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Source: Digital image.
Set: BEA02.
Date: 2018.
Photographer: Paul Henderson.
Copyright: © 2018 Noel Beauchamp.
Local Studies at Swindon Central Library.
Source: Scan of a CDV from our collection.
Image: P...
Date: 1885-1887.
Photographer: Zephaniah Dodson, 58 Regent Street, New Swindon.
Repository: Local Studies at Swindon Central Library.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Capitan_Theatre
El Capitan Theatre is a fully restored movie palace at 6838 Hollywood Blvd. in Hollywood. The theater and adjacent Hollywood Masonic Temple (now known as the El Capitan Entertainment Centre) is operated by Buena Vista Theatres, a subsidiary of Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Distribution, and as such, serves as the venue for a majority of the Walt Disney Studios' film premieres.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood
Hollywood is a neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California, notable as the home of the U.S. film industry including several of its historic studios. Its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry and the people associated with it.
Hollywood was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910 and soon thereafter a prominent film industry emerged, eventually becoming the most recognizable film industry in the world.
Cathédrale de l'Incarnation (Grenade)
source WIKIPEDIA
La cathédrale de l'Incarnation de Grenade est un édifice de la Renaissance, bâti à partir du xvie siècle dans la ville espagnole de Grenade, en Andalousie. Cette cathédrale, considérée comme la toute première église construite en style Renaissance en Espagne1, fut envisagée dès le règne des Rois catholiques, et sa construction fut commencée sous Charles Ier, pour s’achever en 1704, sous le règne de Philippe V.
Dédiée au mystère de l'Incarnation, elle est le siège de la province ecclésiastique de Grenade, dont l'archevêque étend son autorité sur les diocèses d'Almería, Carthagène, Guadix, Jaén et Malaga. La cathédrale est classée Monument national depuis 1929.
Suite à la reconquête de la ville en 1492, les Rois Catholiques envisagent la construction d'une cathédrale sur le site de l'ancienne grande mosquée nasride de Grenade. Dès le 21 mai 1492 est fondée l'église cathédrale de Grenade, siège du nouveau diocèse. En 1505, la construction est projetée, et sa conception est confiée à Juan Gil de Hontañón et à Enrique Egas, qui travaillent déjà sur la Chapelle royale de la ville. Les travaux commencent en 1518. Les deux architectes prévoient la construction d'un édifice gothique, sur le modèle de la Cathédrale de Tolède, comme cela est encore le cas en de nombreux endroits d'Espagne (Ségovie, Salamanque...). Leur projet est néanmoins abandonné en 1523, peu après le début du chantier.
On adopte alors les plans de l'architecte Diego de Siloé, qui travaille déjà sur le monastère de San Jerónimo à Grenade4. Diego de Siloé prévoit de reprendre les bases du dessein antérieur, et d'élever à parptir de celui-ci un édifice pleinement renaissance. Il va mener les travaux de 1528 jusqu'à sa mort, en 1563. Divers architectes se succèdent pour diriger le chantier, selon les plans maniéristes élaborés par leur prédécesseur : Juan de Maeda, Alonso Cano et Teodoro Ardemans.
En 1590, une première modification importante du plan initial intervient. En raison des fondations trop fragiles, le projet d'élever deux hautes tours de 80 mètres pour encadrer la façade, est abandonné en 1590 sur ordre de Philippe II. Seule une tour a été bâtie ; elle est arasée, sa hauteur se limitant à 51 mètres. En 1665, Alonso Cano parvient à convaincre le chapitre de modifier le projet initial. La construction prend alors une allure plus baroque. Suite au décès de Cano en 1667, la direction du chantier est confiée à Melchior de Aguirre, qui achève l’œuvre en juillet 1703.
La cathédrale de Grenade prend place au cœur du centre historique de la ville, entre la Gran vía Colón et la Calle Reyes Católicos. Entourée par des édifices d'importance comme la Chapelle royale (Capilla Real), la bourse de commerce (Lonja) ou l'ancien marché de la soie (Alcaicería), elle trône sur la place de las Pasiegas, qui offre bien peu de recul pour contempler la grandiose façade de l'édifice. Diego de Siloé a conçu un vaste édifice de 115 mètres sur 67, qui constitue : « "(…)un ensemble alliant pureté, élégance des formes, et blancheur immaculée de la pierre." »
Le monument représente un des sommets de l'architecture de la Renaissance en Espagne, tout en intégrant des éléments décoratifs puisés dans l'art gothique (plan et voûtes) et l'art baroque (façade), témoignant de la longueur du chantier, qui s'est étalé sur près de deux-cents ans. Son influence fut très importante dans les constructions de ce type postérieures en Andalousie.
ENGLISH
Granada Cathedral
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The cathedral of Granada.
Granada Cathedral, or the Cathedral of the Incarnation (Spanish: Catedral de Granada, Catedral de la Anunciación) is the cathedral in the city of Granada, capital of the province of the same name in the Autonomous Region of Andalusia, Spain. The cathedral is the seat of the Archdiocese of Granada.
Unlike most cathedrals in Spain, construction of this cathedral had to await the acquisition of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada from its Muslim rulers in 1492; while its very early plans had Gothic designs, such as are evident in the Royal Chapel of Granada by Enrique Egas, the construction of the church in the main occurred at a time when Spanish Renaissance designs were supplanting the Gothic regnant in Spanish architecture of prior centuries. Foundations for the church were laid by the architect Egas starting from 1518 to 1523 atop the site of the city's main mosque; by 1529, Egas was replaced by Diego de Siloé who labored for nearly four decades on the structure from ground to cornice, planning the triforium and five naves instead of the usual three. Most unusually, he created a circular capilla mayor rather than a semicircular apse, perhaps inspired by Italian ideas for circular 'perfect buildings' (e.g. in Alberti's works). Within its structure the cathedral combines other orders of architecture. It took 181 years for the cathedral to be built.
Subsequent architects included Juan de Maena (1563-1571), followed by Juan de Orea (1571-1590), and Ambrosio de Vico (1590-?). In 1667 Alonso Cano, working with Gaspar de la Peña, altered the initial plan for the main façade, introducing Baroque elements. The magnificence of the building would be even greater, if the two large 81 meter towers foreseen in the plans had been built; however the project remained incomplete for various reasons, among them, financial.
The Cathedral had been intended to become the royal mausoleum by Charles I of Spain of Spain, but Philip II of Spain moved the site for his father and subsequent kings to El Escorial outside of Madrid.
The main chapel contains two kneeling effigies of the Catholic King and Queen, Isabel and Ferdinand by Pedro de Mena y Medrano. The busts of Adam and Eve were made by Alonso Cano. The Chapel of the Trinity has a marvelous retablo with paintings by El Greco, Jusepe de Ribera and Alonso Cano.
ESPANOL
La Santa Iglesia Catedral Metropolitana de la Anunciación de Granada es un templo católico de la ciudad española de Granada, comunidad autónoma de Andalucía, sede de la archidiócesis de la ciudad. El templo es una de las obras cumbres del Renacimiento español.
Nave central, capilla mayor y bóvedas de la catedral de Granada.
Durante el renacimiento, el Reino de Granada, al igual que Galicia, conformó un centro artístico independiente del estilo predominante en el resto de la península, el herrerianismo.
Con el reinado de Carlos I de España se llevarán a cabo numerosas construcciones en la ciudad de Granada, dada la intención del monarca en convertir a la urbe en el modelo de ciudad del siglo XVI. Así la construcción de la catedral de Granada será coetánea a las de el palacio cristiano de la Alhambra, la Universidad y la chancillería (actual sede del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Andalucía - TSJA).
Columnas y bóvedas de la catedral de Granada.
El primer proyecto fue encomendado en 1506 a Enrique Egas que concibió un templo de estilo gótico, tomando como modelo la Catedral de Toledo. Las obras comenzaron, bajo la dirección del propio Egas, con la colocación solemne de la primera piedra el 25 de marzo de 1523. Sin embargo, fue Diego de Siloé quien, en 1529, se encargó de las obras, que se concluirán en 1563, presentando un nuevo proyecto mucho más ambicioso. El autor trazó las líneas renacentistas de todo el edificio sobre los cimientos góticos, con girola y cinco naves en lugar de las tres habituales, combinando en su estructura elementos de otros órdenes arquitectónicos.
Con la llegada de la política centralista de Felipe II y, especialmente, con la expulsión de los moriscos de 1609, la región perdió gran parte de su fuerza económica y quedó relegada frente a otros centros locales. Sin embargo, sí se continuó desarrollando proyectos artísticos de importancia. Es el caso de la reforma de la fachada principal emprendida por Alonso Cano (1601 – 1667) en 1664 en la que se introdujeron elementos barrocos.
La magnificencia del proyecto hubiese sido aún mayor si se hubieran erigido las dos grandes torres de ochenta y un metros de altura previstas en los planos. El proyecto no fue terminado por diversos problemas, entre ellos la muerte de Alonso Cano en 1667, y otros económicos, por lo que finalmente, en 1684, la Catedral quedó con una torre, formada solo por tres cuerpos en lugar de los seis previstos y con un total de cincuenta y siete metros de altura.
Interior de la catedral de Granada antes de que se suprimiera el coro. Fotografía de J. Laurent, ca. 1881.
En 1706 Francisco de Hurtado Izquierdo y posteriormente su colaborador José Bada construyeron el actual sagrario de la catedral. En él, el autor rompió su tendencia rococó, respetando la sobriedad de líneas y la estructura clásica del resto del conjunto.
La catedral de Granada es de planta rectangular debido a que sus cinco naves cubren por completo el crucero, que no llega a destacar sobre la planta. Las cinco naves están escalonadas en alturas, siendo mayor la central. En los pies de la catedral, se sitúan las dos torres, siendo la del lado izquierdo, llamada torre de san Miguel, un contrafuerte que sustituyó a la torre prevista en ese lado.
La capilla mayor está compuesta por una serie de columnas corintias sobre cuyo capitel se encuentra el entablamento y sobre éste, la bóveda, que alberga, al igual que los espacios inferiores sobre las columnas, una serie de ventanales con delicadas vidrieras.
La fachada está constituida por una estructura encuadrada en forma de arco del triunfo con portadas y lienzos de empotrados. Está formada por tres ejes coronados por arcos de medio punto sostenidos sobre pilastras, de forma similar a San Andrés de Mantua de Leon Battista Alberti. Las pilastras no tienen capiteles sino resaltes esculpidos en la pared, así como medallones de mármol adosados. Encima de la puerta principal se ubica un tondo en mármol de José Risueño sobre la Anunciación. Destaca también la presencia en la parte superior de un jarrón con azucenas, aludiendo al carácter virginal y puro de la madre de Dios.
El sagrario, elevado entre 1706 y 1759, sigue las proporciones clásicas del conjunto, manteniendo las columnas múltiples del crucero las formas del orden compuesto de Siloé.
Source: Digital image.
Set: TUR02
Date: 1910.
Repository: From the collection of Mr J. Turner.
Local Studies at Swindon Central Library.
Source: digital image.
Image: P...
Date: 2021.
Copyright: © 2021 SBC.
Repository: Local Studies at Swindon Central Library.
Source: Irene Victoria Read papers, pictorial material and relics, 1839-1951
acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/item/itemDetailPaged.aspx?itemID=910142
Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales
Original photo in the public domain, this photo for research & study purposes only. Please do not reproduce without crediting 'Irene Victoria Read papers, pictorial material and relics, 1839-1951' and the Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales.
Major William Henry Read served with No. 2 Australian General Hospital in Egypt, embarking at Sydney H.M.A.T. "Kyarra" on 28 November 1914. Embarked "Themistocles" at Suez on 15 August 1915 on medical officer duty, arriving Melbourne 9 September 1915; appointment terminated 25 September 1915. At embarkation (aged 39), he listed his occupation "Medical practitioner", his wife Mrs Irene Victoria Read and address Cleveland Street, Wahroonga, New South Wales. One of William and Irene's children was peace activist Margaret Holmes who lived at Mosman.
Source: Cropped scan of a AMWAS photograph.
Grid: SU1583.
Date: January 1953.
Copyright: Ordnance Survey.
Used by permission.
Repository: Local Studies, Swindon Central Library.
2048 x 2048 pixel image for the iPad’s 2048 x 1536 pixel retina display.
Designed to complement the iPad iOS 7 lock screen, also works on an iPhone, simply centre the image horizontally after selecting it.
Combinando eliminação única, jogabilidade baseada em times com a noção de uma economia para produzir uma experiência de ação online inacreditável de profundidade e realismo, Counter-Strike é o jogo de ação mais jogado no mundo. Com Counter-Strike: Source, o jogo lendário ganhou uma melhoria completa, com realce nos gráficos como modelos com mais polígonos, sombras e água reflexivas, os quais adicionam dimensão para os novos personagens, itens e ambientes. Além dos mapas famosos do jogo original, Counter-Strike: Source também contém novos mapas.
Toda jobabilidade em tempo real e avançados gráficos trazidos em Counter-Strike: Source são possíveis através de Source, uma tecnologia de engine proprietária da Valve
Configurações Mínima
- Windows 98/2000/ME/XP;
- Pentium III 1.2GHz ou Athlon equivalente;
- 500MB de espaço livre em disco rígido, mais espaço adicional para jogos salvos, arquivos de troca do windows e instalação do DirectX 7.0;
- 256MB de memória RAM;
- CD-ROM 8x de velocidade;
- Placa de som compatível com Directx 7.0;
- Placa de vídeo 3D PCI/AGP de 16 MB;
- Teclado e Mouse.
Source: Scan of original item.
Set: THO01.
Date: ?
Repository: From the collection of Judy Thomas and family.
Used here by very kind permission.
Local Studies at Swindon Central Library.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis
St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri. It sits near the confluence of the Mississippi and the Missouri Rivers. In 2020, the city proper had a population of 301,578, while the bi-state metropolitan area, which extends into Illinois, had an estimated population of over 2.8 million, making it the largest metropolitan area in Missouri, the second-largest in Illinois, and the 20th-largest in the United States.
Before European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. St. Louis was founded on February 14, 1764, by French fur traders Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent, Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, who named it for Louis IX of France. In 1764, following France's defeat in the Seven Years' War, the area was ceded to Spain. In 1800, it was retroceded to France, which sold it three years later to the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase; the city was then the point of embarkation for the Corps of Discovery on the Lewis and Clark Expedition. In the 19th century, St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River; from 1870 until the 1920 census, it was the fourth-largest city in the country. It separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics.
A "Gamma" global city with a metropolitan GDP of more than $160 billion in 2017, metropolitan St. Louis has a diverse economy with strengths in the service, manufacturing, trade, transportation, and tourism industries. It is home to eight Fortune 500 companies. Major companies headquartered or with significant operations in the city include Ameren Corporation, Peabody Energy, Nestlé Purina PetCare, Anheuser-Busch, Wells Fargo Advisors, Stifel Financial, Spire, Inc., MilliporeSigma, FleishmanHillard, Square, Inc., U.S. Bank, Anthem BlueCross and Blue Shield, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Centene Corporation, and Express Scripts.
Major research universities include Saint Louis University and Washington University in St. Louis. The Washington University Medical Center in the Central West End neighborhood hosts an agglomeration of medical and pharmaceutical institutions, including Barnes-Jewish Hospital.
St. Louis has four professional sports teams: the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League, St. Louis City SC of Major League Soccer, anticipated to begin play in 2023, and the St. Louis BattleHawks of the XFL. Among the city's notable sights is the 630-foot (192 m) Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis, the St. Louis Zoo, the Missouri Botanical Garden, the Saint Louis Art Museum, and Bellefontaine Cemetery and Arboretum.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Auto_Show
The St. Louis Auto Show is an auto show held annually in St. Louis, Missouri. The first St. Louis Auto Show was held in 1907 at Forest Park Highlands; it was first held indoors at the Willys-Overland Building on Locust Street in 1917. Since resumption of the show in 1983, it has been held annually at the America's Center convention center and, since its construction in 1996, at the adjacent Edward Jones Dome.
In the most recent show, which took place in January 2012, its exhibits featured more than 25 automobile and motorcycle brands, including Acura, Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Dodge, Fiat, Ford, Harley Davidson, Honda, Hyundai, Jeep, Kia, Lexus, Lincoln, Mazda, Nissan, Scion, Subaru, Toyota, Volkswagen, and Volvo. The show also featured a collection of supercars sponsored by St. Louis Motorsports, Inc., including cars manufactured by Bentley, Lamborghini, Lotus, Maserati, and Rolls-Royce. The 2012 show also included three "ride-and-drive" experiences in which attendees were able to drive new vehicles, an environmentally friendly automobile section, and the Camp Jeep experience, in which attendees were able to participate in indoor, off-road driving.
Historically, the show has included a variety of concept cars; in 1990, the show featured the 12-cylinder Cadillac Solitaire and the pivoting-canopied Plymouth Slingshot. During the 1991 show, organizers brought three Deloreans used in the filming of Back to the Future and a pre-production model of the Dodge Viper. For 1996, the show included models of the Cadillac Catera, the Plymouth Prowler, and the Lamborghini Diablo. Also in 1996, the auto show became the first convention to use the Edward Jones Dome for convention space. The 2001 show featured a pre-production model of the Ford Thunderbird and the GMC Envoy, while the 2005 show included the Jeep Hurricane concept car.
Additional Foreign Language Tags:
(United States) "الولايات المتحدة" "Vereinigte Staaten" "アメリカ" "美国" "미국" "Estados Unidos" "États-Unis"
(Missouri) "ميزوري" "密苏里州" "मिसौरी" "ミズーリ" "미주리" "Миссури"
(St. Louis) "سانت لويس" "圣路易斯" "संत लुई" "セントルイス" "세인트루이스" "святой Луи"
Source: Digital image.
Album: SHE01.
Date: c.1982.
Photographer: © Mr D. Sheppard.
Local Studies at Swindon Central Library.
Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).
Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions
"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".
The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.
Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:
Wet with cool dew drops
fragrant with perfume from the flowers
came the gentle breeze
jasmine and water lily
dance in the spring sunshine
side-long glances
of the golden-hued ladies
stab into my thoughts
heaven itself cannot take my mind
as it has been captivated by one lass
among the five hundred I have seen here.
Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.
In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:
During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".
Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.
While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’
Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.
An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.
Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983
Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture
Main article: Commercial graffiti
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".
Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.
Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.
There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.
Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis
Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal
In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.
Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.
Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.
Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.
Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.
In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".
There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.
Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.
A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.
From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.
Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."
In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.
In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.
To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".
Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.
When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri
Jefferson City, informally Jeff City, is the capital of Missouri. It had a population of 43,228 at the 2020 census, ranking as the 15th most populous city in the state. It is also the county seat of Cole County and the principal city of the Jefferson City Metropolitan Statistical Area, the second-most-populous metropolitan area in Mid-Missouri and the fifth-largest in the state. Most of the city is in Cole County, with a small northern section extending into Callaway County. Jefferson City is named for Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States.
Jefferson City is located on the northern edge of the Ozark Plateau on the southern side of the Missouri River in a region known as Mid-Missouri, that is roughly mid-way between the state's two large urban areas of Kansas City and St. Louis. It is 29 miles south of Columbia, Missouri, and sits at the western edge of the Missouri Rhineland, one of the major wine-producing regions of the Midwest. The city is dominated by the domed Capitol, which rises from a bluff overlooking the Missouri River to the north; Lewis and Clark passed the bluff on their historic expedition upriver before Europeans established any settlement there.
Many of Jefferson City's primary employers are in service and manufacturing industries. Jefferson City is also home to Lincoln University, a public historically black land-grant university founded in 1866 by the 62nd Regiment of U.S. Colored Troops with support from the 65th Regiment of U.S. Colored Troops.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_State_Capitol
The Missouri State Capitol is the home of the Missouri General Assembly and the executive branch of government of the U.S. state of Missouri. Located in Jefferson City at 201 West Capitol Avenue, it is the third capitol to be built in the city. (The previous two were demolished after they were damaged by fire.) The domed building, designed by the New York City architectural firm of Tracy and Swartwout, was completed in 1917.
The capitol’s dome is the first thing travelers see when approaching Jefferson City from the north. In addition to the state Senate and House of Representatives, the capitol also contains offices of the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, state treasurer, state auditor, and some administrative agencies.
It is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a contributing property in the Missouri State Capitol Historic District.
Source: Original digital photograph.
Set: CHI01.
Date: 2013.
Photographer: © 2013 Mark Child.
Repository: Local Studies, at Swindon Central Library.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lafitte_National_Historical_Pa...
Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve (French: Parc historique national et réserve Jean Lafitte) protects the natural and cultural resources of Louisiana's Mississippi River Delta region. It is named after French pirate Jean Lafitte and consists of six separate sites and a park headquarters.
Source: www.stateparks.com/jean_lafitte_national_historical_park_...
Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve was established to preserve significant examples of the rich natural and cultural resources of Louisiana's Mississippi Delta region. The park seeks to illustrate the influence of environment and history on the development of a unique regional culture.
The park consists of six physically separate sites and a park headquarters located in southeastern Louisiana. The sites in Lafayette, Thibodaux, and Eunice interpret the Acadian culture of the area. The Barataria Preserve (in Marrero) interprets the natural and cultural history of the uplands, swamps, and marshlands of the region. Six miles southeast of New Orleans is the Chalmette Battlefield and National Cemetery, site of the 1815 Battle of New Orleans and the final resting place for soldiers from the Civil War, Spanish-American War, World Wars I and II, and Vietnam. At 419 Decatur Street in the historic French Quarter is the park's visitor center for New Orleans. This center interprets the history of New Orleans and the diverse cultures of Louisiana's Mississippi Delta region. The Park Headquarters is located in New Orleans.
Waters in Vichy surge from many fountains, most of them enclosed in vintage buildings, built during Napoleon IIIrd reign.
Source: Scanned from the 1917 GWR Mechanics' Institution Library Catalogue, from our collection (SWI.017).
Image: P...
Date: Published in 1917.
Repository: Local Studies, Swindon Central Library.
Date: May 16, 1877
Source Type: Photograph, Carte de Visite
Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Thomas Saunders
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: This carte de visite was included in a photograph album owned by Louise DeMotte Letherman.
An identification and date are written in ink on the reverse side of this carte de visite as follows:
W. T. Singleton
Lexington Mo
May 16th 1877.
William Thomas Singleton was an agent for the Wabash Railroad in North Lexington, Lafayette County, Missouri. At 6:45 pm on August 30, 1874, Singleton and several passengers of a carriage [omnibus] were held up by Jesse James, Frank James, and one of the Younger brothers across the Missouri River from Lexington. Hundreds of onlookers on the bluffs in Lexington witnessed Frank and Jesse James commit the robbery.
According to contemporary account, Younger pulled a watch and chain from Singleton's pocket. Mattie Hamlett, another victim of the robbery, recognized Younger and Frank James and they recognized Hamlett.
Hamlett demanded that Frank James return Singleton's watch and chain. James allegedly responded if Singleton was he any kin to her and she responded affirmatively. "[Frank] James promptly handed the watch to her, but kept the chain which was a very handsome and costly one. 'No,' she [Hamlett] exclaimed, 'give back the chain too; I won't have part of it, if I can't get all.' After some little demurring, he returned both watch and chain...."
William Thomas Singleton was born in Montgomery County, Missouri, on July 13, 1852, and died in Los Angeles County, California, on November 10, 1929. He married Evelyn Wineford in 1879.
The following biographical sketch of William T. Singleton appears in the History of Ray County, Missouri published in 1881.
WILLIAM T. SINGLETON.
William T. Singleton was born in Montgomery county, Missouri, in 1852. He is a son of John S. Singleton, of Rolla, Phelps county, Missouri. He is a native of Virginia. His mother's maiden name was Stewart. She is a native of Kentucky. His parents are still living. When about sixteen years of age, the subject of this sketch entered the employ of the Wabash Railroad Company, as telegraph operator at Wentzville, having learned telegraphy at High Hill, Missouri. He was operator at different points on this road till in 1874, when he was appointed agent at Lexington, Missouri. He remained at Lexington three years, and was transferred to De Witt, Carroll county, Missouri. He was also in De Witt three years, and in the fall of 1880, came to Richmond, Ray county, where he is at present engaged with the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company. He has been constantly in the employ of this company for more than thirteen years. This long period of uninterrupted service is ample testimony of his integrity, efficiency and gentlemanly deportment. Wm. T. Singleton was married June 4, 1879, to Miss Evaline W. Squires, an accomplished lady of Carroll county, Missouri. They have one child, Bessie E., born March 9, 1881. He and his wife are members of the M. E. Church South. He is also a Mason.
On the front of the carte de visite is printed the following information:
FROM
SAUNDERS'
NEW STUDIO,
LEXINGTON, MO.
Opposite
Court House.
One Door East
of Old Stand.
The photograph was taken at the studio of Thomas Saunders in Lexington, Lafayette County, Missouri. It is known that Saunders was operating a photography studio in Lexington in the 1870s and 1880s.
Louise (DeMotte) Letherman was born August 21, 1859, in Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana, the daughter of Mark L. DeMotte and Elizabeth (Christy) DeMotte. She married Lawrence Letherman on May 3, 1883, in Valparaiso. Louise died at Malden, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, on September 24, 1905. Louise is buried in Valparaiso's Maplewood Cemetery.
Mark Lindsey DeMotte was born in Rockville, Parke County, Indiana, on December 28, 1832, the son of Daniel DeMotte and Mary (Brewer) DeMotte. He graduated from Asbury University (now DePauw University) in Greencastle, Putnam County, Indiana, with an A.B. degree in 1853 and immediately began studying law at this institution, earning his law degree (LL.B.) in 1855. DeMotte was soon admitted to the Indiana bar and began his practice of law at Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana.
In December 1856, Elizabeth Christy wedded DeMotte in Valparaiso, a union that resulted in two children, Louise and Mary.
DeMotte would serve in the Civil War rising to the rank of captain under the command of General Robert H. Milroy. At the conclusion of the war, DeMotte moved to Lexington, Lafayette County, Missouri, to resume his practice of law. He was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress in the 1872 and 1876 elections.
DeMotte returned to Valparaiso in 1877 to practice law and would organize the Northern Indiana Law School in 1879, which later became known as the Valparaiso University School of Law (which went defunct in 2020).
DeMotte would again be a Republican candidate for Congress, winning the election of 1880, but would lose as an incumbent in the 1882 election. He would then serve in the Indiana State Senate between 1886 and 1890. He was appointed the postmaster of Valparaiso serving from March 24, 1890, to March 20, 1894. He would also serve as dean of the Northern Indiana Law School from 1890 to 1908.
DeMotte passed away on September 23, 1908, in Valparaiso and was interred in Maplewood Cemetery in that community.
Sources:
Breihan, Carl W. 1992. Ride the Razor's Edge: The Younger Brothers Story. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company. 288 p. [see pp. 183-189]
Missouri Historical Company. 1881. History of Ray County, Mo., Carefully Written and Compiled from the Most Authentic Official and Private Sources. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Historical Company. 818 p. [see p. 579]
The State Journal, Jefferson City, Cole County, Missouri; September 4, 1874; Volume 2, Number 37, Page 6, Columns 3-4. Column titled "Missouri's Highwaymen."
The Weekly Caucasian, Lexington, Lafayette County, Missouri; September 5, 1874; Volume 9, Number 19, Page 1, Columns 4-5. Column titled "Missouri's Gay Bandits. The Genuine James Boys and One of the Youngers."
Copyright 2020. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
Source: Scan from an 1883 Astill's Almanack of Swindon.
Date: 1883.
Repository: Local Studies, Swindon Central Library.
Source: Scan of original plate from the Illustrated London News.
Image: P50453.
Date: September 4th 1852.
Repository: Local Studies at Swindon Central Library.
Source reference: Ragne Värk, Visit Pärnu
Author: Ragne Värk
For details on using this image, please see the ABOUT page.
For more information, please contact info@visitparnu.com
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Allikaviide: Ragne Värk, Visit Pärnu
Autor: Ragne Värk
Loe täpsemalt, kuidas seda pilti kasutada ABOUT lehelt.
Vajadusel küsi lisainfot aadressil info@visitparnu.com
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_Valley
Monument Valley (Navajo: Tsé Biiʼ Ndzisgaii, pronounced [tsʰépìːʔ ǹtsɪ̀skɑ̀ìː], meaning "valley of the rocks") is a region of the Colorado Plateau characterized by a cluster of sandstone buttes, with the largest reaching 1,000 ft (300 m) above the valley floor. The most famous butte formations are located in northeastern Arizona along the Utah–Arizona state line. The valley is considered sacred by the Navajo Nation, the Native American people within whose reservation it lies.
Monument Valley has been featured in many forms of media since the 1930s. Famed director John Ford used the location for a number of his Westerns. Film critic Keith Phipps wrote that "its five square miles [13 km2] have defined what decades of moviegoers think of when they imagine the American West".
Sourc: navajonationparks.org/navajo-tribal-parks/monument-valley/
History
Before human existence, the Park was once a lowland basin. For hundreds of millions of years, materials that eroded from the early Rock Mountains deposited layer upon layer of sediment which cemented a slow and gentle uplift, generated by ceaseless pressure from below the surface, elevating these horizontal strata quite uniformly one to three miles above sea level. What was once a basin became a plateau.
Natural forces of wind and water that eroded the land spent the last 50 million years cutting into and peeling away at the surface of the plateau. The simple wearing down of altering layers of soft and hard rock slowly revealed the natural wonders of Monument Valley today.
From the visitor center, you see the world-famous panorama of the Mitten Buttes and Merrick Butte. You can also purchase guided tours from Navajo tour operators, who take you down into the valley in Jeeps for a narrated cruise through these mythical formations. Places such as Ear of the Wind and other landmarks can only be accessed via guided tours. During the summer months, the visitor center also features Haskenneini Restaurant, which specializes in both native Navajo and American cuisines, and a film/snack/souvenir shop. There are year-round restroom facilities. One mile before the center, numerous Navajo vendors sell arts, crafts, native food, and souvenirs at roadside stands.
Additional Foreign Language Tags:
(United States) "الولايات المتحدة" "Vereinigte Staaten" "アメリカ" "米国" "美国" "미국" "Estados Unidos" "États-Unis" "ארצות הברית" "संयुक्त राज्य" "США"
(Arizona) "أريزونا" "亚利桑那州" "אריזונה" "एरिजोना" "アリゾナ州" "애리조나" "Аризона"
(Utah) "يوتا" "犹他州" "יוטה" "यूटा" "ユタ州" "유타" "Юта"
(Monument Valley) "وادي النصب التذكاري" "纪念碑谷" "Vallée des monuments" "מוניומנט ואלי" "स्मारक घाटी" "モニュメントバレー" "모뉴먼트 밸리" "Долина Монументов" "Valle de los Monumentos"
Source: Scan of an original cabinet card.
Set: Dixon Attwell.
Date: 1895.
Donated by M. Attwell and family.
Repository: Local Studies, Swindon Central Library.
Unveiled at the Specialized Global Product Launch, the Source 11 is a belt-driven, internal drivetrain bike with dynamo hub powering LED lights. $2600.00
Post soon on Bike Hugger
Source code and "preferred form for making modifications”.
European Open Source & Free Software Law Event (EOLE) 2009 <www.eolevent.eu>
European Parliament, Altiero Spinelli Building, hall 1G3, 2009-12-09
Source: scan of an original photograph.
Image: P...
Date: November 8th 1968.
Copyright: © 1968 SBC.
Donated in 2016 by P.H.J. Hankins.
Repository: Local Studies at Swindon Central Library.
Source: Scan of Original Postcard.
Date: Unknown
Postmark: None
Publisher: Unknown
Photographer: Unknown
Inscription: No
Repository: Swindon Museum and Art Gallery
FS0151
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland
Disneyland Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July 17, 1955. It is the only theme park designed and built to completion under the direct supervision of Walt Disney. It was originally the only attraction on the property; its official name was changed to Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the expanding complex in the 1990s.
Walt Disney came up with the concept of Disneyland after visiting various amusement parks with his daughters in the 1930s and 1940s. He initially envisioned building a tourist attraction adjacent to his studios in Burbank to entertain fans who wished to visit; however, he soon realized that the proposed site was too small. After hiring a consultant to help him determine an appropriate site for his project, Disney bought a 160-acre (65 ha) site near Anaheim in 1953. Construction began in 1954 and the park was unveiled during a special televised press event on the ABC Television Network on July 17, 1955.
Since its opening, Disneyland has undergone expansions and major renovations, including the addition of New Orleans Square in 1966, Bear Country (now Critter Country) in 1972, and Mickey's Toontown in 1993. Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge is due to open in 2019. Opened in 2001, Disney California Adventure Park was built on the site of Disneyland's original parking lot.
Disneyland has a larger cumulative attendance than any other theme park in the world, with 708 million visitors since it opened (as of December 2017). In 2017, the park had approximately 18.3 million visitors, making it the second most visited amusement park in the world that year, behind only Magic Kingdom. According to a March 2005 Disney report, 65,700 jobs are supported by the Disneyland Resort, including about 20,000 direct Disney employees and 3,800 third-party employees (independent contractors or their employees).
Source: Scan of original item.
Date: April 22nd 1932.
Repository: Local Studies at Swindon Central Library.
Source: Scan from a slide.
Image: P...
Date: 1980s?
Copyright: SBC.
Repository: Local Studies at Swindon Central Library.
Source: Scan of an OS RP Photograph.
Grid: SU1387.
Date: April 1953.
Copyright:© Ordnance Survey 1953.
Used by their very kind permission.
Repository: Local Studies at Swindon Central Library.
On the trail of Gamma rays: scenes from an international radiation measurement excercise held in Wiener Neustadt, Austria on 16-20 April 2007. During the exercise, the teams used a wide range of equipment and monitoring methods, reflecting the different tasks they faced. Hand-held counters, such as those shown here, were used to determine the presence of a source and locate its position in the field. The exercise was organized by the Austrian Research Centres in cooperation with the IAEA and the Austrian NBC Defense School of the Austrian Army. (16-20 April 2007, Tritolwerk site, Wiener Neustadt, Austria)
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon
The Grand Canyon is a steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in Arizona, United States. The Grand Canyon is 277 miles (446 km) long, up to 18 miles (29 km) wide and attains a depth of over a mile (6,093 feet or 1,857 meters).
The canyon and adjacent rim are contained within Grand Canyon National Park, the Kaibab National Forest, Grand Canyon–Parashant National Monument, the Hualapai Indian Reservation, the Havasupai Indian Reservation and the Navajo Nation. The surrounding area is contained within the Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon National Monument. President Theodore Roosevelt was a major proponent of the preservation of the Grand Canyon area and visited it on numerous occasions to hunt and enjoy the scenery.
Nearly two billion years of Earth's geological history have been exposed as the Colorado River and its tributaries cut their channels through layer after layer of rock while the Colorado Plateau was uplifted. While some aspects about the history of incision of the canyon are debated by geologists, several recent studies support the hypothesis that the Colorado River established its course through the area about 5 to 6 million years ago. Since that time, the Colorado River has driven the down-cutting of the tributaries and retreat of the cliffs, simultaneously deepening and widening the canyon.
For thousands of years, the area has been continuously inhabited by Native Americans, who built settlements within the canyon and its many caves. The Pueblo people considered the Grand Canyon a holy site, and made pilgrimages to it. The first European known to have viewed the Grand Canyon was García López de Cárdenas from Spain, who arrived in 1540.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park
Grand Canyon National Park is a national park of the United States located in northwestern Arizona, the 15th site to have been named as a national park. The park's central feature is the Grand Canyon, a gorge of the Colorado River, which is often considered one of the Wonders of the World. The park, which covers 1,217,262 acres (1,901.972 sq mi; 4,926.08 km2) of unincorporated area in Coconino and Mohave counties, received more than 4.7 million recreational visitors in 2023. The Grand Canyon was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979. The park celebrated its 100th anniversary on February 26, 2019.
Source: www.nps.gov/grca/index.htm
Entirely within the state of Arizona, the park encompasses 278 miles (447 km) of the Colorado River and adjacent uplands. Located on the ancestral homelands of 11 present day Tribal Communities, Grand Canyon is one of the most spectacular examples of erosion anywhere in the world—a mile deep canyon unmatched in the incomparable vistas it offers visitors from both north and south rims.
Additional Foreign Language Tags:
(United States) "الولايات المتحدة" "Vereinigte Staaten" "アメリカ" "米国" "美国" "미국" "Estados Unidos" "États-Unis" "ארצות הברית" "संयुक्त राज्य" "США"
(Arizona) "أريزونا" "亚利桑那州" "אריזונה" "एरिजोना" "アリゾナ州" "애리조나" "Аризона"
(Grand Canyon) "جراند كانيون" "大峡谷" "גרנד קניון" "ग्रांड कैन्यन" "グランドキャニオン" "그랜드 캐니언" "Гранд-Каньон" "Gran Cañón"