrieve the family resemblance that is nearly lost in an elderly face, I pretty much have to go with my gut. I sure wish I had just one photo of her when she was younger!
I'm going to see if I can do this with my other relatives' photos, and see if the final results look like them. Then I will know I'm on the right track. Since I can do it on my own, even though I don't look as nearly as old as Granny did, I think I'll get more accurate as I go along.
Alva Noto
CD :
Alva Noto
For Gerd Müller
Noton
N-067
Sounds . Carsten Nicolai
Design . Carsten Nicolai . Nibo
Noton . Archiv Für Ton Und Nichtton
Postcard :
Gerd Müller
Mannschaft
1974
Use Hearing Protection
GMA
hrough one of the alternate plain glass windows in the Round Church (1185) - Temple Church, London. Built by the Knights Templar, the soldier monks who protected pilgrims to the Holy Land during the crusades.
The cold, grey and windy day outside was transformed by the random ripples in the old glass.
Front Street, Issaquah, Washington. The city has restored the original Shell Station and transformed it into the visitor's bureau. It's what greets a visitor coming into Issaquah on the main street, Front Street.
Much of downtown Issaquah looks like an early to mid 20th century western mining town. There's a saloon like feel to some of the buildings.
I live a couple blocks from here.
Alva Noto
Book :
Hannettica
Homage To A Typeface
Lars Müller
2007
CD :
Joy Division
Unknown Pleasures
Factory
FAC10
Design . Peter Saville
iMusic :
Alva Noto
Prototypes
Noton
N-012
GMHA ...
"What am I doing in this den of wild beasts?
The gods we have chosen to worship have changed us all into demons.
What is most correct is to have our bones ground by the teeth of lions . . .
To have our minds transformed into the image of one who flies into far distances."
D.A. Adams
Le bois de Boulogne, situé à l'Ouest de Paris auquel il appartient, depuis qu'il a été détaché au milieu du XIXe siècle de la ville de Boulogne-sur-Seine (auj. Boulogne-Billancourt), dont il a conservé le nom, est le dernier reste de la forêt de Rouvray, qui s'étendait jadis sur les plaines et les coteaux de la rive droite de la Seine, jusqu'à Saint-Ouen. Cette forêt fut longtemps repaire de vagabonds et de voleurs, et dans lequel les anciens rois firent des chasses splendides. Appelé bois de Saint-Cloud après le démembrement de cette antique forêt, il reçut sa dénomination actuelle au XIVe siècle, avec le petit hameau de Menus-lez-Saint-Cloud, - lorsque des pèlerins y construisirent une église consacrée à Notre-Dame de Boulogne-sur-Mer.
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Bois de Boulogne : le lac.
Le lac du bois de Boulogne.
Un grand nombre de souvenirs historiques se rattachent à cet endroit : l'Abbaye de Longchamps (Longchamp), dont il ne reste que quelques ruines et deux tourelles des bâtiments fondés en 1256 par Isabelle de France, soeur de saint Louis; la Croix Catelan, élevée (d'après un récit d'allure légendaire) par Philippe le Bel à l'endroit où fut assassiné Arnauld de Catalan, troubadour provençal, messager de la comtesse de Provence; le château de Madrid, édifié par François Il, au retour de sa captivité en Espagne, démoli en 1793, et dont il ne reste que quelques communs; le pavillon de Bagatelle, construit par la duchesse de Charolais et transformé par le comte d'Artois en Folie dont le délicieux parc était à certains jours ouvert aux Parisiens; le château de la Muette, que la duchesse de Berry, Louis XV et la Dubarry ont rendu célèbre; enfin le Ranelagh, bal favori des Muscadins et des dames de la nouvelle Athènes. Cruellement dévasté par l'invasion qui mit fin à l'épopée napoléonienne, le bois de Boulogne n'en devint pas moins, en 1830, le rendez-vous des Parisiens élégants. Il ne méritait guère cet honneur : sa végétation pauvre, ses routes droites, mal entretenues et sans horizons en faisaient une promenade indigne de la capitale de la France.
Par une loi du 25 juin 1852, l'Etat fut autorisé à céder le Bois de Boulogne à la ville de Paris, à la charge par elle d'y faire les travaux qui ont complètement changé sa physionomie en le transformant en un vaste parc paysager, et de subvenir à toutes les dépenses de surveillance et d'entretien. Les plans furent tracés, d'après les indications de l'Empereur lui-même, par Varé, architecte paysagiste, et achevés par Barillet-Deschamps, jardinier en chef. Alphand, ingénieur des ponts et chaussées, a dirigé les travaux d'art. Les dépenses faites par la ville se sont élevées à plus de 4 millions de francs.
Cette métamorphose, entreprise dès 1853, commença par la création de deux lacs, dont le plus grand ne mesure pas moins de 19 hectares y compris les deux îles d'une superficie de 80 000 m². Avec les déblais provenant des fouilles, on forma la butte Mortemart d'où l'on découvre l'ensemble du Bois et de jolis points de vue sur les hauteurs qui dominent Paris. Pour donner un écoulement aux eaux du grand lac, on creusa le ruisseau de Longchamps, qui, après avoir serpenté sous bois, va former la cascade de la Mare aux biches et vient se perdre dans un réservoir de 8000 m², qui alimente la grande cascade. Un autre ruisseau alimenta les mares d'Armenonville, de Neuilly et de Madrid. L'approvisionnement d'eau des lacs, cascades et ruisseaux fut assuré par une conduite d'amenée des eaux de l'Ourcq et par le puits artésien de Passy, terminé en 1864, qui fournissait environ 10000 mètres cubes d'eau par vingt-quatre heures. Les eaux de la Seine, levées par les machines de Chaillot, servirent à l'arrosage des parties hautes du Bois.
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La cascade du bois de Boulogne.
Les travaux qui suivirent eurent pour objet de transformer la plupart des allées droites en routes sinueuses, empierrées pour les voitures, sablées pour les cavaliers, et en sentiers sous bois pour les piétons. De nos jours, ces allées sont envahies par des foules de cyclistes chaque dimanche. Enfin après avoir créé de vastes pelouses autour des lacs, on planta en grands arbres et en arbustes de choix les îles du grand lac, les nouvelles entrées du Bois et les abords des routes principales. De plus, pour la commodité des promeneurs, la ville de Paris repoussa jusqu'aux extrémités du Bois les portes d'octroi.
Dans ce renouvellement de la plus ancienne et de la plus fréquentée des grandes promenades de Paris, on a scrupuleusement respecté les souvenirs historiques qu'elle renferme : la croix Catelan, la tour et le moulin de Lonchamps qui furent restaurés avec soin. De gracieuses constructions furent élevées pour orner les différentes parties du Bois et l'on remarque l'heureux effet du kiosque et de l'exèdre des îles du grand lac, les pavillons d'habitation des gardes, les chalets-restaurants et le Pavillon chinois de l'Exposition universelle de 1878, donné par le maréchal de Mac-Mahon à la ville de Paris. Divers concessionnaires ont encore augmenté l'attrait du bois de Boulogne par la création de l'hippodrome de Longchamp (1854), pour les courses plates et de l'hippodrome l'Auteuil (1873), pour les courses d'obstacles. Le pré Catelan, autrefois exploité par une entreprise particulière, devint, avec son joli parc et ses élégantes constructions, un des endroits les plus goûtés du public. Les promeneurs se portèrent également très tôt au Jardin (zoologique) d'acclimation créé de 1858 à 1861 dans la partie Nord du bois, entre la porte des Sablons et celle de Neuilly, et qui dispose aujourd'hui d'un vaste espace destiné aux enfants.
La forme générale de ce jardin, parfaitement appropriée à sa destination qu'on lui faisait, est celle d'un vallon à pentes douces dont le centre est occupé par un petit cours d'eau qui, sur plusieurs points de son parcours, s'élargit en bassins et se perd dans un petit lac d'une forme gracieuse. Enfin, le Cercle des Patineurs, établi sur la pelouse de Madrid en 1865, afin de réunir tous les jeux du sport et présente un fort bel aspect quand la saison permet d'y donner les fêtes pour lesquelles il a été créé. La superficie du bois de Boulogne était, à l'époque de la cession, de 676 hectares, mais par suite d'acquisitions, d'échanges et de ventes de terrains, la surface a été portée au chiffre actuel de 873 hectares.
© 2011 David Young-Wolff All rights reserved
davidyoung-wolff.blogspot.com/
Here is what the artist Naomi says about this piece of art,
This mask was created for many coinciding purposes, but most importantly with the intent to
transform. Although clearly not a traditional mask, and indeed to the contrary, a mask that was
designed for war and, arguably, a tool of fear and genocide; it is my intent to recreate the mask
through art. By decorating the mask as I have, I seek to transcend the bleakness of its origin and
to breathe new life into its rigid man-made material through the real and symbolic act of layering it
with the organic life of the deer hide. In some way, the mask has been reborn with its own
power to transform; though perhaps not to transform the wearer into spirit, certainly to alter the
character of the wearer’s spirit.
Bodie is a ghost town in the Bodie Hills east of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in Mono County, California, United States. It is about 75 miles (121 km) southeast of Lake Tahoe, and 12 mi (19 km) east-southeast of Bridgeport, at an elevation of 8,379 feet (2554 m). Bodie became a boom town in 1876 (146 years ago) after the discovery of a profitable line of gold; by 1879 it had a population of 7,000–10,000.
The town went into decline in the subsequent decades and came to be described as a ghost town by 1915 (107 years ago). The U.S. Department of the Interior recognizes the designated Bodie Historic District as a National Historic Landmark.
Also registered as a California Historical Landmark, the ghost town officially was established as Bodie State Historic Park in 1962. It receives about 200,000 visitors yearly. Bodie State Historic Park is partly supported by the Bodie Foundation.
Bodie began as a mining camp of little note following the discovery of gold in 1859 by a group of prospectors, including W. S. Bodey. Bodey died in a blizzard the following November while making a supply trip to Monoville (near present-day Mono City), never getting to see the rise of the town that was named after him. According to area pioneer Judge J. G. McClinton, the district's name was changed from "Bodey," "Body," and a few other phonetic variations, to "Bodie," after a painter in the nearby boomtown of Aurora, lettered a sign "Bodie Stables".
Gold discovered at Bodie coincided with the discovery of silver at nearby Aurora (thought to be in California, later found to be Nevada), and the distant Comstock Lode beneath Virginia City, Nevada. But while these two towns boomed, interest in Bodie remained lackluster. By 1868 only two companies had built stamp mills at Bodie, and both had failed.
In 1876, the Standard Company discovered a profitable deposit of gold-bearing ore, which transformed Bodie from an isolated mining camp comprising a few prospectors and company employees to a Wild West boomtown. Rich discoveries in the adjacent Bodie Mine during 1878 attracted even more hopeful people. By 1879, Bodie had a population of approximately 7,000–10,000 people and around 2,000 buildings. One legend says that in 1880, Bodie was California's second or third largest city. but the U.S. Census of that year disproves this. Over the years 1860-1941 Bodie's mines produced gold and silver valued at an estimated US$34 million (in 1986 dollars, or $85 million in 2021).
Bodie boomed from late 1877 through mid– to late 1880. The first newspaper, The Standard Pioneer Journal of Mono County, published its first edition on October 10, 1877. Starting as a weekly, it soon expanded publication to three times a week. It was also during this time that a telegraph line was built which connected Bodie with Bridgeport and Genoa, Nevada. California and Nevada newspapers predicted Bodie would become the next Comstock Lode. Men from both states were lured to Bodie by the prospect of another bonanza.
Gold bullion from the town's nine stamp mills was shipped to Carson City, Nevada, by way of Aurora, Wellington and Gardnerville. Most shipments were accompanied by armed guards. After the bullion reached Carson City, it was delivered to the mint there, or sent by rail to the mint in San Francisco.
As a bustling gold mining center, Bodie had the amenities of larger towns, including a Wells Fargo Bank, four volunteer fire companies, a brass band, railroad, miners' and mechanics' union, several daily newspapers, and a jail. At its peak, 65 saloons lined Main Street, which was a mile long. Murders, shootouts, barroom brawls, and stagecoach holdups were regular occurrences.
As with other remote mining towns, Bodie had a popular, though clandestine, red light district on the north end of town. There is an unsubstantiated story of Rosa May, a prostitute who, in the style of Florence Nightingale, came to the aid of the town menfolk when a serious epidemic struck the town at the height of its boom. She is credited with giving life-saving care to many, but after she died, was buried outside the cemetery fence.
Bodie had a Chinatown, the main street of which ran at a right angle to Bodie's Main Street. At one point it had several hundred Chinese residents and a Taoist temple. Opium dens were plentiful in this area.
Bodie also had a cemetery on the outskirts of town and a nearby mortuary. It is the only building in the town built of red brick three courses thick, most likely for insulation to keep the air temperature steady during the cold winters and hot summers. The cemetery includes a Miners Union section, and a cenotaph erected to honor President James A. Garfield. The Bodie Boot Hill was located outside of the official city cemetery.
On Main Street stands the Miners Union Hall, which was the meeting place for labor unions. It also served as an entertainment center that hosted dances, concerts, plays, and school recitals. It now serves as a museum.
The first signs of decline appeared in 1880 and became obvious toward the end of the year. Promising mining booms in Butte, Montana; Tombstone, Arizona; and Utah lured men away from Bodie. The get-rich-quick, single miners who came to the town in the 1870s moved on to these other booms, and Bodie developed into a family-oriented community. In 1882 residents built the Methodist Church (which still stands) and the Roman Catholic Church (burned 1928). Despite the population decline, the mines were flourishing, and in 1881 Bodie's ore production was recorded at a high of $3.1 million. Also in 1881, a narrow-gauge railroad was built called the Bodie Railway & Lumber Company, bringing lumber, cordwood, and mine timbers to the mining district from Mono Mills south of Mono Lake.
During the early 1890s, Bodie enjoyed a short revival from technological advancements in the mines that continued to support the town. In 1890, the recently invented cyanide process promised to recover gold and silver from discarded mill tailings and from low-grade ore bodies that had been passed over. In 1892, the Standard Company built its own hydroelectric plant approximately 13 miles (20.9 km) away at Dynamo Pond. The plant developed a maximum of 130 horsepower (97 kW) and 3,530 volts alternating current (AC) to power the company's 20-stamp mill. This pioneering installation marked the country's first transmissions of electricity over a long distance.
In 1910, the population was recorded at 698 people, which were predominantly families who decided to stay in Bodie instead of moving on to other prosperous strikes.
The first signs of an official decline occurred in 1912 with the printing of the last Bodie newspaper, The Bodie Miner. In a 1913 book titled California Tourist Guide and Handbook: Authentic Description of Routes of Travel and Points of Interest in California, the authors, Wells and Aubrey Drury, described Bodie as a "mining town, which is the center of a large mineral region". They referred to two hotels and a railroad operating there. In 1913, the Standard Consolidated Mine closed.
Mining profits in 1914 were at a low of $6,821. James S. Cain bought everything from the town lots to the mining claims, and reopened the Standard mill to former employees, which resulted in an over $100,000 profit in 1915. However, this financial growth was not in time to stop the town's decline. In 1917, the Bodie Railway was abandoned and its iron tracks were scrapped.
The last mine closed in 1942, due to War Production Board order L-208, shutting down all non-essential gold mines in the United States during World War II. Mining never resumed after the war.
Bodie was first described as a "ghost town" in 1915. In a time when auto travel was on the rise, many travelers reached Bodie via automobiles. The San Francisco Chronicle published an article in 1919 to dispute the "ghost town" label.
By 1920, Bodie's population was recorded by the US Federal Census at a total of 120 people. Despite the decline and a severe fire in the business district in 1932, Bodie had permanent residents through nearly half of the 20th century. A post office operated at Bodie from 1877 to 1942
In the 1940s, the threat of vandalism faced the ghost town. The Cain family, who owned much of the land, hired caretakers to protect and to maintain the town's structures. Martin Gianettoni, one of the last three people living in Bodie in 1943, was a caretaker.
Bodie is now an authentic Wild West ghost town.
The town was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961, and in 1962 the state legislature authorized creation of Bodie State Historic Park. A total of 170 buildings remained. Bodie has been named as California's official state gold rush ghost town.
Visitors arrive mainly via SR 270, which runs from US 395 near Bridgeport to the west; the last three miles of it is a dirt road. There is also a road to SR 167 near Mono Lake in the south, but this road is extremely rough, with more than 10 miles of dirt track in a bad state of repair. Due to heavy snowfall, the roads to Bodie are usually closed in winter .
Today, Bodie is preserved in a state of arrested decay. Only a small part of the town survived, with about 110 structures still standing, including one of many once operational gold mills. Visitors can walk the deserted streets of a town that once was a bustling area of activity. Interiors remain as they were left and stocked with goods. Littered throughout the park, one can find small shards of china dishes, square nails and an occasional bottle, but removing these items is against the rules of the park.
The California State Parks' ranger station is located in one of the original homes on Green Street.
In 2009 and again in 2010, Bodie was scheduled to be closed. The California state legislature worked out a budget compromise that enabled the state's Parks Closure Commission to keep it open. As of 2022, the park is still operating, now administered by the Bodie Foundation.
California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2 million residents across a total area of approximately 163,696 square miles (423,970 km2), it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the most populated subnational entity in North America and the 34th most populous in the world. The Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second and fifth most populous urban regions respectively, with the former having more than 18.7 million residents and the latter having over 9.6 million. Sacramento is the state's capital, while Los Angeles is the most populous city in the state and the second most populous city in the country. San Francisco is the second most densely populated major city in the country. Los Angeles County is the country's most populous, while San Bernardino County is the largest county by area in the country. California borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, the Mexican state of Baja California to the south; and has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean to the west.
The economy of the state of California is the largest in the United States, with a $3.4 trillion gross state product (GSP) as of 2022. It is the largest sub-national economy in the world. If California were a sovereign nation, it would rank as the world's fifth-largest economy as of 2022, behind Germany and ahead of India, as well as the 37th most populous. The Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second- and third-largest urban economies ($1.0 trillion and $0.5 trillion respectively as of 2020). The San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area had the nation's highest gross domestic product per capita ($106,757) among large primary statistical areas in 2018, and is home to five of the world's ten largest companies by market capitalization and four of the world's ten richest people.
Prior to European colonization, California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America and contained the highest Native American population density north of what is now Mexico. European exploration in the 16th and 17th centuries led to the colonization of California by the Spanish Empire. In 1804, it was included in Alta California province within the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821, following its successful war for independence, but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican–American War. The California Gold Rush started in 1848 and led to dramatic social and demographic changes, including large-scale immigration into California, a worldwide economic boom, and the California genocide of indigenous people. The western portion of Alta California was then organized and admitted as the 31st state on September 9, 1850, following the Compromise of 1850.
Notable contributions to popular culture, for example in entertainment and sports, have their origins in California. The state also has made noteworthy contributions in the fields of communication, information, innovation, environmentalism, economics, and politics. It is the home of Hollywood, the oldest and one of the largest film industries in the world, which has had a profound influence upon global entertainment. It is considered the origin of the hippie counterculture, beach and car culture, and the personal computer, among other innovations. The San Francisco Bay Area and the Greater Los Angeles Area are widely seen as the centers of the global technology and film industries, respectively. California's economy is very diverse: 58% of it is based on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific, and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5% of the state's economy, California's agriculture industry has the highest output of any U.S. state. California's ports and harbors handle about a third of all U.S. imports, most originating in Pacific Rim international trade.
The state's extremely diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast and metropolitan areas in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east, and from the redwood and Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast. The Central Valley, a major agricultural area, dominates the state's center. California is well known for its warm Mediterranean climate and monsoon seasonal weather. The large size of the state results in climates that vary from moist temperate rainforest in the north to arid desert in the interior, as well as snowy alpine in the mountains.
Settled by successive waves of arrivals during at least the last 13,000 years, California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America. Various estimates of the native population have ranged from 100,000 to 300,000. The indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct ethnic groups, inhabiting environments from mountains and deserts to islands and redwood forests. These groups were also diverse in their political organization, with bands, tribes, villages, and on the resource-rich coasts, large chiefdoms, such as the Chumash, Pomo and Salinan. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered social and economic relationships between many groups.
The first Europeans to explore the coast of California were the members of a Spanish maritime expedition led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in 1542. Cabrillo was commissioned by Antonio de Mendoza, the Viceroy of New Spain, to lead an expedition up the Pacific coast in search of trade opportunities; they entered San Diego Bay on September 28, 1542, and reached at least as far north as San Miguel Island. Privateer and explorer Francis Drake explored and claimed an undefined portion of the California coast in 1579, landing north of the future city of San Francisco. Sebastián Vizcaíno explored and mapped the coast of California in 1602 for New Spain, putting ashore in Monterey. Despite the on-the-ground explorations of California in the 16th century, Rodríguez's idea of California as an island persisted. Such depictions appeared on many European maps well into the 18th century.
The Portolá expedition of 1769-70 was a pivotal event in the Spanish colonization of California, resulting in the establishment of numerous missions, presidios, and pueblos. The military and civil contingent of the expedition was led by Gaspar de Portolá, who traveled over land from Sonora into California, while the religious component was headed by Junípero Serra, who came by sea from Baja California. In 1769, Portolá and Serra established Mission San Diego de Alcalá and the Presidio of San Diego, the first religious and military settlements founded by the Spanish in California. By the end of the expedition in 1770, they would establish the Presidio of Monterey and Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo on Monterey Bay.
After the Portolà expedition, Spanish missionaries led by Father-President Serra set out to establish 21 Spanish missions of California along El Camino Real ("The Royal Road") and along the Californian coast, 16 sites of which having been chosen during the Portolá expedition. Numerous major cities in California grew out of missions, including San Francisco (Mission San Francisco de Asís), San Diego (Mission San Diego de Alcalá), Ventura (Mission San Buenaventura), or Santa Barbara (Mission Santa Barbara), among others.
Juan Bautista de Anza led a similarly important expedition throughout California in 1775–76, which would extend deeper into the interior and north of California. The Anza expedition selected numerous sites for missions, presidios, and pueblos, which subsequently would be established by settlers. Gabriel Moraga, a member of the expedition, would also christen many of California's prominent rivers with their names in 1775–1776, such as the Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River. After the expedition, Gabriel's son, José Joaquín Moraga, would found the pueblo of San Jose in 1777, making it the first civilian-established city in California.
The Spanish founded Mission San Juan Capistrano in 1776, the third to be established of the Californian missions.
During this same period, sailors from the Russian Empire explored along the northern coast of California. In 1812, the Russian-American Company established a trading post and small fortification at Fort Ross on the North Coast. Fort Ross was primarily used to supply Russia's Alaskan colonies with food supplies. The settlement did not meet much success, failing to attract settlers or establish long term trade viability, and was abandoned by 1841.
During the War of Mexican Independence, Alta California was largely unaffected and uninvolved in the revolution, though many Californios supported independence from Spain, which many believed had neglected California and limited its development. Spain's trade monopoly on California had limited the trade prospects of Californians. Following Mexican independence, Californian ports were freely able to trade with foreign merchants. Governor Pablo Vicente de Solá presided over the transition from Spanish colonial rule to independent.
In 1821, the Mexican War of Independence gave the Mexican Empire (which included California) independence from Spain. For the next 25 years, Alta California remained a remote, sparsely populated, northwestern administrative district of the newly independent country of Mexico, which shortly after independence became a republic. The missions, which controlled most of the best land in the state, were secularized by 1834 and became the property of the Mexican government. The governor granted many square leagues of land to others with political influence. These huge ranchos or cattle ranches emerged as the dominant institutions of Mexican California. The ranchos developed under ownership by Californios (Hispanics native of California) who traded cowhides and tallow with Boston merchants. Beef did not become a commodity until the 1849 California Gold Rush.
From the 1820s, trappers and settlers from the United States and Canada began to arrive in Northern California. These new arrivals used the Siskiyou Trail, California Trail, Oregon Trail and Old Spanish Trail to cross the rugged mountains and harsh deserts in and surrounding California. The early government of the newly independent Mexico was highly unstable, and in a reflection of this, from 1831 onwards, California also experienced a series of armed disputes, both internal and with the central Mexican government. During this tumultuous political period Juan Bautista Alvarado was able to secure the governorship during 1836–1842. The military action which first brought Alvarado to power had momentarily declared California to be an independent state, and had been aided by Anglo-American residents of California, including Isaac Graham. In 1840, one hundred of those residents who did not have passports were arrested, leading to the Graham Affair, which was resolved in part with the intercession of Royal Navy officials.
One of the largest ranchers in California was John Marsh. After failing to obtain justice against squatters on his land from the Mexican courts, he determined that California should become part of the United States. Marsh conducted a letter-writing campaign espousing the California climate, the soil, and other reasons to settle there, as well as the best route to follow, which became known as "Marsh's route". His letters were read, reread, passed around, and printed in newspapers throughout the country, and started the first wagon trains rolling to California. He invited immigrants to stay on his ranch until they could get settled, and assisted in their obtaining passports.
After ushering in the period of organized emigration to California, Marsh became involved in a military battle between the much-hated Mexican general, Manuel Micheltorena and the California governor he had replaced, Juan Bautista Alvarado. The armies of each met at the Battle of Providencia near Los Angeles. Marsh had been forced against his will to join Micheltorena's army. Ignoring his superiors, during the battle, he signaled the other side for a parley. There were many settlers from the United States fighting on both sides. He convinced these men that they had no reason to be fighting each other. As a result of Marsh's actions, they abandoned the fight, Micheltorena was defeated, and California-born Pio Pico was returned to the governorship. This paved the way to California's ultimate acquisition by the United States.
In 1846, a group of American settlers in and around Sonoma rebelled against Mexican rule during the Bear Flag Revolt. Afterward, rebels raised the Bear Flag (featuring a bear, a star, a red stripe and the words "California Republic") at Sonoma. The Republic's only president was William B. Ide,[65] who played a pivotal role during the Bear Flag Revolt. This revolt by American settlers served as a prelude to the later American military invasion of California and was closely coordinated with nearby American military commanders.
The California Republic was short-lived; the same year marked the outbreak of the Mexican–American War (1846–48).
Commodore John D. Sloat of the United States Navy sailed into Monterey Bay in 1846 and began the U.S. military invasion of California, with Northern California capitulating in less than a month to the United States forces. In Southern California, Californios continued to resist American forces. Notable military engagements of the conquest include the Battle of San Pasqual and the Battle of Dominguez Rancho in Southern California, as well as the Battle of Olómpali and the Battle of Santa Clara in Northern California. After a series of defensive battles in the south, the Treaty of Cahuenga was signed by the Californios on January 13, 1847, securing a censure and establishing de facto American control in California.
Following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 2, 1848) that ended the war, the westernmost portion of the annexed Mexican territory of Alta California soon became the American state of California, and the remainder of the old territory was then subdivided into the new American Territories of Arizona, Nevada, Colorado and Utah. The even more lightly populated and arid lower region of old Baja California remained as a part of Mexico. In 1846, the total settler population of the western part of the old Alta California had been estimated to be no more than 8,000, plus about 100,000 Native Americans, down from about 300,000 before Hispanic settlement in 1769.
In 1848, only one week before the official American annexation of the area, gold was discovered in California, this being an event which was to forever alter both the state's demographics and its finances. Soon afterward, a massive influx of immigration into the area resulted, as prospectors and miners arrived by the thousands. The population burgeoned with United States citizens, Europeans, Chinese and other immigrants during the great California Gold Rush. By the time of California's application for statehood in 1850, the settler population of California had multiplied to 100,000. By 1854, more than 300,000 settlers had come. Between 1847 and 1870, the population of San Francisco increased from 500 to 150,000.
The seat of government for California under Spanish and later Mexican rule had been located in Monterey from 1777 until 1845. Pio Pico, the last Mexican governor of Alta California, had briefly moved the capital to Los Angeles in 1845. The United States consulate had also been located in Monterey, under consul Thomas O. Larkin.
In 1849, a state Constitutional Convention was first held in Monterey. Among the first tasks of the convention was a decision on a location for the new state capital. The first full legislative sessions were held in San Jose (1850–1851). Subsequent locations included Vallejo (1852–1853), and nearby Benicia (1853–1854); these locations eventually proved to be inadequate as well. The capital has been located in Sacramento since 1854 with only a short break in 1862 when legislative sessions were held in San Francisco due to flooding in Sacramento. Once the state's Constitutional Convention had finalized its state constitution, it applied to the U.S. Congress for admission to statehood. On September 9, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850, California became a free state and September 9 a state holiday.
During the American Civil War (1861–1865), California sent gold shipments eastward to Washington in support of the Union. However, due to the existence of a large contingent of pro-South sympathizers within the state, the state was not able to muster any full military regiments to send eastwards to officially serve in the Union war effort. Still, several smaller military units within the Union army were unofficially associated with the state of California, such as the "California 100 Company", due to a majority of their members being from California.
At the time of California's admission into the Union, travel between California and the rest of the continental United States had been a time-consuming and dangerous feat. Nineteen years later, and seven years after it was greenlighted by President Lincoln, the First transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869. California was then reachable from the eastern States in a week's time.
Much of the state was extremely well suited to fruit cultivation and agriculture in general. Vast expanses of wheat, other cereal crops, vegetable crops, cotton, and nut and fruit trees were grown (including oranges in Southern California), and the foundation was laid for the state's prodigious agricultural production in the Central Valley and elsewhere.
In the nineteenth century, a large number of migrants from China traveled to the state as part of the Gold Rush or to seek work. Even though the Chinese proved indispensable in building the transcontinental railroad from California to Utah, perceived job competition with the Chinese led to anti-Chinese riots in the state, and eventually the US ended migration from China partially as a response to pressure from California with the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act.
Under earlier Spanish and Mexican rule, California's original native population had precipitously declined, above all, from Eurasian diseases to which the indigenous people of California had not yet developed a natural immunity. Under its new American administration, California's harsh governmental policies towards its own indigenous people did not improve. As in other American states, many of the native inhabitants were soon forcibly removed from their lands by incoming American settlers such as miners, ranchers, and farmers. Although California had entered the American union as a free state, the "loitering or orphaned Indians" were de facto enslaved by their new Anglo-American masters under the 1853 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians. There were also massacres in which hundreds of indigenous people were killed.
Between 1850 and 1860, the California state government paid around 1.5 million dollars (some 250,000 of which was reimbursed by the federal government) to hire militias whose purpose was to protect settlers from the indigenous populations. In later decades, the native population was placed in reservations and rancherias, which were often small and isolated and without enough natural resources or funding from the government to sustain the populations living on them. As a result, the rise of California was a calamity for the native inhabitants. Several scholars and Native American activists, including Benjamin Madley and Ed Castillo, have described the actions of the California government as a genocide.
In the twentieth century, thousands of Japanese people migrated to the US and California specifically to attempt to purchase and own land in the state. However, the state in 1913 passed the Alien Land Act, excluding Asian immigrants from owning land. During World War II, Japanese Americans in California were interned in concentration camps such as at Tule Lake and Manzanar. In 2020, California officially apologized for this internment.
Migration to California accelerated during the early 20th century with the completion of major transcontinental highways like the Lincoln Highway and Route 66. In the period from 1900 to 1965, the population grew from fewer than one million to the greatest in the Union. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported California's population as 6.0% Hispanic, 2.4% Asian, and 89.5% non-Hispanic white.
To meet the population's needs, major engineering feats like the California and Los Angeles Aqueducts; the Oroville and Shasta Dams; and the Bay and Golden Gate Bridges were built across the state. The state government also adopted the California Master Plan for Higher Education in 1960 to develop a highly efficient system of public education.
Meanwhile, attracted to the mild Mediterranean climate, cheap land, and the state's wide variety of geography, filmmakers established the studio system in Hollywood in the 1920s. California manufactured 8.7 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking third (behind New York and Michigan) among the 48 states. California however easily ranked first in production of military ships during the war (transport, cargo, [merchant ships] such as Liberty ships, Victory ships, and warships) at drydock facilities in San Diego, Los Angeles, and the San Francisco Bay Area. After World War II, California's economy greatly expanded due to strong aerospace and defense industries, whose size decreased following the end of the Cold War. Stanford University and its Dean of Engineering Frederick Terman began encouraging faculty and graduates to stay in California instead of leaving the state, and develop a high-tech region in the area now known as Silicon Valley. As a result of these efforts, California is regarded as a world center of the entertainment and music industries, of technology, engineering, and the aerospace industry, and as the United States center of agricultural production. Just before the Dot Com Bust, California had the fifth-largest economy in the world among nations.
In the mid and late twentieth century, a number of race-related incidents occurred in the state. Tensions between police and African Americans, combined with unemployment and poverty in inner cities, led to violent riots, such as the 1965 Watts riots and 1992 Rodney King riots. California was also the hub of the Black Panther Party, a group known for arming African Americans to defend against racial injustice and for organizing free breakfast programs for schoolchildren. Additionally, Mexican, Filipino, and other migrant farm workers rallied in the state around Cesar Chavez for better pay in the 1960s and 1970s.
During the 20th century, two great disasters happened in California. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and 1928 St. Francis Dam flood remain the deadliest in U.S. history.
Although air pollution problems have been reduced, health problems associated with pollution have continued. The brown haze known as "smog" has been substantially abated after the passage of federal and state restrictions on automobile exhaust.
An energy crisis in 2001 led to rolling blackouts, soaring power rates, and the importation of electricity from neighboring states. Southern California Edison and Pacific Gas and Electric Company came under heavy criticism.
Housing prices in urban areas continued to increase; a modest home which in the 1960s cost $25,000 would cost half a million dollars or more in urban areas by 2005. More people commuted longer hours to afford a home in more rural areas while earning larger salaries in the urban areas. Speculators bought houses they never intended to live in, expecting to make a huge profit in a matter of months, then rolling it over by buying more properties. Mortgage companies were compliant, as everyone assumed the prices would keep rising. The bubble burst in 2007–8 as housing prices began to crash and the boom years ended. Hundreds of billions in property values vanished and foreclosures soared as many financial institutions and investors were badly hurt.
In the twenty-first century, droughts and frequent wildfires attributed to climate change have occurred in the state. From 2011 to 2017, a persistent drought was the worst in its recorded history. The 2018 wildfire season was the state's deadliest and most destructive, most notably Camp Fire.
Although air pollution problems have been reduced, health problems associated with pollution have continued. The brown haze that is known as "smog" has been substantially abated thanks to federal and state restrictions on automobile exhaust.
One of the first confirmed COVID-19 cases in the United States that occurred in California was first of which was confirmed on January 26, 2020. Meaning, all of the early confirmed cases were persons who had recently travelled to China in Asia, as testing was restricted to this group. On this January 29, 2020, as disease containment protocols were still being developed, the U.S. Department of State evacuated 195 persons from Wuhan, China aboard a chartered flight to March Air Reserve Base in Riverside County, and in this process, it may have granted and conferred to escalated within the land and the US at cosmic. On February 5, 2020, the U.S. evacuated 345 more citizens from Hubei Province to two military bases in California, Travis Air Force Base in Solano County and Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, San Diego, where they were quarantined for 14 days. A state of emergency was largely declared in this state of the nation on March 4, 2020, and as of February 24, 2021, remains in effect. A mandatory statewide stay-at-home order was issued on March 19, 2020, due to increase, which was ended on January 25, 2021, allowing citizens to return to normal life. On April 6, 2021, the state announced plans to fully reopen the economy by June 15, 2021.
Transforming the world by pointing the camera straight ahead and then rotating it on its horizontal axis. A slow shutter is also essential for this effect. Another "twist" on the ICM (Intentional Camera Movement) technique.