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Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
The Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari
The Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari is situated 2,5 km southwest of the village of Sveshtari, Razgrad Province, which is located 42 km northeast of Razgrad, in the northeast of Bulgaria.
Discovered in 1982 in a mound, this 3rd century BC Thracian tomb reflects the fundamental structural principles of Thracian cult buildings. The tomb's architectural decor is considered to be unique, with polychrome half-human, half-plant caryatids and painted murals. The ten female figures carved in high relief on the walls of the central chamber and the decorations of the lunette in its vault are the only examples of this type found so far in the Thracian lands. It is a remarkable reminder of the culture of the Getae, a Thracian people who were in contact with the Hellenistic and Hyperborean worlds, according to ancient geographers.
References
* Alexander Fol, M. Čičikova, T. Ivanov, T. Teofilov: The Thracian Tomb near the Village of Sveshtari, Sofia 1986.
* Alexander Fol: Die thrakische Orphik oder Zwei Wege zur Unsterblichkeit, in: Die Thraker. Das goldene Reich des Orpheus, Ausstellung 23. Juli bis 28. November 2004, Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Zabern, Mainz 2004, p. 177-186.
The Sierra Martilla site is based on a limestone sandstone plateau, at 800 m. On sea level, highly highlighting the other rock formations. It is located on the right bank of the Genil River and is accessed by the road of Las Rozuelas that starts from the ventorros of San José, about 4.5 km.
In the upper area of the deposit was the prehistoric town, of low urbanization and without structural planning. The remains found reveal a 1st occupation of the place during a phase of the final Neolithic, which would follow another belonging to the beginnings of the Copper Age.
The megalithic necropolis stands on its slope. With regard to the funeral area, all the graves found is grouped into two structural units, one closer to the town with the highest number of graves, and another next to the road of Las Rozuelas. The dollars that can be observed, belong to The necropolis (late of the Neolithic, IV Millennium A.C.- Copper Age, III Millennium B.C. The monument excavated directly on the rock itself. These are collective burials.
Various typologies: cameras and corridor; Artificial cave (adaptation of natural cave; artificial cave and megalith, simple graves excavated horizontally at ground level; double and triple camera.
El yacimiento de Sierra Martilla se encuentra asentado en una meseta de areniscas calizas, a 800 m. sobre el nivel del mar, destacando ampliamente sobre las demás formaciones rocosas. Está situado en la margen derecha del río Genil y se accede por el camino de las Rozuelas que parte de los Ventorros de San José, a unos 4,5 Km.
En la zona superior del yacimiento se ubicó el poblado prehistórico, de escasa urbanización y sin planificación estructural. Los restos hallados revelan una 1ª ocupación del lugar durante una fase del Neolítico Final, a la que seguiría otra perteneciente a los inicios de la Edad del Cobre.
La necrópolis megalítica se sitúa en su vertiente SE. Por lo que respecta al área funeraria, la totalidad de las sepulturas halladas se agrupa en dos unidades estructurales, una más cercana al poblado con mayor número de tumbas, y otra junto al camino de las Rozuelas.Los dólmenes que se pueden observar, pertenecen a la necrópolis(finales del Neolítico, IV milenio A.C.- Edad de Cobre, III milenio A.C.El monumento excavado directamente sobre la propia roca. Se trata de enterramientos colectivos.
Diversas tipologías: cámaras y corredor; cueva artificial(adaptación de cueva natural; cueva artificial y megalito, fosas simples excavadas en horizontal a ras de suelo; doble y triple cámara.
Unfortunately, the building has been closed since 2006 due to structural problems and leaks, and it was recently announced that the CMCP is being absorbed by the National Gallery. I'm not sure what will become of this building, which is unfortunate, as it is a nice looking piece of architecture, and it'll be a shame if it can't be rehabilitated. I'd love to see the CMCP back in its own building one day.
This particular shot was taken as the sun set, and I loved the contrast between the deep blue sky and the sun on the building. Best viewed large.
On April 13 crews completed setting the first steel girders for the new Innerbelt Bridge. Here the large crane which held the girders is being removed.
A view across the River Thames in London to the Tower of London and the many and varied towers of the City of London
Take a moment and browse through our website and discover for yourself why Fairway is the preferred choice for vinyl railing systems, composite railing systems, and vinyl fencing.
The Institution of Structural Engineer's Young Structural Engineering Professional Award - Winner Kayin Dawoodi. © Bridges to Prosperity (www.BridgesToProsperity.org)
Loughborough University Business School site structural frame assembly
This image is part of the CalVisual for Construction Image Archive. For more information visit www.engsc.ac.uk/resources/calvisual/index.asp
Author: Loughborough University
RAF MILDENHALL, England -- From left, Watch Manager Dave Bootman, from Feltwell, Norfolk, checks personal protective equipment on Airman Kevin Brittan and Brownville, Texas native Tech. Sgt. Caspar Vela, 100th Civil Engineer Squadron Fire Department firefighters, Feb. 20, 2013, at the fire training area here. The firefighters train regularly on structural, aircraft and compartmental fires to ensure quick and effective response to real fires or emergencies. (U.S. Air Force photo/Airman 1st Class Dillon Johnston)
RAF MILDENHALL, England -- From left, Senior Airman Noel Rivera-Saldana from Lake Mary, Fla.; Tech. Sgt. Thomas Doyle from Charlotte, N.C., and Watch Manager Dave Bootman from Feltwell, Norfolk; 100th Civil Engineer Squadron Fire Department firefighters, practice door procedures before entering a structural trainer here Feb. 20, 2013. The firefighters train regularly on structural, aircraft and compartmental fires to ensure quick and effective response in real-world situations. (U.S. Air Force photo/Airman 1st Class Dillon Johnston)
Description:
Structural Bolts
Assembly
Standard: ASTM A325 /A563 /F436 AS1252, DIN6914/DIN6915/DIN6916 EN14399 etc
35C 45C 40cr
Heat treatment
H.D.G
CL8.8 10.9
A 96th Civil Engineer Squadron firefighter climbs onto a ladder during an annual structural fire training event April 12, at Eglin Air Force Base, Fla. Firefighters completed the training by entering the training facility filled with smoke to find and rescue victims and put out a fire. (U.S. Air Force photo/Samuel King Jr.)
PT&P custom designed and fabricated a 27' x 16' x 21' structural frame to be placed on the sea-bed for an offshore rig. This assembly will be used as an undersea cable support frame, capable of withstanding a load of 600 Kilonewtons (68,000 lbs for each pad). It is constructed of 8 tube-steel, a 10 channel, and a steel plate. The frame will remain stationary on the sea-bed and is designed to endure heavy wave action when lowered to or raised from the sea-bed.
Finite element analysis of the lifting lug on the structure was performed to verify load conditions. A trial fit-up of bolted sections was also conducted to ensure the structural frame will assemble easily before being placed in position.
Dortechs Structural Silicone Glazed Curtain Wall systems can be used to create almost perfectly flush-fitted glass facades. The appearance of structural glazing is achieved by using profiles that are only visible on the room side. From the outside, only the glazing and the slender shadow joints are visible. The gap between each piece of glass is approximately 25mm (this can vary) in comparison to the 50 – 60mm site line prevalent with traditional, visible grid curtain wall systems.There are two main types of SSG system Dortech offers;
The first is based upon specialist double glazed units which are manufactured to include an SSG spacer bar which incorporates a ‘U’ channel. Typically the spacer bar will have a bronze anodised finish. Structural silicone is used to bond each piece of glass to the spacerbar. Once the curtain wall grid has been erected on site, these specialist glass units are delivered to site and locked into the grid using metal toggles which are designed specifically for each respective aluminium suppliers curtain wall system. Finally a compatible silicone is applied over the top of the vertical and horizontal joints to create a flush finish.
The second utilises traditional double glazed units manufactured with structural silicone. Aluminium carrier frames are then bonded around the perimeter of each piece of glass with structural silicone. On site, the perimeter frame is locked into the curtain wall grid and then silicone is applied over the gap between each piece of glass.
Please note, the SSG Curtain wall sysems cannot accomodate significant structural movements.
Dortech has carried out a number of projects utilising the following SSG Curtain wall systems:
Schuco FW50+SG
Schuco FW60+SG
Technal MX+SG
For further information, please contact us using the details below:
Website: www.dortech.co.uk
Email: company@dortech.co.uk
Tel: 0044 (0) 1484 451177
Fax 0044 (0) 1484 456474
On Pier 7, crews are adjusting the position of the "Delta Leg" girders so they will match-up with the "Knuckle" girders that will soon be erected.
This tomb is an excellent example to show the corner treatment for this style of octagonal tomb.
The actual tomb chamber inside is also an octagon, and that presents no problems for creating the dome over it, but the octagonal shape does cause problems for the surrounding passageway. This is countered by creating these "irregular quadrilateral" or trapezium shaped vaults that span the space between the dome-covered, arch-sided, square spaces over the entrance and screened walls on one side, and the corner arches on the other. Note that there will be eight corner arches in this design.
The corner arch itself gets thicker from the apex to the to the outer springing line, and thinner from the apex to the inner springing line. The rib in the middle of the arch is concave as it moves to the outer springing line, and convex as it moves to the inner springing line.
All in all, a very satisfactory attention to detail highlighting the structural elements of the design!
A 96th Civil Engineer Squadron firefighter climbs onto a ladder during an annual structural fire training event April 12, at Eglin Air Force Base, Fla. Firefighters completed the training by entering the training facility filled with smoke to find and rescue victims and put out a fire. (U.S. Air Force photo/Samuel King Jr.)
National Botanic Garden of Wales, Llanarthne, Wales, UK
Sir Norman Foster designed the main glasshouse for the National Botanic Garden of Wales, which opened in 2000. The 95m greenhouse is the largest of its kind in the world, with 785 panels of glass. Steel structural ribs suspend panels of glass with a soft curvature similar to his Canary Wharf entrance. The bulb protrudes from the green grass like a futuristic mound. The relationship between man-made and natural takes a twist, on this site of man-made nature.
Set in rolling hills overlooking the Tywi Valley in Carmarthenshire, the Great Glasshouse forms the centrepiece of the 230-hectare National Botanic Garden of Wales. The largest single-span glasshouse in the world, containing more than a thousand Mediterranean plant species, it reinvents the glasshouse for the twenty-first century, offering a model for sustainable development.
Elliptical in plan the building swells from the ground like a glassy hillock, echoing the undulations of the surrounding landscape. The aluminium glazing system and its tubular-steel supporting structure are designed to minimise materials and maximise light transmission. The toroidal roof measures 99 by 55 metres, and rests on twenty-four arches, which spring from a concrete ring beam and rise to 15 metres at the apex of the dome. Because the roof curves in two directions, only the central arches rise perpendicular to the base, the outer arches leaning inwards at progressively steep angles. The building's concrete substructure is banked to the north to provide protection from cold northerly winds and is concealed by a covering of turf so that the three entrances appear to be cut discreetly into the hillside. Within this base are a public concourse, a café, educational spaces and service installations.
To optimise energy usage, conditions inside and outside are monitored by a computer-controlled system. This adjusts the supply of heat and opens glazing panels in the roof to achieve desired levels of temperature, humidity and air movement. The principal heat source is a biomass boiler, located in the park's Energy Centre, which burns timber trimmings. This method is remarkably clean when compared with fossil fuels, and because the plants absorb as much carbon dioxide during their lifetime as they release during combustion, the carbon cycle is broadly neutral. Rainwater collected from the roof supplies 'grey water' for irrigation and flushing lavatories while waste from the lavatories is treated in reed beds before release into a watercourse.
Facts + Figures
•Appointment: 1995
•Completion: 2000
•Area: 5,800m²
•Height: 14m
•Capacity: 40
•Client: National Botanic Garden of Wales
•Structural Engineer: Anthony Hunt Associates
•Quantity Surveyor: Symonds Ltd
•M+E Engineer: Max Fordham & Partners
•Additional Consultants: Gustafson Porter, Colvin and Moggridge
The crane lifts the girder, while other members of the crew hold the guide ropes that help to control any spinning movements.
The room beyond is a toilet. This man grew up in the slum and has been a local politician. There is a strong sense of self help and helping neighbours. The public spaces of the slum are difficult to keep clean. The interiors of the cramped houses are very clean.
The structural pipe supports are fabricated from carbon steel and coated with red oxide primer. The structural steel will be stored in a warehouse for several months while the power plant is being built. Due to the plant's location along the United States East Coast, the use of the red oxide primer was selected. Also, modifications were made to our standard "insulation saddles" to allow for a higher load capacity; which can be seen in the foreground of the image above.
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FORT NORFOLK, Va. – For years, Mother Nature’s fury has steadily eroded the structural integrity of the Fort Norfolk pier and wharf area, seriously degrading its operational effectiveness and jeopardizing its safe operation. Broken, crumbling and missing pilings; underneath pier foundation completely deteriorated; wharf top cap rotten away; mooring fasteners and piling bolts – gone! That was then. Today, new state-of-the-art structural upgrades expand the facility’s operation and extend its useful life for up to 15 years. The Fort Norfolk Bulkhead and Pier Repair project, under the design and construction management of Norfolk District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, began work in October 2011, and was completed ahead of schedule and more than $150,000 under budget. The Corps’ prime contractor, Team Henry Enterprises, LLC, based in Newport News, Va., is an 8A minority-owned small business. The project marked the first time Team Henry had performed work for Norfolk District, but their land work experience extended to other federal and state agencies. Completing the project ahead of schedule and below budget was no surprise to Steven Baum, Norfolk District’s project manager.