View allAll Photos Tagged Segregation
Lena Horne, Martha Kit, James Brown, Michael Jackson and more are represented the Wells' Built Museum of African American History and Culture.
One of six sit-in protesters is helped away from the Dizzyland restaurant in Cambridge, Md. July 12, 1963 where the group was attacked by whites seeking to preserve segregation.
African American bystanders outside the restaurant engaged in a ten-minute brawl with the white attackers before police arrived and broke up the fighting.
The Maryland National Guard was sent into the town days afterward and occupied the town under martial law for nearly a year.
For more images of the Cambridge civil rights protests 1962-67, see flic.kr/s/aHsk3Pe6xA
For a background story on the Cambridge civil rights struggle, see washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2015/05/31/raging-civil-rig...
For an account of the 1937 Phillips Packing Co. Strike in Cambridge, see washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2014/09/18/1937-phillips-pa...
The photographer is unknown. Image courtesy of the D.C Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.
Street scene in "The Bottoms" just north of downtown Shreveport. The Williams Cafe is in the foreground and Love's Cafe center left, with the Beck Building, highrise office building in downtown Shreveport, visible in the center background. 29 July 1957. Coll. 393, Jacket 17767.
Michael A. Proctor’s mug shot from his arrest at Glen Echo Amusement Park in Maryland for sitting on the park’s carousel June 30, 1960
The park was the focus of a months-long picketing and political campaign to desegregate the “whites only” facility. The facility formally desegregated shortly before re-opening for the season in the Spring of 1961.
Proctor, along with four others, had their cases go to the U.S. Supreme Court in an attempt to invalidate claims that private businesses had the right to enforce segregation.
The Court ruled in 1964 that the convictions at Glen Echo were invalid on the narrow grounds that the arresting officer (a sheriff deputy working at the park) was an agent of the state and such enforcement was prohibited by the 14th Amendment of the Constitution.
Later that year, the 1964 Civil Rights Act was signed by President Johnson prohibiting discrimination at facilities open to the public.
For the story behind the scenes on the effort to desegregate Glen Echo, see washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2015/06/26/contradictions-i...
For more information and related images, see Glen Echo Picket: 1960 flic.kr/s/aHsjDFaXGM
Photo is a file card from the Alabama Department of Public Safety created around 1965 and designed to alert law enforcement agencies to individuals involved in civil rights campaigns.
Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever!
May you rot in HELL George Wallace!!!!!!!!!
Destroyed buildings on Pine Street in Cambridge Md July 25, 1967 after someone set fire to the Pine Street School and the town fire department refused to fight the blaze following fighting between black and white residents during the night.
The previous evening, Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee chair H. “Rap” Brown gave a fiery speech on black pride, a critique of U.S. white society and willingness of black people to fight for a better life.
Following the speech, Brown was shot at and slightly wounded by a shotgun pellet. Gunfire between black and white residents broke out and someone set fire to the Pine Street School in the African American section of town.
The fire engulfed two square blocks of the black neighborhood while white firefighters refused to quell the blaze.
Maryland Gov. Spiro Agnew sent in the National Guard, came to town calling for authorities to arrest Brown and “throw away the key.” He called African American residents of the town “thugs” and subsequently cut off federal aid to the town.
Agnew went on to make a political career of attacking “radical liberals” and calling for “law and order” before he was forced to resign as U.S. vice president while facing corruption charges.
Brown’s speech, the subsequent fire and occupation by the Guard marked the end of a four year mass movement in the town seeking an end to segregation, better jobs, schools, housing and health care.
For more images of the Cambridge civil rights protests 1962-67, see flic.kr/s/aHsk3Pe6xA
For a background story on the Cambridge civil rights struggle, see washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2015/05/31/raging-civil-rig...
For an account of the 1937 Phillips Packing Co. Strike in Cambridge, see washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2014/09/18/1937-phillips-pa...
Photo by Paul Schmick. Image courtesy of the D.C Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.
Albion Winegar Tourgée (May 2, 1838 – May 21, 1905) was an American soldier, Radical Republican, lawyer, judge, novelist, and diplomat. A pioneer civil rights activist, he founded the National Citizens' Rights Association and litigated for the plaintiff Homer Plessy in the famous segregation case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).
Tourgée was born in rural Williamsfield, Ohio on May 2, 1838, the son of farmer Valentine Tourgée and Louisa Emma Winegar. His mother died when he was five. He attended common schools in Ashtabula County and in Lee, Massachusetts, where he spent two years living with an uncle. Tourgée entered the University of Rochester in 1859, but left it in 1861 without attaining a degree to teach school. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War, in April of the same year he enlisted in the 27th New York Infantry. As was common practice with students who enlisted before completing their studies, the University awarded Tourgée an A.B. degree in June, 1862.
Tourgée was wounded in the spine at the First Battle of Bull Run, from which he suffered temporary paralysis and a permanent back problem that plagued him for the rest of his life. Upon recovering sufficiently to resume his military career, he was commissioned as a first lieutenant in the 105th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. At the Battle of Perryville, he was again wounded. On January 21, 1863, Tourgée was captured near Murfreesboro, Tennessee and was held as a prisoner-of-war in Libby Prison in Richmond, Virginia, before his exchange on May 8, 1863. He resumed his duties and fought at the battles of Chickamauga and Chattanooga. Tourgée resigned his commission on December 6, 1863 and returned to Ohio. He married Emma Doiska Kilbourne, with whom he had one child.
After the war, Tourgée and his wife moved to Greensboro, North Carolina, where he and his wife could live in a warmer climate better suited to his war injuries. While there, he established himself as a lawyer, farmer, and editor, working for the Republican newspaper the Union Registrar. In 1866, he attended the Convention of the Southern Loyalists, where he unsuccessfully attempted to push through a resolution for African American suffrage.
An active participant as a Reconstruction Carpetbagger in his new home, Tourgée had a number of inspiring and harrowing experiences that gave him ample material and impetus for the writing he would later undertake. In 1868 he represented Guilford County at the state constitutional convention, which was dominated by Republicans. There he successfully advocated for equal political and civil rights for all citizens; ending property qualifications for jury duty and officeholding; popular election of all state officers, including judges; free public education; abolition of whipping posts for those convicted of crimes; judicial reform; and uniform taxation. Nevertheless, he discovered that putting these reforms on paper did not translate into an ease of putting them into practice.
As a Republican-installed superior court judge from 1868 to 1874, Tourgée confronted the increasingly violent Ku Klux Klan, which was very powerful in his district and repeatedly threatened his life. Among his other activities, he served as a delegate to the 1875 constitutional convention and ran a losing campaign for Congress in 1878.
Albion's first literary endeavor was the novel 'Toinette, written while living in North Carolina between 1868 and 1869. It was not published until 1874 under the pseudonym "Henry Churton"; it was renamed A Royal Gentleman when it was republished in 1881. Financial success came in 1879 with the publication of A Fool's Errand, by One of the Fools, (Fords, Howard & Hulbert, Nov 1879) a novel based on his experiences of Reconstruction, which sold 200,000 copies. Its sequel, Bricks Without Straw, also was a bestseller. In 1881, Tourgée moved to Mayville, New York, near the Chautauqua Institution, and made his living as writer and editor of the literary weekly Our Continent until it failed in 1884. He wrote many more novels and essays in the next two decades, many about the Lake Erie region to which he had located, including, among others, Button's Inn.
What would become the Plessy case began when a group of prominent black leaders in New Orleans organized a "Citizens' Committee" in September 1891 to challenge Louisiana's 1890 law intended "to promote the comfort of passengers" by requiring all state railway companies "to provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races, by providing separate coaches or compartments" on their passenger trains. To assist them in their challenge, this group retained the legal services of "Judge Tourgée," as he was popularly known.
Perhaps the nation's most outspoken white Radical on the "race question" in the late 1880s and 1890s, Tourgée had called for resistance to the Louisiana law in his widely read newspaper column, "A Bystander's Notes," which, though written for the Chicago Republican (later known as the Chicago Daily Inter Ocean and after 1872 known as the Chicago Record-Herald), was syndicated in many newspapers across the country. Largely as a consequence of this column, "Judge Tourgée" had become well known in the black press for his bold denunciations of lynching, segregation, disfranchisement, white supremacy, and scientific racism, and he was the New Orleans Citizens' Committee's first choice to lead their legal challenge to the new Louisiana segregation law.
Tourgée, who was lead attorney for Homer Plessy, first deployed the term "color blindness" in his briefs in the Plessy case and had used it on several prior occasions on behalf of the struggle for civil rights. Indeed, Tourgee's first use of the legal metaphor of "color blindness" came decades before while serving as a Superior Court judge in North Carolina. In his dissent in Plessy, Justice John Marshall Harlan borrowed the metaphor of "color blindness" from Tourgée’s legal brief.
In all of the mosques males and females are separate from each other, and one of the reasons is so they can concentrate on God better.
Wasting the City! A box for a box
There it goes! The Frappant Building in Hamburg Altona is teared down to build a new City Ikea. Wide range and long lasting protest didn't help. People are not only scared that the new massive Ikea-Store in the residential area of Hamburg-Altona will bring way more traffic into the area, but also that Ikea is part of the gentrification that starts with higher rents and ends with residential segregation. At the end of the day..a box will be replaced by an even bigger box.
The Levitt & Sons Company advertised homes in major newspapers for their Belair development in Bowie, Md. in 1963, but refused to sell the houses to African Americans.
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE ) staged an all night sit-in at the Belair subdivision trying to force integration, but within a week an injunction against picketing was granted against protests on the private streets of the subdivision. Picketers moved out on to Maryland Route 450.
The picketing by the Prince George’s CORE chapter went on and off for several months and resulted in several dozen arrests when the group employed civil disobedience.
Richard Ochs, chairman of the CORE demonstration, told reporters that the pickets hoped that Federal agencies would force Mr. Levitt to change his policies.
Levitt remained steadfast in his segregation stance despite the successful battles to integrate some of his other developments around the country.
The development was eventually desegregated when original homeowners began to sell homes to African Americans and the federal government began enforcing no discrimination on FHA and VA loans and the federal 1968 Civil Rights Act was enacted. In the interim, Maryland voters rejected an open housing law by referendum in 1967.
For more information and additional images, see flic.kr/s/aHsk4S6zrA
Image is from the Washington Star, August 10, 1963.
Pickets line is shown on October 29, 1946 protesting the opening of Lisner Auditorium by George Washington University as a segregated facility.
Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman, the star of the play “Joan of Lorraine,” said at a press conference the day before the show opened, “If I’d known black people weren’t allowed in, I’d have never set foot in this town.”
Bergman later reported that pro-segregationists waited outside her dressing room and spit on her and called her an “n_____-lover.”
The Washington chapter of the Southern Conference for Human Welfare set up a picket line opening night October 29 demanding that African Americans be admitted. The cast of the production signed a petition denouncing the “deplorable and un-American practice of segregation.” A veterans group and other students at the school joined them in subsequent days.
In response to the outcry against segregation, the university voted to admit African Americans as patrons of university sponsored events in 1947. However, privately- sponsored events at Lisner continued to be segregated until 1954.
For an article on the long struggle to desegregate theaters in Washington, D.C, see washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2013/03/14/dcs-old-jim-crow...
For additional images related to the struggle to desegregate theaters in Washington, D.C., see flic.kr/s/aHsjEkdYcB
Photo by Washington Daily News. Courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.
A few miles from the Tule Lake Segregation (internment) camp, Camp Tulelake was first built as a Civilian Conservation Corps camp. During WWII, the camp was used to imprison several hundred Japanese American men who protested and refused to answer the loyalty questionnaire. It was used again to house Japanese American strikebreakers brought in from other internment camps to harvest the crops that Tule Lake strikers were leveraging to demand better living and working conditions. Between 1944 and 1946 the camp housed German and Italian Prisoners of War who worked for local farmers.
www.visitsiskiyou.org/culturehistorical/wwii-valor-in-the...
Demonstrators demand jobs and aid to low income families in Cambridge, Md. February 25, 1964 as the National Guard moves in to break up the protest.
These demonstrators were taken into “protective custody” and transported to the National Guard Armory in Pikesville, Md.—90 miles away.
The Guard occupied the town for almost a year from 1963-64 after repeated clashes between African American civil rights demonstrations and white racists seeking to preserve segregation.
For more images of the Cambridge civil rights protests 1962-67, see flic.kr/s/aHsk3Pe6xA
For a background story on the Cambridge civil rights struggle, see washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2015/05/31/raging-civil-rig...
For an account of the 1937 Phillips Packing Co. Strike in Cambridge, see washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2014/09/18/1937-phillips-pa...
The photographer is unknown. The image is an auction find.
Painting of the wall of segregation in romany settlement during Tomas Rafa's art activism. Supported by culture center Stanica Žilina-Záriečie, "Periférne centrá NGO" and KOŠICE 2013.
Darnell a black albino, which i have pigmentated to his hereditary skin colour. This was achieved by digitally grafting on skin tones and hair from photography of my black friend.
An undated portrait of Gardner Bishop, the founder and organizer of the Consolidated Parents Group that fought for seven years for better schools in the District of Columbia and ultimately winning the Bolling v. Sharpe Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation in Washington.
Gardner Bishop and his neighbors’ middle school-age children were crammed into a school with half the capacity, forced into part time shifts and walking blocks to annexes in order to sit at elementary school desks. There were no recreational facilities and no equipment for learning such as labs or typewriters. At the same time white only schools had vacancies and often-lavish facilities.
Bishop organized a strike, formed a new parents organization, picketed, rallied, and filed court suits until the whole so-called “separate but equal” system came crashing down in 1954.
The lawsuit that Consolidated Parents was responsible for, Bolling v. Sharpe, not only desegregated schools in the District, but also broke new ground in interpreting the “due process” clause of the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution.
For more information and related images, see www.flickr.com/gp/washington_area_spark/564wW3
Read the story of of DC desegregation from the pickets to the courts: washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2015/08/20/dcs-fighting-bar...
The photo is from the Bishop family collection. The image is via Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History.
Some of "The Rules":
#6. DISCIPLINARY ACTION may result in loss of some or all of your privileges and/or confinement in the Treatment Unit.
#7. TREATMENT UNIT is the segregation section of the Institution where privileges may be restricted to a minimum.
# 30. CELLHOUSE RULES
Caps are never worn in the cellhouse. You may smoke in your cell, in the Library or in A-Block, but not elsewhere in the cellhouse. DO NOT SMOKE OR CARRY LIGHTED CIGARETTES OR PIPES ON THE GALLERIES OR FLATS IN THE CELLHOUSE AT ANY TIME. WALK -- DO NOT RUN when moving from one place to another.
Upon entering the cellhouse, remove your cap and walk directly and quietly to your cell. Loud talking, loitering or visiting on the galleries, stairs or aisles is not permitted. Don't enter any other inmate's cell at any time.
When you talk in the cellhouse, talk quietly. Don't create a disturbance. Keep your cell neat and clean and free from trash and contraband. Keep your property neatly arranged on your shelves, as shown in the cell diagram on Page #8. Don't leave things stacked on the bars or on your folding table and seat. Don't paste or tack anything on the walls or shelves in your cell. Keep the floor and the bars of the cell-front free from dust and dirt. The only articles permitted on the cell floor are shoes, slippers, trashbaskets, drawing boards and musical instruments.
Your cell is subject to search at any time. Contraband items found in your cell will be confiscated and a disciplinary report will be placed against you for possession of same.
Any dangerous articles such as money, narcotics, intoxicants, weapons, or tools, found in your cell or on your person, that could be used to inflict injury, destroy property, or aid in escape attempts will result in disciplinary action and possibly U.S. District Court action. The presence of articles of this nature on your person or in your cell will be considered evidence of intent to use them for unlawful purposes. "Extra" razor blades are classed as dangerous weapons.
At the wake-up bell in the morning you must get out of bed and put on your clothes. Make up your bed properly (as shown in the diagram on Page #8) with your pillow at the end near the bars, blankets tucked neatly under the mattress, and extra blankets folded neatly at the foot of the bed. Sweep your cell and place the trash in the trash basket. Don't attempt to flush trash down the toilet. Don't sweep trash or dirt out onto the gallery or off the gallery.
At 9:30 P.M. lights out, retire promptly. All conversations and other noises must cease immediately.
Keep your person, clothing, bedding, cell equipment, toilet articles, personal property, library books, etc., clean and in good order at all times. You must not mark or deface your cell, library books, furniture, equipment or fittings of the institution. Do not throw anything from your cell at any time.
Advise the cellhouse Officer when you need hot water and a mop to clean your cell. You will be required to remain in your cell and clean it whenever it is reported for being dirty.
Loud talking, shouting, whistling, singing or other unnecessary noises are not permitted. You are permitted to hold QUIET conversations and to play games QUIETLY with your adjoining neighbors ONLY.
Do not tamper with the electric outlets or radio fixtures in your cell. If they do not operate properly, notify the Cellhouse Officer.
Your cell light must be turned out when you leave your cell except when you go to meals. LEAVE YOUR CELL LIGHT BURNING WHEN YOU GO TO MEALS.
This is the old train station in Punta Gorda, FL. This is an historical reference only. The train station, I believe, is now an antiques mall and museum. We cannot deny our past; we can only work to change our future. Of course, shot in black and white.
A few miles from the Tule Lake Segregation (internment) camp, Camp Tulelake was first built as a Civilian Conservation Corps camp. During WWII, the camp was used to imprison several hundred Japanese American men who protested and refused to answer the loyalty questionnaire. It was used again to house Japanese American strikebreakers brought in from other internment camps to harvest the crops that Tule Lake strikers were leveraging to demand better living and working conditions. Between 1944 and 1946 the camp housed German and Italian Prisoners of War who worked for local farmers.
www.visitsiskiyou.org/culturehistorical/wwii-valor-in-the...
Theophilus Eugene "Bull" Connor (July 11, 1897 – March 10, 1973) was the Commissioner of Public Safety for the city of Birmingham, Alabama, during the American Civil Rights Movement. His office gave him responsibility for administrative oversight of the Birmingham Fire Department and the Birmingham Police Department, which had their own chiefs.
Through his covert actions to enforce racial segregation and deny civil rights to African American citizens, especially during the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's Birmingham Campaign of 1963, Connor became an international symbol of bigotry. Connor infamously directed the use of fire hoses, and police attack dogs against peaceful demonstrators, including children. His aggressive tactics backfired when the spectacle of the brutality being broadcast on national television served as one of the catalysts for major social and legal change in the southern United States and helped in large measure to assure the passage by the United States Congress of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Eugene Connor was a member of the Alabama Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s. Connor entered politics as a Democrat in 1934, winning a seat in the Alabama Legislature. As a legislator he supported populist measures and pro-union issues. He voted for extending the poll tax and against an anti-sedition bill meant to stifle union activity.
In 1936, Connor was elected to the office of Commissioner of Public Safety, beginning the first of two stretches that spanned a total of 26 years. Connor's first term ended in 1952, but he resumed the post four years later.
In 1948, Connor's officers arrested U.S. Senator from Idaho, Glen H. Taylor, the running mate of Progressive presidential candidate (and former Democratic Vice President) Henry Wallace. Taylor, who had attempted to speak to the Southern Negro Youth Congress, was arrested for violating Birmingham's segregation laws.
During the 1948 Democratic National Convention, Connor led the Alabama delegation in a walkout when the national party included a civil rights plank in its platform. The offshoot States' Rights Democratic Party (Dixiecrats) nominated Strom Thurmond for president at its convention in Birmingham's Municipal Auditorium.
In late 1951, Connor's wife reportedly witnessed an incident of police brutality by Henry Darnell. Connor investigated and charged Darnell with conduct unbecoming of an officer. The issues between the two men truly exploded on December 26, when Connor was arrested, five days after having been found in a hotel room with his 34-year-old secretary, Christina Brown, following a Christmas party. Claiming he was set up, Connor nonetheless was convicted, fined $100 and given a 180-day sentence. Impeachment proceedings followed soon after, but on June 11, 1952, the conviction was thrown out by the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals. The surrounding controversy led Connor to announce that he would not run again for the city commissioner position.
Before returning to office in 1956, Connor quickly resumed his heavy-handed approach to dealing with perceived threats. One prominent instance came, when a meeting at the Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth's house with three Montgomery ministers was raided, with Connor fearing that a spread of the bus boycott that had succeeded in Montgomery was imminent. The ministers were arrested for vagrancy, which did not allow a prisoner bail, nor any visitors during the first three days of their incarceration.
In 1960, Connor was elected Democratic National Committeeman for Alabama, soon after filing a lawsuit against The New York Times for $1.5 million, for what he said was insinuating that he had promoted racial hatred. Later dropping the amount to $400,000, the case would drag on for six years until Connor lost a $40,000 judgment on appeal.
In November 1962, Birmingham voters changed the city's form of government, with the mayor now working with nine councilmen instead of three county commissioners. The move had been in response to the extremely negative perception of the city (which had been derisively nicknamed "Bombingham") among outsiders. The most prominent example of this continuing embarrassment came in 1961 when the president of the city's Chamber of Commerce was visiting Japan, only to see a newspaper photo of a Birmingham bus engulfed in flames.
Civil rights leaders, led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., began "Project 'C'" (for "confrontation") in Birmingham against the police tactics used by Connor and his subordinates (and, by extension, other Southern police officials). King's arrest during this period would provide him the opportunity to write his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail. The goal of this movement was to cause mass arrests and subsequent inability of the judicial and penal systems to deal with this volume of activity. One key strategy was the use of children to further the cause, a tactic that was criticized on both sides of the issue[citation needed]. The short-term effect only increased the level of violence used by Connor's officers[citation needed], but in the long term the project proved largely successful,
On May 2, 1961, Connor won a landslide election for his sixth term as Commissioner of Public Safety in Birmingham, On Mother’s Day the Freedom Riders arrived in Birmingham. This was after a rough experience in Anniston, Alabama where one of their buses had been firebombed and burnt down in an act of violence by members of the Ku Klux Klan. A new Greyhound bus left for Birmingham. KKK members boarded the bus then beat the Riders, leaving them semi-conscious in the back.
As they reached the terminal in Birmingham, a large mob of white Klansmen and news reporters were waiting for them. The Riders and some reporters were beaten viciously with metal bars, pipes and bats until, after fifteen minutes, the police finally arrived. No arrests were made at the scene, even though the police department and Connor knew the Riders were going to be there on that Sunday. Connor purposely let the Klansmen beat the Riders for fifteen minutes with no police interference. Connor blamed this incident on many factors like, “No policemen were in sight as the buses arrived, because they were visiting their mothers on Mother’s Day”. Connor also insisted that the violence came from out-of-town meddlers and that police had rushed to the scene as quickly as possible. He then issued this warning, “As I have said on numerous occasions, we are not going to stand for this in Birmingham. And if necessary we will fill the jail full and we don't care whose toes we step on. I am saying now to these meddlers from out of our city the best thing for them to do is stay out if they don't want to get slapped in jail. Our people of Birmingham are a peaceful people and we never have any trouble here unless some people come into our city looking for trouble. And I've never seen anyone yet look for trouble who wasn't able to find it”.
White students chase newly admitted African American students October 4, 1954 at Anacostia High School.
The students and some of their parents staged a boycott for several days at Anacostia and were joined by students at three other high schools and several junior highs.
The most intense resistance took place at Anacostia where rallies of up to 1,000 students took place including an attempt to march across the 11th Street Bridge to rally support at other schools.
The District’s integration took place following the Supreme Court’s Bolling v. Sharpe decision in May 1954 that was brought about by the Consolidated Parents Group. Consolidated represented parents and students living in Northeast and led a seven year fight that began with a boycott of deplorable conditions at the all black Browne Junior High on Benning Road.
For more information and related images, see www.flickr.com/gp/washington_area_spark/564wW3
Read the story of of DC desegregation from the pickets to the courts: washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2015/08/20/dcs-fighting-bar...
Photo by Jack Lartz . Credit: :© Bettmann/CORBIS
Pickets line is shown on October 29, 1946 protesting the opening of Lisner Auditorium by George Washington University as a segregated facility.
Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman, the star of the play “Joan of Lorraine,” said at a press conference the day before the show opened, “If I’d known black people weren’t allowed in, I’d have never set foot in this town.”
Bergman later reported that pro-segregationists waited outside her dressing room and spit on her and called her an “n_____-lover.”
The Washington chapter of the Southern Conference for Human Welfare set up a picket line opening night October 29 demanding that African Americans be admitted. The cast of the production signed a petition denouncing the “deplorable and un-American practice of segregation.” A veterans group and other students at the school joined them in subsequent days.
In response to the outcry against segregation, the university voted to admit African Americans as patrons of university sponsored events in 1947. However, privately- sponsored events at Lisner continued to be segregated until 1954.
For an article on the long struggle to desegregate Washington, D.C. theaters, see washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2013/03/14/dcs-old-jim-crow...
For additional images related to the struggle in Washington D.C. to desegregate theaters, see flic.kr/s/aHsjEkdYcB
Photo by Washington Daily News. Courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.
A variety of waste is segregated into their different components during the Waste Assessment and Brand Audit organized by USAID MWRP grantee Mother Earth Foundation in selected Barangays in Batangas City, Philippines.
Background:
Once segregated, these components are quantified into the different categories of biodegradable, recyclable, and residual waste as specified in the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act or RA 9003.
Photo Credit:
Photo c/o MWRP Grantee, Mother Earth Foundation for their project 'Technical Assistance to Batangas City to Expand its Zero Waste Solid Waste Management Approach'
Marvous Saunders’ mug shot from his arrest at Glen Echo Amusement Park in Maryland for sitting on the park’s carousel June 30, 1960
The park was the focus of a months-long picketing and political campaign to desegregate the “whites only” facility. The facility formally desegregated shortly before re-opening for the season in the Spring of 1961.
Sauders, along with four others, had their cases go to the U.S. Supreme Court in an attempt to invalidate claims that private businesses had the right to enforce segregation.
The Court ruled in 1964 that the convictions at Glen Echo were invalid on the narrow grounds that the arresting officer (a sheriff deputy working at the park) was an agent of the state and such enforcement was prohibited by the 14th Amendment of the Constitution.
Later that year, the 1964 Civil Rights Act was signed by President Johnson prohibiting discrimination at facilities open to the public.
For the story behind the scenes on the effort to desegregate Glen Echo, see washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2015/06/26/contradictions-i...
For more information and related images, see Glen Echo Picket: 1960 flic.kr/s/aHsjDFaXGM
Photo is a file card from the Alabama Department of Public Safety created around 1965 and designed to alert law enforcement agencies to individuals involved in civil rights campaigns.