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Power source Darla wanted to model Girl Talk Poppy's dress... I think she's perfect because she's got the non articulated ankles just like Poppy.
The concrete roof is removed for maintenance. The roof is made of two layers of special radiation proof concrete so that no radiation can leak out.
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bathroom design, beautiful bathroom, beautiful bathrooms, great bathrooms, interior design ideas, interior design inspiration, modern bathroom, modern bathrooms, modern interior design
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta
Atlanta is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia. With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044, it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5.9 million people and the ninth-largest metropolitan area in the nation. Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County, the most populous county in Georgia. A small portion of the city extends eastward into neighboring DeKalb County.
Atlanta was originally founded as the terminating stop of a major state-sponsored railroad. With rapid expansion, however, it soon became the convergence point between multiple railroads, spurring its rapid growth. The city's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad's local depot, signifying the town's growing reputation as a transportation hub. During the American Civil War, the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman's famous March to the Sea. However, the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the "New South". During the 1950s and 1960s, Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement, with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph David Abernathy, and many other locals playing major roles in the movement's leadership. During the modern era, Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub, with Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998.
Atlanta is rated as a "beta(+)" world city that exerts a moderate impact on global commerce, finance, research, technology, education, media, art, and entertainment. It ranks in the top twenty among world cities and 10th in the nation with a gross domestic product (GDP) of $385 billion. Atlanta's economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include transportation, logistics, professional and business services, media operations, medical services, and information technology. Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage, earning it the nickname of "the city in a forest." Revitalization of Atlanta's neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Summer Olympics, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the city's demographics, politics, aesthetics, and culture.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Mountain
Stone Mountain is a quartz monzonite dome monadnock and the site of Stone Mountain Park near Stone Mountain, Georgia. At its summit, the elevation is 1,686 feet (514 m) above sea level and 825 feet (251 m) above the surrounding area. Stone Mountain is well known for not only its geology, but also the enormous rock relief on its north face, the largest bas-relief in the world. The carving depicts three Confederate figures, Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, and has been the subject of widespread controversy.
Stone Mountain was once owned by the Venable Brothers and was the site of the founding of the second Ku Klux Klan in 1915. It was purchased by the State of Georgia in 1958 "as a memorial to the Confederacy." Stone Mountain Park officially opened on April 14, 1965 – 100 years to the day after Lincoln's assassination. It is the most visited destination in the state of Georgia.
Stone Mountain is more than 5 miles (8 km) in circumference at its base. The summit of the mountain can be reached by a walk-up trail on the west side of the mountain or by the Skyride aerial tram.
Source: scan of the original item.
Image: P50677.
Date: 1012-1913.
Donated in 2021 by Mr M. Webb and family.
Repository: Local Studies at Swindon Central Library.
"Literary sources tell us, though perhaps not reliably, that Alexander (reigned 336-323 BC) chose only a few artists to produce his image, and famous names such as the sculptor Lysippos and the painter Apelles were associated with his portraiture. Though none of the famous images have been recovered, many sculptures in different materials, as well as portraits on gemstones and coins, survive. These were mostly produced long after Alexander's death and while the portraits follow similar general characteristics, they also vary in style.
Alexander was always shown clean-shaven, which was an innovation: all previous portraits of Greek statesmen or rulers had beards. This royal fashion lasted for almost five hundred years and almost all of the Hellenistic kings and Roman emperors until Hadrian were portrayed beardless. Alexander was the first king to wear the all-important royal diadem, a band of cloth tied around the hair that was to become the symbol of Hellenistic kingship.
Earlier portraits of Alexander, in heroic style, look more mature than the portraits made after his death, such as this example. These show a more youthful, though perhaps more god-like character. He has longer hair, a more dynamic tilt of the head and an upward gaze, resembling his description in literary sources.
This head was acquired in Alexandria, the city founded by Alexander in 331 BC, and the location of his tomb. Alexandria was also the capital of the longest surviving Hellenistic dynasty, the Ptolemies. From the time of the reign of Ptolemy I Soter ('Saviour') (305-282 BC), Alexander was worshipped as a god and the forefather of the dynasty."
from Museum information sheet.
Hellenistic Greek, 2nd-1st century BC
Said to be from Alexandria, Egypt
London, The British Museum
Source: livinghistories.newcastle.edu.au/nodes/view/46473
This image was scanned from the original glass negative taken by Ralph Snowball. It is part of the Norm Barney Photographic Collection, held by Cultural Collections at the University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
This image can be used for study and personal research purposes. If you wish to reproduce this image for any other purpose you must obtain permission by contacting the University of Newcastle's Cultural Collections.
Notes: Waratah Coal Coy's Raspberry gully line bridge and New Lambton coal Coy's railway bridge crossing a drain at Broadmeadow.
If you have any information about this photograph, please contact us or leave a comment in the box below.
Source: The Allison Collection of World War II Photographs.
photo N°77.09.4532a.
German Garrison Surrenders to US Planes.
France – Waving high the white flag of surrender, a German soldier walks out from a Nazi-held fort on the coast of France, which was under fire from the guns of the USS Quincy. This photo was taken from a US plane, which radioed back to the warship that it could cease firing. The plane had been flying over the fort to direct the fire from the ship..
Credit: Official U.S. Navy photo from ACME
Fotografía realizada en las inmediaciones de El Monasterio de San Jerónimo de Yuste, Cuacos de Yuste (Cáceres) #Fuente #Naturaleza #Agua
Length, hight, width are related to the three photo resistors and you can deform the box by playing with light.
The color of the cube depends of the temperature that I compute from the thermistor.
This is a just a "demo" to show that it is easy with liberlab module to integrate real physical values in simulations or interactive art.
The circuit:
www.flickr.com/photos/frenchy/100832891/
Using here Python/ Vpython.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee
Memphis is a city along the Mississippi River in southwestern Shelby County, Tennessee, United States. The 2019 population was 651,073, making Memphis the largest city on the Mississippi River, the second most populous in Tennessee, as well as the 26th largest city in the United States. Greater Memphis is the 42nd largest metropolitan area in the United States, with a population of 1,348,260 in 2017. The city is the anchor of West Tennessee and the greater Mid-South region, which includes portions of neighboring Arkansas, Mississippi, and the Missouri Bootheel. Memphis is the seat of Shelby County, Tennessee's most populous county. One of the more historic and culturally significant cities of the southern United States, Memphis has a wide variety of landscapes and distinct neighborhoods.
The first European explorer to visit the area of present-day Memphis was Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto in 1541 with his expedition into the New World. The high Chickasaw Bluffs protecting the location from the waters of the Mississippi was then contested by the Spanish, French, and the English as Memphis took shape. Modern Memphis was founded in 1819 by three prominent Americans: John Overton, James Winchester, and future president Andrew Jackson.
Memphis grew into one of the largest cities of the Antebellum South as a market for agricultural goods, natural resources like lumber, and the American slave trade. After the American Civil War and the end of slavery, the city experienced even faster growth into the 20th century as it became among the largest world markets for cotton and lumber.
Home to Tennessee's largest African-American population, Memphis played a prominent role in the American civil rights movement and was the site of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s 1968 assassination. The city now hosts the National Civil Rights Museum—a Smithsonian affiliate institution. Since the civil rights era, Memphis has become one of the nation's leading commercial centers in transportation and logistics. Its largest employer is the multinational courier corporation FedEx, which maintains its global air hub at Memphis International Airport, making it the second-busiest cargo airport in the world. In addition to being a global air cargo leader, the International Port of Memphis also hosts the 5th busiest inland water port in the U.S., with access to the Mississippi River allowing shipments to arrive from around the world for conversion to train and trucking transport throughout the United States, making Memphis a multi-modal hub for trading goods for imports and exports despite its inland location.
Memphis is a regional center for commerce, education, media, art, and entertainment. It has long had a prominent music scene, with historic blues clubs on Beale Street originating the unique Memphis blues sound in the early 20th century. The city's music has continued to be shaped by a multicultural mix of influences: the blues, country, rock n' roll, soul, and hip-hop. Memphis barbecue has achieved international prominence, and the city hosts the World Championship Barbecue Cooking Contest, which attracts over 100,000 visitors to the city annually.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graceland
Graceland is a mansion on a 13.8-acre (5.6 ha) estate in Memphis, Tennessee, United States, once owned by singer and actor Elvis Presley. His daughter, Lisa Marie Presley, has been the owner of Graceland since his death in 1977. Graceland is located at 3764 Elvis Presley Boulevard in the vast Whitehaven community, about 9 miles (14 km) from Downtown and less than 4 miles (6.4 km) north of the Mississippi border.
It was opened to the public as a museum on June 7, 1982. The site was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1991, becoming the first site related to rock and roll to be entered therein. Graceland was declared a National Historic Landmark on March 27, 2006, also a first for a rock singer. Graceland is the second most-visited house in the U.S. after the White House, with over 650,000 visitors a year.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley
Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), also known simply as Elvis, was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is often referred to as the "King of Rock and Roll" or simply "the King". His energized interpretations of songs and sexually provocative performance style, combined with a singularly potent mix of influences across color lines during a transformative era in race relations, led him to great success—and initial controversy.
Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis, Tennessee, with his family when he was 13 years old. His music career began there in 1954, recording at Sun Records with producer Sam Phillips, who wanted to bring the sound of African-American music to a wider audience. Presley, on rhythm acoustic guitar, and accompanied by lead guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, was a pioneer of rockabilly, an uptempo, backbeat-driven fusion of country music and rhythm and blues. In 1955, drummer D. J. Fontana joined to complete the lineup of Presley's classic quartet and RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, who would manage him for more than two decades. Presley's first RCA single, "Heartbreak Hotel", was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. With a series of successful network television appearances and chart-topping records, he became the leading figure of the newly popular sound of rock and roll.
In November 1956, Presley made his film debut in Love Me Tender. Drafted into military service in 1958, Presley relaunched his recording career two years later with some of his most commercially successful work. He held few concerts, however, and guided by Parker, proceeded to devote much of the 1960s to making Hollywood films and soundtrack albums, most of them critically derided. In 1968, following a seven-year break from live performances, he returned to the stage in the acclaimed television comeback special Elvis, which led to an extended Las Vegas concert residency and a string of highly profitable tours. In 1973, Presley gave the first concert by a solo artist to be broadcast around the world, Aloha from Hawaii. Years of prescription drug abuse severely compromised his health, and he died suddenly in 1977 at his Graceland estate at the age of 42.
With his rise from poverty to significant fame, Presley's success seemed to epitomize the American Dream. The best-selling solo music artist of all time, he was commercially successful in many genres, including pop, country, R&B, adult contemporary, and gospel. He won three Grammy Awards, received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley holds several records; the most RIAA certified gold and platinum albums, the most albums charted on the Billboard 200, and the most number-one albums and number-one singles on the UK Albums Chart and UK Singles Chart, respectively. In 2018, Presley was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Source to Sea Cleanup on the Connecticut River at Northfield Mount Hermon, September 26, 2015. Photographs by Glenn Minshall.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Fallon,_Illinois
O'Fallon is a city in St. Clair County, Illinois, United States. The 2020 census listed the population at 32,289. The city is the second largest city in the Metro-East region and Southern Illinois. It sits 5 miles (8.0 km) from Scott Air Force Base and 18 miles (29 km) from Downtown St Louis.
Like its namesake in St. Charles County, Missouri, O'Fallon is part of the St. Louis Metropolitan Statistical Area. This makes O'Fallon (along with the two Troys in Illinois and Missouri) one of the few pairs of like-named municipalities to be part of the same MSA.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis
St. Louis is an independent city and inland port in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River, which marks Missouri's border with Illinois. The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River just north of the city. These two rivers combined form the fourth longest river system in the world. The city had an estimated 2017 population of 308,626 and is the cultural and economic center of the St. Louis metropolitan area (home to nearly 3,000,000 people), which is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri, the second-largest in Illinois (after Chicago), and the 22nd-largest in the United States.
Before European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, and named after Louis IX of France. In 1764, following France's defeat in the Seven Years' War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase. During the 19th century, St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River; at the time of the 1870 Census it was the fourth-largest city in the country. It separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics.
The economy of metropolitan St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. Its metro area is home to major corporations, including Anheuser-Busch, Express Scripts, Centene, Boeing Defense, Emerson, Energizer, Panera, Enterprise, Peabody Energy, Ameren, Post Holdings, Monsanto, Edward Jones, Go Jet, Purina and Sigma-Aldrich. Nine of the ten Fortune 500 companies based in Missouri are located within the St. Louis metropolitan area. The city has also become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical, and research presence due to institutions such as Washington University in St. Louis and Barnes-Jewish Hospital. St. Louis has two professional sports teams: the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball and the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League. One of the city's iconic sights is the 630-foot (192 m) tall Gateway Arch in the downtown area.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(St._Louis)
St. Louis Union Station is a National Historic Landmark train station in St. Louis, Missouri. At its 1894 opening, the station was the largest in the world that had tracks and passenger service areas all on one level. Traffic peaked at 100,000 people a day the 1940s. The last passenger train left the station in 1978.
In the 1980s, it was renovated as a hotel, shopping center, and entertainment complex. The 2010s and 2020s saw more renovation and expansion of entertainment and office capacity.
An adjacent station serves the light-rail MetroLink Red and Blue Lines, which run under the station in the Union Station subway tunnel. The city's intercity train station sits a quarter-mile to the south, serving MetroLink, Amtrak, and Greyhound Bus.
Source: www.stlouisaquarium.com/about
Union Station used to be a fish out of St. Louis’s water—we’re here to reestablish its sea legs.
Being at the heart of Union Station’s revival, we’ve proudly developed the cure to St. Louis’s landlocked blues: a 120,000-square-foot aquarium, packed to the gills with over 13,000 animals across 44 exhibits. Guests at our new St. Louis Aquarium can explore aquatic life from sea to shining sea, without venturing out of the 63103 ZIP code.
We’re reel-y excited to embark on this journey with you. Plan your visit to the St. Louis Aquarium and discover our amazing galleries and interactive exhibits, including our 250,000-gallon shark habitat.
I thought Source Code was a pretty slick thriller and decided to attempt a version of the poster.
I went with more of a minimalistic teaser version of the poster so as to try and draw the viewer in.
You can check it out on my blog www.juusmedia.com
Source: Civic News (no.78) : April 1970, p.2.
Date: April 1970.
Copyright: © 1970 SBC.
Repository: Local Studies, Swindon Central Library.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois
Springfield is the capital of the U.S. state of Illinois and the county seat and largest city of Sangamon County. The city's population was 116,250 at the 2010 U.S. Census, which makes it the state's sixth most-populous city, the second largest outside of the Chicago metropolitan area (after Rockford), and the largest in central Illinois. As of 2019, the city's population was estimated to have decreased to 114,230, with just over 211,700 residents living in the Springfield Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Sangamon County and the adjacent Menard County.
Present-day Springfield was settled by European Americans in the late 1810s, around the time Illinois became a state. The most famous historic resident was Abraham Lincoln, who lived in Springfield from 1837 until 1861, when he went to the White House as President. Major tourist attractions include multiple sites connected with Lincoln including his presidential library and museum, his home, and his tomb at Oak Ridge Cemetery.
The city lies in a valley and plain near the Sangamon River. Lake Springfield, a large artificial lake owned by the City Water, Light & Power company (CWLP), supplies the city with recreation and drinking water. Weather is fairly typical for middle latitude locations, with four distinct seasons, including, hot summers and cold winters. Spring and summer weather is like that of most midwestern cities; severe thunderstorms may occur. Tornadoes hit the Springfield area in 1957 and 2006.
The city has a mayor–council form of government and governs the Capital Township. The government of the state of Illinois is based in Springfield. State government institutions include the Illinois General Assembly, the Illinois Supreme Court and the Office of the Governor of Illinois. There are three public and three private high schools in Springfield. Public schools in Springfield are operated by District No. 186. Springfield's economy is dominated by government jobs, plus the related lobbyists and firms that deal with the state and county governments and justice system, and health care and medicine.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_State_Capitol_State_Historic_Site
The Old State Capitol State Historic Site, in Springfield, Illinois, is the fifth capitol building built for the U.S. state of Illinois. It was built in the Greek Revival style in 1837–1840, and served as the state house from 1840 to 1876. It is the site of candidacy announcements by Abraham Lincoln in 1858 and Barack Obama in 2007. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961, primarily for its association with Lincoln and his political rival Stephen Douglas.
Ljubljana (also known by other historical names) is the capital and largest city of Slovenia, located along a trade route between the northern Adriatic Sea and the Danube region, north of the country's largest marsh, it has been inhabited since prehistoric times. It is the country's cultural, educational, economic, political and administrative center and the seat of the Urban Municipality of Ljubljana.
During antiquity, a Roman city called Emona stood in the area. The city was first mentioned in the first half of the 12th century. It was the historical capital of Carniola, one of the Slovene-inhabited parts of the Habsburg monarchy. It was under Habsburg rule from the Middle Ages until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918. After World War II, Ljubljana became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The city retained this status until Slovenia became independent in 1991 and Ljubljana became the capital of the newly formed state.
Name
Depiction of the city's coat of arms featuring the dragon on top of the castle, from Valvasor's The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola, 1689
The exact origin of the name Ljubljana is unclear. In medieval times, both the river and the town were also called Laibach (pronounced [ˈlaɪbax] in German. This name was used within the region until 1918 and continues to be used in German. In Italian, the city is referred to as Lubiana, and in Latin, it is known as Labacum. An archaic English form of the city's name is Lublyana, used primarily by Slovene Americans.
The German name was first documented in 1144, and the Slovenian form appeared in records as early as 1146. The 10th-century work Life of Gregentios provides the Greek variant Λυπλιανές (Lyplianés) and situates it among the Avars in the 6th century. This account is influenced by an earlier northern Italian source written shortly after the conquest of 774.
The connection between the Slovene and German names has posed a puzzle for scholars. In 2007, linguist Tijmen Pronk, an authority in comparative Indo-European linguistics and Slovene dialectology from the University of Leiden, provided strong support for the theory that the Slavic ljub- 'to love, like' was the most likely origin. He argued that the river's name likely stemmed from the settlement's name. Silvo Torkar, a linguist with expertise in Slovene names, put forth the idea that Ljubljana's name has its roots in Ljubija, the original name of the Ljubljanica River. This can be traced back to the Old Slavic male name Ljubovid, which translates to 'the one with a lovely appearance'. Torkar also asserted that the name Laibach is a combination of German and Slovene, sharing its origins with the same personal name.
Dragon symbol
The city's symbol is the Ljubljana Dragon. It is depicted on the top of the tower of Ljubljana Castle in the Ljubljana coat of arms and on the Ljubljanica-crossing Dragon Bridge (Zmajski most). It represents power, courage, and greatness.
Several explanations describe the origin of the Ljubljana Dragon. According to a Slavic myth, the slaying of a dragon releases the waters and ensures the fertility of the earth, and it is thought that the myth is tied to the Ljubljana Marsh, the expansive marshy area that periodically threatens Ljubljana with flooding. According to Greek legend, the Argonauts on their return home after having taken the Golden Fleece found a large lake surrounded by a marsh between the present-day towns of Vrhnika and Ljubljana. There Jason struck down a monster. This monster evolved into the dragon that today is present in the city coat of arms and flag.
It is historically more believable that the dragon was adopted from Saint George, the patron of the Ljubljana Castle chapel built in the 15th century.[citation needed] In the legend of Saint George, the dragon represents the old ancestral paganism overcome by Christianity. According to another explanation, related to the second, the dragon was at first only a decoration above the city coat of arms. In the Baroque, it became part of the coat of arms and, in the 19th and especially the 20th century, it outstripped the tower and other elements in importance.
History
Prehistory
Around 2000 BC, the Ljubljana Marsh was settled by people living in pile dwellings. Prehistoric pile dwellings and the oldest wooden wheel in the world are among the most notable archeological findings from the marshland. These lake-dwelling people survived through hunting, fishing and primitive agriculture. To get around the marshes, they used dugout canoes made by cutting out the inside of tree trunks. Their archaeological remains, nowadays in the Municipality of Ig, have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site since June 2011, in the common nomination of six Alpine states.
Later, the area remained a transit point, for groups including the Illyrians, followed by a mixed nation of the Celts and the Illyrians called the Iapodes, and then in the 3rd century BC a Celtic tribe, the Taurisci.
Antiquity
Around 50 BC, the Romans built a military encampment that later became a permanent settlement called Iulia Aemona. This entrenched fort was occupied by the Legio XV Apollinaris. In 452, it was destroyed by the Huns under Attila's orders, and later by the Ostrogoths and the Lombards. Emona housed 5,000 to 6,000 inhabitants and played an important role during battles. Its plastered brick houses, painted in different colours, were connected to a drainage system.
In the 6th century, the ancestors of the Slovenes moved in. In the 9th century, they fell under Frankish domination, while experiencing frequent Magyar raids. Not much is known about the area during the settlement of Slavs in the period between the downfall of Emona and the Early Middle Ages.
Middle Ages
The parchment sheet Nomina defunctorum ("Names of the Dead"), most probably written in the second half of 1161, mentions the nobleman Rudolf of Tarcento, a lawyer of the Patriarchate of Aquileia, who had bestowed a canon with 20 farmsteads beside the castle of Ljubljana (castrum Leibach) to the Patriarchate. According to the historian Peter Štih's deduction, this happened between 1112 and 1125, the earliest mention of Ljubljana.
The property changed hands repeatedly until the first half of the 12th century. The territory south of the Sava where Ljubljana developed, gradually became property of the Carinthian Dukes of the House of Sponheim. Urban settlement started in the second half of the 12th century. At around 1200, market rights were granted to Old Square (Stari trg), which at the time was one of Ljubljana's three original districts. The other two districts were an area called "Town" (Mesto), built around the predecessor of the present-day Ljubljana Cathedral at one side of the Ljubljanica River, and New Square (Novi trg) at the other side. The Franciscan Bridge, a predecessor of the present-day Triple Bridge, and the Butchers' Bridge connected the walled areas with wooden buildings. Ljubljana acquired the town privileges at some time between 1220 and 1243. Seven fires erupted during the Middle Ages.[43] Artisans organised themselves into guilds. The Teutonic Knights, the Conventual Franciscans, and the Franciscans settled there. In 1256, when the Carinthian duke Ulrich III of Spanheim became lord of Carniola, the provincial capital was moved from Kamnik to Ljubljana.
In the late 1270s, Ljubljana was conquered by King Ottokar II of Bohemia. In 1278, after Ottokar's defeat, it became—together with the rest of Carniola—property of Rudolph of Habsburg. It was administered by the Counts of Gorizia from 1279 until 1335, when it became the capital town of Carniola. Renamed Laibach, it was owned by the House of Habsburg until 1797. In 1327, the Ljubljana's "Jewish Quarter"—now only "Jewish Street" (Židovska ulica) remains—was established with a synagogue, and lasted until Emperor Maximilian I in 1515 and expelled the Jews from Ljubljana at the request of its citizens, for which he demanded a certain payment from the town. In 1382, in front of St. Bartholomew's Church in Šiška, at the time a nearby village, now part of Ljubljana, a peace treaty was signed between the Republic of Venice and Leopold III of Habsburg.
Early modern
In the 15th century, Ljubljana became recognised for its art, particularly painting and sculpture. The Latin Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana was established in 1461 and the Church of St. Nicholas became the diocesan cathedral. After the 1511 Idrija earthquake, the city was rebuilt in the Renaissance style and a new wall was built around it. Wooden buildings were forbidden after a large fire at New Square in 1524.
In the 16th century, the population of Ljubljana numbered 5,000, 70% of whom spoke Slovene as their first language, with most of the rest using German. The first secondary school, public library and printing house opened in Ljubljana. Ljubljana became an important educational centre.
From 1529, Ljubljana had an active Slovene Protestant community. They were expelled in 1598, marking the beginning of the Counter-Reformation. Catholic Bishop Thomas Chrön ordered the public burning of eight cartloads of Protestant books.
In 1597, the Jesuits arrived, followed in 1606 by the Capuchins, seeking to eradicate Protestantism. Only 5% of all the residents of Ljubljana at the time were Catholic, but eventually they re-Catholicized the town. The Jesuits staged the first theatre productions, fostered the development of Baroque music, and established Catholic schools. In the middle and the second half of the 17th century, foreign architects built and renovated monasteries, churches, and palaces and introduced Baroque architecture. In 1702, the Ursulines settled in the town, and the following year they opened the first public school for girls in the Slovene Lands. Some years later, the construction of the Ursuline Church of the Holy Trinity started. In 1779, St. Christopher's Cemetery replaced the cemetery at St. Peter's Church as Ljubljana's main cemetery.
Late modern
From 1809 to 1813, during the "Napoleonic interlude", Ljubljana (as Laybach) was the capital of the Illyrian Provinces. In 1813, the city returned to Austria and from 1815 to 1849 was the administrative centre of the Kingdom of Illyria in the Austrian Empire. In 1821, it hosted the Congress of Laibach, which fixed European political borders for that period. The first train arrived in 1849 from Vienna and in 1857 the line extended to Trieste.
In 1895, Ljubljana, then a city of 31,000, suffered a severe earthquake with a moment magnitude of 6.1 and a maximum EMS intensity of VIII–IX ("heavily damaging – destructive"). 21 people died due to the earthquake and some 10% of the city's 1,400 buildings were destroyed. During the subsequent reconstruction, some districts were rebuilt in the Vienna Secession style. Public electric lighting arrived in 1898. The rebuilding period between 1896 and 1910 is referred to as the "revival of Ljubljana" because of architectural changes that defined the city and for reform of urban administration, health, education and tourism. The rebuilding and quick modernisation of the city were led by the mayor Ivan Hribar.
In 1918, following the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the region joined the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. In 1929, Ljubljana became the capital of the Drava Banovina, a Yugoslav province.
In 1941, during World War II, Fascist Italy occupied the city, and then on 3 May 1941 made Lubiana the capital of Italy's Province of Ljubljana with former Yugoslav general Leon Rupnik as mayor. After the Italian capitulation, Nazi Germany with SS-general Erwin Rösener and Friedrich Rainer took control in 1943, but formally the city remained the capital of an Italian province until 9 May 1945. In Ljubljana, the Axis forces established strongholds and command centres of Quisling organisations, the Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia under Italy and the Home Guard under German control. Starting in February 1942, the city was surrounded by barbed wire, later fortified by bunkers, to prevent co-operation between the resistance movements that operated inside and outside the fence. Since 1985, the commemorative trail has ringed the city where this iron fence once stood. Postwar reprisals filled mass graves.
After World War II, Ljubljana became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It retained this status until Slovene independence in 1991.
Contemporary situation
Ljubljana is the capital of independent Slovenia, which joined the European Union in 2004.
Geography
The city covers 163.8 km2 (63.2 sq mi).[1] It is situated in the Ljubljana Basin in Central Slovenia, between the Alps and the Karst. Ljubljana is located some 320 km (200 mi) south of Munich, 477 km (296 mi) east of Zürich, 250 km (160 mi) east of Venice, 350 km (220 mi) southwest of Vienna, 124 km (77 mi) west of Zagreb and 400 km (250 mi) southwest of Budapest. Ljubljana has grown considerably since the 1970s, mainly by merging with nearby settlements.
Geology
The city stretches out on an alluvial plain dating to the Quaternary era. The mountainous regions nearby are older, dating from the Mesozoic (Triassic) or Paleozoic. Earthquakes have repeatedly devastated Ljubljana, notably in 1511 and 1895.
Topography
Ljubljana has an elevation of 295 m (968 ft). The city centre, located along the river, sits at 298 m (978 ft). Ljubljana Castle, which sits atop Castle Hill (Grajski grič) south of the city centre, has an elevation of 366 m (1,201 ft). The highest point of the city, called Grmada, reaches 676 m (2,218 ft), 3 m (9.8 ft) more than the nearby Mount Saint Mary (Šmarna gora) peak, a popular hiking destination. These are located in the northern part of the city.
(Wikipedia)
Ljubljana (Ljubljana slowenisch [ljuˈbljàːna], umgangssprachlich [luˈblàːna], deutsch Laibach, italienisch Lubiana) ist die Hauptstadt Sloweniens und mit 288.382 Einwohnern (2024) zugleich bevölkerungsreichste Gemeinde des Landes.
Die Stadt ist das politische, wirtschaftliche und kulturelle Zentrum Sloweniens. Ljubljana ist Sitz des gleichnamigen römisch-katholischen Erzbistums und seit 1919 Universitätsstadt.
Die Stadt Ljubljana bildet gemeinsam mit einigen kleineren umliegenden Siedlungen die Stadtgemeinde Ljubljana (slowenisch Mestna občina Ljubljana, abgekürzt MOL).
Name der Stadt
Für die Herkunft des slowenischen Namens der Stadt gibt es mehrere Erklärungen: nach der einen, wohl volksetymologischen Erklärung kommt er vom slowenischen ljubljena („geliebte Stadt“), nach der anderen von dem lateinischen Flussnamen Aluviana. Der Stadtname wurde in dieser Form zum ersten Mal 1146 als Luwigana erwähnt.
Im deutschsprachigen Raum hat sich neben dem Namen Ljubljana auch der historische deutsche, ursprünglich wohl wie der gleichlautende Flussname aus dem Slawischen abgeleitete Name Laibach gehalten, der heute vor allem in Österreich gebräuchlich ist. In der österreichischen Diplomatie wird die Stadt amtlich Laibach bezeichnet. Der deutsche Name der Stadt wurde zum ersten Mal 1112–1125 als Leibach erwähnt. Diese Form ist auch gleichzeitig die älteste bekannte Erwähnung der Stadt.
Geschichte
Vorgeschichte
Von 3600 bis 3100 v. Chr. finden sich die frühesten Seebehausungen (Pfahlbauten) im Laibacher Moor.
Zwischen 1000 und 700 v. Chr. existierten erste illyrische und venetische Siedlungen und um 400 v. Chr. folgte die Periode der Kelten.
Als erster mythischer Bewohner gilt Iason (siehe den Abschnitt Wappen).
Römisches Reich
Im 1. Jahrhundert v. Chr. wurde von den Römern eine militärische Festung an der Stelle des heutigen Ljubljana errichtet und im Jahr 14 die römische Siedlung Emona oder Aemona (Colonia Aemona Iulia tribu Claudia) angelegt. Administrativ gehörte diese Stadt während der Antike zu Italien. Sie befand sich zwar an der Stelle des heutigen Ljubljana, ging jedoch in der Völkerwanderung unter und ist daher nur eine Vorgängersiedlung der heutigen Stadt, deren Straße Emonska cesta den Namen bewahrt.
Völkerwanderung und Fränkisches Reich
Um 600 wanderten slawische Stämme in das Gebiet, gefolgt von einem Niedergang Emonas. Um 800 fiel das Gebiet von Laibach unter die Herrschaft der Franken.
Heiliges Römisches Reich
Die Stadt vor dem 13. Jahrhundert
Im Ostfränkischen und später Heiligen Römischen Reich gehörte das Gebiet um Ljubljana zur Mark Krain. Der Zeitraum zwischen 1112 und 1125 ist die Entstehungszeit der ersten schriftlichen Aufzeichnungen von Laibach. Die erste urkundliche Erwähnung der Stadt stammt aus dem Jahr 1144.[8] Die von den Spanheimern gegründete Siedlung wurde um 1220 erstmals Stadt genannt, 1243 sind ihr Marktrecht und ihre Stadtmauer aktenkundig, 1280 wurden die Einwohner cives (Bürger) genannt.
1270 wurde Laibach von dem böhmischen König Přemysl Ottokar II. erobert, der sich zuvor nach dem Aussterben der Babenberger im Mannesstamm, 1246, deren österreichisches Herrschaftsgebiet untertan gemacht hatte.
Habsburgische Herrschaft, Reformation und Gegenreformation
1278 ging Laibach nach der Niederlage des Königs Ottokar II. gegen Rudolf von Habsburg in den Besitz der Habsburger über.
1335 wurde Laibach unter den Habsburgern Hauptstadt des zum Heiligen Römischen Reich zählenden Herzogtums Krain. Im Jahr 1415 widerstand Laibach einer türkischen Invasion.
Im Jahr 1461 wurde die Diözese Laibach gegründet (siehe auch: Liste der Bischöfe von Ljubljana) und die Kirche St. Nikolaus wurde zur Kathedrale. 1504 fand die Wahl des ersten Bürgermeisters statt. 1511 erlebte Laibach sein erstes großes Erdbeben.
Die erste reformatorische Predigt wurde spätestens 1523 gehalten. Gefördert durch die Krainer Landstände errichteten Protestanten im Jahr 1536 eine professionelle Lateinschule im Range eines Gymnasiums. Prägend für die reformatorische Entwicklung war neben dem Humanismus vor allem der slowenische Reformator Primož Trubar (Primus Truber, 1508–1586) durch seine in slowenischer Sprache gehaltenen reformatorischen Predigten. Mit seinem umfangreichen, slowenisch abgefassten Schriftwerk gilt er als Begründer der slowenischen Schriftsprache. 2016 wurde Ljubljana durch die Gemeinschaft Evangelischer Kirchen in Europa der Ehrentitel „Reformationsstadt Europas“ verliehen.
Nachdem 1597 die Jesuiten in Laibach eintrafen, die zwei Jahre später ihr eigenes Gymnasium errichteten, kam die Reformation Trubars in Slowenien im ersten Drittel des 17. Jahrhunderts an ihr Ende. Mit der Gegenreformation wurde das Kirchen- und Schulministerium in Laibach geschlossen, evangelische Prediger wurden ausgewiesen, eine Religions-Reformationskommission wurde eingerichtet und der konversionsunwillige Adel des Landes verwiesen. Zu evangelischen Gemeindeneugründungen kam es – ermöglicht durch das Toleranzpatent Josephs II. von 1781 – in Laibach in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Seit 1945 existiert die Slowenische Kirche A.B. (Augsburger Bekenntnisses).
1693 erfolgte die Gründung der Academia Operosum, einer Vereinigung der angesehensten Gelehrten, und 1701 die Gründung der Academia Philharmonicorum.
1754 lag die Bevölkerungszahl der Stadt bei 9.300 Einwohnern. 1773 bis 1781 wurden der Gruberkanal (Gruberjev kanal) und der Gruber-Palast (Gruberjeva palača) erbaut. 1797 wurde die erste Tageszeitung von Slowenien herausgegeben.
Kaisertum Österreich
1804 wurde Laibach Teil des neu proklamierten Kaisertums Österreich. Nach dem Frieden von Schönbrunn musste die Stadt mit dem Umland an das napoleonische Frankreich abgetreten werden, und die Stadt wurde unter dem Namen Laybach 1809 bis 1813 Hauptstadt der Illyrischen Provinzen Frankreichs. 1814/15 kehrte sie mit dem Wiener Kongress wieder zu Österreich zurück.
1810 erfolgte die Gründung des Botanischen Gartens. 1821 fand auf Einladung von Kaiser Franz I. der Laibacher Kongress der Heiligen Allianz statt. Am 4. Oktober 1831 konnte der Präsident der Landwirtschaftlichen Gesellschaft für Krain, Franz von Hohenwart, in Laibach im Beisein des Landesgouverneurs Joseph Camillo von Schmidburg das Landesmuseum eröffnen.
Im Jahr 1849 wurde die Eisenbahnverbindung Laibach–Wien, die österreichische Südbahn, erbaut und 1857 als Verlängerung die Verbindung Laibach–Triest.
Im Jahr 1861 erfolgte die Einführung der öffentlichen Gasbeleuchtung und 1890 der Bau der öffentlichen Wasserversorgung. Nach einem verheerenden Erdbeben verpflichtete sich Laibach 1895 zu einem modernen Aussehen. 1898 wurde die öffentliche elektrische Beleuchtung eingeführt. Drei Jahre später, 1901, folgte die Einführung der elektrischen Straßenbahn in Laibach.
Im Jahr 1900 hatte Laibach inklusive Garnison 36.547 Einwohner. Davon waren 29.733 slowenisch- (81 %) und 5.423 deutschsprachig (15 %).
Vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg war Laibach österreichisch-ungarische Garnisonstadt. Im Jahre 1914 waren hier ganz oder in Teilen stationiert: der Stab der k. u. k. 28. Infanterie Truppen Division, das k.u.k. Krainische Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 17, das k.u.k. Steirische Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 27, das k.k. Landwehr Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 27 und das k.u.k. Feldkanonen Regiment Nr. 7. Die strategischen Entscheidungen für die Italienfront, insbesondere für die Isonzofront, wurden vom Armeekommando in Laibach getroffen, wo unter anderen Feldmarschall Boroević und der spätere österreichische Bundespräsident Körner tätig waren.
Königreich der Serben, Kroaten und Slowenen und Königreich Jugoslawien
Ende Oktober 1918 wurde Ljubljana Teil des neu gegründeten Königreichs der Serben, Kroaten und Slowenen. 1919 erfolgte die Gründung der Universität von Ljubljana. 1929 wurde Ljubljana Hauptstadt der Banschaft Drau (Dravska banovina) im Königreich Jugoslawien.
Italienische Annexion und deutsche Besetzung
Nach dem Überfall auf Jugoslawien im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde am 3. Mai 1941 Ljubljana mit dem ehemaligen jugoslawischen General Leon Rupnik als Bürgermeister unter der Bezeichnung Lubiana Hauptstadt der annektierten italienischen Provincia di Lubiana. Der Großteil der Laibacher Deutschen, das waren rund 2.400 Personen, wurde im Winter 1941/42 auf Grund eines Abkommens zwischen Adolf Hitler und Benito Mussolini ins Großdeutsche Reich umgesiedelt, mehrheitlich in die Oberkrain und die Untersteiermark.
Im Jahr 1942 riegelten italienische Truppen die Stadt mit Stacheldrahtzaun und Wachtürmen ab und durchkämmten sie danach mehrfach im Rahmen der italienischen Repression gegen den slowenischen Widerstand. Bis zur Kapitulation Italiens beim Waffenstillstand von Cassibile im September 1943 wurden etwa achtzehn Prozent der Bevölkerung von Lubiana in italienische Konzentrationslager deportiert.
Nach der Kapitulation Italiens ging sie in deutsche Kontrolle über (SS-General Erwin Rösener und Friedrich Rainer als Chef der Zivilverwaltung) bis zur vollständigen Kapitulation der Wehrmacht am 8. Mai 1945.
Massengräber in Ljubljana
Während und direkt nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg fanden auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Slowenien Massentötungen statt. Die Opfer waren deutsche Kriegsgefangene, zwangsrepatriierte Soldaten der slowenischen Heimwehr und weitere, den jeweiligen Machthabern unliebsame Menschen. Die Getöteten wurden in Massengräbern abgelegt.
Meistens wurde ihre Existenz zwischen 1945 und 1990 geheim gehalten. Heute sind sie in Slowenien auch unter den Bezeichnungen „verborgene Gräberfelder“ (slowenisch: prikrita grobišča) oder „stille Gräberfelder“ (zamolčana grobišča) bekannt. Einige der Stätten gehören zu den größten Massengräbern Europas. Fast 600 solcher Stätten wurden von der Kommission für verborgene Massengräber in Slowenien (Komisija Vlade Republike Slovenije za reševanje vprašanj prikritih grobišč) registriert. Historiker schätzen, dass es insgesamt bis zu 750 Massengräber mit Hinrichtungsopfern gibt.[20] Diese enthalten die Überreste von bis zu 100.000 Opfern.
Auf dem Gebiet der Stadtgemeinde Ljubljana wurden zwanzig Massengräber aus der Zeit des Zweiten Weltkriegs gefunden, und zwar fünf in der Stadt Ljubljana selbst, sowie vier bzw. 11 in den zur Stadtgemeinde gehörenden Ortschaften Pance und Selo pri Pancah.
Sozialistische Föderative Republik Jugoslawien
Am 9. Mai 1945 erfolgte die formale Auflösung der Provincia di Lubiana. 1945 mussten die verbliebenen Laibacher Deutschen ebenso wie die übrigen Sloweniendeutschen auf Grund der AVNOJ-Beschlüsse das Land verlassen. Zahlreiche Menschen wurden ermordet.
Im Jahr 1945 wurde Ljubljana Hauptstadt der Volksrepublik Slowenien in der Föderativen Volksrepublik Jugoslawien.
1958 startete der erste slowenische Fernsehsender mit regelmäßigen Übertragungen und in diesem Jahr wurde die Straßenbahn stillgelegt; der Büroturm S2 wurde 1978 fertiggestellt. 1980 starb der jugoslawische Staatspräsident Josip Broz Tito in Ljubljana.
Republik Slowenien
Im Jahr 1991 feierte die Stadt Sloweniens Unabhängigkeit. Die österreichischen Journalisten Norbert Werner und Nikolas Vogel starben in Ljubljana am 28. Juni 1991 während des 10-Tage-Krieges am Flughafen Ljubljana als Opfer eines Raketenangriffes der jugoslawischen Volksarmee auf ihr Auto. Im Rahmen der Feier anlässlich des endgültigen Beitritts Sloweniens zum Schengen-Raum im Jahr 2008 gedachte Premierminister Janez Janša auf dem Flugfeld von Ljubljana der beiden Toten.
2002 fand das Gipfeltreffen Bush/Putin in Ljubljana statt.
Nur wenige Wochen nach Entdeckung eines neuen Massengrabes mit über 4000 von Tito-Partisanen Ermordeten in einem slowenischen Bergwerk beschloss der Stadtrat von Ljubljana mit der Mehrheit der Linksparteien im April 2009, wieder eine Straße nach Josip Broz Tito zu benennen, nachdem bereits von 1952 bis 1954 die heutige Slovenska cesta (Slowenische Straße) nach ihm benannt war.
Bevölkerung
Die Bevölkerung der Stadt bestand seit dem Hochmittelalter vor allem aus Deutschsprachigen. Nach 1848 fungierte die Stadt als kultureller Mittelpunkt der Slowenen. Zur Volkszählung im Jahr 1880 waren die 5.658 Deutschsprachigen (23 % der Bevölkerung) bereits eine Minderheit.
Bei der Volkszählung 2002 waren 84,1 % der Einwohner von Ljubljana slowenische Staatsbürger, 7,5 % Bosnier, 3,5 % Kroaten, 3,2 % Serben, 0,7 % EU-Bürger (damals EU-15), 0,6 % Nordmazedonier und 0,5 % andere.
Slowenisch ist alleinige Amtssprache der Stadtgemeinde Ljubljana und wurde bei dieser Volkszählung von 78,9 % der Bevölkerung als Muttersprache angegeben. Ferner sprachen nach eigenen Angaben 4,1 % Serbisch, 3,9 % Kroatisch, 3,9 % Serbokroatisch, 3,4 % Bosnisch und 1,9 % sonstige Sprachen.
Geografie
Lagebeschreibung
Ljubljana liegt auf 298 m. i. J. am Rande des Laibacher Beckens an der Ljubljanica (Laibach), die noch im Stadtgebiet in die Save mündet. Südlich tut sich der Karst auf, nach Norden erlaubt das Becken freien Blick in die Karawanken und die Steiner Alpen.
Südwestlich erstreckt sich die Ebene des teilweise trockengelegten Laibacher Moores (Ljubljansko barje).
Die Altstadt liegt an einer Schlinge der Ljubljanica um den Schlossberg. Zur Erleichterung der damaligen Schifffahrt wurde diese Schlinge im Jahr 1750 durch den Gruberkanal (Gruberjev Prekop) abgeschnitten.
(Wikipedia)
An overhead view of the construction activity on Brookhaven National Laboratory's National Synchrotron Light Source II. When completed, NSLS-II will be the world’s leading storage-ring-based synchrotron light source.
Photo date: May 2010.
I dreamed about a human being is is part of a project exploring the use of artificial intelligence as applied to photography by using online open source code and data.
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Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri
Kansas City (abbreviated KC or KCMO) is the largest city in Missouri by population and area. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 508,090 in 2020, making it the 36th most-populous city in the United States. It is the most populated municipality and historic core city of the Kansas City metropolitan area, which straddles the Kansas–Missouri state line and has a population of 2,392,035. Most of the city lies within Jackson County, with portions spilling into Clay, Cass, and Platte counties. Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a port on the Missouri River at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west. On June 1, 1850, the town of Kansas was incorporated; shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory. Confusion between the two ensued, and the name Kansas City was assigned to distinguish them soon after.
Sitting on Missouri's western boundary with Kansas, with Downtown near the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers, the city encompasses about 319.03 square miles (826.3 km2), making it the 23rd largest city by total area in the United States. It serves as one of the two county seats of Jackson County, along with the major suburb of Independence. Other major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Blue Springs and Lee's Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park, Olathe, Lenexa, and Kansas City, Kansas.
The city is composed of several neighborhoods, including the River Market District in the north, the 18th and Vine District in the east, and the Country Club Plaza in the south. Celebrated cultural traditions include Kansas City jazz, theater, which was the center of the Vaudevillian Orpheum circuit in the 1920s, the Chiefs and Royals sports franchises, and famous cuisine based on Kansas City-style barbecue, Kansas City strip steak, and craft breweries.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauffman_Stadium
Kauffman Stadium, often called "The K", is a baseball stadium located in Kansas City, Missouri. It is home to the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball (MLB). It is part of the Truman Sports Complex together with the adjacent GEHA Field at Arrowhead Stadium, home of the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). The ballpark is named for Ewing Kauffman, the founder and first owner of the Royals. It opened in 1973 as Royals Stadium and was named for Kauffman twenty years later on July 2, 1993. Since its last major renovation in 2009, the ballpark's listed seating capacity is 37,903.
Kauffman Stadium was built specifically for baseball during an era when building multisport "cookie-cutter" stadiums was commonplace. It is often held up along with Dodger Stadium (1962) in Los Angeles as one of the best examples of modernist stadium design. It is currently the only ballpark in the American League to be named after a person and is also one of nine stadiums in Major League Baseball that does not have a corporate-sponsored name. The stadium is the sixth-oldest stadium in the majors and has hosted the 1973 and the 2012 MLB All-Star Games, along with Royals home games during the 1980, 1985, 2014, and 2015 World Series. Between 2007 and 2009, Kauffman Stadium underwent a $250 million renovation, which included updates and upgrades in fan amenities, a new Royals hall of fame area, and other updates throughout the facility.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals
The Kansas City Royals are an American professional baseball team based in Kansas City, Missouri. The Royals compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) Central division. The team was founded as an expansion franchise in 1969, and has played in four World Series, winning in 1985 and 2015, and losing in 1980 and 2014.
The name "Royals" pays homage to the American Royal, a livestock show, horse show, rodeo, and championship barbecue competition held annually in Kansas City since 1899, as well as the identical names of two former Negro league baseball teams that played in the first half of the 20th century. (One a semi-pro team based in Kansas City in the 1910s and 1920s that toured the Midwest and a California Winter League team based in Los Angeles in the 1940s that was managed by Chet Brewer and included Satchel Paige and Jackie Robinson on its roster.) The Los Angeles team had personnel connections to the Monarchs but could not use the Monarchs name. The name also fits into something of a theme for other professional sports franchises in the city, including the Kansas City Chiefs of the NFL, the former Kansas City Kings of the NBA, and the former Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro National League.
In 1968, the team held a name-the-team contest that received more than 17,000 entries. Sanford Porte, a bridge engineer from the suburb of Overland Park, Kansas, was named the winner for his “Royals” entry. His reason had nothing to do with royalty. “Kansas City’s new baseball team should be called the Royals because of Missouri’s billion-dollar livestock income, Kansas City’s position as the nation’s leading stocker and feeder market and the nationally known American Royal parade and pageant,” Porte wrote. The team's board voted 6–1 on the name, with the only opposition coming from team owner Ewing Kauffman, who eventually changed his vote and said the name had grown on him.
Entering the American League in 1969 along with the Seattle Pilots, the club was founded by Kansas City businessman Ewing Kauffman. The franchise was established following the actions of Stuart Symington, then-U.S. Senator from Missouri, who demanded a new franchise for the city after the Athletics (Kansas City's previous major league team that played from 1955 to 1967) moved to Oakland, California in 1968. Since April 10, 1973, the Royals have played at Kauffman Stadium, formerly known as Royals Stadium.
The new team quickly became a powerhouse, appearing in the playoffs seven times from 1976 to 1985, winning one World Series championship and another AL pennant, led by stars such as Amos Otis, Hal McRae, John Mayberry, George Brett, Frank White, Willie Wilson, and Bret Saberhagen. The team remained competitive throughout the early 1990s, but then had only one winning season from 1995 to 2012. For 28 consecutive seasons (1986–2013), the Royals did not qualify to play in the MLB postseason, one of the longest postseason droughts during baseball's current wild-card era. The team broke this streak in 2014 by securing the franchise's first wild card berth and advancing to the 2014 World Series, where they lost to the San Francisco Giants in seven games. The Royals followed this up by winning the team's first AL Central division title in 2015 and defeating the New York Mets in five games in the 2015 World Series to win their second World Series championship.
Through 2021, the Royals have an all time win–loss record of 4,001–4,344 (.479).