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The NSLS provides one of the world's brightest continuous sources of x-ray and UV radiation for scientific research. This light is a beacon for more than 2,300 scientists from BNL, academia and industry annually, who use it to shed light on everything from the structure of molecules to microchips.
I dreamed about a human being is is part of a project exploring the use of artificial intelligence as applied to photography by using online open source code and data.
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An overhead view of the construction activity on Brookhaven National Laboratory's National Synchrotron Light Source II. When completed, NSLS-II will be the world’s leading storage-ring-based synchrotron light source.
Photo date: May 2010.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois, and the third-most-populous city in the United States. With an estimated population of 2,705,994 (2018), it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County, the second-most-populous county in the US, with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport. Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area, often referred to as Chicagoland. At nearly 10 million people, the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States.
Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan, Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century. After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless, the city made a concerted effort to rebuild. The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades, and by 1900, less than 30 years after the great fire, Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world. Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards, including new construction styles (including the Chicago School of architecture), the development of the City Beautiful Movement, and the steel-framed skyscraper.
Chicago is an international hub for finance, culture, commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, and transportation. It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts, issued by the Chicago Board of Trade, which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world, generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone. Depending on the particular year, the city's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International. The region also has the largest number of federal highways and is the nation's railroad hub. Chicago was listed as an alpha global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and it ranked seventh in the entire world in the 2017 Global Cities Index. The Chicago area has one of the highest gross domestic products (GDP) in the world, generating $689 billion in 2018. In addition, the city has one of the world's most diversified and balanced economies, with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. Chicago is home to several Fortune 500 companies, including Allstate, Boeing, Caterpillar, Exelon, Kraft Heinz, McDonald's, Mondelez International, Sears, United Airlines Holdings, and Walgreens.
Chicago's 58 million domestic and international visitors in 2018 made it the second most visited city in the nation, as compared with New York City's 65 million visitors in 2018. The city was ranked first in the 2018 Time Out City Life Index, a global quality of life survey of 15,000 people in 32 cities. Landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, the Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis (Sears) Tower, Grant Park, the Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicago's culture includes the visual arts, literature, film, theatre, comedy (especially improvisational comedy), food, and music, particularly jazz, blues, soul, hip-hop, gospel, and electronic dance music including house music. Of the area's many colleges and universities, the University of Chicago, Northwestern University, and the University of Illinois at Chicago are classified as "highest research" doctoral universities. Chicago has professional sports teams in each of the major professional leagues, including two Major League Baseball teams.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamingo_(sculpture)
Flamingo, created by noted American artist Alexander Calder, is a 53-foot (16 m) tall stabile located in the Federal Plaza in front of the Kluczynski Federal Building in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It was commissioned by the United States General Services Administration and was unveiled in 1974, although Calder's signature on the sculpture indicates it was constructed in 1973.
Source: Scan of an original photograph.
Image: P50494.
Date: 1960s?
Donated in February 2018 by Mr J. Turner.
Repository: Local Studies at Swindon Central Library.
On March 15, 1921, Talaat Pasha, former Grand Vizier (Prime Minister), Interior Minister, and head of the "Three Pashas" that controlled the Ottoman Empire in its last years (1913-1918), stepped out of his home in exile in Charlottenburg, Berlin, when a young Armenian, Soghomon Tehlirian, stepped up in broad daylight and pulled out a gun. Pasha was shot in the head and killed instantly with a single bullet in front of numerous witnesses. Tehlirian was promptly arrested.
Put on trial, Tehlirian had a sensational two-day case where his defense attorneys admitted the young Armenian's guilt but argued that the Armenian Genocide, which occurred under the rule of- and has been believed initiated by- Talaat Pasha, and which took the lives of 1.5 million Armenians, including Tehlirian's father, mother, three sisters, and two brothers and a niece, had greatly affected his sanity. The trial went in detail about the intricacies of the Armenian Genocide, and vividly described an attack on Tehlirian's family as they were forcibly deported, the assaults on Tehlirian's sisters and how he personally was left for dead. According to the trial, years later upon encountering Pasha in Germany, Tehlirian was consumed by a burning sense of revenge and eventually took his vengeance on Pasha. When asked by a judge whether he felt any guilt, Tehlirian replied that: "I do not consider myself guilty because my conscience is clear…I have killed a man. But I am not a murderer."
The jury took about an hour to declare him not guilty by reason of temporary insanity.
Later, more details came to light that gave a more complete and complex picture. Soghomon Tehlirian was an Armenian from Erzurum in what was then the Ottoman Empire, who had been in school in Europe when WWI broke out and quickly volunteered to join Armenian volunteers in the Russian Army after hearing about the deportations and his family's death. He did not appear to have actually been with his family at the time of their attack, but may have encountered the results of the genocide during the course of the fighting. Far from an emotional spur-of-the moment attack, Tehlirian appears to have been in a complicated campaign by Armenian activists (The Armenian Revolutionary Foundation) after WWI to take their revenge on Turkish and Azerbaiji officials whom they claimed to have initiated and participated in the Armenian Genocide, known as Operation Nemesis (named after the Greek Goddess of Vengeance). It may have also included British and Soviet intelligence sources as those powers may have been afraid of the power of some of those political exiles.
Regardless, Soghomon Tehlirian's assassination and trial for the first time put to light the idea of a "just" crime to avenge a far greater crime. Indeed, Jewish-Polish lawyer Raphael Lemkin would write, referring to the case:
"Why is a man punished when he kills another man? Why is the killing of a million a lesser crime than the killing of a single individual?"
Lemkin would later create the word "genocide" to describe "the destruction of a nation or an ethnic group".
After being acquitted in the trial, Soghomon Tehlirian married Anahit Tatikian and moved to Serbia, then Belgium, before moving to San Francisco in 1945. He died in 1960 and is buried here under a monument dominating Ararat Cemetery in Fresno. According to the artist, the monument is topped by a golden eagle as "...the arm of justice of the Armenian people extending their wrath onto Talaat Pasha," symbolized by the snake. Soghomon Tehlirian remains a national hero in Armenia.
Ararat Cemetery, Fresno, California
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin
Dublin (Irish: Baile Átha Cliath) is the capital and largest city of Ireland. It is on the east coast of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, at the mouth of the River Liffey, and is bordered on the south by the Wicklow Mountains. It has an urban area population of 1,173,179, while the population of the Dublin Region (formerly County Dublin), as of 2016, was 1,347,359, and the population of the Greater Dublin area was 1,904,806.
There is archaeological debate regarding precisely where Dublin was established by the Gaels in or before the 7th century AD. Later expanded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin, the city became Ireland's principal settlement following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800. Following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland.
Dublin is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration and industry. As of 2018 the city was listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) as a global city, with a ranking of "Alpha −", which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Guinness
Arthur Guinness (24 September 1725 – 23 January 1803) was an Irish brewer and the founder of the Guinness brewery business and family. He was also an entrepreneur and philanthropist.
At 27, in 1752, Guinness's godfather Arthur Price, the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Cashel, bequeathed him £100 in his will. Guinness invested the money and in 1755 had a brewery at Leixlip, just 17 km from Dublin. In 1759, Guinness went to the city and set up his own business. He took a 9,000-year lease on the 4-acre (16,000 m2) brewery at St. James's Gate from the descendants of Sir Mark Rainsford for an annual rent of £45.
Guinness's flowery red signature is still copied on every label of bottled Guinness.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Storehouse
Guinness Storehouse is a tourist attraction at St. James's Gate Brewery in Dublin, Ireland. Since opening in 2000, it has received over four million visitors.
The Storehouse covers seven floors surrounding a glass atrium shaped in the form of a pint of Guinness. The ground floor introduces the beer's four ingredients (water, barley, hops and yeast), and the brewery's founder, Arthur Guinness. Other floors feature the history of Guinness advertising and include an interactive exhibit on responsible drinking. The seventh floor houses the Gravity Bar with views of Dublin and where visitors may drink a pint of Guinness included in the price of admission, which was €18.50 on 15 October 2018 with discounts depending on dates and times, described as "overpriced" by Condé Nast Traveler. In 2006, a new wing opened incorporating a live installation of the present-day brewing process.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Brewery
St. James's Gate Brewery (Irish: Grúdlann Gheata Naomh Séamuis) is a brewery founded in 1759 in Dublin, Ireland, by Arthur Guinness. The company is now a part of Diageo, a British company formed from the merger of Guinness and Grand Metropolitan in 1997. The main product of the brewery is Guinness Draught.
Originally leased in 1759 to Arthur Guinness at IR£45 (Irish pounds) per year for 9,000 years, the St. James's Gate area has been the home of Guinness ever since. It became the largest brewery in Ireland in 1838, and the largest in the world by 1886, with an annual output of 1.2 million barrels. Although no longer the largest brewery in the world, it remains as the largest brewer of stout. The company has since bought out the originally leased property, and during the 19th and early 20th centuries the brewery owned most of the buildings in the surrounding area, including many streets of housing for brewery employees, and offices associated with the brewery. The brewery also made all of its own power using its own power plant.
There is an attached exhibition on the 250-year-old history of Guinness, called the Guinness Storehouse.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness
Guinness is a dark Irish dry stout that originated in the brewery of Arthur Guinness at St. James's Gate, Dublin, Ireland, in 1759. It is one of the most successful beer brands worldwide, brewed in almost 50 countries, and available in over 120. Sales in 2011 amounted to 850 million litres (220,000,000 US gal). It is popular with the Irish, both in Ireland and abroad. In spite of declining consumption since 2001, it is still the best-selling alcoholic drink in Ireland where Guinness & Co. Brewery makes almost €2 billion worth annually.
Guinness' burnt flavour derives from malted barley and roasted unmalted barley, a relatively modern development, not becoming part of the grist until the mid-20th century. For many years, a portion of aged brew was blended with freshly brewed beer to give a sharp lactic acid flavour. Although Guinness's palate still features a characteristic "tang", the company has refused to confirm whether this type of blending still occurs. The draught beer's thick, creamy head comes from mixing the beer with nitrogen and carbon dioxide.[6]
The company moved its headquarters to London at the beginning of the Anglo-Irish Trade War in 1932. In 1997, Guinness Plc merged with Grand Metropolitan to form the multinational alcoholic-drinks producer Diageo plc, based out of London.
Painting and markings:
As mentioned above, the livery is based on an official profile which I deem authentic and canonical. My aircraft depicts a different machine from VFT-127, though, since I could not (and did not really want to) 100% replicate the profile's machine from the Macross PLUS source book, "13 Red". Especially the squadron’s emblem on the fin would create massive problems.
For the two-tone wrap-around scheme I used Humbrol 72 (Khaki Drill) and 98 (Chocolate Brown), based on the printed colors in the source book where I found the scheme. The pattern is kept close to the benchmark profile, and, lacking an underside view, I just mirrored the upper scheme. The starboard side pattern was guesstimated.
As a second-line aggressor aircraft, I weathered the VF-4 with a black ink wash, some post-shading with various lighter tones (including Humbrol 160, 168, 170 and 187) and did some wet-sanding treatment for an uneven and worn look.
Interior surfaces were painted according to visual references from various sources: the landing gear and the air intakes became white, while the cockpit was painted in RAF Dark Sea Grey.
In order to add some color to the overall brown aircraft I decided to paint the missiles all around the hull in white with tan tips – in the profile, the appear to be integrated into the camouflage, what I found dubious.
Most stencils come from the OOB sheet, but I added some more from the scrap box. The grey "kite" roundels come from an 1:72 Hasegawa Macross F-14 Tomcat kit sheet, which I acquired separately for a reasonable price. Even though it took four weeks to be delivered from Asia, the investment was worthwhile, since the sheet also provided some useful low-viz stencils.
The VAT-127 “Zentraedi Busters” unique tail insignia was more complicated, because these had to be printed at home. As a side note, concerning the fin marking, I recently found a translation of the benchmark profile's text on mahq.net, which is interesting: "The Regult within the targeting reticle on the tail met with disapproval from micronized Zentraedi pilots, and so was only used for a short time." The comment also reveals that the original aircraft's modex is "713", not just "13" as depicted, so I tried to reflect these details on my build, too.
I eventually settled for a solution that was partly inspired by the kit’s OOB fin marking and the wish for more contrast for the motif: I scanned the original Regult pod illustration from the source book and printed it on white decal sheet. This was sealed with two layers of glossy acrylic varnish (applied with a rattle can) and then cut into a white field that fills the fixed part of the fin (using the WAVE kit’s OOB fin markings as reference). Once in place and dry, two black outlines were added separately (generic decal material) which help blend the decal and the surroundings. Finally, thin strips of silver decal sheet were used for the fins’ leading edges.
This design variation, compared with the original “13 Red” illustration, led to the idea of a flight leader’s machine with slightly more prominent markings. In order to take this concept further I also gave the aircraft a white stripe around the front fuselage, placed under the kite roundel and again with black outlines for a consistent look. It’s not much different from “13 Red”, but I think that it looks conclusive and, together with the white fin markings and the missiles, livens up the VF-4’s look.
The appropriate flight leader tactical code “01 Red” was puzzled together from single digits from a Begemot Su-27 sheet, the rest of the bort numbers were taken from the OOB sheet (which incidentally feature a “01” code, too).
Concerning the OOB decal sheet, there’s much light but also some deep shadow. While the register is excellent and the carrier film flexible enough to lay down smoothly, the instructions lack information where to place the zillion of stencils (“No step” and “Beware of Blast” stuff) are to be placed! You only get references for the major markings – the rest has either to be guessed, OR you are in possession of the VF-4 source book from Softbank Publishing which was (incidentally?) released in parallel with the WAVE kit. This mecha porn offers an overview of all(!) relevant stencils on the VF-4A’s hull, and ONLY with this information the exhaustive decal sheet makes some sense…
As final steps, the VF-4 received some dry-brushing with light grey around the leading edges, some chipped paint was simulated with dry-brushed aluminum and, finally, light soot stains around the vectoring nozzles all around the hull and the weapon bays were created with graphite. Then the kit was sealed with matt acrylic varnish (Italeri).
Cathédrale de l'Incarnation (Grenade)
source WIKIPEDIA
La cathédrale de l'Incarnation de Grenade est un édifice de la Renaissance, bâti à partir du xvie siècle dans la ville espagnole de Grenade, en Andalousie. Cette cathédrale, considérée comme la toute première église construite en style Renaissance en Espagne1, fut envisagée dès le règne des Rois catholiques, et sa construction fut commencée sous Charles Ier, pour s’achever en 1704, sous le règne de Philippe V.
Dédiée au mystère de l'Incarnation, elle est le siège de la province ecclésiastique de Grenade, dont l'archevêque étend son autorité sur les diocèses d'Almería, Carthagène, Guadix, Jaén et Malaga. La cathédrale est classée Monument national depuis 1929.
Suite à la reconquête de la ville en 1492, les Rois Catholiques envisagent la construction d'une cathédrale sur le site de l'ancienne grande mosquée nasride de Grenade. Dès le 21 mai 1492 est fondée l'église cathédrale de Grenade, siège du nouveau diocèse. En 1505, la construction est projetée, et sa conception est confiée à Juan Gil de Hontañón et à Enrique Egas, qui travaillent déjà sur la Chapelle royale de la ville. Les travaux commencent en 1518. Les deux architectes prévoient la construction d'un édifice gothique, sur le modèle de la Cathédrale de Tolède, comme cela est encore le cas en de nombreux endroits d'Espagne (Ségovie, Salamanque...). Leur projet est néanmoins abandonné en 1523, peu après le début du chantier.
On adopte alors les plans de l'architecte Diego de Siloé, qui travaille déjà sur le monastère de San Jerónimo à Grenade4. Diego de Siloé prévoit de reprendre les bases du dessein antérieur, et d'élever à parptir de celui-ci un édifice pleinement renaissance. Il va mener les travaux de 1528 jusqu'à sa mort, en 1563. Divers architectes se succèdent pour diriger le chantier, selon les plans maniéristes élaborés par leur prédécesseur : Juan de Maeda, Alonso Cano et Teodoro Ardemans.
En 1590, une première modification importante du plan initial intervient. En raison des fondations trop fragiles, le projet d'élever deux hautes tours de 80 mètres pour encadrer la façade, est abandonné en 1590 sur ordre de Philippe II. Seule une tour a été bâtie ; elle est arasée, sa hauteur se limitant à 51 mètres. En 1665, Alonso Cano parvient à convaincre le chapitre de modifier le projet initial. La construction prend alors une allure plus baroque. Suite au décès de Cano en 1667, la direction du chantier est confiée à Melchior de Aguirre, qui achève l’œuvre en juillet 1703.
La cathédrale de Grenade prend place au cœur du centre historique de la ville, entre la Gran vía Colón et la Calle Reyes Católicos. Entourée par des édifices d'importance comme la Chapelle royale (Capilla Real), la bourse de commerce (Lonja) ou l'ancien marché de la soie (Alcaicería), elle trône sur la place de las Pasiegas, qui offre bien peu de recul pour contempler la grandiose façade de l'édifice. Diego de Siloé a conçu un vaste édifice de 115 mètres sur 67, qui constitue : « "(…)un ensemble alliant pureté, élégance des formes, et blancheur immaculée de la pierre." »
Le monument représente un des sommets de l'architecture de la Renaissance en Espagne, tout en intégrant des éléments décoratifs puisés dans l'art gothique (plan et voûtes) et l'art baroque (façade), témoignant de la longueur du chantier, qui s'est étalé sur près de deux-cents ans. Son influence fut très importante dans les constructions de ce type postérieures en Andalousie.
ENGLISH
Granada Cathedral
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The cathedral of Granada.
Granada Cathedral, or the Cathedral of the Incarnation (Spanish: Catedral de Granada, Catedral de la Anunciación) is the cathedral in the city of Granada, capital of the province of the same name in the Autonomous Region of Andalusia, Spain. The cathedral is the seat of the Archdiocese of Granada.
Unlike most cathedrals in Spain, construction of this cathedral had to await the acquisition of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada from its Muslim rulers in 1492; while its very early plans had Gothic designs, such as are evident in the Royal Chapel of Granada by Enrique Egas, the construction of the church in the main occurred at a time when Spanish Renaissance designs were supplanting the Gothic regnant in Spanish architecture of prior centuries. Foundations for the church were laid by the architect Egas starting from 1518 to 1523 atop the site of the city's main mosque; by 1529, Egas was replaced by Diego de Siloé who labored for nearly four decades on the structure from ground to cornice, planning the triforium and five naves instead of the usual three. Most unusually, he created a circular capilla mayor rather than a semicircular apse, perhaps inspired by Italian ideas for circular 'perfect buildings' (e.g. in Alberti's works). Within its structure the cathedral combines other orders of architecture. It took 181 years for the cathedral to be built.
Subsequent architects included Juan de Maena (1563-1571), followed by Juan de Orea (1571-1590), and Ambrosio de Vico (1590-?). In 1667 Alonso Cano, working with Gaspar de la Peña, altered the initial plan for the main façade, introducing Baroque elements. The magnificence of the building would be even greater, if the two large 81 meter towers foreseen in the plans had been built; however the project remained incomplete for various reasons, among them, financial.
The Cathedral had been intended to become the royal mausoleum by Charles I of Spain of Spain, but Philip II of Spain moved the site for his father and subsequent kings to El Escorial outside of Madrid.
The main chapel contains two kneeling effigies of the Catholic King and Queen, Isabel and Ferdinand by Pedro de Mena y Medrano. The busts of Adam and Eve were made by Alonso Cano. The Chapel of the Trinity has a marvelous retablo with paintings by El Greco, Jusepe de Ribera and Alonso Cano.
ESPANOL
La Santa Iglesia Catedral Metropolitana de la Anunciación de Granada es un templo católico de la ciudad española de Granada, comunidad autónoma de Andalucía, sede de la archidiócesis de la ciudad. El templo es una de las obras cumbres del Renacimiento español.
Nave central, capilla mayor y bóvedas de la catedral de Granada.
Durante el renacimiento, el Reino de Granada, al igual que Galicia, conformó un centro artístico independiente del estilo predominante en el resto de la península, el herrerianismo.
Con el reinado de Carlos I de España se llevarán a cabo numerosas construcciones en la ciudad de Granada, dada la intención del monarca en convertir a la urbe en el modelo de ciudad del siglo XVI. Así la construcción de la catedral de Granada será coetánea a las de el palacio cristiano de la Alhambra, la Universidad y la chancillería (actual sede del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Andalucía - TSJA).
Columnas y bóvedas de la catedral de Granada.
El primer proyecto fue encomendado en 1506 a Enrique Egas que concibió un templo de estilo gótico, tomando como modelo la Catedral de Toledo. Las obras comenzaron, bajo la dirección del propio Egas, con la colocación solemne de la primera piedra el 25 de marzo de 1523. Sin embargo, fue Diego de Siloé quien, en 1529, se encargó de las obras, que se concluirán en 1563, presentando un nuevo proyecto mucho más ambicioso. El autor trazó las líneas renacentistas de todo el edificio sobre los cimientos góticos, con girola y cinco naves en lugar de las tres habituales, combinando en su estructura elementos de otros órdenes arquitectónicos.
Con la llegada de la política centralista de Felipe II y, especialmente, con la expulsión de los moriscos de 1609, la región perdió gran parte de su fuerza económica y quedó relegada frente a otros centros locales. Sin embargo, sí se continuó desarrollando proyectos artísticos de importancia. Es el caso de la reforma de la fachada principal emprendida por Alonso Cano (1601 – 1667) en 1664 en la que se introdujeron elementos barrocos.
La magnificencia del proyecto hubiese sido aún mayor si se hubieran erigido las dos grandes torres de ochenta y un metros de altura previstas en los planos. El proyecto no fue terminado por diversos problemas, entre ellos la muerte de Alonso Cano en 1667, y otros económicos, por lo que finalmente, en 1684, la Catedral quedó con una torre, formada solo por tres cuerpos en lugar de los seis previstos y con un total de cincuenta y siete metros de altura.
Interior de la catedral de Granada antes de que se suprimiera el coro. Fotografía de J. Laurent, ca. 1881.
En 1706 Francisco de Hurtado Izquierdo y posteriormente su colaborador José Bada construyeron el actual sagrario de la catedral. En él, el autor rompió su tendencia rococó, respetando la sobriedad de líneas y la estructura clásica del resto del conjunto.
La catedral de Granada es de planta rectangular debido a que sus cinco naves cubren por completo el crucero, que no llega a destacar sobre la planta. Las cinco naves están escalonadas en alturas, siendo mayor la central. En los pies de la catedral, se sitúan las dos torres, siendo la del lado izquierdo, llamada torre de san Miguel, un contrafuerte que sustituyó a la torre prevista en ese lado.
La capilla mayor está compuesta por una serie de columnas corintias sobre cuyo capitel se encuentra el entablamento y sobre éste, la bóveda, que alberga, al igual que los espacios inferiores sobre las columnas, una serie de ventanales con delicadas vidrieras.
La fachada está constituida por una estructura encuadrada en forma de arco del triunfo con portadas y lienzos de empotrados. Está formada por tres ejes coronados por arcos de medio punto sostenidos sobre pilastras, de forma similar a San Andrés de Mantua de Leon Battista Alberti. Las pilastras no tienen capiteles sino resaltes esculpidos en la pared, así como medallones de mármol adosados. Encima de la puerta principal se ubica un tondo en mármol de José Risueño sobre la Anunciación. Destaca también la presencia en la parte superior de un jarrón con azucenas, aludiendo al carácter virginal y puro de la madre de Dios.
El sagrario, elevado entre 1706 y 1759, sigue las proporciones clásicas del conjunto, manteniendo las columnas múltiples del crucero las formas del orden compuesto de Siloé.
www.designandenvironment.co.uk/2011/02/crowd-sourcing-env...
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“Crowd-sourcing Environmental Governance” workshop by Cesar Harada & Shannon Dosemagen.
2011 March 8 & 10, Design & Environment, Goldsmiths University of London.
Hello! Here is Cesar Harada and Shannon Dosemagen writing from the Gulf of Mexico, USA. We are thrilled to announce the upcoming hands-on workshop we’ll be having together in London : Come! And let’s ignite the discussion here.
ABSTRACT : Problem, Questions, Objectives
Each of us is not only witnessing, but actively participating in the degradation of our environment, our only life support system. The symptoms range from climate change, man made catastrophes, resource wars, resulting environmental refugees, etc. We are lacking a powerful environmental authority, a court of justice, and coordination in general. We have amazing earth science but poor individual education, international collateral treaties but no capacity to reinforce them. Governments and institutions are powerless to mitigate such complex and border-less issues. Can the solution emerge from the civil society? Can the people re-invent environmental governance with new technologies, collaborative medias, crowd sourcing, and mobile technologies? Do we need a central authority or can we generate decentralized, local, humble, bottom-up solutions? Can we design alternative services, products, technologies, infrastructures and behaviors as the new form of environmentalism. How can we go beyond activism and sustain long term positive change – what is your strategy?
WORKSHOP
Social Geometry, Architecture of play, Natural or Man-made Catastrophe, Humanitarian response to crisis, Crowd sourcing Environmental Governance. During 2 days, 10 students will be supervised by Cesar Harada (France – Japan) and Shannon Dosemagen (USA) at the Design & Environment department at the Goldsmith University, London. During the first half, they will experiment with social networks and how they can generate an operational organization and architecture. The students will be introduced to existing forms of environmental governance and cutting edge design and activism. During the second half, groups of students will elaborate their own designs in the area of their interest. Workshop leaders will help them model-building ideas that are creative, local, replicable and scalable. The workshop is aimed at starting a discussion, to encourage the students to take action in the “real world” and have short-term local experiments to learn from.
THE PEOPLE : Students, Workshop leaders
The workshop for the Design & Environment students from Goldsmiths University will require the students to venture their thinking into diverse fields : architecture, law, economy, politics, environmental engineering, anthropology, computer science, social media etc. The groups projects are expected to be diverse and exploratory. Cesar Harada has a background in Design Interactions at the Royal College of Art, won the Ars Electronica Golden Nica [NEXT IDEA] with the Open_Sailing project, worked as project leader and researcher at MIT, and is coordinating the making of the WEA (World Environment Action) website started in *iHub_ Nairobi, Kenya. Cesar is currently coordinating the development of Protei : an oil cleaning open hardware robot.
Shannon Dosemagen has a background in Anthropology from the University of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Shannon is the coordinator of the Oil Spill Map at LA Bucket Brigade, mapping the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico, using Ushahidi, a software allowing people to report by SMS, twitter, mail, on the acclaimed website oilspill.labucketbrigade.org. Shannon has also been piloting the aerial mapping of the Oil Spill by communities as part of the Public Laboratory group. Shannon has extensive community, field and teaching experience, interested in social implications of environmental events, and environmental refugees in particular.
DAY 1 : March 8th
Morning : Oil Spill mapping, World Environmental Action. Environmental governance and cutting edge activism. Groups brainstorming.
Afternoon : Social networks and Architecture of Play (choreography, construction)
DAY 2 : March 10th
Morning : Design. Theory in practice.
Afternoon : Thinking by doing.
Evening : Presentation of project ideas.
Discussion
We would like to start asking questions to open up the discussion, please comment below and ask more questions – we’ll answer in line :)
1>> When you think about environmentalism, what comes first to your mind? Is it the little actions like recycling / the activist social group / the green ‘leaders’ / green designs and brands / the materials we use / scientific research / global warming / your own body / your children / the philosophical current / something else? Which action has the strongest and longest lasting impact? Can you make a personal numbered list below here, in the comments?
2>> When you think about environmental politics, what comes first to your mind? How do you feel about the current relation between the environment and politics today? How does it affect the majority of peoples life?
3>> As a designer what do you think is your role about environmental issues?
Feel free to contact us before and after the workshop : contact {at} cesarharada {dot} com _ shannon {at} publiclaboratory {dot} org. Looking forward to meet you all! Cesar and Shannon.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City
New York City (NYC), often called the City of New York or simply New York (NY), is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over about 302.6 square miles (784 km2), New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States. Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York, the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass. With almost 20 million people in its metropolitan statistical area and approximately 23 million in its combined statistical area, it is one of the world's most populous megacities. New York City has been described as the cultural, financial, and media capital of the world, significantly influencing commerce, entertainment, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, art, fashion, and sports. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy.
Situated on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City is composed of five boroughs, each of which is a county of the State of New York. The five boroughs—Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island—were consolidated into a single city in 1898. The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. New York is home to more than 3.2 million residents born outside the United States, the largest foreign-born population of any city in the world as of 2016. As of 2019, the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of $2.0 trillion. If greater New York City were a sovereign state, it would have the 12th highest GDP in the world. New York is home to the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world.
New York City traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. New York was the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790, and has been the largest U.S. city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the U.S. by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the U.S. and its ideals of liberty and peace. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship and environmental sustainability, and as a symbol of freedom and cultural diversity. In 2019, New York was voted the greatest city in the world per a survey of over 30,000 people from 48 cities worldwide, citing its cultural diversity.
Many districts and landmarks in New York City are well known, including three of the world's ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013. A record 62.8 million tourists visited New York City in 2017. Times Square is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District, one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections, and a major center of the world's entertainment industry. Many of the city's landmarks, skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattan's real estate market is among the most expensive in the world. New York is home to the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia, with multiple distinct Chinatowns across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service and contributing to the nickname The City that Never Sleeps, the New York City Subway is the largest single-operator rapid transit system worldwide, with 472 rail stations. The city has over 120 colleges and universities, including Columbia University, New York University, Rockefeller University, and the City University of New York system, which is the largest urban public university system in the United States. Manhattan is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization, namely the New York Stock Exchange, located on Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, and NASDAQ, headquartered in Midtown Manhattan.
Source: Cropped from an OS Revision Point photograph.
Grid: SU1484.
Date: 1953.
Copyright: Ordnance Survey.
Used by kind permission.
Repository: Local Studies at Swindon Central Library.
Source: Scan of an original photograph.
Set: WIL02.
Date: 1910s.
Photographer: J. Edwards, 280 Ferndale Road, Swindon.
Repository: From the collection of Mr T. Wilkins.
Used here by his very kind permission.
Local Studies at Swindon Central Library.
Source: Sold on Ebay for $200 Jan. 2012.
A.H. Gregg was a prominent business man in Farmer Village, now called Interlaken, NY. They originally produced agriculture machinery, and later moved to Trumansburg, NY and established Gregg Iron Works. The principle article of manufacture was the Meadow King Mower, but other implements were added as the capacity of the works increased as the demand warranted. The Osborn Sulky Plow, Sharpe Horse Rake, Morse Horse Rake, King of the Lawn and Young America Lawn Mowers, and later, reaping machines and twine binders were built to quite an extent.The annual out- put for several years was in the neighborhood of 2,000 mowers, 500 reapers, 1,500 rakes, 1,500 lawn mowers, 500 sulky plows, besides hand plows and miscellaneous tools.
This rare pass is signed on front by Gregg, with information on back. There is an embossed stamp on the signature portion as well. In good condition with some wear and light soiling. Please see photo. If you collect 19th century Americana history, World's Fair / Expo, photography, etc. this is a treasure you will not see again! Add this to your image or paper / ephemera collection. Important genealogy research importance too. Combine shipping on multiple bid wins!
International Cotton Exposition (I.C.E) was a World's Fair held in Atlanta, Georgia from October 5 to December 3 of 1881. h The location was along the Western & Atlantic Railroad tracks near the present day King Plow development. It planned to show the progress made since the city's destruction during the Battle of Atlanta and new developments in cotton production.
Placed a short train ride from downtown, it was designed so that the largest building could later be used as a cotton mill. A quarter of a million people attended generating between $220,000 and $250,000 in receipts split evenly between sales and gate receipts.
Founding
The idea of holding such an exhibition in the South was first suggested by Edward Atkinson of york who in August 1880 wrote a letter to a New York journal discussing the great waste incident to the methods then in use in the gathering and handling of the cotton crop and advised the exhibition to bring all of those interested in the production of this great Southern staple for the purpose of improvement. The Atlanta Constitution republished and urged the importance of some action in regard thereto. A few weeks after the publication of this letter it was announced that Mr. Atkinson was about to make a Southern trip for the purpose of putting the suggestion in form. Mr. H. I. Kimball being impressed with the importance of the enterprise and personally acquainted with Mr. Atkinson, invited him to Atlanta to address the people on the subject. This invitation Mr. Atkinson accepted, and at the solicitation of many prominent citizens of Atlanta he delivered, on October 28, 1880, an address in the senate chamber, in which he advocated Atlanta as the proper place in which to hold a cotton exhibition, such as would result in devising improved methods in the cultivation of the cotton as well as to be a stimulus to the entire industrial development of this section.
Early that november, James W. Nagle and J. W. Ryckman came to Atlanta to ascertain what action the citizens proposed to take in the matter. At their suggestion several preliminary meetings were held. A committee consisting of Governor A.H. Colquitt, Mayor W.L. Calhoun, ex-Governor R.B. Bullock and J.W. Ryckman was appointed to prepare a plan for preliminary organization, which resulted in the formation of such an organization and the election of Senator Joseph E. Brown, president; S.M. Inman, treasurer and Ryckman, secretary.
[edit] Incorporation
In February 1881, the chamber of commerce proposed and a corporation was organized under the general law, and a charter was obtained from the court. The Atlanta incorporators were those above plus R.F. Maddox, Benjamin E. Crane, Evan P. Howell, M.C. Kiser, Robert J. Lowry, Sidney Root, Campbell Wallace, J.F. Cummings, W.P. Inman, J.C. Peck, L.P. Grant, W.A. Moore, G.J. Foreacre, Richard Peters and E.P. Chamberlin. Associated with them were citizens of several other counties in Georigia and of the states of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Alabama, Louisiana, Missouri, Massachusetts, New York, Maine, Rhode Island and of London, England. Thus equipped the new enterprise commenced active operations.
At first it was only contemplated that the exposition should be confined to cotton and all pertaining thereto, in its culture, transportation, manufacture, etc. The capital stock of the corporation was originally fixed at $100,000 in shares of $100. As the work advanced, however, and as the country became interested in the subject, it was decided to open its doors for the admission of all products from every section, and the capital stock was therefore to $200,000. H.I Kimball was elected chairman of the 25 member executive committee whose mission was to raise the money.
It was believed if Atlanta subscribed one-third the amount required, other cities interested in the succedss of the enterprise would contribute the balance. A canvass of the city was made, and in one day the amount proportioned to Atlanta was secured. Mr. Kimball was authorized to visit Northern cities and endeavor to interest them in the undertaking. He visited New York and secured subscriptions to two hundred and fifty-three shares of stock ($25,300); Boston took sixty shares; Baltimore, forty-eight; Norfolk, VA buying twenty-five; Philadelphia, forty-three; Cincinnati, seventy-nine. The gratifying result of Mr. Kimball's work in the North and the apparent interest manifested by the whole country caused the executive committee to take immediate steps to put the whole work of organizing and conducting the enterprise in hand. Kimball was named director-general and CEO.
[edit] Construction begins
Contemporary rendering of the 1881 Exposition
Oglethorpe Park was selected as the site of the exposition. It belonged to the city and was located two and one half miles northwest from the railroad depot, and on the line of the Western & Atlantic Railroad. This park was originally laid out and improved under the direction of Mr. Kimball, in 1870 for the use of agricultural fairs, but the work of adapting the grounds and erecting the necessary buildings for the exposition was not an easy task. The work was begun under Mr. Kimball's direction and rapidly pushed to completion and made ready in ample time for the opening of the exposition.
The main building was constructed after a general model of a cotton factory, as suggested by Mr. Atkinson, the form being a Greek cross, the transept nearly half the length, the agricultural and carriage annexes extending along the southern side, and the mineral and woods department forming an annex at the extreme western end of the building. Its extreme length was seven hundred and twenty feet, the length of the transport four hundred feet, and the width of the arms ninety-six feet. The dimensions of the remaining principal buildings were as follows:
Railroad building, 200x100 fee
Railroad annexes, 40x60 and 40x100 feet
Agricultural implement building 96x288 feet
Carriage annex, 96x212 feet
Art and industry building, 520x60 feet
Judge's hall, 90x120 feet
Horticultural hall, 40x80 feet
Restaurant, 100x200 feet
There were several other buildings, as the Florida building, press pavilion, police headquarters, etc, and quite a number of individuals or collective exhibitors erected buildings for themselves.
[edit] Opening
The exposition was opened on October 5, 1881 and the occasion formed a memorable day in the history of Atlanta. The event was attended by many governors, senators and congressmen and addresses were made by Kimball, Governor Colquitt, North Carolina Senator Z.B. Vance and Indiana Senator D.W. Voorhees.
The exposition was a success in every way. The entire number of exhibits was 1,113 of which the Southern States contributed more than half; New England and Middle States, 341; Western States, 138; foreign, 7. The gross receipts were $262,513, and the total disbursements $258,475. The average daily attendance was 3,816 for the seventy-six days it was open. The largest number of admissions on any one day occurred on December 7th, Planters' Day, when there were 10,293.
The Exposition Cotton Mill was opened on the site in 1882 and remained in operation until 1969.[1]
Source: Scan of the cover from our collection.
Date: 1959.
Donated by Marilyn Beale.
Repository: Local Studies, Swindon Central Library.
Source: Scan of a photograph.
Image: P...
Date: June 1991.
Copyright: SBC.
Repository: Local Studies at Swindon Central Library.
Source: Hyrule Historia
Credits: Melora of historyofhyrule.com
Notes: 600pdi scan
I have this in here, because people who want to be inspired by the art for the first game would be looking for it here, but it was done for BS Zelda.
Source: Digital image.
Set: BEA02.
Date: 2018.
Photographer: Paul Henderson.
Copyright: © 2018 Noel Beauchamp.
Local Studies at Swindon Central Library.
Source: Scan of a CDV from our collection.
Image: P...
Date: 1885-1887.
Photographer: Zephaniah Dodson, 58 Regent Street, New Swindon.
Repository: Local Studies at Swindon Central Library.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon_Museum
The Pergamon Museum (German: Pergamonmuseum) is situated on the Museum Island in Berlin. The building was designed by Alfred Messel and Ludwig Hoffmann and was constructed over a period of twenty years, from 1910 to 1930. The Pergamon Museum houses monumental buildings such as the Pergamon Altar, the Ishtar Gate of Babylon, the Market Gate of Miletus reconstructed from the ruins found in Anatolia, as well as the Mshatta Facade.
The museum is subdivided into the antiquity collection, the Middle East museum, and the museum of Islamic art. It is visited by approximately 1,135,000 people every year, making it the most visited art museum in Germany (2007), and is one of the largest in the country.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin
Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3,723,914 (2018) inhabitants make it the second most populous city proper of the European Union after London. The city is one of Germany's 16 federal states. It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg, and contiguous with its capital, Potsdam. The two cities are at the center of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which is, with 6,004,857 (2015) inhabitants and an area of 30,370 square km, Germany's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions.
Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree, which flows into the River Havel (a tributary of the River Elbe) in the western borough of Spandau. Among the city's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree, Havel, and Dahme rivers (the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee). Due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. About one-third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers, canals and lakes. The city lies in the Central German dialect area, the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects.
First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes, Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1417–1701), the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918), the German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933), and the Third Reich (1933–1945). Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world. After World War II and its subsequent occupation by the victorious countries, the city was divided; West Berlin became a de facto West German exclave, surrounded by the Berlin Wall (1961–1989) and East German territory. East Berlin was declared capital of East Germany, while Bonn became the West German capital. Following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all of Germany.
Berlin is a world city of culture, politics, media and science. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the service sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations and convention venues. Berlin serves as a continental hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination. Significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics.
Berlin is home to world-renowned universities, orchestras, museums, and entertainment venues, and is host to many sporting events. Its Zoological Garden is the most visited zoo in Europe and one of the most popular worldwide. With the world's oldest large-scale movie studio complex, Berlin is an increasingly popular location for international film productions. The city is well known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts and a very high quality of living. Since the 2000s Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene.
source/credit: Mantra Group
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Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona
Arizona is a state in the Southwestern region of the United States, sharing the Four Corners region of the western United States with Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. Its other neighboring states are Nevada to the northwest and California to the west. It also shares an international border with the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest. It is the 6th-largest and the 14th-most-populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix, which is the most populous state capital in the United States.
Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union, achieving statehood on February 14, 1912. Historically part of the territory of Alta California and Nuevo México in New Spain, it became part of independent Mexico in 1821. After being defeated in the Mexican–American War, Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848, where the area became part of the territory of New Mexico. The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase.
Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate, with extremely hot summers and mild winters. Northern Arizona features forests of pine, Douglas fir, and spruce trees; the Colorado Plateau; mountain ranges (such as the San Francisco Mountains); as well as large, deep canyons, with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff, Sunrise, and Tucson. In addition to the internationally known Grand Canyon National Park, which is one of the world's seven natural wonders, there are several national forests, national parks, and national monuments.
Arizona is home to a diverse population. About one-quarter of the state is made up of Indian reservations that serve as the home of 27 federally recognized Native American tribes, including the Navajo Nation, the largest in the state and the country, with more than 300,000 citizens. Since the 1980s, the proportion of Hispanics has grown significantly owing to migration from Mexico and Central America. A substantial portion of the population are followers of the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Arizona's population and economy have grown dramatically since the 1950s because of inward migration, and the state is now a major hub of the Sun Belt. Cities such as Phoenix and Tucson have developed large, sprawling suburban areas. Many large companies, such as PetSmart and Circle K, have headquarters in the state, and Arizona is home to major universities, including the University of Arizona, Arizona State University, and Northern Arizona University. The state is known for a history of conservative politicians such as Barry Goldwater and John McCain, though it has become a swing state in recent years.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page,_Arizona
Page is a city in Coconino County, Arizona, United States, near the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Powell. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 7,247.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Canyon
Glen Canyon is a natural canyon carved by a 169.6-mile (272.9 km) length of the Colorado River, mostly in southeastern and south-central Utah, in the United States. Glen Canyon starts where Narrow Canyon ends, at the confluence of the Colorado River and the Dirty Devil River. A small part of the lower end of Glen Canyon extends into northern Arizona and terminates at Lee's Ferry, near the Vermilion Cliffs. Like the Grand Canyon farther downstream, Glen Canyon is part of the immense system of canyons carved by the Colorado River and its tributaries.
In 1963, a reservoir, Lake Powell, was created by the construction of the Glen Canyon Dam, in the Arizona portion of Glen Canyon near the brand new town of Page, inundating much of Glen Canyon under water hundreds of feet in depth. Contrary to popular belief, Lake Powell was not the result of negotiations over the controversial damming of the Green River within Dinosaur National Monument at Echo Park; the Echo Park Dam proposal was abandoned due to nationwide citizen pressure on Congress to do so. The Glen Canyon Dam remains a central issue for modern environmentalist movements. Beginning in the late 1990s, the Sierra Club and other organizations renewed the call to dismantle the dam and drain Lake Powell in Lower Glen Canyon. Today, Glen Canyon and Lake Powell are managed by the U.S. Department of the Interior within Glen Canyon National Recreation Area.
Source: www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/
Glen Canyon Dam is the second highest concrete-arch dam in the United States, second only to Hoover Dam which stands at 726 feet. The 25.16 million acre-feet of water storage capacity in Lake Powell, created by Glen Canyon Dam, serves as a ‘bank account’ of water that is drawn on in times of drought. This stored water has made it possible to successfully weather extended dry periods by sustaining the needs of cities, industries, and agriculture throughout the West.
Hydroelectric power produced by the dam’s eight generators helps meet the electrical needs of the West’s rapidly growing population. With a total capacity of 1,320 megawatts, Glen Canyon Powerplant produces around five billion kilowatt-hours of hydroelectric power annually which is distributed by the Western Area Power Administration to Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Nebraska. In addition, revenues from production of hydropower help fund many important environmental programs associated with Glen and Grand canyons.
The designation of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area in 1972, underscores the value and importance of the recreation benefits associated with Lake Powell and the Colorado River downstream of the dam. The recreation area is managed by the National Park Service.
Glen Canyon Dam is the key water storage unit of the Colorado River Storage Project, one of the most complex and extensive river resource developments in the world. Without it, development of the Upper Colorado River Basin states’ portion of the Colorado River would not have been possible.
Additional Foreign Language Tags:
(United States) "الولايات المتحدة" "Vereinigte Staaten" "アメリカ" "米国" "美国" "미국" "Estados Unidos" "États-Unis" "ארצות הברית" "संयुक्त राज्य" "США"
(Arizona) "أريزونا" "亚利桑那州" "אריזונה" "एरिजोना" "アリゾナ州" "애리조나" "Аризона"
Cathédrale de l'Incarnation (Grenade)
source WIKIPEDIA
La cathédrale de l'Incarnation de Grenade est un édifice de la Renaissance, bâti à partir du xvie siècle dans la ville espagnole de Grenade, en Andalousie. Cette cathédrale, considérée comme la toute première église construite en style Renaissance en Espagne1, fut envisagée dès le règne des Rois catholiques, et sa construction fut commencée sous Charles Ier, pour s’achever en 1704, sous le règne de Philippe V.
Dédiée au mystère de l'Incarnation, elle est le siège de la province ecclésiastique de Grenade, dont l'archevêque étend son autorité sur les diocèses d'Almería, Carthagène, Guadix, Jaén et Malaga. La cathédrale est classée Monument national depuis 1929.
Suite à la reconquête de la ville en 1492, les Rois Catholiques envisagent la construction d'une cathédrale sur le site de l'ancienne grande mosquée nasride de Grenade. Dès le 21 mai 1492 est fondée l'église cathédrale de Grenade, siège du nouveau diocèse. En 1505, la construction est projetée, et sa conception est confiée à Juan Gil de Hontañón et à Enrique Egas, qui travaillent déjà sur la Chapelle royale de la ville. Les travaux commencent en 1518. Les deux architectes prévoient la construction d'un édifice gothique, sur le modèle de la Cathédrale de Tolède, comme cela est encore le cas en de nombreux endroits d'Espagne (Ségovie, Salamanque...). Leur projet est néanmoins abandonné en 1523, peu après le début du chantier.
On adopte alors les plans de l'architecte Diego de Siloé, qui travaille déjà sur le monastère de San Jerónimo à Grenade4. Diego de Siloé prévoit de reprendre les bases du dessein antérieur, et d'élever à parptir de celui-ci un édifice pleinement renaissance. Il va mener les travaux de 1528 jusqu'à sa mort, en 1563. Divers architectes se succèdent pour diriger le chantier, selon les plans maniéristes élaborés par leur prédécesseur : Juan de Maeda, Alonso Cano et Teodoro Ardemans.
En 1590, une première modification importante du plan initial intervient. En raison des fondations trop fragiles, le projet d'élever deux hautes tours de 80 mètres pour encadrer la façade, est abandonné en 1590 sur ordre de Philippe II. Seule une tour a été bâtie ; elle est arasée, sa hauteur se limitant à 51 mètres. En 1665, Alonso Cano parvient à convaincre le chapitre de modifier le projet initial. La construction prend alors une allure plus baroque. Suite au décès de Cano en 1667, la direction du chantier est confiée à Melchior de Aguirre, qui achève l’œuvre en juillet 1703.
La cathédrale de Grenade prend place au cœur du centre historique de la ville, entre la Gran vía Colón et la Calle Reyes Católicos. Entourée par des édifices d'importance comme la Chapelle royale (Capilla Real), la bourse de commerce (Lonja) ou l'ancien marché de la soie (Alcaicería), elle trône sur la place de las Pasiegas, qui offre bien peu de recul pour contempler la grandiose façade de l'édifice. Diego de Siloé a conçu un vaste édifice de 115 mètres sur 67, qui constitue : « "(…)un ensemble alliant pureté, élégance des formes, et blancheur immaculée de la pierre." »
Le monument représente un des sommets de l'architecture de la Renaissance en Espagne, tout en intégrant des éléments décoratifs puisés dans l'art gothique (plan et voûtes) et l'art baroque (façade), témoignant de la longueur du chantier, qui s'est étalé sur près de deux-cents ans. Son influence fut très importante dans les constructions de ce type postérieures en Andalousie.
ENGLISH
Granada Cathedral
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The cathedral of Granada.
Granada Cathedral, or the Cathedral of the Incarnation (Spanish: Catedral de Granada, Catedral de la Anunciación) is the cathedral in the city of Granada, capital of the province of the same name in the Autonomous Region of Andalusia, Spain. The cathedral is the seat of the Archdiocese of Granada.
Unlike most cathedrals in Spain, construction of this cathedral had to await the acquisition of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada from its Muslim rulers in 1492; while its very early plans had Gothic designs, such as are evident in the Royal Chapel of Granada by Enrique Egas, the construction of the church in the main occurred at a time when Spanish Renaissance designs were supplanting the Gothic regnant in Spanish architecture of prior centuries. Foundations for the church were laid by the architect Egas starting from 1518 to 1523 atop the site of the city's main mosque; by 1529, Egas was replaced by Diego de Siloé who labored for nearly four decades on the structure from ground to cornice, planning the triforium and five naves instead of the usual three. Most unusually, he created a circular capilla mayor rather than a semicircular apse, perhaps inspired by Italian ideas for circular 'perfect buildings' (e.g. in Alberti's works). Within its structure the cathedral combines other orders of architecture. It took 181 years for the cathedral to be built.
Subsequent architects included Juan de Maena (1563-1571), followed by Juan de Orea (1571-1590), and Ambrosio de Vico (1590-?). In 1667 Alonso Cano, working with Gaspar de la Peña, altered the initial plan for the main façade, introducing Baroque elements. The magnificence of the building would be even greater, if the two large 81 meter towers foreseen in the plans had been built; however the project remained incomplete for various reasons, among them, financial.
The Cathedral had been intended to become the royal mausoleum by Charles I of Spain of Spain, but Philip II of Spain moved the site for his father and subsequent kings to El Escorial outside of Madrid.
The main chapel contains two kneeling effigies of the Catholic King and Queen, Isabel and Ferdinand by Pedro de Mena y Medrano. The busts of Adam and Eve were made by Alonso Cano. The Chapel of the Trinity has a marvelous retablo with paintings by El Greco, Jusepe de Ribera and Alonso Cano.
ESPANOL
La Santa Iglesia Catedral Metropolitana de la Anunciación de Granada es un templo católico de la ciudad española de Granada, comunidad autónoma de Andalucía, sede de la archidiócesis de la ciudad. El templo es una de las obras cumbres del Renacimiento español.
Nave central, capilla mayor y bóvedas de la catedral de Granada.
Durante el renacimiento, el Reino de Granada, al igual que Galicia, conformó un centro artístico independiente del estilo predominante en el resto de la península, el herrerianismo.
Con el reinado de Carlos I de España se llevarán a cabo numerosas construcciones en la ciudad de Granada, dada la intención del monarca en convertir a la urbe en el modelo de ciudad del siglo XVI. Así la construcción de la catedral de Granada será coetánea a las de el palacio cristiano de la Alhambra, la Universidad y la chancillería (actual sede del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Andalucía - TSJA).
Columnas y bóvedas de la catedral de Granada.
El primer proyecto fue encomendado en 1506 a Enrique Egas que concibió un templo de estilo gótico, tomando como modelo la Catedral de Toledo. Las obras comenzaron, bajo la dirección del propio Egas, con la colocación solemne de la primera piedra el 25 de marzo de 1523. Sin embargo, fue Diego de Siloé quien, en 1529, se encargó de las obras, que se concluirán en 1563, presentando un nuevo proyecto mucho más ambicioso. El autor trazó las líneas renacentistas de todo el edificio sobre los cimientos góticos, con girola y cinco naves en lugar de las tres habituales, combinando en su estructura elementos de otros órdenes arquitectónicos.
Con la llegada de la política centralista de Felipe II y, especialmente, con la expulsión de los moriscos de 1609, la región perdió gran parte de su fuerza económica y quedó relegada frente a otros centros locales. Sin embargo, sí se continuó desarrollando proyectos artísticos de importancia. Es el caso de la reforma de la fachada principal emprendida por Alonso Cano (1601 – 1667) en 1664 en la que se introdujeron elementos barrocos.
La magnificencia del proyecto hubiese sido aún mayor si se hubieran erigido las dos grandes torres de ochenta y un metros de altura previstas en los planos. El proyecto no fue terminado por diversos problemas, entre ellos la muerte de Alonso Cano en 1667, y otros económicos, por lo que finalmente, en 1684, la Catedral quedó con una torre, formada solo por tres cuerpos en lugar de los seis previstos y con un total de cincuenta y siete metros de altura.
Interior de la catedral de Granada antes de que se suprimiera el coro. Fotografía de J. Laurent, ca. 1881.
En 1706 Francisco de Hurtado Izquierdo y posteriormente su colaborador José Bada construyeron el actual sagrario de la catedral. En él, el autor rompió su tendencia rococó, respetando la sobriedad de líneas y la estructura clásica del resto del conjunto.
La catedral de Granada es de planta rectangular debido a que sus cinco naves cubren por completo el crucero, que no llega a destacar sobre la planta. Las cinco naves están escalonadas en alturas, siendo mayor la central. En los pies de la catedral, se sitúan las dos torres, siendo la del lado izquierdo, llamada torre de san Miguel, un contrafuerte que sustituyó a la torre prevista en ese lado.
La capilla mayor está compuesta por una serie de columnas corintias sobre cuyo capitel se encuentra el entablamento y sobre éste, la bóveda, que alberga, al igual que los espacios inferiores sobre las columnas, una serie de ventanales con delicadas vidrieras.
La fachada está constituida por una estructura encuadrada en forma de arco del triunfo con portadas y lienzos de empotrados. Está formada por tres ejes coronados por arcos de medio punto sostenidos sobre pilastras, de forma similar a San Andrés de Mantua de Leon Battista Alberti. Las pilastras no tienen capiteles sino resaltes esculpidos en la pared, así como medallones de mármol adosados. Encima de la puerta principal se ubica un tondo en mármol de José Risueño sobre la Anunciación. Destaca también la presencia en la parte superior de un jarrón con azucenas, aludiendo al carácter virginal y puro de la madre de Dios.
El sagrario, elevado entre 1706 y 1759, sigue las proporciones clásicas del conjunto, manteniendo las columnas múltiples del crucero las formas del orden compuesto de Siloé.