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Pagination as statistics by Eva-Lotta Lamm

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To commemorate World AIDS day on December 1st the South African newspaper Cape Argus used their page numbers on the top of every page of the newspaper to educate the public on statistics relating to the AIDS pandemic in South Africa. All the statistics were collected from UNICEF and the South African Department of Health.

via osocio.org/message/cape_argus_aids_stats/

Water by elycefeliz

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30 Days of Gratitude: Day 15 - I am grateful for clean, readily available water.

“How can we go on spending obscene amounts on budgets of death and destruction, knowing full well that a minute fraction of these would insure that children everywhere would have clean water to drink? These are our sisters and brothers out there, not statistics.”

~Archbishop Desmond Tutu

www.worldwaterday.net/

The world water crisis is one of the largest public health issues of our time. Nearly 1.1 billion people (roughly 20% of the world’s population) lack access to safe drinking water1. The lack of clean, safe drinking water is estimated to kill almost 4,500 children per day. In fact, out of the 2.2 million unsafe drinking water deaths in 2004, 90% were children under the age of five. Water is essential to the treatment of diseases, something especially critical for children.

This problem isn’t confined to a particular region of the world. A third of the Earth’s population lives in “water stressed” countries and that number is expected to rise dramatically over the next two decades. The crisis is worst in developing countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The world water crisis is created by a confluence of factors including climate and geography, lack of water systems and infrastructure, and inadequate sanitation, something that 2.6 billion people (40% of the world’s population) lack access to. Some of these countries have additional problems, including high levels of arsenic and fluoride in drinking water.

Many women and young girls in rural areas in Sub-Saharan African and other parts of the world must trek as much as six miles every day to retrieve water for their families7. Due to this manual labor, such women and children are prevented from pursuing an education, maintaining their households or earning additional income.

Thus, the lack of clean water, coupled with the lack of basic sanitation and a dearth of hygiene education, is one of the largest obstacles to progress and development in these regions and across the world. The UN has prioritized water access among its Millennium Development Goals because it contributes to such widespread suffering, including increased poverty, high child mortality rates, depressed education levels, and political instability. Without question, the world water crisis condemns billions of people to a perpetual struggle to survive at the subsistence level, thus inspiring millions to engage and alleviate this problem.

www.cleanwaterfortheworld.org/CWFTWhome.html

Every 15 seconds, a child dies from water-related diseases.

The water and sanitation crisis claims more lives through disease than any war claims through guns.

A person needs 4 to 5 gallons of water per day to survive. The average American individual uses 80 to 100 gallons of water at home each day. The average African family uses about 5 gallons of water each day.

Every $1 spent on water and sanitation creates on average another $8 in costs averted and productivity gained. No intervention has greater overall impact upon national development and public health than the provision of safe drinking water and the proper disposal of human waste

www.nwf.org/water/waterconservation.cfm

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Davidson_Fountain

The Tyler Davidson Fountain (the Genius of Water) is located in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is regarded as the city's symbol. Dedicated in 1871, the “Genius of Water” is a fountain cast in bronze. It features a nine-foot tall bronze statue of a woman with outstretched hands out of which flow streams of water. Below the "Genius" are figures dramatizing the allegory of water. On the north side is a workman on a burning housetop imploring the help of water. On the east a reluctant boy is being led by his smiling mother to the bath. A farmer prays for rain on the south side and on the west a girl offers a drink of water to an aged man on crutches.

It is estimated that 500 gallons of water flow through it every minute.

www.myfountainsquare.com/

Browser Statistics by Anne Ruthmann

from my AnneRuthmann.com site

Obesity Statistics Infographic by Pinchofhealth

Infographic by www.medicalcodingcareerguide.com/fat-future-of-america

Featured on www.weightlossfoodlist.com/obesity-statistics-infographic...

Science! by Steven Brown

I have yet to calculate how many hours and dollars went into producing this yet-incomplete graph. Meaningless to anybody besides me but satisfying to look at none the less.

365/107 Statistics by Nicole'

Our esteemed leader did a run through his photo statistics around his day 100, so I thought I would do the same.

Happy shots - 53

Sad shots - 18

Head shots - 27

Shots with no face - 21

Nude shots - 13 (not as many as I thought!)

Underwear/swimwear shots - 10

Dress ups - 6

Shots in Hats - 8

Silhouettes - 6

Wet - 1

Shots with silly face - 9

Shots at work - 2

B&W/Sepia shots - 19

Shots in dressing gown - 4

Shots with hubby - 4

Shots with dog - 7

B2B 2011 event photos statistics by David Yu

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One of the most hit per day in my flickr --> 25K in 24 hours. The B2B event does have many audiences compare to other event in the city. How many hits of your flickr B2B event photos? Subject matters!!! Am I right? Have you ever attended this event? It was a FUN event to attend/watch/walk/run/snap photos compare to other S.F. events. However, I walked this year from the starting point to Golden Gate Park for about 5+ miles. on the other hand, I did not catch all other different costumes because I walked the flow. I see someone has much better photos than mine and they stayed in the same spot for couple hours. Well, that is San Fran! the famous city in the world with many reasons! the 2B2 is one of them compare to other popular events in the city. Chinese New Year Parade, Cherry Blossom Festival/Grande Parade, Carnaval parade, LGBT parade, 4th July fireworks,Nihonmachi street fair, S.F. International Dragon boat race, Fleet Week S.F. LoveFest?? EE Ball.. much more :-p).. well there are just many of them in almost each weekend.

BTW.. the B2B 2012 event is in here... be ready for it next year.

www.facebook.com/event.php?eid=149467561788038

Always happy shooting!!!

My Twitter | Facebook

Here for your most comfort to view my photos. Please click flickr photo slide show to enjoy my photostream.

Russia by Christine Villacarlos

Statistics 2015

Postallove RR #G18

forget.me.not/Ira

Sent: 1 December 2015

What On Earth Happened?!? by Kacey CD

I am at a loss to explain this. Anyone else care to guess why I might have had a spike in viewers like this?????

Consider Kacey Very Curious Indeed!

US Religion: Religious Adherents by Frank Boosman

Found here.

Etsy Overall Stats 0109 by LooseWireStudio

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Added January 09's figures.

It's about double from last January!

(Items in bold are from the Etsy Blog Statistics article. Non bold items are my added calculations.)

seattle statistics by daves_archive _inactive at current time

Browser Statistics by Anne Ruthmann

from photolovecat.com site

seattle statistics by daves_archive _inactive at current time

bikeability map by nathan mcneil by Michael Andersen

www.ibpi.usp.pdx.edu/media/McNeil_Bikeability_June2010.pdf

World Statistics Day by Mosman Library

How many jelly babies in the jar? We held a guessing competition with the Thursday Kids for World Statisics Day.

seattle statistics by daves_archive _inactive at current time

Ordinary Statistics by JamieThompson

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Cyber Bully Victim Statistics by kmclaughlin918

According to a survey done by the Cyberbullying Research Center, Cyber bullying victims are more likely to have low self-esteem and to consider suicide.

www.bullyingstatistics.org/content/cyber-bullying-statist...

This image was taken from

soc101group2.providence.wikispaces.net/Gender+Distinction...

Sketchnotes from London IA - 19 April 2011 - Michael Blastland by Alexander Baxevanis

You should read all of Michael Blastland's articles where he regularly debunks meaningless statistics in the press.

statistics by Maribel de la Torre

july 2, 2005. the troubadour. los angeles, ca.

kingfisher statistics by Paul JENKINSON

seattle statistics by daves_archive _inactive at current time

Survey by Lex McKee

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Accordion to a recent survey 90% of people don’t notice when you replace words with the names of musical instruments.

This image is taken from United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 6, Nos. 1-4, 1912 by Medical Heritage Library, Inc.

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 6, Nos. 1-4, 1912

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1912

Language: eng

Table of Contents

Number 1

Preface v

Special articles:

The medical man and vital statistics, by J. D. Gatewood 1

A plea for more liberal nomenclature for the Naval Medical Service, by A.

W. Dunbar 22

Acid fast bacilli in the circulating blood of lepers, by G. B. Crow 26

The tenth convention of the second Hague conference of 1907, and its

relation to the evacuation of the wounded in naval warfare, by F. L. Pleadwell (second

paper) 34

A study of 3,268 venereal prophylactic treatments, by R. C. Holcomb and

D. C. Gather 52

A year's experience in venereal prophylaxis on board the U. S. S.

Georgia, July 1, 1910-June 30, 1911, by C. L. Moran 60

The recent advances in the prophylaxis and treatment of typhoid fever, by

M. W. Baker 62

United States Medical School laboratories:

The Naval Medical School collections, by P. E. Garrison 69

Additions to the helminthological collection, United States Naval

Medical School, September-November, 1911 72

Additions to the pathological collection, United States Naval Medical School,

September-November, 1911 72

Suggested devices:

Modification in shoe for prevention of blisters on the heel, by W. S.

Sims. . 73

An improved cot for hospital ships and sick bays aboard ship, by E. M. Blackwell

73

Clinical notes:

Umbilical hernia, by H. F. Strine 76

Report of a case resembling gangosa in which treponema pertenuis was present,

by P. S. Rossiter 78

Bunion operations, by A. M. Fauntleroy 79

Late positive Wassermann in syphilis and tuberculosis, by W. B. Grove.

... 81

Salvarsan in frambcesia, by G. F. Cottle 82

Salvarsan in filariasis, by G. F. Cottle 84

Current comment:

The twentieth annual meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons.

... 89

The ninth international Red Cross conference 90

Typhoid fever 91

Yellow fever at Honolulu 92

Opening of the Naval Hospital, Great Lakes training station, 92

Progress in medical sciences:

General medicine. —Pulmonary tuberculosis, experiences with, during

last year; possible infectious origin of pernicious anemia; differential diagnosis

in albuminuria; observations on urine of marathon runners; alcohol in dermal

therapeutics; baldness and its cures; relationship of syphilis and

tuberculosis; present status of salvarsan therapeutics; effect of salvarsan upon

the heart; utilization of Wassermann reaction in the Navy; possible specific

treatment of diabetes mellitus; bromidrosis and hyperidrosis

of the feet; by A. W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 93

Surgery. —Open treatment of transverse fracture of femoral shaft; cure

of prostatic obstruction; organization at main battle dressing station; by R.

Spear 107

Hygiene and sanitation. — A strength and endurance test; dangers to

health from automobile engine gases; decomposing power of bacteria in water; epidemic

due to Gartner bacillus; bacteriological investigation of ice cream in Boston;

emergency rations; accidents of decompression; merits of low protein diet;

concerning particles of albuminous substance in exhaled air; influence of

storage and preservatives upon dissolved oxygen in waters; bacteriological

examinations of oysters; by H. G.

Beyer and C.N. Fiske 113

Tropical medicine. — Preliminary report on method of preventing pernicious

malaria; recent advances in knowledge of sleeping sickness; experiments on the

cause of beriberi; action of quinine, salvarsan and atoxyl on Plasmodium

prrecox in canary birds; relationship between Gl. Morsitans and sleeping

sickness; by E. R. Stitt 124

Pathology and bacteriology. —Detection of tubercle bacilli in sputum; method

of infection in pneumonic plague; study of arteritis of syphilitic origin;

isolation of typhoid, paratyphoid and dysentery bacilli; bacteriological

examination of stools in quarantine protection against cholera; local

production of antibodies; by M. E. Higgins 130

Medical zoology.—Etiology of pellagra, by P. E. Garrison 136

Chemistry and pharmacy. —Determination of arsenic in urine after administering

salvarsan; method for detection of salvarsan; method for estimation of gastric

acidity; absorption of chloroform and other chlorinated hydrocarbons by men and

animals; by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge... 136

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Acute nephritis following acute tonsillitis;

when to remove tonsils and what operation to be used; recent contributions to

knowledge of sympathetic ophthalmia; protest against indiscriminate use of

organic compounds of silver in ophthalmic practice; two cases of iritis treated

with salvarsan ; a quick and easy method for removal of eyeball; by E. M. Shipp

138

Reports and letters:

Sanitary report on Hampton Roads, Norfolk, and vicinity, by G. A. Lung.

149

Recent pellagra clinic at Columbia, S. C, by P. E. Garrison 152

A visit to the Finsen Institute, by R. B. Williams 157

Number 2

Preface vi

Special articles:

Lead poisoning from inhalation of red-lead laden dust. The possible frequency

of lead encephalopathy in such cases, by E. R. Stitt 161

Loss of life by drowning in naval warfare, by T. W. Richards 166

Etiology of gangosa, based upon complement fixation, by E. P. Halton. .

. 190

Further observations on the insane of the Navy, by Heber Butts 193

Roaches and their extermination by the use of sodium fluorid, by M. F. Gates

212

The prophylaxis of boils, by E. W. Phillips 214

Extract from sanitary report, U. S. S. Washington, by J. H. Iden 215

Comment, by J. D. Gatewood 216

Damage table for physical disability in the United States Navy, 1910. International

nomenclature, by C. N. Fiske 217

Indications for intubation and tracheotomy, by G. B. Trible 219

Report on methods of administration of and results obtained from

"salvarsan." Based upon the treatment of over 200 cases of syphilis

at the naval hospital, Mare Island, Cal., by J. A. Biello 221

Method used at naval hospital, Chelsea, Mass., by F. M. Furlong 225

Method used at naval hospital, Norfolk, Va., by W. M. Garton 225

Method used at naval hospital, New York, N. Y., by C. M. Oman 226

Distribution of tubercle bacilli in the sputa of tuberculous patients,

by R. W. King 227

United States Naval Medical School laboratories:

Specimens added to the helminthological collection, December, 1911-February,

1912 229

Specimens added to the pathological collection, December,

1911-February, 1912 231

Miscellaneous collection, December, 1911-February, 1912 231

Suggested devices:

An incubator for gelatine cultures, by F. L. Letts 233

Clinical notes:

Report of a case of perforation of the sigmoid by an ulcer, in a case

of dysentery (Flexner-Strong), by Raymond Spear and M. E. Higgins 235

Plastic operation of lip, by R. A. Bachmann 236

Removal of entire fibula, by J. L. Neilson 236

Frontal sinusitis, followed by double mastoiditis; operations, by G. B.

Trible 239

"Salvarsan " in syphilis, leprosy, and yaws, by W. M. Kerr

240

Two surgical cases occurring on the U. S. S. South Carolina, by R. B. Williams

242

1. Abscess of prostate, gangrene of scrotum, pyemia, death.

2. Tonsillitis; tonsillectomy, acute nephritis, uremia.

Surgical cases from the naval hospital, Norfolk, Va., by H. F. Strine

243

1. Lacerated kidney, nephrectomy.

2. Gastro-enterostomy.

3. Cholecystocolostomy; external biliary fistula; stricture of common duct.

4. Multiple abscess of liver.

Editorial comment:

Yellow fever on the Yorktown, by C. F. Stokes 249

The Naval Medical Bulletin 260

Hospital ships 250

Paresis and "line of duty " 253

Progress in medical sciences:

General medicine. — Relation of so-called Brill's disease to typhus

fever. Diagnostic importance of hemoptysis. Acute dilatation of the stomach in

pneumonia. Reaction induced by antityphoid vaccination, by A. W. Dunbar and J.

L. Neilfon 255

Surgery. —Organization of the medical service at the main dressing

station in battle, by H. G. Beyer. The error of overlooking ureteral or renal stones

under the diagnosis of appendicitis. The incision for lumbar

exposure of the kidney. Iodine as the sole dressing for operation

wounds. A review of recent methods for the radical cure of hernia. Studies in peritoneal

adhesions. The surgical treatment of colitis, by Raymond Spear and C. M. Oman

259

Hygiene and sanitation. —A symposium on the effects of athletics on

young men, by J. L. Neilson. Mosquito larvicides, by E. R. Stitt. Sur une cause

possible du gout empyreumatique de l'eau de boisson a bord des navires de

guerre, by C. L. Moran. Organic matter in expired air. Tests for freshness of

milk, by E. W. Brown. Experiments in book disinfection. The purification of

water by anhydrous chlorine. Oral hygiene (preliminary contribution on the care

of the mouth). On the survival of specific microorganisms in pupae and imagines

of musca domestica raised from experimentally infected larvae : Experiments

with B. typhosus. On the varieties of B. coli associated with the house fly, by

C. N. Fiske. 271

Tropical medicine. —A few words on the distribution of smallpox,

tuberculosis, and typhoid in the tropics. Do mosquitoes require blood as

nourishment in the development of their eggs? By E. R. Stitt 279

Pathology and bacteriology. —An attempt to differentiate the

diphtheroid group of organisms. The period of infectivity of the blood of

measles; an experimental demonstration of the presence of the virus of measles

in the mixed buccal and nasal secretions; the nature of the virus of measles; the

infectivity of the secretions and disquamating scales of measles. A new

conception of immunity. Complement in human serum, by M. E. Higgins 281

Medical zoology. —A comparative study of the ameba in the Manila water supply,

in the intestinal tract of healthy persons and in amebic dysentery. The Rocky

Mountain spotted fever tick, with special reference to the problems of its

control in Bitter Root Valley, Montana, by P. B. Garrison 283

Chemistry and pharmacy. —Some considerations on the absorption and excretion

of drugs. Detection of albumoses in urine. Estimation of free HC1 in gastric

contents by capillary method. Detection of albumin in urine by Merck's tablets.

Estimation of acetone in animal liquids. New test for bile in urine. Method for

determining formaldehyde. Indirect method for determining total volume of

gastric contents, by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 286

Eye, ear, nose, and throat.—Abscess of the nasal septum. Observations upon

the treatment of gonorrheal conjunctivitis in the adult, by E. M. Shipp 291

Reports and letters:

Yellow fever occurring on board the U. S. S. Yorktown at Guayaquil, Ecuador,

extracts from a report on cases of, by C. B. Camerer 295

Report on military surgery at Foochow, China, by J. G. Omelvena 300

Notes on Camp Meyer, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, by L. W. Johnson 303

Special report on the general surgical department, Naval Hospital,

Norfolk, Va. Anesthesia. Prophylaxis of wound infection. Appendicitis. Post-operative

treatment, by H. F. Strine 305

American Public Health Association meeting (abstract of report on), by W.

H. Short 309

Number 3

Preface v

Special articles:

Leprosy, with notes on, and illustrations of the cases as they occurred

in the Tumon Leper Colony, Guam, Marianas, during the months of October and

November, 1911, by W. M. Kerr, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 313

Photographs of lepers, by G. F. Cottle, passed assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 342

Vision in relation to marksmanship, by E. J. Grow, surgeon, United States

Navy 344

Technique of a Wassermann test in which guinea-pig complement is not required;

Emery technique; Noguchi reagents, by E. R. Stitt, medical inspector, United

States Navy 362

Some minor sanitary defects in modern battleships, and their correction,

by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy 309

Additional report of cases with unusual symptoms caused by contact with

some unknown variety of jelly fish, by E. H. Old, passed assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 377

The effects of high temperature on the personnel of the fire rooms of

naval vessels with special reference to heat cramps (myalgia thermica), by W.

L. Mann, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 380

Detection of methyl alcohol, by C. Schaffer, hospital steward, United States

Navy 392

United States Naval Medical School laboratories:

Additions to the helminthological collection 395

Additions to the pathological collection 395

Additions to the miscellaneous collection 396

Suggested devices:

A bunk locker, a tray, and a bracket stool for use in sick bays and

wards of hospital ships, by E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy 397

A method for use in opsonic index work and vaccine standardization, by R.

E. Weaver, hospital steward, United States Navy 398

Clinical notes:

A note on a case of fish poisoning in Guam, by W. M. Kerr, assistant

surgeon, United States Navy 401

Two cases of climatic bubo, by E. W. Phillips, assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 402

Rupture of the left kidney (nephrectomy), by A. M. Fauntleroy, surgeon,

United States Navy 404

Abscess of the liver in a young infant, by F. E. Sellers, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 405

Appendectomy on a haemophiliac, by B. F. Jenness, passed assistant surgeon.

United States Navy 407

Editorial comment:

New accounting system at naval hospitals, by Surg. Gen. C. F. Stokes, United

States Navy 411

The relations of the American National Red Cross with the Medical

Department of the Navy in war 413

Progress in medical sciences:

General medicine. — Physical exercise and blood pressure. On the

identity of typhus fever and Brill's disease. Studies on the virus of typhus,

by A. W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 417

Surgery.— The prevention and treatment of ventral hernia. Technique and

remote results of vascular anastomoses. Accidents and deaths from exploratory

puncture of the pleura. The control of bleeding in brain operations. Surgical

pathology of the stomach and duodenum, by R. Spear and C. M. Oman 421

Hygiene and sanitation.— The physiological influence of ozone.

Influence of benzine, toluene, and light and heavy "benzines" on the

organism, by E. W. Brown. Disinfection experiments with perautan and paragan. A

new and rapid method of bacteriological water examination, its applicability to

the testing of filtered and well water. A mosquito larvacide disinfectant and

the methods of its standardization. The sterilization of milk bottles with

calcium hypochlorite. Apyrexial malaria carriers, by H. G. Beyer and O. N.

Kiske 431

Tropical medicine. — Cell-inclusions in the blood of a case of

blackwater fever. The estimation of the specific gravity of the blood and its

value in the treatment of cholera, by E. R. Stitt 436

Pathology and bacteriology.— A study of 35 strains of streptococci

isolated from samples of milk, by C. N. Fiske. Method for the quantitative determination

of fecal bacteria, by E. W. Brown. Pure cultivation of

spirochieta refringens, by M. E. Higgins 438

Chemistry and pharmacy. —On the diagnostic value of colloidal nitrogen

in the urine in cases of carcinoma. Determination of the quantity of residual

urine. Clarification of the urine in the estimation of sugar. On the excretion

of formaldehyde, ammonia, and hexamethylenamine. Organic compounds of the

aromatic series as cholagogucs, by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 439

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. — An operation for glaucoma. Notes from an Indian

eye clinic. In the report from the St. Louis Ophthalmological Society in a

discussion on the antiseptic and germicidal properties of the silver salts.

Notes of three cases illustrating infection of the accessory sinuses by entry

of water into the nose during bathing. Three cases of chronic suppurative

otitis media, by G. B. Trible 441

Reports and letters:

An account of the sinking of the Japanese battleship Hatsuse in the

late Russo-Japanese war, by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy.. 447

Organization, camp management, and sanitation in effect at the marine barracks,

Camp Elliott, Isthmus Canal Zone, Panama, April 15, 1910, to February 26, 1912,

by S. D. Butler, major, United States Marine Corps.. 458

Sanitary conditions in Samoa, by R. U. Reed, passed assistant surgeon, United

States Navy 462

Sanitary conditions in Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger, surgeon, United

States Navy 464

Number 4

Preface v

Special articles

A description of recent hospital construction in the United States

Navy, by A. W. Dunbar, surgeon, United States Navy 473

A few general principles of hospital construction, by F. W. Southworth,

S. B., architect 523

Ventilation of warships, by R. H. Robinson, naval constructor, United States

Navy 529

Plans and description of a hospital ship for the United States Navy, by

E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy 539

A report on the prevalence of framboesia (yaws) in Guam, and its

connection with the etiology of gangosa, by W. M. Kerr, assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 549

Diagnosis and dosage in hookworm cases in the Navy, by J. F. Leys,

surgeon, United States Navy 552

Nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia, by H. F. Strine, surgeon, United

States Navy 555

A theoretical discussion of the character and genesis of thermic

myospasms, with further observations on myalgia thermica, by W. L. Mann, passed

assistant surgeon. United States Navy 558

Eight hundred and twenty complement-fixation tests on 461 patients, by E.

P. Huff, passed assistant surgeon. United States Navy 562

United States Naval Medical School laboratories:

Additions to the helminthological collection 575

Additions to the pathological collection 575

Additions to the miscellaneous collection 575

Suggested devices:

A simple method of securing shelf-bottle stoppers during target

practice, by H. S. Coombs, hospital apprentice, first class. United States

Navy. . . . 577

The rat guard used in the Philippine Islands, by C. Fox, passed assistant

surgeon, United States Public Health Service 577

Clinical notes:

Case reports from the United States naval hospital, Philadelphia, by G.

B. Crow, L. W. Johnson, A. J. Toulon, and C. W. Smith, passed assistant surgeons,

United States Navy 579

A case of very large stone in kidney without acute symptoms.

Pneumonia following an injury.

The effect of salvarsan on the average number of sick days from

syphilis.

A case of extensive adenocarcinoma.

A case of exceptionally severe syphilitic Irido-cyclltis with marked

changes in the interior of the eye and total loss of light perception.

An interesting case of gunshot wound, by J. M. Minter, passed assistant

surgeon, United States Navy 584

Fracture of humerus by muscular action, by R. G . Davis, assistant

surgeon, United States Navy 585

Editorial comment :

Participation of Medical Officers in Professional Conferences 587

Sight tests for seamen 588

Recent legislation affecting the Medical Department of the Navy 589

Naval Hospital Corps 590

Progress in medical sciences:

General medicine. —Bier's hypersemic treatment in gonorrhceal epididymitis,

by C. N . Fiske. Normal human blood serum in obstetric practice. The cutaneous

reaction of syphilis. Clinical experience with neosalvarsan. By A. W. Dunbar

and J. L. Neilson 591

Surgery. — Local anesthesia in traumatic surgery. Surgery of the bile

ducts. Vanadium steel bone plates and screws. Observations on the diagnosis of

renal tuberculosis, the indications for nephrectomy in its treatment, and the

technic of the operation. Pyloroplasty. By R. Spear and C. M. Oman 596

Hygiene and sanitation. —Notes on the ventilation of troopships in the Tropics.

The structure and functions of the foot. By H. G. Beyer and C. N. Fiske 608

Tropical medicine. — The antineuritic bases of vegetable origin in

relation to beriberi, with a method of isolation of torulin, the antineuritic

base of yeast, by J. L. Neilson 609

Pathology and bacteriology. —Double-stain method for the polar bodies

of diphtheria bacilli, by O. G. Huge. The examination of diphtheria specimens;

a new technique in staining with toluidin blue. A critical

study of the organisms cultivated from the lesions of human leprosy,

with a consideration of their etiological significance. By M. E. Higgins 611

Medical zoology. — Trypanosoma rhodesiense, a second species of

trypanosome producing sleeping sickness in man, by J. L. Neilson 612

Chemistry and pharmacy.— Studies in bacterial metabolism, by C. N. Fiske.

The definition of normal urine. The estimation of indican in urine. A new

method for the determination of total nitrogen in urine.

On the determination of ammonia in urine. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge

613

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Tonsillectomy with consideration of its

complications. Protargol in antisepsis of the visual apparatus. The trachoma

question. Keratitis as a cause of myopia. By G. B. Trible 617

Reports and letters:

Fourth Provisional Regiment, United States Marines, Camp Thomas, North

Island, San Diego, Cal., by R. E. Hoyt, passed assistant surgeon, United States

Navy 623

Marine Expeditionary Force, Pekin, China, by R. B. Henry, assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 632

If you have questions concerning reproductions, please contact the Contributing Library.

Note: The colors, contrast and appearance of these illustrations are unlikely to be true to life. They are derived from scanned images that have been enhanced for machine interpretation and have been altered from their originals.

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4 million views, thank you! by Tambako The Jaguar

1 17

A few days ago I saw on my stats that I reached the 4 million view which is quite great I think!

I'd like to thank everybody who watch my pictures, comment them, favorite them etc! :)

A spike in the download statistics by MuseScore

The FOSDEM effect? Or rather the effect of being listed at KDE apps, Freshmeat and Softpedia

Statistics 4th Edition by textbookread

Save on Statistics 4th Edition Saving, Order Now! Want it delivered within 1 day? Choose One-Day Shipping at checkout.Statistics 4th Edition See More Detail at this Link: Read Full Detail | Compare

Statistics 4th Edition

Twitter Infographics by Katie

Some fun Twitter statistics such as the % of people who don't know what a # is, when the first tweet was sent from space and the most Tweets Per Second.

Photo Source:

www.bitrebels.com/social/twitterpalooza-twitter-statistic...

7,000,000 Views :-) by Poul-Werner Dam

Thank you all!

Back in October 2018, I reached the 6 Mill. mark - and now passed yet another milestone :-)

7,000,000 views basically since November 2012 - where I started using my Flickr account for good...

statistics institute by Svetlana Cekic

2 4

The headquarters of the Spanish National Statistics Institute in Madrid. They were built in 1972, and totally remodeled in 2008 by architect César Ruiz-Larrea and designer José María Cruz Novillo.

One Year On Flickr by Kacey CD

Cool!

Happy One Year Anniversary to ME!

I've had this account on flickr for one year now and I can't express just how fun, interesting, and strange a trip its been!

As of this moment...

I've had over 362, 000 total views,

Posted images in 101 sessions,

and have 387 images posted, ALL of which have been viewed, the least of them over 30 times, the most- over 3000!

Of the 387 images I have posted at the moment,

315 have comments and

359 have been marked as favorites!

I've also deleted somewhere around 50 images,

Been moderated to unsafe twice,

Had the unsafe moderation rescinded twice (!)

I've had 1188 contact messages,

Made 419 flickr members Contacts,

Made 354 additional flickr members Friends,

Have 27 flickr Family,

Have 24 flickr members as Friends & Family.

I've been made a contact by 965 other flickr members,

497 of those folks are mutual contacts. (Yes, I'm picky!)

I have sent 294 flickr mail messages and

Received 455 flickr mail messages,

I have enjoyed countless hours viewing the images of other T-Girls, CD-ers, Transexuals, Transgenders, their admirers, friends and associates. In my wildest imagination I would never have guessed just how many great looking T-Girls there are on flickr, not to mention how large a community exists of those who admire them!

I am truly grateful to have discovered such a large and inspiring community. I am astonished at the interest that my images have generated and extremely flattered by all the sweet, kind and thoughtful comments posted by my wonderful friends here. [gush] Thank You All So Much!

Let's see what the coming year has in store!

Kacey

Beauty of statistics... by Nina Voulis

5 9

... until yesterday evening I couldn't imagine that I even would say such a thing. But then I discovered the Gapminder website. I believe they found a way to show the way our world is evolving in a visual and very comprehensive manner. And I love how Hans Rosling explains the relationships between populations and their growth, education, history, economics, environment... (His "bubble" is just lovely!)

Gapminder is certainly worthy for everyone to visit!
Please do!

... and please share it!

Bonkers by Kevin Lane

1 10

It took me around 4 years to get to a million views, but with the new way of calculating statistics, the second million has taken just six months.........

1,000,000 Views by Trudy -

3 20

I like typing in those zeros!

Just a few short weeks ago, I was really happy that my views had exceeded 350,000. Then, a handful of my images made Explore and my stats climbed substantially. Thank you so much to those who have me on their contact list. I appreciate you!

Salary vs years in the field - colored according to position by ynse

2 2

Results of Bioinformatics Jobs Survey.

Statistics by Julien Harneis

The education subdivision is responsible for a territory with a population of 150.000. This is their statistics department.

Flickr statistics on my photostream by Rosario Sanguedolce

100,432 people from all over the world looked at my photostream until to day. Thank you very much for your lovely attention my photos: it is a great honour for me!!

Top 100 Worst U.S. Traffic Bottlenecks (2017) by Thomas Cizauskas

1. Atlanta, GA: I-285 at I-85 (North)

2. Fort Lee, NJ: I-95 at SR 4

3. Chicago, IL: I-290 at I-90/I-94

4. Louisville, KY: I-65 at I-64/I-71

5. Cincinnati, OH: I-71 at I-75

6. Los Angeles, CA: SR 60 at SR 57

7. Auburn, WA: SR 18 at SR 167

8. Houston, TX: I-45 at US 59

9. Atlanta, GA: I-75 at I-285 (North)

10. Seattle, WA: I-5 at I-90

▶ Full list: here.

"Since 2002, the American Transportation

Research Institute (ATRI) has collected and

processed truck GPS data in support of the

Federal Highway Administration’s Freight

Performance Measures (FPM) initiative. The FPM program develops and monitors a series of key performance measures on the nation’s freight transportation system. ATRI now converts its truck GPS data set into an ongoing analysis that is used to quantify the impact of traffic congestion on truck-borne freight at 250 specific locations."

—American Transportation Research Institute

***************

Washington Post (24 January 2017)

▶ Spaghetti Junction Tops List of Worst Truck Bottlenecks for Second Year in a Row

Yahoo News (25 January 2017)

***************

▶ Uploaded by Yours For Good Fermentables.com.

▶ For a larger image, type 'L' (without the quotation marks).

— Follow on Facebook: YoursForGoodFermentables.

— Follow on Instagram: @tcizauskas.

▶ Commercial use requires explicit permission, as per Creative Commons.

Important Statistics by John C Bullas BSc MSc PhD MCIHT MIAT

2 1

Important Statistics funny ones

Malaysia - Kuala Lumpur - Chinese Temple 2 by Manfred Sommer

Kuala Lumpur (/ˈkwɑːləˈlʊmpʊər/ or /-pər/; Malaysian pronunciation: [ˈkwalə ˈlumpʊr]) is the national capital and most populous global city in Malaysia. The city covers an area of 243 km2 and has an estimated population of 1.6 million as of 2010. Greater Kuala Lumpur, covering similar area as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.5 million people as of 2012. It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in South-East Asia, in terms of population and economy.

Kuala Lumpur is the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia. The city was once home to the executive and judicial branches of the federal government, but they were moved to Putrajaya in early 1999. Some sections of the judiciary still remain in the capital city of Kuala Lumpur. The official residence of the Malaysian King, the Istana Negara, is also situated in Kuala Lumpur. Rated as an alpha world city, Kuala Lumpur is the cultural, financial and economic centre of Malaysia due to its position as the capital as well as being a key city. Kuala Lumpur was ranked 48th among global cities by Foreign Policy's 2010 Global Cities Index and was ranked 67th among global cities for economic and social innovation by the 2thinknow Innovation Cities Index in 2010.

Kuala Lumpur is defined within the borders of the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and is one of three Malaysian Federal Territories. It is an enclave within the state of Selangor, on the central west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

Since the 1990s, the city has played host to many international sporting, political and cultural events including the 1998 Commonwealth Games and the Formula One Grand Prix. In addition, Kuala Lumpur is home to the tallest twin buildings in the world, the Petronas Twin Towers, which have become an iconic symbol of Malaysia's futuristic development.

In May 2015, Kuala Lumpur was officially recognized as one of the New7Wonders Cities together with Vigan City, Doha, Durban, Havana, Beirut, and La Paz.

HISTORY

Kuala Lumpur means "muddy confluence", although it is also possible that the name is a corrupted form of an earlier but now unidentifiable forgotten name. It was originally a small settlement of just a few houses at the confluence of Sungai Gombak (previously known as Sungai Lumpur) and Sungai Klang (Klang River). The town of Kuala Lumpur was established circa 1857, when the Malay Chief of Klang, Raja Abdullah bin Raja Jaafar, aided by his brother Raja Juma'at of Lukut, raised funds to hire some Chinese miners from Lukut to open new tin mines here. The miners landed at Kuala Lumpur and continued their journey on foot to Ampang where the first mine was opened. Kuala Lumpur was the furthest point up the Klang River to which supplies could conveniently be brought by boat; it therefore became a collection and dispersal point serving the tin mines. The identity of the founder of Kuala Lumpur has however not been confirmed: Raja Abdullah bin Raja Jaafar and his role in founding the city do not appear in the earliest account of the history of Selangor. On the other hand, the Sumatrans Abdullah Hukum and Sutan Puasa, arrived in Kuala Lumpur at least in 1850. Raja Abdullah only came around 1857 and Yap Ah Loy, also regarded as the founding father of Kuala Lumpur, arrived in 1862. In addition, the Chinese men employed under Raja Abdullah worked in Ampang, 64 kilometres away from the main land. Meanwhile, efficient drainage and irrigation systems (bondar saba) were introduced in Kuala Lumpur by the technologically advanced Mandailing, improving the mining industry.

In the early history of Kuala Lumpur, the Minangkabaus of Sumatra were considered to be one of the most important groups of people who involved in trading. Utsman bin Abdullah and Haji Mohamed Taib were influenced tycoon in Kuala Lumpur and surrounding area. Haji Taib, one of the wealthiest figure at that time, was an important person in the early development centre of city: Kampung Baru. Beside as merchants, the Minangkabaus also overwhelmingly on socio-religious figures, such as Utsman bin Abdullah was the first kadi of Kuala Lumpur as well as Muhammad Nur bin Ismail.

Although the early miners suffered a high death toll due to the malarial conditions of the jungle, the Ampang mines were successful, and the first tin was exported in 1859. The tin-mining spurred the growth of the town, and miners later also settled in Pudu and Batu. The miners formed gangs among themselves; there were the Hakka-dominated Hai San in Kuala Lumpur, and the Cantonese-dominated Ghee Hin based in Kanching in Ulu Selangor. These two gangs frequently fought to gain control of best tin mines. The leaders of the Chinese community were conferred the title of Kapitan Cina (Chinese headman) by the Malay chief, and Hiu Siew, the owner of a mine in Lukut, was chosen as the first Kapitan of Kuala Lumpur. As one of the first traders to arrive in Ampang (along with Yap Ah Sze), he sold provisions to the miners in exchange for tin.

In 1868, Yap Ah Loy was appointed the third Chinese Kapitan of Kuala Lumpur. Yap, together with Frank Swettenham, were the two most important figures in the development of Kuala Lumpur in the early days of Kuala Lumpur. In 1880, the state capital of Selangor was moved from Klang to the more strategically advantageous Kuala Lumpur by the colonial administration, and Swettenham was appointed the Resident in 1882. Kuala Lumpur was a small town with buildings made of wood and atap (thatching) that were prone to burn. It suffered from many problems, including the Selangor Civil War which devastated the town; it was also plagued by diseases and constant fires and floods. The war and other setbacks led to a slump which lasted until 1879, when a rise in the price of tin allowed the town to recover.

In 1881, a flood swept through the town, following a fire that had engulfed it earlier. As a response, Frank Swettenham, the British Resident of Selangor, required that buildings be constructed of brick and tile.[33] Hence, Kapitan Yap Ah Loy bought a sprawling piece of real estate to set up a brick industry, which spurred the rebuilding of Kuala Lumpur. This place is the eponymous Brickfields. Hence, destroyed atap buildings were replaced with brick and tiled ones. He restructured the building layout of the city. Many of the new brick buildings mirrored those of shop houses in southern China, characterised by "five foot ways" as well as skilled Chinese carpentry work. This resulted in a distinct eclectic shop house architecture typical to this region. Kapitan Yap Ah Loy expand road access in the city significantly, linking up tin mines with the city, these roads include the main arterial roads of the present Ampang Road, Pudu Road and Petaling Street. As Chinese Kapitan, he was vested with wide powers on par with Malay community leaders. He implemented law reforms and introduced new legal measures. He also presided over a small claims court. With a police force of six, he was able to uphold the rule of law. He built a prison that could accommodate 60 prisoners at any time. Kapitan Yap Ah Loy also built Kuala Lumpur's first school and a major tapioca mill in Petaling Street of which the Selangor's Sultan Abdul Samad had an interest.

A railway line between Kuala Lumpur and Klang, initiated by Swettenham and completed in 1886, increased accessibility which resulted in the rapid growth of the town. The population grew from 4,500 in 1884 to 20,000 in 1890. As development intensified in the 1880s, it also put pressure on sanitation, waste disposal and other health issues. A Sanitary Board was created on 14 May 1890 which was responsible for sanitation, upkeep of roads, lighting of street and other functions. This would eventually became the Kuala Lumpur Municipal Council. Kuala Lumpur was only 0.65 km2 in 1895, but it expanded to 20 km2 in 1903, and by the time it became a municipality in 1948 it had expanded to 93 km2, and then to 243 km2 in 1974 as a Federal Territory. In 1896, Kuala Lumpur was chosen as the capital of the newly formed Federated Malay States. A mixture of different communities settled in various sections of Kuala Lumpur. The Chinese mainly settled around the commercial centre of Market Square, east of the Klang River, and towards Chinatown. The Malays, Indian Chettiars, and Indian Muslims resided along Java Street (now Jalan Tun Perak). The Padang, now known as Merdeka Square, was the centre of the British administrative offices.

During World War II, Kuala Lumpur was captured by the Imperial Japanese Army on 11 January 1942. They occupied the city until 15 August 1945, when the commander in chief of the Japanese Seventh Area Army in Singapore and Malaysia, Seishirō Itagaki, surrendered to the British administration following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Kuala Lumpur grew through the war, the rubber and tin commodity crashes and the Malayan Emergency, during which Malaya was preoccupied with the communist insurgency. In 1957, the Federation of Malaya gained its independence from British rule. Kuala Lumpur remained the capital through the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963.

On 13 May 1969, the worst race riots on record in Malaysia took place in Kuala Lumpur. The so-called 13 May Incident refers to the occurrence of violence between members of the Malay and the Chinese communities. The violence was the result of Malaysian Malays being dissatisfied with their socio-political status. The riots resulted in the deaths of 196 people, and led to major changes in the country's economic policy to promote and prioritise Malay economic development over that of the other ethnicities.

Kuala Lumpur later achieved city status in 1972, becoming the first settlement in Malaysia to be granted the status after independence. Later, on 1 February 1974, Kuala Lumpur became a Federal Territory. Kuala Lumpur ceased to be the capital of Selangor in 1978 after the city of Shah Alam was declared the new state capital. On 14 May 1990, Kuala Lumpur celebrated 100 years of local council. The new federal territory Kuala Lumpur flag and anthem were introduced. On 1 February 2001, Putrajaya was declared a Federal Territory, as well as the seat of the federal government. The administrative and judicial functions of the government were shifted from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya. Kuala Lumpur however still retained its legislative function, and remained the home of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Constitutional King).

GEOGRAPHY

The geography of Kuala Lumpur is characterised by the huge Klang Valley. The valley is bordered by the Titiwangsa Mountains in the east, several minor ranges in the north and the south and the Strait of Malacca in the west. Kuala Lumpur is a Malay term that translates to "muddy confluence" as it is located at the confluence of the Klang and Gombak rivers.

Located in the centre of Selangor state, Kuala Lumpur was previously under the rule of Selangor State Government. In 1974, Kuala Lumpur was separated from Selangor to form the first Federal Territory governed directly by the Malaysian Federal Government. Its location on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, which has wider flat land than the east coast, has contributed to its faster development relative to other cities in Malaysia. The municipality of the city covers an area of 243 km2, with an average elevation of 21.95 m.

CLOMATE AND WEATHER

Protected by the Titiwangsa Mountains in the east and Indonesia's Sumatra Island in the west, Kuala Lumpur has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af), which is warm and sunny, along with abundant rainfall, especially during the northeast monsoon season from October to March. Temperatures tend to remain constant. Maximums hover between 32 and 33 °C and have never exceeded 38.5 °C, while minimums hover between 23.4 and 24.6 °C and have never fallen below 14.4 °C. Kuala Lumpur typically receives minimum 2,600 mm of rain annually; June and July are relatively dry, but even then rainfall typically exceeds 131 millimetres per month.

Flooding is a frequent occurrence in Kuala Lumpur whenever there is a heavy downpour, especially in the city centre and downstream areas. Smoke from forest fires of nearby Sumatra sometimes cast a haze over the region. It is a major source of pollution in the city together with open burning, emission from motor vehicles and construction work.

POLITICS

Kuala Lumpur is home to the Parliament of Malaysia. The hierarchy of authority in Malaysia, in accordance with the Federal Constitution, has stipulated the three branches, of the Malaysian government as consisting of the Executive, Judiciary and Legislative branches. The Parliament consists of the Dewan Negara (Upper House / House of Senate) and Dewan Rakyat (Lower House / House of Representatives).

ECONOMY

Kuala Lumpur and its surrounding urban areas form the most industrialised and economically, the fastest growing region in Malaysia. Despite the relocation of federal government administration to Putrajaya, certain government institutions such as Bank Negara Malaysia (National Bank of Malaysia), Companies Commission of Malaysia and Securities Commission as well as most embassies and diplomatic missions have remained in the city.

The city remains as the economic and business centre of the country. Kuala Lumpur is a centre for finance, insurance, real estate, media and the arts of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur is rated as an alpha world city, and is the only global city in Malaysia, according to the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC). The infrastructure development in the surrounding areas such as the Kuala Lumpur International Airport at Sepang, the creation of the Multimedia Super Corridor and the expansion of Port Klang further reinforce the economic significance of the city.

Bursa Malaysia or the Malaysia Exchange is based in the city and forms one of its core economic activities. As of 5 July 2013, the market capitalisation stood at US$505.67 billion.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Kuala Lumpur is estimated at RM73,536 million in 2008 with an average annual growth rate of 5.9 percent.[66] The per capita GDP for Kuala Lumpur in 2013 is RM79,752 with an average annual growth rate of 5.6 percent. The total employment in Kuala Lumpur is estimated at around 838,400. The service sector comprising finance, insurance, real estate, business services, wholesale and retail trade, restaurants and hotels, transport, storage and communication, utilities, personal services and government services form the largest component of employment representing about 83.0 percent of the total. The remaining 17 percent comes from manufacturing and construction.

The average monthly household income for Kuala Lumpur was RM4,105 (USD 1,324) in 1999, up from RM3,371 (USD 1,087) four years prior, making it 66% higher than the national average. In terms of household income distribution, 23.5% of households in the city earned more than RM5,000 (USD 1,613) per month compared to 9.8% for the entire country, while 8.1% earned less than RM1,000 (USD 323) a month.

The large service sector is evident in the number of local and foreign banks and insurance companies operating in the city. Kuala Lumpur is poised to become the global Islamic Financing hub with an increasing number of financial institutions providing Islamic Financing and the strong presence of Gulf's financial institutions such as the world's largest Islamic bank, Al-Rajhi Bank and Kuwait Finance House. Apart from that, the Dow Jones & Company is keen to work with Bursa Malaysia to set up Islamic Exchange Trade Funds (ETFs), which would help raise Malaysia's profile in the Gulf. The city has a large number of foreign corporations and is also host to many multi national companies' regional offices or support centres, particularly for finance and accounting, and information technology functions. Most of the countries' largest companies have their headquarters based here and as of December 2007 and excluding Petronas, there are 14 companies that are listed in Forbes 2000 based in Kuala Lumpur.

Other important economic activities in the city are education and health services. Kuala Lumpur also has advantages stemming from the high concentration of educational institutions that provide a wide-ranging of courses. Numerous public and private medical specialist centres and hospitals in the city offer general health services, and a wide range of specialist surgery and treatment that caters to locals and tourists.

There has been growing emphasis to expand the economic scope of the city into other service activities, such as research and development, which supports the rest of the economy of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur has been home for years to important research centres such as the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, the Forest Research Institute Malaysia and the Institute of Medical Research and more research centres are expected to be established in the coming years.

DEMOGRAPHICS

Kuala Lumpur is the most populous city in Malaysia, with a population of 1.6 million in the city proper as of 2010. It has a population density of 6,696 inhabitants per square kilometre , and is the most densely populated administrative district in Malaysia. Residents of the city are colloquially known as KLites. Kuala Lumpur is also the centre of the wider Klang Valley conurbation (covering Petaling Jaya, Klang, Subang Jaya, Shah Alam, Gombak and others) which has an estimated metropolitan population of 7.2–7.5 million as of 2012.

Kuala Lumpur's heterogeneous populace includes the country's three major ethnic groups: the Malays, the Chinese and the Indians, although the city also has a mix of different cultures including Eurasians, as well as Kadazans, Ibans and other indigenous races from East Malaysia and Peninsula Malaysia.

Historically Kuala Lumpur was a predominantly Chinese, but recently the Bumiputra component of the city has increased substantially and they are now the dominant group. Most of Malays who considered as Bumiputra came from Sumatra and other parts of Indonesia archipelago. The majority of them Javanese, Minangkabaus and Buginese began arriving in Kuala Lumpur in the mid 19th century, in addition to Acehnese who arrived in the late 20th century. The population of Kuala Lumpur was estimated to be around three thousand in 1880 when it was made the capital of Selangor. In the following decade which saw the rebuilding of the town it showed considerable increase, due in large part to the construction of a railway line in 1886 connecting Kuala Lumpur and Klang.

A census in 1891 of uncertain accuracy gave a figure of 43,796 inhabitants, 79% of whom were Chinese (71% of the Chinese were Hakka), 14% Malay, and 6% Indian. Another estimate put the population of Kuala Lumpur in 1890 at 20,000. In 1931, 61% of Kuala Lumpur's 111,418 inhabitants were Chinese, and in 1947 63.5%. The Malays however began to settle in the Kuala Lumpur in significant numbers, in part due to government employment, as well as the expansion of the city that absorbed the surrounding rural areas where many Malays lived. between 1947 and 1957 the population of Bumiputras in Kuala Lumpur doubled, increasing from 12.5 to 15%, while the proportion of Chinese dropped. The process continued after Malayan independence with the growth of a largely Malay civil service, and later the implementation of the New Economic Policy which encouraged Malay participation in urban industries and business. In 1980 the population of Kuala Lumpur had reached over a million, with 52% Chinese, 33% Malay, and 15% Indian. From 1980 to 2000 the number of Bumiputras increased by 77%, but the Chinese still outnumbered the Bumiputras in Kuala Lumpur in the 2000 census at 43% compared to Bumiputras at 38%. By the 2010 census, according to the Department of Statistics and excluding non-citizens, the percentage of the Bumiputera population in Kuala Lumpur has reached around 45.9%, with the Chinese population at 43.2% and Indians 10.3%.A notable phenomenon in recent times has been the increase of foreign residents in Kuala Lumpur, which rose from 1% of the city's population in 1980 to about 8% in the 2000 census, and 9.4% in the 2010 census. These figures also do not include a significant number of illegal immigrants. Kuala Lumpur's rapid development has triggered a huge influx of low-skilled foreign workers from Indonesia, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Philippines, and Vietnam into Malaysia, many of whom enter the country illegally or without proper permits.Birth rates in Kuala Lumpur have declined and resulted in the lower proportion of young people falling below 15 years old category from 33% in 1980 to slightly less than 27% in 2000.[69] On the other hand, the working age group of 15–59 increased from 63% in 1980 to 67% in 2000. The elderly age group, 60 years old and above has increased from 4% in 1980 and 1991 to 6% in 2000.

Kuala Lumpur is pluralistic and religiously diverse. The city has many places of worship catering to the multi-religious population. Islam is practised primarily by the Malays and the Indian Muslim communities. Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism are practised mainly among the Chinese. Indians traditionally adhere to Hinduism. Some Chinese and Indians also subscribe to Christianity.

As of 2010 Census the population of Kuala Lumpur is 46.4% Muslim, 35.7% Buddhist, 8.5% Hindu, 5.8% Christian, 1.1% Taoist or Chinese religion adherent, 2.0% follower of other religions, and 0.5% non-religious.

Bahasa Malaysia is the principal language in Kuala Lumpur. Kuala Lumpur residents are generally literate in English, with a large proportion adopting it as their first language. It has a strong presence, especially in business and is a compulsory language taught in schools. Cantonese and Mandarin are prominent as they are spoken by the local majority Chinese population. Another major dialect spoken is Hakka. While Tamil is dominant amongst the local Indian population, other Indian languages spoken include Telugu, Malayalam, Punjabi and Hindi. Beside the Malay language, there are a variety of languages spoken by Indonesian descent, such as Minangkabau and Javanese.

EDUCATION

According to government statistics, Kuala Lumpur has a literacy rate of 97.5% in 2000, the highest rate in any state or territory in Malaysia. In Malaysia, Malay is the language of instruction for most subjects while English is a compulsory subject, but as of 2012, English is still the language of instruction for mathematics and the natural sciences for certain schools. Some schools provide Mandarin and Tamil as languages of instruction for certain subjects. Each level of education demands different skills of teaching and learning ability.Kuala Lumpur contains 13 tertiary education institutions, 79 high schools, 155 elementary schools and 136 kindergartens.

WIKIPEDIA

Germany - Niedersachsen - Lüneburg - Town Hall - 1 by Manfred Sommer

Lüneburg (officially the Hanseatic Town of Lüneburg, German: Hansestadt Lüneburg, pronounced [ˈhan.zə.ʃtat ˈlyː.nə.bʊɐk], Low German Lümborg, Latin Luneburgum or Lunaburgum, Old High German Luneburc, Old Saxon Hliuni, Polabian Glain), also called Lunenburg in English, is a town in the German state of Lower Saxony. It is located about 50 km southeast of another Hanseatic city, Hamburg. It is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. The capital of the district of Lüneburg, its population is around 72,000 people. Lüneburg's urban area, which includes the surrounding communities like Adendorf, Bardowick, Bleckede, Amelinghausen and Reppenstedt, has a population of around 103,000. Lüneburg has been allowed to use the title "Hansestadt" (Hanseatic Town) in its name since 2007, in recognition of its membership in the former Hanseatic League. Lüneburg is also a university town.

GEOGRAPHY

LOCATION

Lüneburg lies on the river Ilmenau, about 30 kilometres from its confluence with the Elbe. The river flows through the town and is featured in its song; it was formerly traversed by cogs taking salt from the town to the other, larger, ports of the Hanseatic League nearby.

To the south of the town stretches the 7,400-square-kilometre Lüneburg Heath which emerged as a result of widespread tree-felling, forest fires and grazing. The tradition that the heath arose from centuries of logging undertaken to meet the constant need of the Lüneburg salt works for wood is not historically confirmed. More likely, the heath was originally formed by clearances during the Bronze Age. The old town (Altstadt) of Lüneburg lies above a salt dome which is the town's original source of prosperity. However, the constant mining of the salt deposits over which the town stands has also resulted in the sometimes gradual, sometimes dramatically pronounced, sinking of various areas of the town. On the western edge of the town is the Kalkberg, a small hill and former gypsum quarry.

TOWN LAYOUT

HISTORICAL QUARTERS

The motto Mons, Pons, Fons ("Hill, bridge, spring") characterised the development of the town from the 8th century as it coalesced from initially three, and later four, areas of settlement. These areas were the refuge castle on the — at that time considerably higher — Kalkberg, together with its adjoining settlement (the Marktviertel or "Market Quarter"), the village of Modestorpe between the bridge over the river Ilmenau and the large square, Am Sande (the Sandviertel or "Sand Quarter"), and the saline with its walled settlement for the work force (the Sülzviertel or "Salt Quarter"). Not until the 13th century was the river port settlement (the Wasserviertel or "Waterside Quarter") built between the market place and the Ilmenau. The resulting shape of the town thus formed did not change until its expansion in the late 19th century and it is still clearly visible today. Lüneburg's six historic town gates were the Altenbrücker Tor, the Bardowicker Tor, the Rote Tor, the Sülztor, the Lüner Tor and the Neue Tor.

NEIGHBOURHOODS

Luneburg has the following Stadtteile: Altstadt, Bockelsberg, Ebensberg, Goseburg-Zeltberg, Häcklingen, Kaltenmoor (the largest Statdteil, with around 8,000 inhabitants), Kreideberg, Lüne, Moorfeld, Mittelfeld, Neu Hagen, Ochtmissen, Oedeme, Rettmer, Rotes Feld, Schützenplatz, Weststadt and Wilschenbruch.

Jüttkenmoor, Klosterkamp, Bülows Kamp, In den Kämpen, Krähornsberg, Schäferfeld, Volgershall and Zeltberg are the names of individual blocks within a single Stadtteil.

SUBSIDENCE

The houses in the historic quarter between the Lüneburg Saltworks (today the German Salt Museum) and the Kalkberg were built above a salt dome that was excavated by the saltworks and which extended to just below the surface of the ground. As a result of the increasing quantities of salt mined with improved technical equipment after 1830, the ground began to sink by several metres. This resulted in the so-called Senkungsgebiet or "subsidence area". The houses there and the local church (St. Lambert's) lost their stability and had to be demolished. Because of this subsidence, and because salt mining was increasingly unprofitable, the saltworks were finally closed in 1980. Today, only small amounts of brine are extracted for the health spa in the Lüneburg Thermal Salt Baths (the Salztherme Lüneburg or SaLü). One side of the saltworks now houses a supermarket, while the other is the German Salt Museum.

The subsidence has been monitored at about 240 stations since 1946 every two years. The land has not quite stopped subsiding yet, but it is stable enough that new construction has taken place on it, and several historic buildings which had previously been damaged or demolished have been restored. The subsidence can still be clearly seen even today. Those who walk from Am Sande to the end of the Grapengießerstraße can clearly sense the degree of subsidence for themselves: the hollow in front of them was formerly at the same level as the Grapengießerstraße. This depression extends as far as the Lambertiplatz square.

In the Frommestraße, another sign of earth movements caused by salt mining may be seen: the Tor zur Unterwelt ("Door to the Underworld"), where two cast iron doors have been pushed on top of one another.

Near St. Michael's Church (Michaeliskirche) other consequences of the subsidence can be seen in its sloping columns and the west wing of the nave. Current subsidence movements can be seen in the road known as Ochtmisser Kirchsteig.

HISTORY

PREHISTORY

The first signs of human presence in the area of Lüneburg date back to the time of Neanderthal Man: 56 axes, estimated at 150,000 years old, were uncovered during the construction in the 1990s of the autobahn between Ochtmissen and Bardowick. The site of the discovery at Ochtmissen was probably a Neanderthal hunting location where huntsmen skinned and cut up the animals they had caught.

The area was almost certainly not continuously inhabited at that time, however, due to the various glaciations that lasted for millennia. The first indication of a permanent, settled farming culture in the area was found not far from the site of the Neanderthal discovery in the river Ilmenau between Lüne and Bardowick. This was an axe that is described as a Schuhleistenkeil or "shoe last wedge" due to its shape. It dates to the 6th century BC and is now in the collection of the Lüneburg Museum.

Since the Bronze Age, the Lüneburg hill known as the Zeltberg has concealed a whole range of prehistoric and early historic graves, which were laid out by people living in the area of the present-day town of Lüneburg. One of the oldest finds from this site is a so-called Unetice flanged axe (Aunjetitzer Randleistenbeil) which dates to 1900 BC.

The land within the town itself has also yielded a number of ice age urns that were already being reported in the 18th century. These discoveries are, however, like those from the Lüneburger Kalkberg — they went into the private collections of several 18th century scholars and, with a few exceptions, were lost when the scholars died.

Also worth mentioning in this regard are the Lombard Urnfield graves on the Lüneburg Zeltberg and Oedeme from the first few centuries AD. In the Middle Ages, there several discoveries were made on the site of the town, for example on the site of the old village of Modestorpe not far from St. John's Church (Johanniskirche), at the Lambertiplatz near the saltworks and in the old Waterside Quarter.

The ancient town may be that identified as Leufana or Leuphana (Greek: Λευφάνα), a town listed in Ptolemy (2.10) in the north of Germany on the west of the Elbe.

FROM VILLAG ETO COMMERCIAL TOWN

Lüneburg was first mentioned in medieval records in a deed signed on 13 August, 956 AD, in which Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor granted "the tax from Lüneburg to the monastery built there in honour of Saint Michael" (German den Zoll zu Lüneburg an das zu Ehren des heiligen Michaels errichtete Kloster, Latin: teloneum ad Luniburc ad monasterium sancti Michahelis sub honore constructum). An older reference to the place in the Frankish imperial annals dated 795 states:...ad fluvium Albim pervenit ad locum, qui dicitur Hliuni i.e. on the river Elbe, at the location, which is called "Hliuni") and refers to one of the three core settlements of Lüneburg; probably the castle on the Kalkburg which was the seat of the Billunger nobles from 951. The Elbe-Germanic name Hliuni corresponds to the Lombard word for "refuge site".

From archaeological finds, it is clear that the area around Lüneburg had already been settled (in the museum of the Principality of Lüneburg, for example, there is a whole range of artefacts that were found here) and the saltworks had already started production.

According to tradition, the salt was first discovered by a hunter who observed a wild boar bathing in a pool of water, shot and killed it, and hung the coat up to dry. When it was dry, he discovered white crystals in the bristles — salt. Later he returned to the site of the kill and located the salt pool, the first production of salt on the site took place. In the town hall is a bone preserved in a glass case; legend has it that this is the preserved leg-bone of the boar. It was here that the Lüneburg Saltworks was subsequently established for many centuries.

In spite of its lucrative saltworks, Lüneburg was originally subordinated to the town of Bardowick only a few miles to the north. Bardowick was older and was an important trading post for the Slavs. Bardowick's prosperity – it had seven churches – was based purely on the fact that no other trading centres were tolerated. Only when Bardowick refused to pay allegiance to Henry the Lion was it destroyed by him in 1189, whereupon Lüneburg was given town privileges (Stadtrechte) and developed into the central trading post in the region in place of Bardowick.

The Polabian name for Lüneburg is Glain (written as Chlein or Glein in older German sources), probably derived from glaino (Slavonic: glina) which means "clay". In the Latin texts Lüneburg surfaces not only as the Latinised Lunaburgum, but also as Selenopolis.

HANSEATIC PERIOD

As a consequence of the monopoly that Lüneburg had for many years as a supplier of salt within the North German region, a monopoly not challenged until much later by French imports, it very quickly became a member of the Hanseatic League. The League was formed in 1158 in Lübeck, initially as a union of individual merchants, but in 1356 it met as a federation of trading towns at the first general meeting of the Hansetag. Lüneburg's salt was needed in order to pickle the herring caught in the Baltic Sea and the waters around Norway so that it could be preserved for food inland during periods of fasting when fish (not meat) was permitted.

The Scania Market at Scania in Sweden was a major fish market for herring and became one of the most important trade events in Northern Europe in the Middle Ages. Lüneburg's salt was in great demand and the town quickly became one of the wealthiest and most important towns in the Hanseatic League, together with Bergen and Visby (the fish suppliers) and Lübeck (the central trading post between the Baltic and the interior). In the Middle Ages salt was initially conveyed overland up the Old Salt Road to Lübeck. With the opening of the Stecknitz Canal in 1398 salt could be transported by cog from the Lübeck salt warehouses, the Salzspeicher.

Around the year 1235, the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg emerged, ruled by a family whose aristocratic lines repeatedly divided and re-united. The smaller states that kept re-appearing as a result, and which ranked as principalities, were usually named after the location of the ducal seat. Thus between 1267 and 1269 a Principality of Lüneburg was created for the first time, with Lüneburg as the seat of the royal Residenz. In 1371, in the wake of the Lüneburg War of Succession, rebel citizens threw the princes out of the town and destroyed their royal castle on the Kalkberg along with the nearby monastery. The state peace treaty in 1392 granted their demand to become a free imperial town, a status they were able to defend until 1637. The money now stayed in the town, enabling fine houses and churches to be built.

In 1392 Lüneburg was accorded the staple right. This forced merchants who travelled through the area with their carts to stop in Lüneburg, unload their wares, and offer them for sale for a certain period. So that merchants could not go around Lüneburg, an impassable defensive barrier was built west of the town in 1397; a similar barrier was built east of the town in 1479.

The Lüneburg Prelates' War caused a crisis from 1446 to 1462. This was not a war in the proper sense, but rather a bitter dispute between the town council and those members of the clergy who were also part-owners of the town's saltworks. It was not resolved until the intervention of the Danish King Christian I, the Bishop of Schwerin and the Lübeck Bishop, Arnold Westphal.

In 1454 the citizens demanded even more influence over public life.

Since 2007, Lüneburg has once again held the title of a Hanseatic town.

MODERN PERIOD TO THE END OF SECOND WORLD WAR

With the demise of the Hanseatic League – and the absence of herrings around 1560 around Falsterbo in Scania – the biggest customers of Lüneburg's salt broke away and the town rapidly became impoverished. Hardly any new houses were built in central Lüneburg after this time, which is why the historical appearance of the town centre has remained almost unchanged until the present day.

The town became part of the Electorate of Hanover in 1708, the Kingdom of Westphalia in 1807, the First French Empire in 1810, the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814, and the Prussian Province of Hanover in 1866.

In the centuries after the collapse of the League, it was as if Lüneburg had fallen into a Sleeping Beauty slumber. Heinrich Heine, whose parents lived in Lüneburg from 1822 to 1826, called it his "residence of boredom" (Residenz der Langeweile). Near the end of the 19th century Lüneburg evolved into a garrison town, and it remained so until the 1990s.

In the Lüneburg Special Children's Ward, part of the Lüneburg State Mental Hospital, it is suspected that over 300 children were killed during the Second World War as part of the official Nazi child euthanasia programme.

In 1945 Lüneburg surfaced once again in the history books when, south of the town on the hill known as the Timeloberg (near the village of Wendisch Evern) the German Instrument of Surrender was signed that brought the Second World War in Europe to an end. The location is presently inaccessible to the general public as it lies within a military out-of-bounds area. Only a small monument on a nearby track alludes to the event. On 23 May 1945 Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler took his own life in Lüneburg whilst in British Army custody by biting into a potassium cyanide capsule embedded in his teeth before he could be properly interrogated. He was subsequently buried in an unmarked location in a nearby forest.

POST-WAR PERIOD

Even before the Nuremberg Trials took place, the first war crimes trial, the so-called Belsen Trial (Bergen-Belsen-Prozess), began in Lüneburg on 17 September 1945 conducted against 45 former SS men, women and kapos (prisoner functionaries) from the Bergen-Belsen and Auschwitz concentration camps.

After World War II, Lüneburg became part of the new state of Lower Saxony. But the dilapidated state of its buildings led to various plans to try to improve living conditions. One proposition that was seriously discussed was to tear down the entire Altstadt and replace it with modern buildings. The ensuing public protest resulted in Lüneburg becoming the focal point for a new concept: cultural heritage conservation. Since the early 1970s the town has been systematically restored. A leading figure in this initiative since the late 1960s has been Curt Pomp: against much opposition from politicians and councillors he founded and championed the Lüneburg Altstadt Working Group (Arbeitskreis Lüneburger Altstadt) for the preservation of historic buildings. His engagement was rewarded with the German Prize for Cultural Heritage Conservation and the German Order of Merit. Today Lüneburg is a tourist attraction as a result of the restoration and important sectors of the town's economy also depend on tourism.

Between Lüneburg and Soltau to the southwest, a large military training area, the Soltau-Lüneburg Training Area (SLTA), was established by the British and Canadian military, which was used from 1963 to 1994. It was governed by the Soltau-Lüneburg Agreement between the Federal Republic of Germany, the United Kingdom and Canada. The area was located on the Lüneburg Heath and was heavily used particularly by tanks and other armoured vehicles.

The salt mine was closed in 1980, ending the thousand-year tradition of salt mining, although small amounts are still mined for ceremonial purposes. Small bags of salt may be purchased in the town hall, and bags are given as a gift from the town to all couples married in the town. After the closing of the salt mines, the town gained new relevance from its university, which was founded in 1989.

As part of the restructuring of Defence in 1990 two of the three Bundeswehr barracks in the town were closed and the remaining one reduced in size. The Bundesgrenzschutz barracks was also closed. Lüneburg University moved to the site of the old Scharnhorst barracks. The university grew out of the new economics and cultural studies departments set up in the 1980s and their amalgamation with the College of Education (Pädagogischen Hochschule or PH) that took place in 1989. Since its move to the former barracks site the university has enrolled increasing numbers of students. The expansion of the university is an important contribution to the restructuring of the town into a service centre.

Today an industrial estate, the Lünepark, has been built on the terrain of the old Bundesgrenzschutz barracks with its new industrial premises for entrepreneurs. The promotion of trade and industry has resulted in many firms from the ICT area locating themselves there. In May 2006 the nearby Johannes Westphal Bridge was opened to traffic. This links the newly created Lünepark with the suburb of Goseburg on the far side of the Ilmenau. Since 5 October 2007 Lüneburg has been able to call itself a Hanseatic Town; together with Stade it is one of only two towns in Lower Saxony to bear the title.

AMALGAMATED VILLAGES/COMMUNITIES

1943: Hagen and Lüne

1974: Häcklingen, Ochtmissen, Oedeme and Rettmer as well as the Ortsteile of Alt-Hagen, Ebensberg and Pflegerdorf/Gut Wienebüttel.

DEMOGRAPHICS

Lüneburg already had about 14,000 inhabitants in the Late Middle Ages and beginning of the Modern Period and was one of the largest 'cities' of its time, but its population shrank with the economic downturn to just 9,400 in 1757; then rose again to 10,400 in 1813. With the onset of industrialisation in the 19th century, population growth accelerated. If 13,000 were living in the town in 1855, by 1939 there were as many as 35,000. Shortly after the Second World War, refugees and displaced persons from Germany's eastern territories brought an increase in population within just a few months of around 18,000 people so that the total number in December 1945 was 53,000. In 2003 the 70,000 level was exceeded for the first time.

The town of Lüneburg, its eponymous district and the neighbouring district of Harburg belong to the few regions in Germany that have experienced such a massive growth. The reasons for this include the growth of areas around the Hamburg Metropolitan Region and the consequent shift of people to those areas. The Lower Saxon State Office for Statistics has forecast that the town of Lüneburg will have a population of 89,484 by the year 2021. More realistic estimates, however, put the future size Lüneburg at between 75,000 and 79,000 in that time frame.

On 31 December 2008, according to the Statistics Office, the official census for Lüneburg recorded 72,492 people (those who had their main residence in the town and after adjustments with other states offices) – the highest number in its history. Currently Lüneburg is the eleventh largest centre of population in Lower Saxony. In addition Lüneburg has particularly close relations with its adjacent municipalities which are also growing and with which it is forming an agglomeration. The town, together with the nearby villages of Adendorf, Bardowick, Deutsch Evern, Reppenstedt, Vögelsen and Wendisch Evern, has a total population of about 103,000 and, on that basis, would qualify as a city (in Germany cities or Großstädte are defined as settlements with a population of over 100,000). The town council has the plan to extend the population by adding these villages to the town area.

The following overview shows the population figures based on the situation at the time. Up to 1813 they were mostly estimates; thereafter based on censuses (*) or official projections by the State Office of Statistics. From 1871 the figures were based on those 'present in the town', from 1925 on those 'living in the town' and since 1987 on the 'population who have their main residence in the town'. Before 1871 the numbers were based on inconsistent survey methods.

ECONOMY

At one time Lüneburg had over 80 breweries. The Lüneburger Kronen Brewery of 1485 in Heiligengeiststraße brewed beers such as Lüneburger Kronen-Pilsener and Moravia Pilsener that were very well known in North Germany. These beers are brewed today by the Holsten Brewery in Hamburg, although the original yeast stock (Hefestämme) was destroyed when the Kronen Brewery was taken over. Only the original Lüneburger Pilsener is still produced as before, although it is now made by the Holsten Brewery and only sold on tap. Today there are just two small inn breweries left in Lüneburg. In the Nolte Inn Brewery (Gasthausbrauerei Nolte) some distance from the centre on the Dahlenburger Landstraße and in the Brau- und Tafelhaus Mälzer in Heiligengeiststraße the tradition of Lüneburger breweries lives on.

Recently Lüneburg has increasingly developed into a venue for tourists. Nevertheless, medium-sized and small businesses still play a major role in Lüneburg's economy. The University of Lüneburg has also generated changes which, together with its student population, have stimulated the economy of the region.

ARTS AND CULTURE

THEATRE

The Lüneburg Theatre (Theater Lüneburg) is one of the smallest, three-stage theatres in Germany. Not only are plays of all styles put on, but also operas, operettas, musicals and ballets. Although the financial means of the Lüneburg Theatre are comparatively limited, it is no 'provincial stage' and can hold its ground successfully against the many theatres in nearby Hamburg. In addition Lüneburg has a large number of amateur theatres, that also produce regular performances. Such a variety in amateur drama is otherwise only found in large cities like Hamburg or Hanover. Examples include (arranged in order of year founded):

Niederdeutsche Bühne Sülfmeister

Kleines Keller Theater e. V.

Amateurtheater Rampenlicht e. V.

Theater Spotlight

theater im e.novum'

In addition there are amateur theatres in the surrounding communities such as the Puschentheater in Melbeck, the Plattsnack Widsbold in Marxen am Berge and the Kleine Salzhäuser Theater (KleiST) in Salzhausen.

MUSEUMS

The historic town is itself a kind of open-air museum (a "Rothenburg of the North"), but there are numerous museums and old churches (St. Michael's, St. John's, St. Nicholas'). The most important museums are the German Salt Museum in the premises of the old Lüneburg Saltworks, in which the significance of salt in the Middle Ages and the extraction of salt is portrayed, and the Museum of the Principality of Lüneburg, in which the town's history and the history of the surrounding area is captured. Also worthy of mention are the East Prussian State Museum, the nearby North German Brewery Museum with a gallery of valuable drinking vessels (over 1200 years), the 1485 Kronen Brewery of Lüneburg and the Lüneburg Nature Museum on the edge of the subsidence zone.

TOWN ARCHITECTURE

Lüneburg is one of the few towns in North Germany whose historic centre was not destroyed during the Second World War. Nevertheless, the general neglect of its buildings until the 1960s and the damage in the area of subsidence has led to gaps in the historic architecture of the town. In addition the demolition of ramshackle buildings in the 1950s and 1960s and the construction of shops with a contemporary design broke up the historic appearance of many rows of houses. Since the beginning of the 1970s, however, Lüneburg has been carefully restored. The restoration process revealed hitherto hidden ceiling frescos, medieval pottery workshops and many historic soakaways (Sickergruben) from which a considerably better picture of life in the Middle Ages resulted.

In the Lüneburg Stadtteil of Kaltenmoor is St. Stephen's (St. Stephanus), the oldest ecumenical building in the town, with Protestant and Catholic churches under one roof. Other buildings worthy of mention are the three remaining town churches: St. John (St. Johannis am Sande, completed 1370), St. Michael (Michaeliskirche), where Johann Sebastian Bach was a choirboy from 1700 to 1702, and the relatively 'modern' St. Nicholas (Nikolaikirche), which was built in 1407. The Church of St. Lambertus (Lambertikirche) was demolished in 1850 due to its dilapidated state; it stood in the subsidence area.

In addition there are the Glockenhaus ("Bell House", an old armoury) on the Glockenhof, the Rathsapotheke (town chemist's), dating to 1598, in Große Bäckerstraße and the historic town hall or Rathaus with its famous town council meeting room, the Gerichtslaube. The Luna Fountain (Lunabrunnen) in front of the town hall is graced by a bronze statue of the moon goddess with bow and arrow; the original dating to 1532 was stolen in 1970 and melted down; the present statue is a replica dating to 1972. In the area of the old port can still be seen the Baroque façade of the "Old Store" (Altes Kaufhaus), most of the rest of which was burned down and had to be replaced by one that was more suitable for a fire station. The port is also home to the "Old Crane" (Alter Kran), a wooden, medieval riverside crane that is still in working order today and which has two large wheels inside that enable the crane cable to be raised and lowered. The fire station moved in autumn 2007 to a new building on the edge of the town centre; the Altes Kaufhaus has since (2009) been converted into a hotel.

On the southern edge of the town centre is the Lüneburg Water Tower which now acts as an observation tower.

In front of the gates of the old town is Lüne Abbey, a former Benedictine nunnery. It was built in 1172 and has been restored.

About 2 kilometres west of Lüneburg, in the villages of Reppenstedt and Vögelsen, is a well-preserved section of the historic Lüneburg Landwehr, a boundary embankment and ditch, that can be walked.

EDUCATION

The town has one university, the Leuphana Universität Lüneburg (previously known only as the Universität Lüneburg). There are 14 high schools in the town: 5 Gymnasien, 4 Realschulen, and 5 Hauptschulen; there is currently 1 Gesamtschule, the "IGS Lüneburg" founded in 2009. There are 6 vocational schools, 3 special schools, 3 private schools, and 12 elementary schools.

Leuphana Universität Lüneburg has more than 7,000 students.

WIKIPEDIA

statistics by Maribel de la Torre