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The story of Zircon Crystals and Earth's age in a Nutshell.
How tiny Zircon Crystals - Zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4) helped determine the age of the Earth (at approximately 4.5 Billion years old since the crust cooled), with Radiometric U-Pb (Uranium-Lead) dating.
Zircon Crystals trap Uranium Atoms in its crystal structure and naturally repel Lead Atoms when the crystal forms. Once the crystal structure is formed, nothing is able to escape. Over time the isotopes of Uranium start to transmutate into other elements in a process that is referred to as a decay chain.
An Uranium Atom first transmutates into a Thorium Atom (which takes a few billion years). Thorium is far more unstable, and in less than a month it turns into Protactinium. Within a minute Protactinium Atoms transmute again, and so the transmutation continues down the decay chain. At the end of the radioactive decay chain, the initial trapped Uranium Atoms finally decays into stable Lead (Pb) Atoms, which will remain Lead forever. The decay rate and time associated with each transmutation is constant in the Universe, which makes it possible to calculate the age of the crystal with Radiometric dating.
As Zircon Crystals are tough, it is the oldest geological time-capsules that survived in Earth's dynamic and ever-changing crust since it cooled. As nothing can get in or out of the Zircon Crystal structure, it is the most accurate way of geological dating.
By comparing the Uranium to Lead ratio in Zirconium silicate crystals on Earth, from Moon samples and from visiting Meteorites, Scientists were able to calculate that the Earth is 4.54 billion years old. The error margin is 50 million years, which is small considering the time-scale.
The background history of Radiometric dating:
In 1896 Henri Becquerel and Marie Curie discovered that certain isotopes undergo spontaneous radioactive decay, transforming into new isotopes. Atoms of a parent radioactive isotope randomly decay into a daughter isotope. Marie Curie won a Nobel Prize in Physics and Chemistry for her work.
About Lead:
The spin-off from trying to date the Earth by finding the Uranium to Lead ratio in Zircon crystals, was that the Scientist Clair Patterson discovered the unusually high amount of toxic Lead in the environment when he tried to analyse the Zircon in a Mass Spectrometer. This was due to the widespread use of Lead-based fuel, Lead-based paint, etc.
Our bodies require metals like Iron in the blood to transfer Oxygen through the body. The body is fooled and assumes that Lead is a good metal, but Lead not only destroys cells, but also blocks the signals of Neuroreceptors in the Brain.
After a lifetime of persistence and mounting evidence, Clair Patterson eventually won the case against the large Oil Companies that tried to discredit his findings. Since then the widespread use of Lead in everyday products were banned (which is why we now use unleaded fuel to power our vehicles).
Interesting reading:
More about isotopes and the Radiometric dating process.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_lead_dating
earthsky.org/earth/this-zircon-crystal-is-the-oldest-piec...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometric_dating
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decay_chain
Thank you to Sumarie for letting photograph her beautiful Zircon Crystal specimen.
Photo usage and Copyright:
Medium-resolution photograph licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Terms (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). For High-resolution Royalty Free (RF) licensing, contact me via my site: Contact.
Martin
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This is the queue in the Liverpool One shopping centre when the Transformers Roadshow came to town. We spent a happy afternoon working our way through this lot twice. The joys of being a grandparent!
Me he transformado en horrocrux (horcrux en su versión original), un malévolo objeto que describe Rowling en Harry Potter para explicar…narrar o simplemente informar de algo que me indigne y más viniendo de tantísima sangre muggle como viene.
Esta explicación no va dirigida a ti, que has llegado a ti por casualidad. Ni a ti, que ya sabes de qué va el asunto. Ni a ti, que hablas inglés y probablemente no entiendas más que palabras sueltas. No te preocupes, para ti tampoco, ya sé qué piensas tú de mí y de lo que hago y por eso sé que estás aquí.
No, en absoluto.
Esta explicación va dirigida a ti. ¿Te sorprende? Sí, a ti, no disimules, sabes muy bien que me dirijo a ti.
Te preguntarás por qué, o quizá ni siquiera te lo preguntes (a lo mejor son muchas inquietudes seguidas, bastante con leer un párrafo tan largo ¿no? Ya, ya sé que no eres una persona acostumbrada a ‘tochos’ tan largos, pero eh, merece la pena).
Y es que me hace gracia. Y digo gracia para que lo entiendas. Me hace gracia cómo te ríes de lo que hago, de lo que practico y de lo que soy. Cómo se te llena la boca al criticar, cómo te gusta regodearte en ¿exactamente qué? Porque dime, hay algo que no termino de entender de tu hilarante discursito ‘habitual’
Y es que te rías de mis fotos y las critiques. Vamos, por favor ¿de mis fotos?
Estoy segura de que serías capaz de pagar por una cámara mágica que hiciera algo similar a lo que hago yo cuando meto magia en mis fotos.
Si tuviera un giratiempo seguro que te encontraba alabándolas y hasta…
Espera un momento. ¿Cómo es posible? Ah sí, esas fotos que tanto criticas tachándome de torpe y de falsa artista a día de hoy ¡sigues usándolas!
Porque hay que ver, lo bien que quedan en tu foto de perfil. Seguro que alguna hasta la has impreso para poder verla en papel. Seguro que hasta cuando te han pedido una foto para mostrar quien eras, has utilizado una de las mías.
Porque te lamentas por dentro al pensar que se van a quedar atrasadas las únicas fotos en las que te gustas. Y ¿por qué será? Ah sí. Porque soy buena.
Porque he visto tu corazón y sé cuáles son tus complejos, sé cuáles son esos detalles físicos que quieres modificar. Y los he editado a placer para convertirte en algo bonito frente a mi cámara.
Que sí, que se te puede llenar la boca diciendo cuanto me odias, lo malvada que soy y las fotos tan patéticas que hago según tú. Pero bien que siguen ahí presidiendo manualidades, avatares, fotos de perfil de tus múltiples redes sociales. Y mira que ha pasado tiempo ¿eh?
Pero pensándolo bien, dejando aparte la hipocresía, supongo que en el propio ‘pecado’ llevas la penitencia.
Porque sinceramente, no sé qué es peor: si el hecho de, a pesar de odiarme tantísimo como lo haces, no poder terminar de desprenderte de mí y no conseguir que desaparezca porque sigo en muchas de las cosas buenas que tiene tu vida…
O saber que nunca nadie te sacará en una foto cómo yo lo hice.
__________________________
¿Ves? ¡Y ya está!
Que nadie se dé por aludido porque probablemente, a quien esto va dirigido no se entere. No se trata alguien que me lea habitualmente y habrá pisado mi flickr veces contadas. Mucho menos pararse a leer algo que no esté establecido como obligatorio para clase.
Pero tenía que decirlo.
Inspiración para esta foto (imagen del horcrux de Harry Potter 7 parte 1)
Y… SORPRESA! a petición twittera… Sesión de fotos rescatadas de ZAHARA de 2010 en… desatandolosrelampagos.blogspot.com
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From a pet to a working dog. Every spring Fritz changes from pet to working dog. He protects the mine from bears or other animals that may want to visit.
Don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without explicit permission.
© All rights reserved
.....Hanmer Forest has transformed from summer through to autumn, lovely golden shades.
For the All New Scavenger Hunt #10 Transformed
The Klobosiski Mansion located in the village of Gurasada was built in the 18th century by the noble Klobosisky family. It was also at this time that the development of the small arboretum began, now abandoned and which includes rare species, difficult to acclimatize on our land: bamboo, cedar, tulip tree.
Abandoned by its owners who left for Hungary during the last world war, the manor was then transformed by the communists into an IAS, then into an agricultural research centre.
The mansion was not claimed by anyone after the 1989 Revolution.
A couple of photos today from inside the National Museum of Scotland. This was taken inside the new contemporary extension, really like the design and use of light in this area.
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A Primavera vai tomando o lugar do Inverno, transformando as paisagens naturais e humanizadas do @geoparkestrela. Foto realizada durante o primeiro workshop de Inverno (ainda há duas vagas para as datas de 29/29 de Abril!). (C) Joel Santos - www.joelsantos.net #serradaestrela #geoparkestrela #liveforthestory
As ever we had a wonderful evening at the Carrington Hotel in Katoomba.
Great friends, wonderful dance music and over the top hospitality.
Transformal number nine was a great success.
This is the second image, taken four days after posting (Transform) to Flickr.
If God willing this will transform into a beautiful Gulf Fritallary (agraulis vanillae) Butterfly.
Its amazing the that I am able to document the total live span of these delicate creatures. Thanks.
Sara Pantuliano, Managing Director, Overseas Development Institute, United Kingdom, speaking during the session, Transforming Humanitarian Finance, at the Annual Meeting 2018 of the World Economic Forum in Davos, January 25, 2018. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Ciaran McCrickard
These old barges on the river normally look quite dull and uninteresting (unless you particularly like old barges!) but yesterday's morning light and mist transformed them into something of real beauty.
"Light Transformed"
The cool thing about a camera sensor is that it captures light over time, which we cannot do since we observe light in real time. This is a composite of at least 4 long exposure images involving pond ice, a plastic snowflake, a laser pointer, various flashlights and an evening moon photo from last year. What does it conjure in your mind?
Back in 1959-60 this was part of the last 1/3 of my High School Cross-Country course. It was just barren rolling hills of hard-packed adobe clay.
How transform a simple and classic black pants and shirt ? Simply : add the beautifull and exuberant jewelry from Aisling "Tortuga Princess", available at The Gacha Fantasy Carnival (50 per play).
Skin from Glam Affair [https://www.flickr.com/photos/aidaewing/]
The amazing furnitures on the backside are from 8f8, available at The Arcade (50 per play).
☑️ For a full view screen on black ... Just press L on your keyboard!
Male Red-winged blackbird / Carouge à épaulettes / Agelaius phoeniceus
Last Saturday I went to the Wakodahatchee Wetlands, it is a park located in Delray Beach, Florida. The park was created on 50 acres (200,000 m2) of unused utility land and transformed into a recreation wetlands open to the public with a three-quarter mile boardwalk that crosses between open water pond areas, emergent marsh areas, shallow shelves, and islands with shrubs and snags to foster nesting and roosting. The boardwalk has interpretive signage as well as gazebos with benches along the way. Over 151 species of birds have been spotted inside the park, including pied-billed grebe, snowy egrets, and black-bellied whistling ducks. The park is also home to turtles, alligators, rabbits, frogs, and raccoons.
Delray Beach, Florida, USA
Thank for your visit, fave and comment, always appreciated!
Regards, Serge
Copyright © Serge Daigneault Photography, 2016
Igan 7488
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Operator: Maluto Transportation and Travel Corp.
Fleet No.: 7488
Type of Service: PUB - City Operation
Route: Alabang - Lawton
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ENGINE
Maker: Nissan Diesel Motor Co.
Model: FE6-C
CHASSIS
Maker: Nissan Diesel Motor Co.
Model: SP215NSB
COACH
Coachbuilder: Santa Rosa Motor Works Inc.
Model: Exfoh (rehabbed)
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captured at Alabang Zapote Road, Muntinlupa City
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NOTE: Errors may be evident with this description. Corrections will be done once verified.
transform, 2001, 60"w x 40"h, mixed media painting on canvas
transform = transformation = transmute = transubstantiate = metamorphose = translate = convert = change = mutate = reform = modify = revolutionize = tweak
*Exhibited at Sandra Goldie Gallery, Montreal, Canada, group show. Nov15-26.05.
A received a reissue G1 Snarl for my birthday recently, so Sludge has a pal to hang out with now. I was surprised as Snarl has a die cast torso, whereas Sludge doesn't. Very cool feeling that weight again. I have to finish his stickers off; I think I put his rubsign in the wrong spot (isn't it usually on the vehicle mode?)
Monarch chrysalis #5. I was waiting the night before for this chrysalis to transform, but the rains came not long before midnight. After the rains and before sunrise, this chrysalis, shown here, still had yet to burst forth. In the evening of this otherwise (for me) 'long' day, this butterfly had flown! We have had reasonably cool days lately, and this chrysalis had existed close to 21 days. Old 35mm lens with an 8mm extension tube shot wide open at f/2 to 'bokehtize' the front yard lamp (to mimic the moon) and lit with small LED flashlights.