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The legend of the four stripes is the legend that explains the origin of the flag and the shield of Catalonia, first appeared in 1551 in the second part of the General Chronicle of Spain.
The story explains that the origins of the flag are in Guifré el Pilós, the last count of Barcelona appointed by the Frankish kings, and the first to give inherit their domains, initiating the Dynasty Counts of Barcelona.
Specifically, is told that the four stripes were created after a battle against the Normans, when the Frankish king dip his hand in a open wound of Guifré el Pilós, and then he passed all four fingers above the golden shield of the Count of Barcelona. With this act was created the shield of the House of Barcelona, symbol of the new sovereign conquered, and, over the years, this four red stripes become the Catalan flag.
Now, the Catalan flag is composed by 4 red vertical stripes, that are the blood of Guifré el Pilós, and between each red stripe, there is a yellow one, that symbolizes the shield of the Count.
Construcció
Les Quatre Columnes originals
Les columnes formaven part d'un projecte d'urbanització de la muntanya de Montjuïc que Puig i Cadafalch va presentar el 1915, amb l'objectiu de celebrar una exposició el 1917 centrada sobre el tema de l'electricitat i les indústries elèctriques. Volia presentar Barcelona al món com a capital del Mediterrani, i Catalunya com un país amb un govern modern, la Mancomunitat.[1] El projecte es va desestimar però Puig i Cadafalch el va tornar a presentar amb vistes a l'Exposició Universal de 1929. Es van construir el 1919 i van ser la primera construcció de tota la zona.
Les columnes, situades a la plaça de les Belles Arts,[2] havien de representar Catalunya: la columnata representaria l'herència grega i un edifici amb cúpula homenatjaria l'herència romana. El projecte global havia de tenir el seu moment àlgid com a eix central de la futura Exposició Universal de 1929.[3]
Les columnes van ser un dels primers elements a construir-se durant el procés d'urbanització de la muntanya. Es van construir amb maons arrebossats que imitaven la pedra i tenien 20 metres d'alçada i 2,5 metres de diàmetre. L'arquitecte tenia pensat coronar-les amb 4 figures representatives, quatre victòries alades, projecte que no es va arribar a realitzar.
Enderrocament
Enderrocament de la darrera columna.
La Font Màgica ocupa el lloc on inicialment es van construir les Quatre columnes
El pas del temps deixà obsolet l'objectiu de dedicar l'exposició exclusivament a les indústries elèctriques, i el 1925 es va decidir que es denominaria Exposició Internacional de Barcelona. El canvi d'objectiu feu que es reorganitzés l'exposició dedicant-la a tres vessants: la indústria, els esports i l'art. En aquest nou període Puig i Cadafalch va ser relegat per les seves idees catalanistes i la seva vinculació amb la Mancomunitat, i l'organització recaigué en mans del marquès de Foronda. Pere Domènech i Roura va ser nomenat director de les obres.[4]
Les columnes van ser enderrocades l'any 1928, poc abans d'una visita de Primo de Rivera a la ciutat. Durant la seva dictadura va ordenar eliminar sistemàticament tots els símbols públics de catalanisme, per tal que no tinguessin el ressò mediàtic que podia donar-los l'Exposició Universal de 1929, que havia de tenir lloc a Montjuïc.
La seva dictadura fou molt agressiva vers el catalanisme, i fins i tot va arribar a modificar els noms de molts pobles: els va castellanitzar i en va arrencar els cartells dels carrers escrits en català.[5] Pel mateix motiu la dictadura va anomenar finalment Poble Espanyol el complex que s'havia de dir Iberona, en homenatge als ibers, primers pobladors de les terres catalanes, i va donar el nom de plaça d'Espanya a la plaça des d'on accedia al recinte de l'exposició. També va fer col·locar dues torres venecianes a l'entrada.
Amb el temps, Franco fins i tot va arribar a inhabilitar Puig i Cadafalch com a arquitecte.[6]
Reconstrucció
Procés de reconstrucció de les 4 Columnes
Operaris finalitzant les obres de reconstrucció
Amb el restabliment de la democràcia van sorgir diverses veus que proposaven reconstruir les columnes, i fins i tot l'Ajuntament de Barcelona en va aprovar la restitució el 1994, però no es va arribar a un acord sobre la seva ubicació més adequada.
L'any 2001, l'arquitecte Joaquim Espanyol va presentar un projecte de restitució de les 4 columnes, però el projecte fou desestimat per la classe política.
Un any després, el 2002, la Xarxa d'Entitats Cíviques i Culturals dels Països Catalans pels Drets i les Llibertats Nacionals, que representava més de 60 associacions, va començar a demanar adhesions, signatures i suport per a la seva reconstrucció.[7] Progressivament, diverses personalitats del món de la política i la cultura, com Jordi Pujol, Pasqual Maragall, Ernest Benach, Gabriel Ferraté, Vicent Partal, Antoni Tàpies, Isabel-Clara Simó i Josep Maria Ainaud de Lasarte, entre d'altres, van donar suport a la iniciativa.
Entre 2005 i 2007 es van produir diverses pronunciacions de diferents estaments públics: el 9 de novembre de 2005 el Parlament de Catalunya va aprovar una resolució sobre la possible recuperació del monument, i un any després l'Ajuntament va assegurar que el 2007, 50è aniversari de la mort de Puig i Cadafalch, seria un bon any per reconstruir les columnes. Es van iniciar llavors converses entre Ferran Mascarell, llavors regidor de Cultura de l'ajuntament, i els responsables de la xarxa cívica.
Durant el 2007 l'Institut d'Estudis Catalans va organitzar l'exposició itinerant “Puig i Cadafalch arquitecte i polític i el monument de les quatre columnes de Montjuïc”, que es va poder veure, entre altres llocs, a l'Ateneu Barcelonès, a Mataró, Girona, la Bisbal d'Empordà i Les Borges Blanques.
El ple del 27 de juny de 2008 al Parlament de Catalunya va aprovar una proposició no de llei,[8] amb el suport de tots els partits polítics i presentada per ERC, per promoure la restitució de les Quatre Columnes, en homenatge als patriotes catalans. El 2009 es va presentar un projecte de construcció, ideat per l'equip d'arquitectes Rosselló-Sangenís, seguint el projecte original de construcció de Puig i Cadafalch i alguns manuals de construcció clàssica.[9] Sapic va ser l'empresa encarregada de l'execució del projecte.[10]
L'Ajuntament de Barcelona va presentar el projecte als mitjans de comunicació el 10 de novembre de 2009.
Les obres de reconstrucció van començar durant el primer trimestre de 2010. Inicialment es va preveure inaugurar el monument per la diada de l'Onze de Setembre o per les festes de la Mercè, però les obres es van allargar.[11] Es va informar llavors que cada columna tindria una alçada de 18,7 metres.[12] El dia 4 de novembre de 2010 es va enterrar una urna commemorativa a la base de les columnes, amb la documentació generada per diverses entitats cíviques durant el procés de reclamació de la reconstrucció de les columnes. El dia 7 de desembre es va retirar la bastida que s'havia instal·lat per construir-les.
La reconstrucció, amb un pressupost de 2,5 milions d'euros, s'ha realitzat amb anells de pedra artificial -una barreja de ciment, granit i marbre blanc- col·locats a pes amb una grua i entrellaçats mitjançant peces metàl·liques.[13] Tot i això, la seva construcció s'ha realitzat a la plaça del Marquès de Foronda, entre la Font Màgica i el Palau Nacional de Montjuïc, una mica més amunt del seu emplaçament original.[14] L'alçada definitiva de les columnes, incloent-hi el pedestal, és de 20 metres.
La inauguració oficial es va realitzar el diumenge 27 de febrer de 2011, amb la presència d'Artur Mas, president de la Generalitat, Núria de Gispert, presidenta del Parlament de Catalunya, i Jordi Hereu, alcalde de Barcelona.[15]
A la base d'una de les columnes hi figura la inscripció:
«Restitució, com a acte de justícia històrica, de les quatre columnes enderrocades per la dictadura l'any 1928 pel seu caràcter de símbol de Catalunya wikipedia dixit
In Greek mythology, the lily flower symbolized the goddess Hera and represented purity and innocence. This association is probably one of the reasons why lilies are regarded as one of the most beautiful flowers in the world. The most popular hybrids are Asiatic, Aurelian and Oriental lilies. There are about 90 species in the genus Ilium.
Taken at Humber Arboretum [Etobicoke, Ontario]
Happy Wednesday!💝 HBW!
Thank you for your visits, kind comments, awards and faves. Always greatly appreciated.
Copyright 2021 ©️ Gloria Sanvicente
Oleander flowers can also symbolize destiny and understanding. It can show that you are sensitive to how other people feel and that you want to make peace in difficult situations.
The oleander flower is found in all colors, including yellow, peach, red, burgundy, white, and pink. The meaning of the flower doesn’t change much depending on its color.
Taken at Centennial Park Botanical Garden
Have a beautiful Tuesday! .💝
Thank you for your visits, kind comments, awards and faves. Always greatly appreciated.
Copyright 2021 ©️ Gloria Sanvicente
NO MULTIPLE INVITATIONS PLEASE Thank you!
Orange symbolizes energy, vitality, cheer, excitement, adventure, warmth, and good health.........Hans as you recuperate, I wish to you All the Fullness that this colour symbolizes
Blue will forever be blue,
That name is perfect for you,
Because everytime i see you,
I never feel blue,
I know that you have the absence of the feeling blue,
Just like the color blue,
As the sun reflects you,
You absorb all the colors except blue,
That's why my happiness is also the color blue,
You are blue,
Forever you will be blue,
For every time i look at you,
I never feel blue,
You symbolize me of the color blue,
Absorbing all colors except blue,
That's why you projected blue.
Poem by Geovanni Leaño
Delphiniums symbolize cheerfulness and goodwill, as well as a protective plant. Delphiniums are used to communicate encouragement and joy, as well as remembering loved ones who have passed.
Taken at Allan Gardens Conservatory
Have a beautiful Thursday everyone!!💝
Thank you for your visits, kind comments, invites, awards and faves. Always greatly appreciated.
Copyright 2019 © Gloria Sanvicente
Artist Daniel Anderson created the XO WORLD Project to promote equality, unity, peace, and love.
The two monumental sculptures – ‘XO World’ and ‘XO Play’ – were unveiled on World Peace Day, September 21, 2021, at the World Trade Center campus in New York City. The ‘XO World’ and ‘XO Play’ sculptures, symbolize a message of inclusiveness, hope, and positivity among people.
You know, at the time I'm ready to click on such, the woman happens to sit down for her picture taken. :-))
Merlion unites the mermaid and the lion and is the symbol of Singapore.
The mermaid symbolizes the connection with the sea, the lion's head stands for strength and fearlessness.
One of the beautiful botanical scenes in Spokane's Manito Park.
"The Nishinomiya Tsutakawa Japanese Garden was completed in 1974 and symbolizes the friendship of Spokane and its sister city, Nishinomiya, Japan. The well-known Japanese landscape architect, Nagao Sakurai, who at one time was in charge of the Imperial Palace grounds, was enlisted to design the garden."
Wikipedia
Enjoy a wonderful Sunday and week ahead!
The koru (Māori for "loop") is a spiral shape based on the shape of a new unfurling fern frond and symbolizing new life, growth, strength and peace.
Fast facts about Pansies:
* They are edible
* They symbolize Love
* They are February birth flower
*Three color patterns exist
* Some do not have smell
In the world of floriography (yes, there is such a word, the language of flowers) pink tulips symbolize confidence......
#24/52, Confidence, 52 weeks in 2021
Happy Quinta Flower/Flor 😊😊😍
Thank you for your kind visit. Have a wonderful and beautiful day! ❤️❤️❤️
A log cabin symbolized the embrace between civilization and nature, humans literally wrapping the trees around them as they might draw on a coat and hat.
-- Gene Logsdon
[Larger might be worth a click]
They are wild, beautiful, adorable AND......they symbolize true love and remembrance. I just loved it how they were sticking out of the green !!
Skulptur "Berlin" auf der Tauentzienstr., Berlin, Germany.
Die Skulptur auf dem Mittelstreifen der Tauentzienstraße, zwischen Nürnberger und Marburger Straße wurde 1987 von Brigitte und Martin Matschinsky-Denninghoff als Beitrag zum Skulpturenboulevard geschaffen. Die monumentale torartige Skulptur aus vier Stahlröhren symbolisierte mit ihren ineinander verschlungenen, aber getrennt aufgestellten beiden Teilen die Situation des geteilten Berlin nach dem Bau der Berliner Mauer.
"Berlin", a sculpture on the Tauentzienstraße in Berlin, the capital of Germany, was unveiled by Brigitte and Martin Matschinsky-Denninghoff in 1987 as part of the "Skulpturenboulevard". The sculpture, consisting of four steel tubes extending upwards, was meant to symbolize the severed connections between West and East Berlin due to the construction of the Berlin Wall.
Lily - a royal flower with a rich history.
Historical references to this flower are found from 1700 BC. Images of lilies on frescoes and vases were popular in ancient Greece, in Egypt and Rome. In Persia, these flowers were decorated with lawns and royal courts. And the capital of ancient Persia was called Suzu city of lilies.
The history of this flower is surprisingly rich, interesting and sometimes contradictory.
Lilies - a very common symbol in Christianity. Many saints are depicted on icons with a branch of this flower. For example, the Archangel Gabriel on the Day of the Holy Annunciation, and of course, the Virgin Mary (the icon "Fadeless Color")
Orange-red lilies symbolized the blood of Christ. According to the ancient legend, the white lily changed color on the night before the Savior’s execution. Proud and beautiful, she could not stand Christ’s humble gaze when he leaned over her. She was ashamed, and she blushed. Since the legend has it, with the onset of night the red lilies lower their heads and close the petals.
And yes! It is not by chance that this photo was taken on the territory of the Orthodox Epiphany Monastery. City Uglich. Russia.*
I can't help but the colors of this leaf makes me think of Jamaica. Probably because in Germany there are three political parties being symbolized by each of these colors, and a potential alliance between them is refered to as "Jamaica coalition" in the media 😊
The black-eyed Susan which also traditionally symbolizes “Justice” makes a very nice cut-flower with a vase life up to 10 days.
There is a great variety of the species. All of them are native to North America and many are grown in gardens for their colorful golden colors.
St Mark is symbolized by a winged lion. Duomo of Orvieto, Italy
St Marc, à ne pas confondre avec un nettoyant antibactérien! ;-))
A little longing memory to the just gone summer. Poppies symbolize the lightness for me and are my embodiment of the word summer. It seemed to be a nice idea to upload this beautiful imperfect blossom in the middle of November to give these times a little bit of light and easiness...
Please respect my copyright. No use of the photo without my expressly permission.
And: I don't like Comment-Codes, "awards", or such groups. They will be deleted. Explanation at my profile.
The yellow color awakens, brings lightness, relaxation, optimism.
It symbolizes creativity and joy just as you are. Happy birthday Joyce
Welcome December!
The narcissus is the December birth flower and symbolizes good wishes, faithfulness and respect.
Taken at Allan Gardens Conservatory
Happy 1st day of December! HSS!
Thank you for your visits, kind comments, awards and faves. Always greatly appreciated.
Copyright 2019 © Gloria Sanvicente
This lovely church symbolizes the tenacity of the pioneers in the Village of Manatee. Construction began in 1887 but halted when a yellow fever epidemic claimed the lives of the pastor and many in the congregation. But the community persevered. Two years later, the church opened to house the first Christian congregation south of Tampa on the Florida mainland.
Happy Tree-mendous Tuesday!
Durga Puja is one of the Hindu festivals of India, which is celebrated massively all over India. We celebrate Durga Puja in autumn. We worship Goddess Durga, who killed Mahishasura, symbolizing victory over evil. Goddess Durga is worshipped for three days, and on the fourth day, we immerse her in the rivers.
This is a decorated mandap or temporary house pandal!
5 European Cities Celebrating Durga Puja in 2018That You Wouldn’t Have Guessed : www.travelandleisureindia.in/trending/durga-puja-europe/
Flowers speak to us in many ways. They symbolize joy and abundance at weddings; they convey sadness and loss at funerals; they express love and devotion at any time. From the beginning of recorded history, flowers have wordlessly expressed our emotions and thoughts.
Tulips, all colours: perfect lover, declaration of love.
Lensbaby Velvet 56 used.
"Trillium flowers can have many meanings. Usually, this flower symbolizes spiritual embodiment and with a sense of conscientiousness. It can also showcase precision, elegance, and grace.". : florgeous.com/trillium-flower-meaning/
Province of Ontario's floral emblem:
台灣商人的老話，
人潮就是錢潮。
傳統新年人潮擁擠，
和尚也離開了寺廟，
來到了台北龍山寺。
The old saying of Taiwan businessmen,
The movement of the crowd symbolizes the flow of money.
Traditional New Year crowds are crowded,
The monk also left the temple,
Came to the Longshan Temple in Taipei.
Tradescantia virginiana, the Virginia spiderwort (Commelinaceae family), the type species of Tradescantia native to the eastern United States.
Commonly grown in many gardens and also found growing wild along roadsides and railway lines
Tradescantia virginiana is a herbaceous plant with alternate, simple leaves, on tubular stems. The flowers are blue, purple, magenta, or white, borne in summer.
💙The name for the genus honors John Tradescant (1608-1662), a royal gardener to King Charles I of England.
The common name “Spiderwort” comes from its sap, which forms threads like a spider’s web when stems are cut.
Have a great day and weekend, stay Happy you wonderful folks out there. HSoS (Felicia symbolizes Happiness, Purity and Innocence)
The day lily, in the flower world, symbolizes forgetfulness, but the good kind.....forgetfulness of worries.
Tho I'm pretty sure that if I had only one day to live, I would spend most of it worrying.....
Located at the highest point in Helshoven, this floating chapel is the new attraction in the Haspengouw region in Belgium. Artist Frits Jeuris created the chapel from cherry trees. These trees fell prey to the Little Cherry Virus that causes too small fruits. Through this artwork they are given a second life and symbolize the dynamic landscape of Haspengouw. (www.seebeautifulplaces.com) Helshoven, Belgium.
While this probably isn't the actual species associated with the true Easter Lily (Lilium longiflorum) this is what I have in my archives so I'll use it for today's Holy Saturday.
Some interesting facts on the flower, from the University of Arizona, Reno:
Originating in Ryukyu Island in Japan, the plants were brought to England in 1818 and to America in 1880. The Easter lily has traditional and spiritual meaning. Mentioned many times in the Bible, the white lily symbolizes purity, rebirth, new beginnings and hope and is most often associated with the resurrection of Jesus Christ as observed on Easter.
extension.unr.edu/publication.aspx?PubID=2140
Happy Easter to everyone... Christ is RISEN!
With bright, striking colors, red dahlias symbolize perseverance and the ability to overcome. They serve as a reminder of the inner strength everyone possesses, even in dark times.
One of only seven Baha'i temples in the world, the Baha'i House of Worship in the northern Chicago suburb of Wilmette symbolizes unity and invites prayer to God, according to its Web-site description. The temple is seen here from the nearby Wilmette Harbor on an early Spring day about five years ago.
HFF
Classified as historical monuments in 1905, the fountain in the Place de l'Hôtel de Ville was partly decorated by the famous Aix sculptor Jean-Pancrace Chastel; and the polygonal basin was designed by Georges Vallon.
Built in 1756, it supports a Roman column which comes from the ruins of the count's palace. Classical in style, it has a hard stone basin with four recessed sides and marble slabs engraved in Latin to the glory of King Louis XV, the Duke of Villars who was governor, the President of the Welsh Parliament of the Tower... A reminder that it was the Romans who brought water to Aix. The plaque facing the Town Hall is replaced with each new regime of the municipality. The pedestal is made of Calissanne and Bibemus stones. And the four macaroons through which the water flows symbolize hygiene after the plague of 1720. Its water comes from the Pinchinats spring, via the Roman aqueduct.
During the Revolution, in 1789, the city was organized into districts from this fountain.
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What do the leaves symbolize?
One leaf is for FAITH... The second for HOPE...
The third for LOVE... And the fourth for LUCK!
History of the four leaf clover:
The four leaf clover is a universally accepted symbol of good luck with its origin ages old.
According to legend, Eve carried a four leaf clover from the Garden of Eden.
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This art installation, also known as “Les oiseaux de Mr. Maeterlinck”, is inspired by the famous fairy tale “L’Oiseau Bleu” of the Ghent Nobel Prize winner Maurice Maeterlinck and is about the quest for happiness symbolized by a blue bird.
This night photograph places the ArtScience Museum (which symbolizes the welcoming hand of Singapore) and The Shoppes in Marine Bay Sands in the foreground, and Singapore’s Central Business District in the background. It was a windy night and the reflections captured through long exposure took on curvy shapes.
My Korner #333 - Smell The Rose!
shakilynsblogs.blogspot.com/2020/07/my-korner-333-smell-r...
BLOG NAME: Smell The Rose!
DESIGNERS: HautePinay, FashionNatic, Monso, L&B, Avada & ACT5
Roses are my favorite flower. Pink roses symbolize gratitude, grace, and joy. Overall, pink roses suggest a gentleness compared to the typical bright red rose. They are seen as a token of admiration when given to someone.
Today I'm wearing:
TOP/SKIRT: HautePinay [GYPSY SOUL 1] Pulled Up Tank Top/Bohemian Skirt
SHOES: FashionNatic - Allegra Mules
HAIR: [monso] Lalisa Hair @Kustom9
BRACELET: L&B Swear Boho Bangles
NAILS: Avada~ Stiletto Nails - Isuara
POSE: ACT5-563-Female Holding Flower Pose
Gypsy Soul top and skirt are rigged for Freya, Hourglass & Maitreya. Comes in 2 colors. Gypsy Soul l and Gypsy Soul ll.
Allegra mules come with fatpack HUD with colors to match all your outfits.
Lalisa hair has 3 style options and is available in 3 color HUDs. Black&Red, Brown&Blonde, Mix&Pop. Wearing Mix&Pop.
Boho bangles are rigged for Freya, Isis, Hourglass, Maitreya and non-rigged. Love these bangles
Isuara nails are rigged for Belleza, Legacy, Slink & Maitreya. Includes applier HUD with 34 colors.
LINKS:
HautePinay Marketplace
marketplace.secondlife.com/stores/174977
FashionNatic Marketplace
marketplace.secondlife.com/stores/124075
FashionNatic Mainstore
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Fashion%20Boulevard%20II/6...
Kustom9
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/kustom9/127/75/24
Monso Mainstore
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Sweet%20Isle/196/108/23
Monso Marketplace
marketplace.secondlife.com/stores/105079
L&B Swear Mainstore
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Evocative/127/149/31
L&B Swear Marketplace
marketplace.secondlife.com/stores/6435
Avada Mainstore
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Elmira/136/134/27
Avada Marketplace
marketplace.secondlife.com/stores/147505
ACT5 Marketplace
marketplace.secondlife.com/stores/215194
For great male fashion, check out: Crann's Blog
Fourth of Cityscape Art Series…I was working towards a commissioned piece but it did not materialize, instead, this piece called “A City In Flames” came to fruition. Fire symbolizes Creation, Destruction, Transformation. The crow symbolizes transformation and change. They are watchful creatures that have a sharp and powerful foresight.
Piazza Venezia, 00186 Roma RM, Italien.
Wenn ihr in der Mitte der Piazza Venezia mit dem Rücken zur Via del Corso steht, sieht man das Nationaldenkmal zu Ehren des Königs Vittorio Emanuele II.
Das Denkmal wurde 1927 vollendet.
Es liegt auf dem Kapitolshügel am Südende der Via del Corso zwischen der Piazza Venezia und dem Forum Romanum, neben dem Trajansforum.
Auffallend sind neben der imposanten Form, die wuchtigen Treppen, die zwölf Meter hohe bronzene Reiterstatue und das ewige Feuer, das in der Mitte der Treppe zu Ehren des unbekannten Soldaten brennt und tagein-tagaus von zwei Soldaten bewacht wird. Die Spitze des Denkmals krönen zwei Quadrigas, wobei die eine Freiheit und die andere die Einheit symbolisiert. Das Denkmal soll an die Einigung Italiens erinnern und den italienischen Staat ehren.
_____
Piazza Venezia, 00186 Roma RM, Italy.
If you stand in the middle of Piazza Venezia with your back to Via del Corso, you can see the National Monument dedicated to King Vittorio Emanuele II.
The memorial was completed in 1927
It is located on Capitoline Hill at the southern end of Via del Corso between Piazza Venezia and the Roman Forum, next to Trajan's Forum.
In addition to the imposing shape, the massive stairs, the twelve meter high bronze equestrian statue and the eternal fire, which burns in the middle of the stairs in honor of the unknown soldier and is guarded day in and day out by two soldiers, are striking. The top of the monument is crowned by two quadrigas, one symbolizing freedom and the other unity. The monument is intended to commemorate the unification of Italy and honor the Italian state.