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Gov. Kay Ivey received a report from the gambling committee she organized Friday, December 18, 2020 in Montgomery, Ala. Chairman and former Montgomery Mayor Todd Strange submitted the report to the governor and then the committee members held a press conference on the steps of the State Capitol. (Governor's Office/Hal Yeager)
The BLS reported today that the economy added 71,000 private sector jobs in the month of July, marking the seventh consecutive month of private sector job growth, even as overall employment declined due to the loss of temporary Census jobs.
36,000 manufacturing jobs were added in July, with 183,000 manufacturing jobs added this year.
A Soldier with the 1st Brigade, 205th “Hero” Corps calls in a report using a tactical radio near Molla Dust in the Panjwa’i District of Kandahar Province, April 01, 2012. Afghan security forces conducted ISAF-independent security operations across Southern Kandahar Province. (U.S. Army photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Farrukh Daniel, Task Force Arctic Wolves Public Affairs)
Stadsporten is a two-storey brick building in Bergen that marks the transition between Kong Oscars gate and Kalfarveien and the border between the Marken and Kalfaret districts .
The building was originally a city gate with a brick vault over what, until the Nygårdsbroen was completed in 1851 , was the city's only road connection to the south. The building has similar features to the Vaulted Vault : built in plastered quarry stone with soapstone detailing . Work on the building was started in 1628 , in the middle of Europe's religious wars , by the sheriff of Bergenhus , Oluf Parsberg .
The city gate was completed in 1645 , and originally had earthen ramparts on both sides. In 1646, the ramparts and the gate were repaired. The facility's function was to be part of the city's defence, as well as the city's first customs station. The only way from the south into the old city of Bergen was through Stadsporten. It therefore became a natural place to collect fees.
Oluf Parsberg, who had laid the foundation stone of the Stadsporten, is commemorated with a soapstone tablet on the south side of the gate, set up by his successor Henrik Thott , a Danish nobleman who set up his own and his wife's coat of arms on the north side of the Stadsporten.
On the large soapstone tablet on the south gable is written:
Anno 1628, on 6 August, the Royal Majesty's : Man of the Court at Bergenhus laid the first stone for the foundation and building of this gate, which was done to the Royal Majesty's honor and this city and congregation to the Gaffen and Best. God Almighty let it stand in Peace and Peace until the Day of our Lord Jesus Christ. Amen . Present Domino Zabaot.
Arenea Muurus.
Hin geth die Zeit, [Time goes away,]
here comes Todt. [here comes death.]
O, Mench, Thue Recht [O man, do right]
und fear God. [and fear God.]
In 1740 the Stadsporten was upgraded with a moat , palisades , drawbridge and fortifications . The building's current form was acquired in connection with the completion of the building by merchant and Stadshauptmann Lauritz Holte Nicolaysen in 1792 . At this time, the building's upper floor was converted into an archive for the city and diocese of Bergen (later Bergen city archive ). The function as an archive had built up until 1971 . It was not a suitable place. From 1856 Bergensposten took overin favor of demolishing the Stadsporten: "The only benefit it does is that it serves as a repository for the city's old archive." The newspaper pointed out that the building was not suitable as an archive, and neither was Hagerupsgården's cellar, which was thought of as an alternative. Bergensposten reported that a private man had offered to erect a suitable archive building at his own expense, in exchange for demolishing Stadsporten afterwards, but nothing came of this. In 1869 , Bergensposten again addressed the problem that Bergen lacked suitable premises for its archives, and described the conditions in Stadsporten for "the venerable folios and documents, which of course are moldy and moldy from pure regret" - they were "a dead and inaccessible treasure" in a « Terra Incognita, as unknown as the North Pole ."
Librarian Albert Mohr Wiesener wrote in a newspaper article from 1908 about the conditions: "At the same time, one opens the heavy outer door, a frame is struck. Smell of radent Allehande an imøde. Thick layers of dust and skid do not invite touching, at least to Studium. Then it's the Rats ." This led to Wiesener being put in charge of putting the archive in order, which he did during 1909 . But it was only when university librarian Knut Espelid also wrote an article about the sad conditions on the occasion of the city's jubilee in 1970 , that the last archive files were finally removed from Stadsporten the following year.
Stadsporten became a local role model for many of the architects who designed in the "Bergen style". Einar Oscar Schou's city gate motif at the Nedre Fløibane station from 1918 is such an example. The Stadsporten has also been used to illustrate Norway's urban history: In 1900 , the Norwegian Folk Museum built a copy of the Stadsporten in its cultural history exhibition as an entrance to the city history department. The city gate was protected as a cultural monument in 1927 .
The building has today become a popular symbol for Bergen. Stadsporten is included as the centrally located center point in the Bergens Tidende newspaper 's logo.
Southbound car traffic passed through the vault, while trucks and trams drove around, on Stadsporten's east side. On the west side, the pedestrians passed. But when the tram was closed at the end of 1957 , the trolleybus (then line 2) got a place on the west side, which meant that the pavement was put on a shelf beyond the Assistentkirkegården , where, among others, Ole Bull is buried.
Aftenposten's April Fool's joke in 2016 was launched with the headline: "Will remove Stadsporten to make room for the cycling WC ".
Bergen, historically Bjørgvin, is a city and municipality in Vestland county on the west coast of Norway. As of 2022, its population was roughly 289,330. Bergen is the second-largest city in Norway after national capital Oslo. The municipality covers 465 square kilometres (180 sq mi) and is located on the peninsula of Bergenshalvøyen. The city centre and northern neighbourhoods are on Byfjorden, 'the city fjord'. The city is surrounded by mountains, causing Bergen to be called the "city of seven mountains". Many of the extra-municipal suburbs are on islands. Bergen is the administrative centre of Vestland county. The city consists of eight boroughs: Arna, Bergenhus, Fana, Fyllingsdalen, Laksevåg, Ytrebygda, Årstad, and Åsane.
Trading in Bergen may have started as early as the 1020s. According to tradition, the city was founded in 1070 by King Olav Kyrre and was named Bjørgvin, 'the green meadow among the mountains'. It served as Norway's capital in the 13th century, and from the end of the 13th century became a bureau city of the Hanseatic League. Until 1789, Bergen enjoyed exclusive rights to mediate trade between Northern Norway and abroad, and it was the largest city in Norway until the 1830s when it was overtaken by the capital, Christiania (now known as Oslo). What remains of the quays, Bryggen, is a World Heritage Site. The city was hit by numerous fires over the years. The Bergen School of Meteorology was developed at the Geophysical Institute starting in 1917, the Norwegian School of Economics was founded in 1936, and the University of Bergen in 1946. From 1831 to 1972, Bergen was its own county. In 1972 the municipality absorbed four surrounding municipalities and became a part of Hordaland county.
The city is an international centre for aquaculture, shipping, the offshore petroleum industry and subsea technology, and a national centre for higher education, media, tourism and finance. Bergen Port is Norway's busiest in terms of both freight and passengers, with over 300 cruise ship calls a year bringing nearly a half a million passengers to Bergen, a number that has doubled in 10 years. Almost half of the passengers are German or British. The city's main football team is SK Brann and a unique tradition of the city is the buekorps, which are traditional marching neighbourhood youth organisations. Natives speak a distinct dialect, known as Bergensk. The city features Bergen Airport, Flesland and Bergen Light Rail, and is the terminus of the Bergen Line. Four large bridges connect Bergen to its suburban municipalities.
Bergen has a mild winter climate, though with significant precipitation. From December to March, Bergen can, in rare cases, be up to 20 °C warmer than Oslo, even though both cities are at about 60° North. In summer however, Bergen is several degrees cooler than Oslo due to the same maritime effects. The Gulf Stream keeps the sea relatively warm, considering the latitude, and the mountains protect the city from cold winds from the north, north-east and east.
History
Hieronymus Scholeus's impression of Bergen. The drawing was made in about 1580 and was published in an atlas with drawings of many different cities (Civitaes orbis terrarum).
The city of Bergen was traditionally thought to have been founded by king Olav Kyrre, son of Harald Hardråde in 1070 AD, four years after the Viking Age in England ended with the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Modern research has, however, discovered that a trading settlement had already been established in the 1020s or 1030s.
Bergen gradually assumed the function of capital of Norway in the early 13th century, as the first city where a rudimentary central administration was established. The city's cathedral was the site of the first royal coronation in Norway in the 1150s, and continued to host royal coronations throughout the 13th century. Bergenhus fortress dates from the 1240s and guards the entrance to the harbour in Bergen. The functions of the capital city were lost to Oslo during the reign of King Haakon V (1299–1319).
In the middle of the 14th century, North German merchants, who had already been present in substantial numbers since the 13th century, founded one of the four Kontore of the Hanseatic League at Bryggen in Bergen. The principal export traded from Bergen was dried cod from the northern Norwegian coast, which started around 1100. The city was granted a monopoly for trade from the north of Norway by King Håkon Håkonsson (1217–1263). Stockfish was the main reason that the city became one of North Europe's largest centres for trade.[11] By the late 14th century, Bergen had established itself as the centre of the trade in Norway. The Hanseatic merchants lived in their own separate quarter of the town, where Middle Low German was used, enjoying exclusive rights to trade with the northern fishermen who each summer sailed to Bergen. The Hansa community resented Scottish merchants who settled in Bergen, and on 9 November 1523 several Scottish households were targeted by German residents. Today, Bergen's old quayside, Bryggen, is on UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites.
In 1349, the Black Death was brought to Norway by an English ship arriving in Bergen. Later outbreaks occurred in 1618, 1629 and 1637, on each occasion taking about 3,000 lives. In the 15th century, the city was attacked several times by the Victual Brothers, and in 1429 they succeeded in burning the royal castle and much of the city. In 1665, the city's harbour was the site of the Battle of Vågen, when an English naval flotilla attacked a Dutch merchant and treasure fleet supported by the city's garrison. Accidental fires sometimes got out of control, and one in 1702 reduced most of the town to ashes.
Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, Bergen remained one of the largest cities in Scandinavia, and it was Norway's biggest city until the 1830s, being overtaken by the capital city of Oslo. From around 1600, the Hanseatic dominance of the city's trade gradually declined in favour of Norwegian merchants (often of Hanseatic ancestry), and in the 1750s, the Kontor, or major trading post of the Hanseatic League, finally closed. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Bergen was involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Bergen-based slave trader Jørgen Thormøhlen, the largest shipowner in Norway, was the main owner of the slave ship Cornelia, which made two slave-trading voyages in 1673 and 1674 respectively; he also developed the city's industrial sector, particularly in the neighbourhood of Møhlenpris, which is named after him. Bergen retained its monopoly of trade with northern Norway until 1789. The Bergen stock exchange, the Bergen børs, was established in 1813.
Modern history
Bergen was separated from Hordaland as a county of its own in 1831. It was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). The rural municipality of Bergen landdistrikt was merged with Bergen on 1 January 1877. The rural municipality of Årstad was merged with Bergen on 1 July 1915.
During World War II, Bergen was occupied on the first day of the German invasion on 9 April 1940, after a brief fight between German ships and the Norwegian coastal artillery. The Norwegian resistance movement groups in Bergen were Saborg, Milorg, "Theta-gruppen", Sivorg, Stein-organisasjonen and the Communist Party. On 20 April 1944, during the German occupation, the Dutch cargo ship Voorbode anchored off the Bergenhus Fortress, loaded with over 120 tons of explosives, and blew up, killing at least 150 people and damaging historic buildings. The city was subject to some Allied bombing raids, aimed at German naval installations in the harbour. Some of these caused Norwegian civilian casualties numbering about 100.
Bergen is also well known in Norway for the Isdal Woman (Norwegian: Isdalskvinnen), an unidentified person who was found dead at Isdalen ("Ice Valley") on 29 November 1970. The unsolved case encouraged international speculation over the years and it remains one of the most profound mysteries in recent Norwegian history.
The rural municipalities of Arna, Fana, Laksevåg, and Åsane were merged with Bergen on 1 January 1972. The city lost its status as a separate county on the same date, and Bergen is now a municipality, in the county of Vestland.
Fires
The city's history is marked by numerous great fires. In 1198, the Bagler faction set fire to the city in connection with a battle against the Birkebeiner faction during the civil war. In 1248, Holmen and Sverresborg burned, and 11 churches were destroyed. In 1413 another fire struck the city, and 14 churches were destroyed. In 1428 the city was plundered by the Victual Brothers, and in 1455, Hanseatic merchants were responsible for burning down Munkeliv Abbey. In 1476, Bryggen burned down in a fire started by a drunk trader. In 1582, another fire hit the city centre and Strandsiden. In 1675, 105 buildings burned down in Øvregaten. In 1686 another great fire hit Strandsiden, destroying 231 city blocks and 218 boathouses. The greatest fire in history was in 1702, when 90% of the city was burned to ashes. In 1751, there was a great fire at Vågsbunnen. In 1756, yet another fire at Strandsiden burned down 1,500 buildings, and further great fires hit Strandsiden in 1771 and 1901. In 1916, 300 buildings burned down in the city centre including the Swan pharmacy, the oldest pharmacy in Norway, and in 1955 parts of Bryggen burned down.
Toponymy
Bergen is pronounced in English /ˈbɜːrɡən/ or /ˈbɛərɡən/ and in Norwegian [ˈbæ̀rɡn̩] (in the local dialect [ˈbæ̂ʁɡɛn]). The Old Norse forms of the name were Bergvin [ˈberɡˌwin] and Bjǫrgvin [ˈbjɔrɡˌwin] (and in Icelandic and Faroese the city is still called Björgvin). The first element is berg (n.) or bjǫrg (n.), which translates as 'mountain(s)'. The last element is vin (f.), which means a new settlement where there used to be a pasture or meadow. The full meaning is then "the meadow among the mountains". This is a suitable name: Bergen is often called "the city among the seven mountains". It was the playwright Ludvig Holberg who felt so inspired by the seven hills of Rome, that he decided that his home town must be blessed with a corresponding seven mountains – and locals still argue which seven they are.
In 1918, there was a campaign to reintroduce the Norse form Bjørgvin as the name of the city. This was turned down – but as a compromise, the name of the diocese was changed to Bjørgvin bispedømme.
Bergen occupies most of the peninsula of Bergenshalvøyen in the district of Midthordland in mid-western Hordaland. The municipality covers an area of 465 square kilometres (180 square miles). Most of the urban area is on or close to a fjord or bay, although the urban area has several mountains. The city centre is surrounded by the Seven Mountains, although there is disagreement as to which of the nine mountains constitute these. Ulriken, Fløyen, Løvstakken and Damsgårdsfjellet are always included as well as three of Lyderhorn, Sandviksfjellet, Blåmanen, Rundemanen and Kolbeinsvarden. Gullfjellet is Bergen's highest mountain, at 987 metres (3,238 ft) above mean sea level. Bergen is far enough north that during clear nights at the solstice, there is borderline civil daylight in spite of the sun having set.
Bergen is sheltered from the North Sea by the islands Askøy, Holsnøy (the municipality of Meland) and Sotra (the municipalities of Fjell and Sund). Bergen borders the municipalities Alver and Osterøy to the north, Vaksdal and Samnanger to the east, Os (Bjørnafjorden) and Austevoll to the south, and Øygarden and Askøy to the west.
The city centre of Bergen lies in the west of the municipality, facing the fjord of Byfjorden. It is among a group of mountains known as the Seven Mountains, although the number is a matter of definition. From here, the urban area of Bergen extends to the north, west and south, and to its east is a large mountain massif. Outside the city centre and the surrounding neighbourhoods (i.e. Årstad, inner Laksevåg and Sandviken), the majority of the population lives in relatively sparsely populated residential areas built after 1950. While some are dominated by apartment buildings and modern terraced houses (e.g. Fyllingsdalen), others are dominated by single-family homes.
The oldest part of Bergen is the area around the bay of Vågen in the city centre. Originally centred on the bay's eastern side, Bergen eventually expanded west and southwards. Few buildings from the oldest period remain, the most significant being St Mary's Church from the 12th century. For several hundred years, the extent of the city remained almost constant. The population was stagnant, and the city limits were narrow. In 1702, seven-eighths of the city burned. Most of the old buildings of Bergen, including Bryggen (which was rebuilt in a mediaeval style), were built after the fire. The fire marked a transition from tar covered houses, as well as the remaining log houses, to painted and some brick-covered wooden buildings.
The last half of the 19th century saw a period of rapid expansion and modernisation. The fire of 1855 west of Torgallmenningen led to the development of regularly sized city blocks in this area of the city centre. The city limits were expanded in 1876, and Nygård, Møhlenpris and Sandviken were urbanized with large-scale construction of city blocks housing both the poor and the wealthy. Their architecture is influenced by a variety of styles; historicism, classicism and Art Nouveau. The wealthy built villas between Møhlenpris and Nygård, and on the side of Mount Fløyen; these areas were also added to Bergen in 1876. Simultaneously, an urbanization process was taking place in Solheimsviken in Årstad, at that time outside the Bergen municipality, centred on the large industrial activity in the area. The workers' homes in this area were poorly built, and little remains after large-scale redevelopment in the 1960s–1980s.
After Årstad became a part of Bergen in 1916, a development plan was applied to the new area. Few city blocks akin to those in Nygård and Møhlenpris were planned. Many of the worker class built their own homes, and many small, detached apartment buildings were built. After World War II, Bergen had again run short of land to build on, and, contrary to the original plans, many large apartment buildings were built in Landås in the 1950s and 1960s. Bergen acquired Fyllingsdalen from Fana municipality in 1955. Like similar areas in Oslo (e.g. Lambertseter), Fyllingsdalen was developed into a modern suburb with large apartment buildings, mid-rises, and some single-family homes, in the 1960s and 1970s. Similar developments took place beyond Bergen's city limits, for example in Loddefjord.
At the same time as planned city expansion took place inside Bergen, its extra-municipal suburbs also grew rapidly. Wealthy citizens of Bergen had been living in Fana since the 19th century, but as the city expanded it became more convenient to settle in the municipality. Similar processes took place in Åsane and Laksevåg. Most of the homes in these areas are detached row houses,[clarification needed] single family homes or small apartment buildings. After the surrounding municipalities were merged with Bergen in 1972, expansion has continued in largely the same manner, although the municipality encourages condensing near commercial centres, future Bergen Light Rail stations, and elsewhere.
As part of the modernisation wave of the 1950s and 1960s, and due to damage caused by World War II, the city government ambitiously planned redevelopment of many areas in central Bergen. The plans involved demolition of several neighbourhoods of wooden houses, namely Nordnes, Marken, and Stølen. None of the plans was carried out in its original form; the Marken and Stølen redevelopment plans were discarded and that of Nordnes only carried out in the area that had been most damaged by war. The city council of Bergen had in 1964 voted to demolish the entirety of Marken, however, the decision proved to be highly controversial and the decision was reversed in 1974. Bryggen was under threat of being wholly or partly demolished after the fire of 1955, when a large number of the buildings burned to the ground. Instead of being demolished, the remaining buildings were restored and accompanied by reconstructions of some of the burned buildings.
Demolition of old buildings and occasionally whole city blocks is still taking place, the most recent major example being the 2007 razing of Jonsvollskvartalet at Nøstet.
Billboards are banned in the city.
Culture and sports
Bergens Tidende (BT) and Bergensavisen (BA) are the largest newspapers, with circulations of 87,076 and 30,719 in 2006, BT is a regional newspaper covering all of Vestland, while BA focuses on metropolitan Bergen. Other newspapers published in Bergen include the Christian national Dagen, with a circulation of 8.936, and TradeWinds, an international shipping newspaper. Local newspapers are Fanaposten for Fana, Sydvesten for Laksevåg and Fyllingsdalen and Bygdanytt for Arna and the neighbouring municipality Osterøy. TV 2, Norway's largest private television company, is based in Bergen.
The 1,500-seat Grieg Hall is the city's main cultural venue, and home of the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra, founded in 1765, and the Bergen Woodwind Quintet. The city also features Carte Blanche, the Norwegian national company of contemporary dance. The annual Bergen International Festival is the main cultural festival, which is supplemented by the Bergen International Film Festival. Two internationally renowned composers from Bergen are Edvard Grieg and Ole Bull. Grieg's home, Troldhaugen, has been converted to a museum. During the 1990s and early 2000s, Bergen produced a series of successful pop, rock and black metal artists, collectively known as the Bergen Wave.
Den Nationale Scene is Bergen's main theatre. Founded in 1850, it had Henrik Ibsen as one of its first in-house playwrights and art directors. Bergen's contemporary art scene is centred on BIT Teatergarasjen, Bergen Kunsthall, United Sardines Factory (USF) and Bergen Center for Electronic Arts (BEK). Bergen was a European Capital of Culture in 2000. Buekorps is a unique feature of Bergen culture, consisting of boys aged from 7 to 21 parading with imitation weapons and snare drums. The city's Hanseatic heritage is documented in the Hanseatic Museum located at Bryggen.
SK Brann is Bergen's premier football team; founded in 1908, they have played in the (men's) Norwegian Premier League for all but seven years since 1963 and consecutively, except one season after relegation in 2014, since 1987. The team were the football champions in 1961–1962, 1963, and 2007,[155] and reached the quarter-finals of the Cup Winners' Cup in 1996–1997. Brann play their home games at the 17,824-seat Brann Stadion. FK Fyllingsdalen is the city's second-best team, playing in the Second Division at Varden Amfi. Its predecessor, Fyllingen, played in the Norwegian Premier League in 1990, 1991 and 1993. Arna-Bjørnar and Sandviken play in the Women's Premier League.
Bergen IK is the premier men's ice hockey team, playing at Bergenshallen in the First Division. Tertnes play in the Women's Premier Handball League, and Fyllingen in the Men's Premier Handball League. In athletics, the city is dominated by IL Norna-Salhus, IL Gular and FIK BFG Fana, formerly also Norrøna IL and TIF Viking. The Bergen Storm are an American football team that plays matches at Varden Kunstgress and plays in the second division of the Norwegian league.
Bergensk is the native dialect of Bergen. It was strongly influenced by Low German-speaking merchants from the mid-14th to mid-18th centuries. During the Dano-Norwegian period from 1536 to 1814, Bergen was more influenced by Danish than other areas of Norway. The Danish influence removed the female grammatical gender in the 16th century, making Bergensk one of very few Norwegian dialects with only two instead of three grammatical genders. The Rs are uvular trills, as in French, which probably spread to Bergen some time in the 18th century, overtaking the alveolar trill in the time span of two to three generations. Owing to an improved literacy rate, Bergensk was influenced by riksmål and bokmål in the 19th and 20th centuries. This led to large parts of the German-inspired vocabulary disappearing and pronunciations shifting slightly towards East Norwegian.
The 1986 edition of the Eurovision Song Contest took place in Bergen. Bergen was the host city for the 2017 UCI Road World Championships. The city is also a member of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the category of gastronomy since 2015.
Street art
Bergen is considered to be the street art capital of Norway. Famed artist Banksy visited the city in 2000 and inspired many to start creating street art. Soon after, the city brought up the most famous street artist in Norway: Dolk. His art can still be seen in several places in the city, and in 2009 the city council choose to preserve Dolk's work "Spray" with protective glass. In 2011, Bergen council launched a plan of action for street art in Bergen from 2011 to 2015 to ensure that "Bergen will lead the fashion for street art as an expression both in Norway and Scandinavia".
The Madam Felle (1831–1908) monument in Sandviken, is in honour of a Norwegian woman of German origin, who in the mid-19th century managed, against the will of the council, to maintain a counter of beer. A well-known restaurant of the same name is now situated at another location in Bergen. The monument was erected in 1990 by sculptor Kari Rolfsen, supported by an anonymous donor. Madam Felle, civil name Oline Fell, was remembered after her death in a popular song, possibly originally a folksong, "Kjenner Dokker Madam Felle?" by Lothar Lindtner and Rolf Berntzen on an album in 1977.
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic , European country and an independent state in the west of the Scandinavian Peninsula . Geographically speaking, the country is long and narrow, and on the elongated coast towards the North Atlantic are Norway's well-known fjords . The Kingdom of Norway includes the main country (the mainland with adjacent islands within the baseline ), Jan Mayen and Svalbard . With these two Arctic areas, Norway covers a land area of 385,000 km² and has a population of approximately 5.5 million (2023). Mainland Norway borders Sweden in the east , Finland and Russia in the northeast .
Norway is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy , where Harald V has been king and head of state since 1991 , and Jonas Gahr Støre ( Ap ) has been prime minister since 2021 . Norway is a unitary state , with two administrative levels below the state: counties and municipalities . The Sami part of the population has, through the Sami Parliament and the Finnmark Act , to a certain extent self-government and influence over traditionally Sami areas. Although Norway has rejected membership of the European Union through two referendums , through the EEA Agreement Norway has close ties with the Union, and through NATO with the United States . Norway is a significant contributor to the United Nations (UN), and has participated with soldiers in several foreign operations mandated by the UN. Norway is among the states that have participated from the founding of the UN , NATO , the Council of Europe , the OSCE and the Nordic Council , and in addition to these is a member of the EEA , the World Trade Organization , the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and is part of the Schengen area .
Norway is rich in many natural resources such as oil , gas , minerals , timber , seafood , fresh water and hydropower . Since the beginning of the 20th century, these natural conditions have given the country the opportunity for an increase in wealth that few other countries can now enjoy, and Norwegians have the second highest average income in the world, measured in GDP per capita, as of 2022. The petroleum industry accounts for around 14% of Norway's gross domestic product as of 2018. Norway is the world's largest producer of oil and gas per capita outside the Middle East. However, the number of employees linked to this industry fell from approx. 232,000 in 2013 to 207,000 in 2015.
In Norway, these natural resources have been managed for socially beneficial purposes. The country maintains a welfare model in line with the other Nordic countries. Important service areas such as health and higher education are state-funded, and the country has an extensive welfare system for its citizens. Public expenditure in 2018 is approx. 50% of GDP, and the majority of these expenses are related to education, healthcare, social security and welfare. Since 2001 and until 2021, when the country took second place, the UN has ranked Norway as the world's best country to live in . From 2010, Norway is also ranked at the top of the EIU's democracy index . Norway ranks third on the UN's World Happiness Report for the years 2016–2018, behind Finland and Denmark , a report published in March 2019.
The majority of the population is Nordic. In the last couple of years, immigration has accounted for more than half of population growth. The five largest minority groups are Norwegian-Poles , Lithuanians , Norwegian-Swedes , Norwegian-Syrians including Syrian Kurds and Norwegian-Pakistani .
Norway's national day is 17 May, on this day in 1814 the Norwegian Constitution was dated and signed by the presidency of the National Assembly at Eidsvoll . It is stipulated in the law of 26 April 1947 that 17 May are national public holidays. The Sami national day is 6 February. "Yes, we love this country" is Norway's national anthem, the song was written in 1859 by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1832–1910).
Norway's history of human settlement goes back at least 10,000 years, to the Late Paleolithic , the first period of the Stone Age . Archaeological finds of settlements along the entire Norwegian coast have so far been dated back to 10,400 before present (BP), the oldest find is today considered to be a settlement at Pauler in Brunlanes , Vestfold .
For a period these settlements were considered to be the remains of settlers from Doggerland , an area which today lies beneath the North Sea , but which was once a land bridge connecting today's British Isles with Danish Jutland . But the archaeologists who study the initial phase of the settlement in what is today Norway reckon that the first people who came here followed the coast along what is today Bohuslân. That they arrived in some form of boat is absolutely certain, and there is much evidence that they could easily move over large distances.
Since the last Ice Age, there has been continuous settlement in Norway. It cannot be ruled out that people lived in Norway during the interglacial period , but no trace of such a population or settlement has been found.
The Stone Age lasted a long time; half of the time that our country has been populated. There are no written accounts of what life was like back then. The knowledge we have has been painstakingly collected through investigations of places where people have stayed and left behind objects that we can understand have been processed by human hands. This field of knowledge is called archaeology . The archaeologists interpret their findings and the history of the surrounding landscape. In our country, the uplift after the Ice Age is fundamental. The history of the settlements at Pauler is no more than fifteen years old.
The Fosna culture settled parts of Norway sometime between 10,000–8,000 BC. (see Stone Age in Norway ). The dating of rock carvings is set to Neolithic times (in Norway between 4000 BC to 1700 BC) and show activities typical of hunters and gatherers .
Agriculture with livestock and arable farming was introduced in the Neolithic. Swad farming where the farmers move when the field does not produce the expected yield.
More permanent and persistent farm settlements developed in the Bronze Age (1700 BC to 500 BC) and the Iron Age . The earliest runes have been found on an arrowhead dated to around 200 BC. Many more inscriptions are dated to around 800, and a number of petty kingdoms developed during these centuries. In prehistoric times, there were no fixed national borders in the Nordic countries and Norway did not exist as a state. The population in Norway probably fell to year 0.
Events in this time period, the centuries before the year 1000, are glimpsed in written sources. Although the sagas were written down in the 13th century, many hundreds of years later, they provide a glimpse into what was already a distant past. The story of the fimbul winter gives us a historical picture of something that happened and which in our time, with the help of dendrochronology , can be interpreted as a natural disaster in the year 536, created by a volcanic eruption in El Salvador .
In the period between 800 and 1066 there was a significant expansion and it is referred to as the Viking Age . During this period, Norwegians, as Swedes and Danes also did, traveled abroad in longships with sails as explorers, traders, settlers and as Vikings (raiders and pirates ). By the middle of the 11th century, the Norwegian kingship had been firmly established, building its right as descendants of Harald Hårfagre and then as heirs of Olav the Holy . The Norwegian kings, and their subjects, now professed Christianity . In the time around Håkon Håkonsson , in the time after the civil war , there was a small renaissance in Norway with extensive literary activity and diplomatic activity with Europe. The black dew came to Norway in 1349 and killed around half of the population. The entire state apparatus and Norway then entered a period of decline.
Between 1396 and 1536, Norway was part of the Kalmar Union , and from 1536 until 1814 Norway had been reduced to a tributary part of Denmark , named as the Personal Union of Denmark-Norway . This staff union entered into an alliance with Napoléon Bonaparte with a war that brought bad times and famine in 1812 . In 1814, Denmark-Norway lost the Anglophone Wars , part of the Napoleonic Wars , and the Danish king was forced to cede Norway to the king of Sweden in the Treaty of Kiel on 14 January of that year. After a Norwegian attempt at independence, Norway was forced into a loose union with Sweden, but where Norway was allowed to create its own constitution, the Constitution of 1814 . In this period, Norwegian, romantic national feeling flourished, and the Norwegians tried to develop and establish their own national self-worth. The union with Sweden was broken in 1905 after it had been threatened with war, and Norway became an independent kingdom with its own monarch, Haakon VII .
Norway remained neutral during the First World War , and at the outbreak of the Second World War, Norway again declared itself neutral, but was invaded by National Socialist Germany on 9 April 1940 .
Norway became a member of the Western defense alliance NATO in 1949 . Two attempts to join the EU were voted down in referendums by small margins in 1972 and 1994 . Norway has been a close ally of the United States in the post-war period. Large discoveries of oil and natural gas in the North Sea at the end of the 1960s led to tremendous economic growth in the country, which is still ongoing. Traditional industries such as fishing are also part of Norway's economy.
Stone Age (before 1700 BC)
When most of the ice disappeared, vegetation spread over the landscape and due to a warm climate around 2000-3000 BC. the forest grew much taller than in modern times. Land uplift after the ice age led to a number of fjords becoming lakes and dry land. The first people probably came from the south along the coast of the Kattegat and overland into Finnmark from the east. The first people probably lived by gathering, hunting and trapping. A good number of Stone Age settlements have been found which show that such hunting and trapping people stayed for a long time in the same place or returned to the same place regularly. Large amounts of gnawed bones show that they lived on, among other things, reindeer, elk, small game and fish.
Flintstone was imported from Denmark and apart from small natural deposits along the southern coast, all flintstone in Norway is transported by people. At Espevær, greenstone was quarried for tools in the Stone Age, and greenstone tools from Espevær have been found over large parts of Western Norway. Around 2000-3000 BC the usual farm animals such as cows and sheep were introduced to Norway. Livestock probably meant a fundamental change in society in that part of the people had to be permanent residents or live a semi-nomadic life. Livestock farming may also have led to conflict with hunters.
The oldest traces of people in what is today Norway have been found at Pauler , a farm in Brunlanes in Larvik municipality in Vestfold . In 2007 and 2008, the farm has given its name to a number of Stone Age settlements that have been excavated and examined by archaeologists from the Cultural History Museum at UiO. The investigations have been carried out in connection with the new route for the E18 motorway west of Farris. The oldest settlement, located more than 127 m above sea level, is dated to be about 10,400 years old (uncalibrated, more than 11,000 years in real calendar years). From here, the ice sheet was perhaps visible when people settled here. This locality has been named Pauler I, and is today considered to be the oldest confirmed human traces in Norway to date. The place is in the mountains above the Pauler tunnel on the E18 between Larvik and Porsgrunn . The pioneer settlement is a term archaeologists have adopted for the oldest settlement. The archaeologists have speculated about where they came from, the first people in what is today Norway. It has been suggested that they could come by boat or perhaps across the ice from Doggerland or the North Sea, but there is now a large consensus that they came north along what is today the Bohuslän coast. The Fosna culture , the Komsa culture and the Nøstvet culture are the traditional terms for hunting cultures from the Stone Age. One thing is certain - getting to the water was something they mastered, the first people in our country. Therefore, within a short time they were able to use our entire long coast.
In the New Stone Age (4000 BC–1700 BC) there is a theory that a new people immigrated to the country, the so-called Stone Ax People . Rock carvings from this period show motifs from hunting and fishing , which were still important industries. From this period, a megalithic tomb has been found in Østfold .
It is uncertain whether there were organized societies or state-like associations in the Stone Age in Norway. Findings from settlements indicate that many lived together and that this was probably more than one family so that it was a slightly larger, organized herd.
Finnmark
In prehistoric times, animal husbandry and agriculture were of little economic importance in Finnmark. Livelihoods in Finnmark were mainly based on fish, gathering, hunting and trapping, and eventually domestic reindeer herding became widespread in the Middle Ages. Archaeological finds from the Stone Age have been referred to as the Komsa culture and comprise around 5,000 years of settlement. Finnmark probably got its first settlement around 8000 BC. It is believed that the coastal areas became ice-free 11,000 years BC and the fjord areas around 9,000 years BC. after which willows, grass, heather, birch and pine came into being. Finnmarksvidda was covered by pine forest around 6000 BC. After the Ice Age, the land rose around 80 meters in the inner fjord areas (Alta, Tana, Varanger). Due to ice melting in the polar region, the sea rose in the period 6400–3800 BC. and in areas with little land elevation, some settlements from the first part of the Stone Age were flooded. On Sørøya, the net sea level rise was 12 to 14 meters and many residential areas were flooded.
According to Bjørnar Olsen , there are many indications of a connection between the oldest settlement in Western Norway (the " Fosnakulturen ") and that in Finnmark, but it is uncertain in which direction the settlement took place. In the earliest part of the Stone Age, settlement in Finnmark was probably concentrated in the coastal areas, and these only reflected a lifestyle with great mobility and no permanent dwellings. The inner regions, such as Pasvik, were probably used seasonally. The archaeologically proven settlements from the Stone Age in inner Finnmark and Troms are linked to lakes and large watercourses. The oldest petroglyphs in Alta are usually dated to 4200 BC, that is, the Neolithic . Bjørnar Olsen believes that the oldest can be up to 2,000 years older than this.
From around 4000 BC a slow deforestation of Finnmark began and around 1800 BC the vegetation distribution was roughly the same as in modern times. The change in vegetation may have increased the distance between the reindeer's summer and winter grazing. The uplift continued slowly from around 4000 BC. at the same time as sea level rise stopped.
According to Gutorm Gjessing, the settlement in Finnmark and large parts of northern Norway in the Neolithic was semi-nomadic with movement between four seasonal settlements (following the pattern of life in Sami siida in historical times): On the outer coast in summer (fishing and seal catching) and inland in winter (hunting for reindeer, elk and bear). Povl Simonsen believed instead that the winter residence was in the inner fjord area in a village-like sod house settlement. Bjørnar Olsen believes that at the end of the Stone Age there was a relatively settled population along the coast, while inland there was less settlement and a more mobile lifestyle.
Bronze Age (1700 BC–500 BC)
Bronze was used for tools in Norway from around 1500 BC. Bronze is a mixture of tin and copper , and these metals were introduced because they were not mined in the country at the time. Bronze is believed to have been a relatively expensive material. The Bronze Age in Norway can be divided into two phases:
Early Bronze Age (1700–1100 BC)
Younger Bronze Age (1100–500 BC)
For the prehistoric (unwritten) era, there is limited knowledge about social conditions and possible state formations. From the Bronze Age, there are large burial mounds of stone piles along the coast of Vestfold and Agder, among others. It is likely that only chieftains or other great men could erect such grave monuments and there was probably some form of organized society linked to these. In the Bronze Age, society was more organized and stratified than in the Stone Age. Then a rich class of chieftains emerged who had close connections with southern Scandinavia. The settlements became more permanent and people adopted horses and ard . They acquired bronze status symbols, lived in longhouses and people were buried in large burial mounds . Petroglyphs from the Bronze Age indicate that humans practiced solar cultivation.
Finnmark
In the last millennium BC the climate became cooler and the pine forest disappears from the coast; pine forests, for example, were only found in the innermost part of the Altafjord, while the outer coast was almost treeless. Around the year 0, the limit for birch forest was south of Kirkenes. Animals with forest habitats (elk, bear and beaver) disappeared and the reindeer probably established their annual migration routes sometime at that time. In the period 1800–900 BC there were significantly more settlements in and utilization of the hinterland was particularly noticeable on Finnmarksvidda. From around 1800 BC until year 0 there was a significant increase in contact between Finnmark and areas in the east including Karelia (where metals were produced including copper) and central and eastern Russia. The youngest petroglyphs in Alta show far more boats than the earlier phases and the boats are reminiscent of types depicted in petroglyphs in southern Scandinavia. It is unclear what influence southern Scandinavian societies had as far north as Alta before the year 0. Many of the cultural features that are considered typical Sami in modern times were created or consolidated in the last millennium BC, this applies, among other things, to the custom of burying in brick chambers in stone urns. The Mortensnes burial ground may have been used for 2000 years until around 1600 AD.
Iron Age (c. 500 BC–c. 1050 AD)
The Einangsteinen is one of the oldest Norwegian runestones; it is from the 4th century
Simultaneous production of Vikings
Around 500 years BC the researchers reckon that the Bronze Age will be replaced by the Iron Age as iron takes over as the most important material for weapons and tools. Bronze, wood and stone were still used. Iron was cheaper than bronze, easier to work than flint , and could be used for many purposes; iron probably became common property. Iron could, among other things, be used to make solid and sharp axes which made it much easier to fell trees. In the Iron Age, gold and silver were also used partly for decoration and partly as means of payment. It is unknown which language was used in Norway before our era. From around the year 0 until around the year 800, everyone in Scandinavia (except the Sami) spoke Old Norse , a North Germanic language. Subsequently, several different languages developed in this area that were only partially mutually intelligible. The Iron Age is divided into several periods:
Early Iron Age
Pre-Roman Iron Age (c. 500 BC–c. 0)
Roman Iron Age (c. 0–c. AD 400)
Migration period (approx. 400–600). In the migration period (approx. 400–600), new peoples came to Norway, and ruins of fortress buildings etc. are interpreted as signs that there has been talk of a violent invasion.
Younger Iron Age
Merovingian period (500–800)
The Viking Age (793–1066)
Norwegian Vikings go on plundering expeditions and trade voyages around the coastal countries of Western Europe . Large groups of Norwegians emigrate to the British Isles , Iceland and Greenland . Harald Hårfagre starts a unification process of Norway late in the 8th century , which was completed by Harald Hardråde in the 1060s . The country was Christianized under the kings Olav Tryggvason , fell in the battle of Svolder ( 1000 ) and Olav Haraldsson (the saint), fell in the battle of Stiklestad in 1030 .
Sources of prehistoric times
Shrinking glaciers in the high mountains, including in Jotunheimen and Breheimen , have from around the year 2000 uncovered objects from the Viking Age and earlier. These are objects of organic material that have been preserved by the ice and that elsewhere in nature are broken down in a few months. The finds are getting older as the melting makes the archaeologists go deeper into the ice. About half of all archaeological discoveries on glaciers in the world are made in Oppland . In 2013, a 3,400-year-old shoe and a robe from the year 300 were found. Finds at Lomseggen in Lom published in 2020 revealed, among other things, well-preserved horseshoes used on a mountain pass. Many hundreds of items include preserved clothing, knives, whisks, mittens, leather shoes, wooden chests and horse equipment. A piece of cloth dated to the year 1000 has preserved its original colour. In 2014, a wooden ski from around the year 700 was found in Reinheimen . The ski is 172 cm long and 14 cm wide, with preserved binding of leather and wicker.
Pytheas from Massalia is the oldest known account of what was probably the coast of Norway, perhaps somewhere on the coast of Møre. Pytheas visited Britannia around 325 BC. and traveled further north to a country by the "Ice Sea". Pytheas described the short summer night and the midnight sun farther north. He wrote, among other things, that people there made a drink from grain and honey. Caesar wrote in his work about the Gallic campaign about the Germanic tribe Haruders. Other Roman sources around the year 0 mention the land of the Cimbri (Jutland) and the Cimbri headlands ( Skagen ) and that the sources stated that Cimbri and Charyds lived in this area. Some of these peoples may have immigrated to Norway and there become known as hordes (as in Hordaland). Sources from the Mediterranean area referred to the islands of Scandia, Scandinavia and Thule ("the outermost of all islands"). The Roman historian Tacitus wrote around the year 100 a work about Germania and mentioned the people of Scandia, the Sviones. Ptolemy wrote around the year 150 that the Kharudes (Hordes) lived further north than all the Cimbri, in the north lived the Finnoi (Finns or Sami) and in the south the Gutai (Goths). The Nordic countries and Norway were outside the Roman Empire , which dominated Europe at the time. The Gothic-born historian Jordanes wrote in the 5th century about 13 tribes or people groups in Norway, including raumaricii (probably Romerike ), ragnaricii ( Ranrike ) and finni or skretefinni (skrid finner or ski finner, i.e. Sami) as well as a number of unclear groups. Prokopios wrote at the same time about Thule north of the land of the Danes and Slavs, Thule was ten times as big as Britannia and the largest of all the islands. In Thule, the sun was up 40 days straight in the summer. After the migration period , southern Europeans' accounts of northern Europe became fuller and more reliable.
Settlement in prehistoric times
Norway has around 50,000 farms with their own names. Farm names have persisted for a long time, over 1000 years, perhaps as much as 2000 years. The name researchers have arranged different types of farm names chronologically, which provides a basis for determining when the place was used by people or received a permanent settlement. Uncompounded landscape names such as Haug, Eid, Vik and Berg are believed to be the oldest. Archaeological traces indicate that some areas have been inhabited earlier than assumed from the farm name. Burial mounds also indicate permanent settlement. For example, the burial ground at Svartelva in Løten was used from around the year 0 to the year 1000 when Christianity took over. The first farmers probably used large areas for inland and outland, and new farms were probably established based on some "mother farms". Names such as By (or Bø) show that it is an old place of residence. From the older Iron Age, names with -heim (a common Germanic word meaning place of residence) and -stad tell of settlement, while -vin and -land tell of the use of the place. Farm names in -heim are often found as -um , -eim or -em as in Lerum and Seim, there are often large farms in the center of the village. New farm names with -city and -country were also established in the Viking Age . The first farmers probably used the best areas. The largest burial grounds, the oldest archaeological finds and the oldest farm names are found where the arable land is richest and most spacious.
It is unclear whether the settlement expansion in Roman times, migrations and the Iron Age is due to immigration or internal development and population growth. Among other things, it is difficult to demonstrate where in Europe the immigrants have come from. The permanent residents had both fields (where grain was grown) and livestock that grazed in the open fields, but it is uncertain which of these was more important. Population growth from around the year 200 led to more utilization of open land, for example in the form of settlements in the mountains. During the migration period, it also seems that in parts of the country it became common to have cluster gardens or a form of village settlement.
Norwegian expansion northwards
From around the year 200, there was a certain migration by sea from Rogaland and Hordaland to Nordland and Sør-Troms. Those who moved settled down as a settled Iron Age population and became dominant over the original population which may have been Sami . The immigrant Norwegians, Bumen , farmed with livestock that were fed inside in the winter as well as some grain cultivation and fishing. The northern border of the Norwegians' settlement was originally at the Toppsundet near Harstad and around the year 500 there was a Norwegian settlement to Malangsgapet. That was as far north as it was possible to grow grain at the time. Malangen was considered the border between Hålogaland and Finnmork until around 1400 . Further into the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, there was immigration and settlement of Norwegian speakers along the coast north of Malangen. Around the year 800, Norwegians lived along the entire outer coast to Vannøy . The Norwegians partly copied Sami livelihoods such as whaling, fur hunting and reindeer husbandry. It was probably this area between Malangen and Vannøy that was Ottar from the Hålogaland area. In the Viking Age, there were also some Norwegian settlements further north and east. East of the North Cape are the scattered archaeological finds of Norwegian settlement in the Viking Age. There are Norwegian names for fjords and islands from the Viking Age, including fjord names with "-anger". Around the year 1050, there were Norwegian settlements on the outer coast of Western Finnmark. Traders and tax collectors traveled even further.
North of Malangen there were Norse farming settlements in the Iron Age. Malangen was considered Finnmark's western border until 1300. There are some archaeological traces of Norse activity around the coast from Tromsø to Kirkenes in the Viking Age. Around Tromsø, the research indicates a Norse/Sami mixed culture on the coast.
From the year 1100 and the next 200–300 years, there are no traces of Norwegian settlement north and east of Tromsø. It is uncertain whether this is due to depopulation, whether it is because the Norwegians further north were not Christianized or because there were no churches north of Lenvik or Tromsø . Norwegian settlement in the far north appears from sources from the 14th century. In the Hanseatic period , the settlement was developed into large areas specialized in commercial fishing, while earlier (in the Viking Age) there had been farms with a combination of fishing and agriculture. In 1307 , a fortress and the first church east of Tromsø were built in Vardø . Vardø became a small Norwegian town, while Vadsø remained Sami. Norwegian settlements and churches appeared along the outermost coast in the Middle Ages. After the Reformation, perhaps as a result of a decline in fish stocks or fish prices, there were Norwegian settlements in the inner fjord areas such as Lebesby in Laksefjord. Some fishing villages at the far end of the coast were abandoned for good. In the interior of Finnmark, there was no national border for a long time and Kautokeino and Karasjok were joint Norwegian-Swedish areas with strong Swedish influence. The border with Finland was established in 1751 and with Russia in 1826.
On a Swedish map from 1626, Norway's border is indicated at Malangen, while Sweden with this map showed a desire to control the Sami area which had been a common area.
The term Northern Norway only came into use at the end of the 19th century and administratively the area was referred to as Tromsø Diocese when Tromsø became a bishopric in 1840. There had been different designations previously: Hålogaland originally included only Helgeland and when Norse settlement spread north in the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, Hålogaland was used for the area north approximately to Malangen , while Finnmark or "Finnmarken", "the land of the Sami", lay outside. The term Northern Norway was coined at a cafe table in Kristiania in 1884 by members of the Nordlændingernes Forening and was first commonly used in the interwar period as it eventually supplanted "Hålogaland".
State formation
The battle in Hafrsfjord in the year 872 has long been regarded as the day when Norway became a kingdom. The year of the battle is uncertain (may have been 10-20 years later). The whole of Norway was not united in that battle: the process had begun earlier and continued a couple of hundred years later. This means that the geographical area became subject to a political authority and became a political unit. The geographical area was perceived as an area as it is known, among other things, from Ottar from Hålogaland's account for King Alfred of Wessex around the year 880. Ottar described "the land of the Norwegians" as very long and narrow, and it was narrowest in the far north. East of the wasteland in the south lay Sveoland and in the north lay Kvenaland in the east. When Ottar sailed south along the land from his home ( Malangen ) to Skiringssal, he always had Norway ("Nordveg") on his port side and the British Isles on his starboard side. The journey took a good month. Ottar perceived "Nordveg" as a geographical unit, but did not imply that it was a political unit. Ottar separated Norwegians from Swedes and Danes. It is unclear why Ottar perceived the population spread over such a large area as a whole. It is unclear whether Norway as a geographical term or Norwegians as the name of a ethnic group is the oldest. The Norwegians had a common language which in the centuries before Ottar did not differ much from the language of Denmark and Sweden.
According to Sverre Steen, it is unlikely that Harald Hårfagre was able to control this entire area as one kingdom. The saga of Harald was written 300 years later and at his death Norway was several smaller kingdoms. Harald probably controlled a larger area than anyone before him and at most Harald's kingdom probably included the coast from Trøndelag to Agder and Vestfold as well as parts of Viken . There were probably several smaller kingdoms of varying extent before Harald and some of these are reflected in traditional landscape names such as Ranrike and Ringerike . Landscape names of "-land" (Rogaland) and "-mark" (Hedmark) as well as names such as Agder and Sogn may have been political units before Harald.
According to Sverre Steen, the national assembly was completed at the earliest at the battle of Stiklestad in 1030 and the introduction of Christianity was probably a significant factor in the establishment of Norway as a state. Håkon I the good Adalsteinsfostre introduced the leasehold system where the "coastal land" (as far as the salmon went up the rivers) was divided into ship raiders who were to provide a longship with soldiers and supplies. The leidange was probably introduced as a defense against the Danes. The border with the Danes was traditionally at the Göta älv and several times before and after Harald Hårfagre the Danes had control over central parts of Norway.
Christianity was known and existed in Norway before Olav Haraldson's time. The spread occurred both from the south (today's Denmark and northern Germany) and from the west (England and Ireland). Ansgar of Bremen , called the "Apostle of the North", worked in Sweden, but he was never in Norway and probably had little influence in the country. Viking expeditions brought the Norwegians of that time into contact with Christian countries and some were baptized in England, Ireland and northern France. Olav Tryggvason and Olav Haraldson were Vikings who returned home. The first Christians in Norway were also linked to pre-Christian local religion, among other things, by mixing Christian symbols with symbols of Odin and other figures from Norse religion.
According to Sverre Steen, the introduction of Christianity in Norway should not be perceived as a nationwide revival. At Mostratinget, Christian law was introduced as law in the country and later incorporated into the laws of the individual jurisdictions. Christianity primarily involved new forms in social life, among other things exposure and images of gods were prohibited, it was forbidden to "put out" unwanted infants (to let them die), and it was forbidden to have multiple wives. The church became a nationwide institution with a special group of officials tasked with protecting the church and consolidating the new religion. According to Sverre Steen, Christianity and the church in the Middle Ages should therefore be considered together, and these became a new unifying factor in the country. The church and Christianity linked Norway to Roman Catholic Europe with Church Latin as the common language, the same time reckoning as the rest of Europe and the church in Norway was arranged much like the churches in Denmark, Sweden and England. Norway received papal approval in 1070 and became its own church province in 1152 with Archbishop Nidaros .
With Christianity, the country got three social powers: the peasants (organized through the things), the king with his officials and the church with the clergy. The things are the oldest institution: At allthings all armed men had the right to attend (in part an obligation to attend) and at lagthings met emissaries from an area (that is, the lagthings were representative assemblies). The Thing both ruled in conflicts and established laws. The laws were memorized by the participants and written down around the year 1000 or later in the Gulationsloven , Frostatingsloven , Eidsivatingsloven and Borgartingsloven . The person who had been successful at the hearing had to see to the implementation of the judgment themselves.
Early Middle Ages (1050s–1184)
The early Middle Ages is considered in Norwegian history to be the period between the end of the Viking Age around 1050 and the coronation of King Sverre in 1184 . The beginning of the period can be dated differently, from around the year 1000 when the Christianization of the country took place and up to 1100 when the Viking Age was over from an archaeological point of view. From 1035 to 1130 it was a time of (relative) internal peace in Norway, even several of the kings attempted campaigns abroad, including in 1066 and 1103 .
During this period, the church's organization was built up. This led to a gradual change in religious customs. Religion went from being a domestic matter to being regulated by common European Christian law and the royal power gained increased power and influence. Slavery (" servitude ") was gradually abolished. The population grew rapidly during this period, as the thousands of farm names ending in -rud show.
The urbanization of Norway is a historical process that has slowly but surely changed Norway from the early Viking Age to today, from a country based on agriculture and sea salvage, to increasingly trade and industry. As early as the ninth century, the country got its first urban community, and in the eleventh century we got the first permanent cities.
In the 1130s, civil war broke out . This was due to a power struggle and that anyone who claimed to be the king's son could claim the right to the throne. The disputes escalated into extensive year-round warfare when Sverre Sigurdsson started a rebellion against the church's and the landmen's candidate for the throne , Magnus Erlingsson .
Emergence of cities
The oldest Norwegian cities probably emerged from the end of the 9th century. Oslo, Bergen and Nidaros became episcopal seats, which stimulated urban development there, and the king built churches in Borg , Konghelle and Tønsberg. Hamar and Stavanger became new episcopal seats and are referred to in the late 12th century as towns together with the trading places Veøy in Romsdal and Kaupanger in Sogn. In the late Middle Ages, Borgund (on Sunnmøre), Veøy (in Romsdalsfjorden) and Vågan (in Lofoten) were referred to as small trading places. Urbanization in Norway occurred in few places compared to the neighboring countries, only 14 places appear as cities before 1350. Stavanger became a bishopric around 1120–1130
Mingle Media TV and Red Carpet Report host Ine Iversen were invited to cover the premiere screening of Amazon Studios' First Original Hour-Long Drama Series, Bosch, at Hollywood’s Cinerama Dome and stay for the screening and after party.
All ten episodes will be available to stream on Friday, February 13 only on Amazon Prime Instant Video in the US, UK and Germany.
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About Amazon Studios’ Bosch
Based on Michael Connelly’s internationally best-selling Harry Bosch book series with nearly 50 million copies sold,Bosch follows relentless LAPD homicide detective Harry Bosch as he pursues the killer of a 13-year-old boy while standing trial in federal court on accusations that he murdered a suspected killer in cold blood. Primarily based on elements from Connelly’s books City of Bones (2002), The Concrete Blonde (1994) and Echo Park (2006), Bosch’s investigation takes on a life and death urgency when a killer who has confessed to the boy’s murder escapes custody and begins a murderous rampage across Los Angeles. He and the killer are locked in a cat and mouse game, with the killer taunting Bosch as the investigation turns deeply personal. The case unearths Bosch’s buried past as well as entangling his ex-wife and 14-year-old daughter. The season takes the viewer through back streets and neighborhoods of Los Angeles rarely seen on-screen.
www.amazon.com/Chapter-One-Tis-the-Season/dp/B00I3MMLHC
About Amazon Studios
Amazon Studios launched in 2010 as a new way to develop feature films and episodic series—one that’s open to great ideas from creators and audiences around the world. Last year Amazon Studios launched its first two prime time series, Alpha House and Betas, and recently debuted its first three children’s series, the Annecy International Animated Film Festival Award-winning Tumble Leaf from Bix Pix Entertainment, as well as Creative Galaxy from Angela Santomero, the creator of Blue’s Clues, and Annedroids, from Emmy nominated Sinking Ship Entertainment. Amazon Original Series are available exclusively to Prime members through Prime Instant Video. For more info, visit www.amazonstudios.com
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Mingle Media TV's Red Carpet Report host Ine Back Iversen were invited to come out to Secret Room Events Beauty Bar and Luxury Lounge at the W Hotel in Westwood honoring this year’s nominees and invited guests during Oscar Week in honor of the 87th Academy Awards.
Nominees in attendance were Anthony McCarten
(The Theory of Everything), Brent Burge (The Hobbit), Danielle Brisebois (Begin Again), David Lancaster (Whiplash),Dennis Liddiard (Foxcatcher), Armando Bo (Birdcatcher), Jason Canovas (The Hobbit), Julien Feret (Butter Lamp), Lisa Bruce (The Theory of Everything), Nissa Kashani (Parvaneh), Omar Dorsey (Selma), Orlando Von Eisiendel (Virunga), Paul Young (Song of the Sea), Robert Stromberg (Maleficent), Stefan Eichenberger (Parvaneh), Talkhon Hamzavi (Parvaneh), Tom Moore (Song of the Sea) and many more.
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The on-site INTERACTIVE BEAUTIFYING BAR offered guests gourmet food and beverages from H20 Bar/Boxed water is better, Waiakea and True Toniqs and beauty services by TONI&GUY® Hairdressing Academy, Makeup by artist Megan Cahill, Massage by Cecilia Alcala, Dial M for Makeup and Michelle Fong lash bar.
Also onsite were Secret Room Events Platinum and Gold sponsors who gifted guests the following:
Muller - amazing new Ice Cream Inspired creamy yogurt in four delectable flavors
Calorease - supplements that bind with fat from food to reduce up to 500 calories a day
Imperial Fine Books - leather bound sets and fine bindings in literature, history, poetry, children's and more
Gutsy Products - Gutsy Chewy promotes oral and digestive health with a proprietary blend of nature’s remedies
Ancestry.com - free memberships to access the world’s largest online history resource
Revitalash - famous eyelash and eyebrow products to help enhance your natural beauty
Guests also enjoyed gifts from Silver sponsors Testa Wines of the World ltd, Nuwati Herbals, Lady Ease,
Belli Vita, Night Fox Jewelry, Alphabet Kids, Our Angels, Fiber Choice, Fun Toys, Hipoglos, No Mo "O” and To Be A Woman.
Secret Room Events Beauty Bar and Luxury Lounge benefited OMICS Live! Which takes high school students on an engaging career exploring process behind the scenes at businesses and events. www.fashionomicslive.com
VIP GIFT BAGS were given to guests filled with gifts from Uzurii, Xtend-Life Natural Products, Taymor, Little Remedies, LadyBurg, Bluefish Sport, OPI, Estevia Parfum, Mack and Jane Jewelry, Justins, Murad, Single Cup Coffee, Biscuit for Your Thoughts, New Braiding Handbook, Elizabeth Jane Swimwear, Natures Jeannie, Lansinoh, 2UNDR, Old Dutch Co., Pink Spot Vapors, Good Earth, Judi Cakes, Nubru Coffee, The Invisible Chef, Sierra Sage Herbs, Rusk, Life Choice, Waiakea Springs, LeTarte, Sprinkles Magazine, Huit, Freya, Snack It Forward, Deborah Marquit, Wireless Solutions LLC, Estevia Perfume, Sir Richards and Kuzma Designs.
ABOUT SECRET ROOM EVENTS
Secret Room Events produces exclusive gift lounges and gift bags surrounding major awards shows. Secret Room Events was voted top gift suite by Huffington Post, featured in the LA Times, Washington Post, Access Hollywood, E!, OK!, HGTV, Frontdoor.com and many more. For more info please contact Amy by email at: amy@secretroomevents.com or Visit their website www.secretroomevents.com
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Mingle Media TV's Red Carpet Report team were invited to cover the Divergent Premiere Red Carpet at the Regency Bruin Theatre in Westwood, CA. Fans were lined up along the red carpet with signs filled with excitement for this movie which will be in theaters and IMAX March 21.
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DIVERGENT is a thrilling action-adventure film set in a world where people are divided into distinct factions based on human virtues. Tris Prior (Shailene Woodley) is warned she is Divergent and will never fit into any one group. When she discovers a conspiracy by a faction leader (Kate Winslet) to destroy all Divergents, Tris must learn to trust in the mysterious Four (Theo James) and together they must find out what makes being Divergent so dangerous before it's too late. Based on the best-selling book series by Veronica Roth. divergentthemovie.com/#tickets
Get the soundtrack here!
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K's often been frustrated with me at my difficulty understanding her when she's talking, especially in noisy environments. So we went in to Oregon City to see the ENT and Audiologist.
The audiologist subjected me to three different tests and this is the result of one of them. He explained that this is what listening to rock concerts (and other sustained loud noises) will do to your hearing. Because this is a log chart, it reveals that sounds at 2000-4000 Hz frequencies are 100 to 1000 times fainter for me than they are for K (her report has a straight line at the 10dB level at these frequencies).
I can distinguish words well in a quiet room, fortunately.
Apparently this type of damage is hard to help with hearing aids, and the damage is significant, so I can't manage much more reduction in hearing ability without starting to have a real problem. The audiologist and ENT both warned me to always use ear protection for any loud environment (concerts, even a single cut on the table saw, mowing the lawn).
Mingle Media TV and Red Carpet Report host Stephanie Pressman were invited to cover the NBC "Community” event at PaleyFest 2014 with a red carpet and LIVE streamed panel with cast and creators at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood.
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About Community on NBC
It’s been said that community college is a “halfway school” for losers, a self-esteem workshop for newly divorced housewives, and a place where old people go to keep their minds active as they circle the drain of eternity. Well, at Greendale Community College…that’s all true. Community focuses on a band of misfits, at the center of which is a fast-talkin’ lawyer whose degree has been revoked (Joel McHale, The Soup). They form a study group and, in “Breakfast Club” fashion, end up learning a lot more about themselves than they do about their course work.
About The Paley Center for Media:
The Paley Center for Media seeks to preserve the past, illuminate the present, and envision the future through the lens of media. With the nation’s foremost public archive of television, radio, and Internet programming, the Paley Center produces programs and forums for the public, industry professionals, thought leaders, and the creative community to explore the evolving ways in which we create, consume, and share news and entertainment. The Paley Center for Media was founded in 1975 by William S. Paley, a pioneering innovator in the industry. For more information, please visit www.paleycenter.org.
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Mingle Media TV and Red Carpet Report host Rachel Greninger were on the red carpet interviewing nominees and guests at the 20th Annual Art Directors Guild Excellence in Production Design Awards hosted by comedian Owen Benjamin on Sunday, January 31 at The Beverly Hilton.
Honored
Josh Brolin presented the Art Directors Guild (ADG, IATSE Local 800) Cinematic Imagery Award to Oscar-nominated filmmaker David O. Russell.
Inducted into the Art Directors Guild (ADG) Hall of Fame
Oscar and Emmy-winning Production Designer Carmen Dillon, Emmy-winning Production Designer and Illustrator Dorothea Holt Redmond, Oscar-nominated and Emmy-winning Production and Costume Designer Patricia Norris, and Art Director and Set Designer Dianne Wager
Lifetime Achievement Award Winners
Scenic Artist Bill Anderson, Oscar-nominated Matte Artist Harrison Ellenshaw, Set Designer William J. Newmon, II and Emmy® and Oscar-winning Production Designer Patrizia von Brandenstein
Presenters
This year’s award presenters included Bryan Cranston (Trumbo), Jennifer Jason Leigh (The Hateful Eight), LL Cool J, Anthony Anderson (Black-ish), Amy Landecker (Transparent), Aubrey Plaza (Dirty Grandpa), Will Forte (The Last Man On Earth), Kunal Nayyar (The Big Bang Theory), Jaime Pressly (Mom), Niecy Nash (Getting On, Scream Queens), Thomas Middleditch (Silicon Valley) and O’Shea Jackson Jr. (Straight Outta Compton).
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ABOUT THE ART DIRECTORS GUILD
The Art Directors Guild (IATSE Local 800) represents 2,300 members who work throughout the United States, Canada and the rest of the world in film, television and theater as Production Designers, Art Directors, Assistant Art Directors; Scenic, Title and Graphic Artists; Illustrators and Matte Artists; Set Designers and Model Makers; and Previs Artists. Established in 1937, the ADG's ongoing activities include a Film Society, an annual Awards Banquet, a creative/technology community (5D: The Future of Immersive Design), a bimonthly craft magazine (Perspective); and extensive technology-training programs, figure drawing and other creative workshops and year-round Gallery 800 art exhibitions. The Guild's Online Directory/Website Resource is at www.adg.org. Connect with the Art Directors Guild and the #ADGawards on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.
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Mingle Media TV and Red Carpet Report host Ine Iversen were invited to cover the World Premiere of Disney’s “ Cinderella,” at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood. This new live-action feature directed by Kenneth Branagh is inspired by the classic fairy tale, “Cinderella” and brings to life the timeless images from Disney’s 1950 animated masterpiece as fully-realized characters in a visually-dazzling spectacle for a whole new generation.
“Cinderella” will be released through Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures on March 13, 2015.
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About Cinderella
The story of “Cinderella” follows the fortunes of young Ella (Lily James) whose merchant father remarries following the death of her mother. Eager to support her loving father, Ella welcomes her new Stepmother (Cate Blanchett) and her daughters Anastasia (Holliday Grainger) and Drisella (Sophie McShera) into the family home. But, when Ella’s father unexpectedly passes away, she finds herself at the mercy of a jealous and cruel new family. When Ella meets a dashing stranger in the woods, unaware that he is really the Prince (Richard Madden) and not merely Kit, an apprentice at the palace, she believes she has finally found a kindred soul. Meanwhile, the calculating Grand Duke (Stellan Skarsgård) devises a plan to thwart the Prince’s hopes of reuniting with Ella and enlists the support of the devious Stepmother. But, as in all good fairy tales, help is at hand. Soon, a kindly beggar woman (Helena Bonham Carter) steps forward and, armed with a pumpkin, a few mice and a magic wand, changes Cinderella’s life forever.
Directed by Academy Award® nominee Kenneth Branagh (“Thor,” “Hamlet”) and starring two-time Academy Award winner Cate Blanchett (“Blue Jasmine,” “Elizabeth”), Lily James (“Downton Abbey”), Richard Madden (“Game of Thrones”) and Academy Award nominee Helena Bonham Carter (“The King’s Speech,” “Alice in Wonderland”), “Cinderella” is produced by Simon Kinberg (“X-Men: Days of Future Past,” “Elysium”), Allison Shearmur (“The Hunger Games: Mockingjay, Part 1”) and David Barron (“Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1”) with Tim Lewis (“Edge of Tomorrow”) serving as executive producer. The screenplay is by Chris Weitz (“About a Boy,” “The Golden Compass”).
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Mingle Media TV's Red Carpet Report host Ashley Bornancin were invited to come out to meet the cast of the Disney Channel's new comedy "I Didn't Do It" at Hollywood Center Studios, Stage 11. This new series follows five best friends as they take on their freshman year of high school one crazy adventure after another, and stars popular actress Olivia Holt ("Kickin' It," "Girl vs. Monsters") and newcomers Austin North, Piper Curda, Peyton Clark and Sarah Gilman.
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About I Didn't Do It
Disney Channel's upcoming buddy-comedy "I Didn't Do It" follows fraternal twin sister and brother Lindy and Logan who, along with their three best friends, Jasmine, Garrett and Delia – take on their freshman year of high school together, one outrageous adventure after another. Each episode begins with the close-knit group in the midst of an insane occurrence; something incredible, something so comically absurd, it has them trying to explain away the craziness. Through a series of flashbacks, the five best friends recount the various and sometimes random moments leading up to their present predicament.
Series Premieres on The Disney Channel January 17th!
Follow on Facebook at www.facebook.com/DisneyChannel
Watch on the Disney Channel and find out more here disneychannel.disney.com
The series was created by Todd Himmel ("90210," "The Starter Wife") and Josh Silverstein ("So Random!") and is executive-produced by Himmel and Judd Pilot ("According to Jim," "Dog With A Blog") and co-executive produced by Rob Lotterstein ("Shake It Up"). Josh Silverstein is Supervising Producer. "I Didn't Do It" is a production of It's a Laugh Productions, Inc. It carries a TV-G parental guideline.
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Deputy Director of the Monetary and Capital Markets Department Fabio Natalucci, Global Head and Director of Climate Business of the IFC Vivek Pathak, Managing Director and Head of Sustainable Finance, Global Policy Initiatives at IIF Sonja Gibbs, and Head of Climate Change at IDB Invest Hilen Meirovich take part in the Global Financial Stability Report: Analytical Chapter 2 Launch Event moderated by Justin Worland, Senior Correspondent for TIME Magazine, during the 2022 Annual Meetings take place at the International Monetary Fund.
IMF Photo/Cory Hancock
7 October 2022
Washington, DC, United States
Photo ref: CH221007007.arw
on the holy cards lots of ESCARCHAS
it happened this morning 7/30/12 affter the 6am rosary
Scientific Study Claimed To Yield No Clue As To Composition Of Mysterious 'Glitter'
[In many parts of the world or at least the West, those involved in devotional and charismatic practices have asserted that at times a strange "glitter" falls, like decorative manna. This is a particularly difficult phenomenon to accept in the way of its strangeness and glitziness, although it was reported during the apparitions at Fatima, Portugal, during 1917 in an ephemeral form which soon vanished, leaving no material.]
The glitter reported in some parts of the world allegedly remains as a physical manifestation. While remaining open we warn that the materialization of any such thing can be occult, and so we place that as input for discernment. At the same time, Christians across denominations have been reporting both the glitter and "gold dust" during especially poignant spiritual moments. The alleged phenomenon is prevalent in South America, particularly Venezuela -- including the approved apparition site of Betania -- as well as the Miami area.
In Latin America it is known as "escarchas." Below we present an article translated by former monk Allan Weilart from a Spanish article entitled, "La Gracia de las Escarchas" or "The Grace of the Escarchas," including scientific tests of the "glitter." The article, from a while back, was translated from the official website of the convent at Carrizal, Venezuela where, along with all the houses of the same community in Venezuela, "escarchas" were said fall from "Heaven" during daily Mass. We submit it unedited for your strict discernment]:
"The Grace of Escarchas"
translated from the Spanish:
The theme of escarchas has become a controversial topic for certain people, some lend absolute credibility to them, believing they are a sign that shows the presence and aid of the Most Holy Virgin, just as she affirmed it that day February 9, 1993, to Sister Mary Carmen. Others reject such a possibility and doubt, laughing it all off.
It is important to precisely touch on this theme with a certain latitude by noting that escarchas from Carrizal have been studied twice in different laboratories of the Central University of Venezuela.
The first study was carried out by the petition of the Sister Mary Clara, superior of the Servants of Jesus in Carrizal and by the Chief Engineer who was the intermediary with the UCV, since was he graduated from that university in the Faculty of Engineering and could help in that sense. The Laboratory of Special Studies of the School of Mechanical Engineering accepted the assignment and proceeded with a thorough a scientific investigation.
This study was carried out September 21 -- October 14, 1993. The samples were taken of escarchas which appeared on different days within the dates mentioned, in the monastery of Carrizal, as well as a sample of the escarchas which appeared the day following the first apparition so that those also could be analyzed.
So once they separated and placed the samples in test tubes. They were sealed airtight, to prevent the possibility of fraud, by order of the Chief Engineer. He was likewise present during the majority of the hours of study dedicated to the investigation. In this manner and under these conditions, were the escarchas delivered to the laboratory of the UCV.
It is interesting here to allude to an event which happened September 22, when at 9:00 AM, a doctor came to the laboratory and related that the previous day having listened on the origin of the escarchas, and having access to the laboratory, had secretly taken two of these escarchas to his two small children who had suffered from chronic asthma for some years.
He related that after having taken the escarchas home, the children unexpectedly suffered a severe asthma attack and expelled phlegm by coughing almost all night. They were cured when they awoke; the asthma had disappeared!
The laboratory continued its scientific examination of the escarchas, submitting them to study and observation, by viewing them in the microscope without processing and in the electron microscope without processing.
Then they were studied again in the microscope and in the electronic one, but this time with processing chemicals.
They were then submitted to different mechanical actions and to other various chemical processing and incinerated in a burning flame. The results were similar to the ones found in the second more comprehensive and exhaustive study.
This second study was carried out, with the consent of the Sister Mary Clara, with a much more extensive sample of escarchas, including industrial glitter, manufactured by man, in order to know the difference between them.
From among the escarchas that appeared from the Virgin were chosen samples from other convents in Venezuela in which this phenomenon had also taken place, including some collected during a conference of the Marian Movement of Priests on March 2, 1992.
The colors of the religious escarchas chosen for this scientific study, so-called to distinguish them from manufactured glitter were silver, gold, green, red, aquamarine, pink, and transparent.
They took the shapes of squares, rectangles, and hexagons. Their size was between 1 and 2 millimeters.
There was also golden dust collected. The circumstances of these appearance of escarchas was related to some of these situations: moments of anguish and pain, dedication to the Virgin, moments of prayer, and even without any particular reason: simply they appeared.
Some escarchas had appeared on the hands, others on the face; there were also taken from various parts of the body, and even some collected off bedspreads, off the cloths of the altar, or off the pews of the church. As for type of people they had been collected from: children, youths and adults, religious sisters, as well as laymen of both sexes.
This second study was initiated in October of 1994 and was finished in May of 1995. The thesis of the experiment had this title: "INVESTIGATION OF THE PRIVATE MATERIAL OF VARIOUS COLORS AND ITS COMPARISON WITH INDUSTRIAL GLITTER"
The religious escarchas taken of the samples chosen of the places already mentioned were submitted to the same experimental processing that the other man-made glitter, in order to compare the physiochemical characteristics of both types and to compare likewise the effects produced by subjugation of both groups to mechanical actions, incinerations by flame, chemical
processing, and other means.
The chemical processing both types of escarchas (religious and industrial glitter) were submitted successively to nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, isopropol alcohol, to NITAL (mixture of alcohol and nitric acid), to hydroxide of sodium, to benzol, to benzene, and to flurohydric acid. After being submitted to these chemical substances for periods that oscillated between 60 minutes and several days, they were examined by electron microscope.
Selected for this experiment was the laboratory of Physics of the Faculty of Sciences of the Central University, in which was located one of the better electron microscopes in Venezuela.
The results were carefully scrutinized by three professors and continuously monitored by the Licentiate in Biology, Gillermo Strap, of the Laboratory of Physics of the UCV. The conditions of the experiments and strict measures of scientific character were carefully followed.
These results can be summarized thus:
A.- Simple observation can differentiate the religious escarchas from man-made glitter in the following way: the religious ones have greater quantity of tones in its color. For example in glitter, they came three types of green tone and in the religious to seven types of that tone of
color can be observed. The religious escarchas are thin, light, and shine with apparently their own brightness; they do not reflect light shined on them in the same manner as does glitter. The religious escarchas adhere to any surface and it is difficult to remove them. They present two faces or surfaces, as the plant leaves: a "top" and "bottom" side.
On the other hand, manufactured glitter is rough; it feels sandy, without its own brightness, it dazzles when any light shines on it; it is not as adherent as escarchas, and they present two equal surfaces.
B - Observation with optic microscope, without processing the following differences can be found:
In the religious escarchas is observed the presence of protozoans or of green or various algae and blue or of diverse fungi, bubbles of air, water, and crystals. These elements always remained static, without activity, they seemed like fossils.
In the man-made glitter it is observed that besides having the two equal faces lack protozoans, fungi, algae and they do not contain anything organic in them.
C - Of the observation with electron microscope without processing, can be appreciated the following differences:
The escarchas are not metallic -- it is impossible to see them without first covering them with gold (does not apply with silver escarchas), in order visualize them with the detachment of the necessary secondary electrons to be able to view them through the electron microscope. They show they have a laminated structure. The edges are solid.
Glitter possesses half of the thickness of the religious escarchas; they are of plastic material and the mark of the cut of the machine is observed at the same junction, as if were a fingerprint. The edges are not solid.
D.- Of the observation of the frosts submitted to various chemical processing and then analyzed by optic microscope, can be appreciated these differences:
No differences were found when both groups were submitted to nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and distilled water.
But with isopropyl alcohol, the religious escarchas were not bleached, but the glitter was bleached 75 percent. With NITAL the religious escarchas remained stable while the glitter
suffered total discoloration, they diminished in size and developed pores, tracks, and bubbles of air.
With hydroxide of sodium the religious escarchas did not suffer alterations, while the glitter was reduced of size.
The test of acid fluorohydric acid turns out to be highly significant: the religious escarchas remained stable while the industrial glitter disappeared completely.
This last experiment shows that the religious escarchas are not metallic, neither they are of plastic, nor mica, nor resins. Their composition could not be determined. With the oxide of propylene the same thing was shown, although through this chemical substance, glitter suffered corrosion by its industrial nature, but not the religious escarchas.
E.- Of the observation of the frosts submitted to thermal procedure of flames and combustion is obtained these differences:
The religious frosts are bleached a little, but they increase their shine and do not leave any residual odor. The glitter is bleached completely; they lose the shine and they leave an irritating odor, noxious to the eyes and the throat. This scientific differential analysis is presented in order to present a clear conclusion that the phenomenon of escarchas cannot be so easily dismissed, as some have done, even to the point of laughter and mockery.
One can sin by negligence or omission, not only by action. It is a fact that from 1993 the phenomenon of escarchas has constantly increased and has reached in Venezuela such proportions that it cannot be ignored. This study can help in the comprehension of the reality of this phenomenon connected with the presence of the Virgin, just as she declared on February 9, 1993. Since the escarchas have become a phenomenon of incalculable proportions, the same one, the Most Holy Virgin deigned to deliver to a priest who desires to remain anonymous, the meaning of their colors.
I have here the message of the September 23, 1999:
Revelation About the Meaning of the Escarchas
In these times in which men feel self-satisfied and far away from my Son the
Lord, I want to declare in a humbler way, the message that I want to deliver
to them and to declare to them the meaning of the escarchas. The ones who
live in my heart are those who have been bought by the blood of my Son.
Therefore, prayer, sacrifice, reconciliation, and penitence are the weapons
with which are going to fight in the battle against Satan.
I want to announce to them the meaning of the colors of my frosts:
-- The silver: in them I show you the magnanimity of my heart. Ask me what you
want.
-- The golden: in them I incline toward the weak one; I am going to heal you
spiritually, physically, psychologically, morally.
-- The blue: in them I want to announce you my proximity. I am with you, I
have been present to you.
-- The green: they are a song so that open you to hope. I will act in the
favor of God. Hope in God.
-- The red: in times of trial you offer me a sacrifice; remember that I love
you.
-- The transparent: the road of humility is the path that leads to freedom. I
know those who are humble and simple
-- The aquamarines: is the road that is very treacherous and curved, I want
to tell you on that road, I will be with you.
To my children, who have been graced with my gifts, sprouted from the love
of my Son, and who are the sweetest fragrance of the Father, to all who
find shelter in His breast, I give my blessing in the name of the Father, of
the Son and of the Holy Spirit.
For your discernment only!
Designer: Shandong Provincial Office of the Population Census Leading Small Group, Qin Dahu, Jin Qingjin collective work (山东省人口普查领导小组办公室、亲大虎、靳庆金)
1982, March
It is the ultimate duty of every citizen to report truthfully the items of the census
Ru shi shenbao pucha xiangmu shi meige gongmin yingjinde yiwu (如实申报普查项目是每个公民应尽的义务)
Call nr.: PC-1982-002 (Private collection)
More? See: chineseposters.net
NO REPRO FEE 10/4/2013 UNICEF Ireland Report Card 11 Launch. Young people, from left, Jennifer Akandu (16) from Balbriggan, PJ Maguire (16) from Drumcondra and Clara Barry (16) from Killester joined Minister Children and Youth Affairs, Frances Fitzgerald TD, and Peter Power, Executive Director, UNICEF Ireland at the launch of Report Card 11, UNICEF's league table of child well being in developed countries. Ireland is the tenth best place in the world to be a child but UNICEF today warned that childhood must be protected during the economic downturn. Photo: Mark Stedman/Photocall Ireland
Country Road Scenic Drive! California Spring Wildflowers Superbloom Carrizo Plains National Monument! God Spilled the Paint Desert Wildflowers Super Bloom! Temblor Range! Elliot McGucken Fine Art Landscape & Nature Photography! Spring Flowers Superbloom!
Wikipedia reports on the Carrizo Plain National Monument: "Carrizo Plain National Monument
Aerial-SanAndreas-CarrizoPlain.jpg
Aerial view of the Carrizo Plain.
The San Andreas Fault is on the right.
Map showing the location of Carrizo Plain National Monument Map showing the location of Carrizo Plain National Monument
LocationSan Luis Obispo & Kern counties, California
Nearest cityCalifornia Valley, California
Coordinates35.1913582°N 119.7929080°W[1]Coordinates: 35.1913582°N 119.7929080°W[1]
Area246,812 acres (998.81 km2)[2]
EstablishedJanuary 17, 2001
Governing bodyBureau of Land Management
WebsiteCarrizo Plain National Monument
Carrizo Plain Rock Art Discontiguous District
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark District
Area1215
NRHP reference #01000509[3]
Significant dates
Added to NRHPMay 23, 2001
Designated NHLDMarch 2, 2012
"Superbloom" in the Temblor Range, April 2017
The Carrizo Plain is a large enclosed grassland plain, approximately 50 miles (80 km) long and up to 15 miles (24 km) across, in southeastern San Luis Obispo County, California, about 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Los Angeles.[4] It contains the 246,812-acre (99,881 ha)[2] Carrizo Plain National Monument, and it is the largest single native grassland remaining in California. It includes Painted Rock in the Carrizo Plain Rock Art Discontiguous District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 2012 it was further designated a National Historic Landmark due to its archeological value. The San Andreas Fault cuts across the plain."
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Ralph Waldo Emerson. The happiest man is he who learns from nature the lesson of worship.
Lucius Annaeus Seneca: On entering a temple we assume all signs of reverence. How much more reverent then should we be before the heavenly bodies, the stars, the very nature of God!
John Muir: All the wild world is beautiful, and it matters but little where we go, to highlands or lowlands, woods or plains, on the sea or land or down among the crystals of waves or high in a balloon in the sky; through all the climates, hot or cold, storms and calms, everywhere and always we are in God's eternal beauty and love. So universally true is this, the spot where we chance to be always seems the best.
Script:
U.P. Breaking News: K. I. Sawyer Latest KC-135 Emergency Landing/Raising Safety Concerns
The following exclusive information was not reported yet by Upper Peninsula TV stations and other media.
Many safety questions remain and a military plane is officially grounded after an emergency in the skies over Marquette County, Michigan on Tues. July 8, 2014
The emergency landing of a KC-135 refueling tanker is the latest in a series of similar hydraulic incidents involving the aging fleet of Milwaukee's 128th Air Refueling Wing, Upper Peninsula Breaking News has learned.
Veteran Investigative Reporter Greg Peterson has the story:
upperpeninsulabreakingnews.wordpress.com/2014/07/09/u-p-b...
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Essentially a flying gas station – this Air National Guard KC-135 is grounded – following an emergency that has happened at least 5 times in the past two years to KC 135 refueling tankers from the 128th Air Refueling Wing in Milwaukee.
That's right – at least 5 times in the past two years – a KC-135 from the 128th has developed hydraulic problems resulting in emergency landings at airports around the Midwest.
The tankers are all about 50 years old.
In fact in June 2013, a reporter for Milwaukee Television station WISN TV-12 investigated a rash of KC-135 emergency landings after hydraulic warning.
Upper Peninsula Breaking News called the 128th's public affairs office to verify this important safety problem.
With overcast skies, the three-member crew of this KC-135 declared a hydraulic emergency:
Chief Don Hutchens, Forsyth Township Volunteer Fire Department:
Emergency officials from across Marquette County responded to the plane's call for help – fearing it might crash while landing – which would have been catastrophic.
The KC -135 was among several planes from the 128th Refueling Wing that have been practicing touch and goes on K.I. Sawyer's long runways.
Now the Marquette County Airport, the once vibrant K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base was a Strategic Air Command base – constantly on alert - with bomber crews ready to fly in moments.
This reporter has had the pleasure of riding on two KC-135 Refueling Tankers – as show in this photo when I worked at WLUC TV-6 in Marquette.
We refueled F-16 Jets over Lake Huron.
Then this reporter became one of only a handful of civilians to ride aboard a B-52 Bomber – this while I did features stories for the Mining Journal newspaper.
I was given this official coin of the Sawyer bomber wing and a patch – after as 12-hour flight that included Fourth of July Parades and an airshow in Grand Rapids.
This reporter hopes the officials at Milwaukee's 128th Air Refueling Wing get to the bottom of this hydraulic issues before there is a tragedy – as the large number of emergencies on this flying gas station is scary to all involved.
Greg Peterson, Upper Peninsula Breaking News
Milwaukee's 128th Air Refueling Wing
Public Affairs Office
414-944-8715
128 HQ/Public Affairs
mailto:128HQ.PublicAffairs@ang.af.mil
Milwaukee's 128th Air Refueling Wing on Facebook
Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/128th_Air_Refueling_Wing
Forsyth Township Volunteer Fire Department; Forsyth Township Police department
www.forsythtwpmi.org/FT%20POLICE%20DEPT.htm
Local News Coverage
abc10up.com/air-national-guard-plane-makes-emergency-land...
www.upmatters.com/story/d/story/news/15079/3fYz_NNJ0kmTs-...
www.uppermichiganssource.com/news/story.aspx?id=1067608
WISN TV-12 Investigation in June 2013:
Emergency landing prompts questions about KC-135 safety
Hydraulic problems lead to 4th in-flight emergency
June 19, 2013
www.wisn.com/news/south-east-wisconsin/milwaukee/emergenc...
www.wisn.com/news/south-east-wisconsin/milwaukee/emergenc...
www.wisn.com/news/south-east-wisconsin/milwaukee/emergenc...
Military plane makes emergency landing in Indiana
www.wisn.com/news/south-east-wisconsin/milwaukee/Military...
A plane from Milwaukee's 128th Air Refueling Wing of the Wisconsin Air National Guard is grounded and undergoing repairs after an in-flight emergency Tuesday.
For the fourth time in two months a KC-135 from Milwaukee makes an emergency landing, this time in Indiana.
The flight crew lost control of the hydraulic system and made an emergency landing in Indiana.
It's the fourth in-flight emergency in recent weeks involving four KC-135 refueling tankers.
Each of the planes is about 50 years old, which has some wondering if the aging aircraft are as safe as they should be.
Upper Peninsula Breaking News
U.P. Breaking News
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www.youtube.com/watch?v=tocLjvEslBA
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Report of the Committee of the Whole to the 59th IAEA General Conference. Vienna, Austria, 17 September 2015.
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
Mingle Media TV's Red Carpet Report was invited to come out to cover the WORLD PREMIERE of Walt Disney Animation Studios’ comedy-adventure “Frozen,” featuring the voices of Kristen Bell, Idina Menzel, Jonathan Groff and Josh Gad, at Hollywood’s El Capitan Theatre complete with snow on this special white-carpet event.
“Frozen” opens in theaters in 3D on Nov. 27, 2013. For more information, check out www.Disney.com/Frozen, like them on Facebook: www.facebook.com/DisneyFrozen and follow them on Twitter: www.Twitter.com/DisneyAnimation.
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About "Frozen"
Walt Disney Animation Studios, presents “Frozen,” a stunning big-screen comedy adventure. Fearless optimist Anna (voice of Kristen Bell) sets off on an epic journey—teaming up with rugged mountain man Kristoff (voice of Jonathan Groff) and his loyal reindeer Sven—to find her sister Elsa (voice of Idina Menzel), whose icy powers have trapped the kingdom of Arendelle in eternal winter. Encountering Everest-like conditions, mystical trolls and a hilarious snowman named Olaf (voice of Josh Gad), Anna and Kristoff battle the elements in a race to save the kingdom. The film is directed by Chris Buck (“Tarzan,” “Surf’s Up”) and Jennifer Lee (screenwriter, “Wreck-It Ralph”), who also wrote the screenplay. It is produced by Peter Del Vecho (“Winnie the Pooh,” “The Princess and the Frog”). Featuring original songs from Kristen Anderson-Lopez (“In Transit,” “Winnie the Pooh”) and Tony® winner Robert Lopez (“The Book of Mormon,” “Avenue Q”), and an original score by Christophe Beck (“The Muppets,” Oscar®-winning short “Paperman”).
The film will be preceded by the all-new short, “Get A Horse!”—with the voice of Walt Disney as Mickey Mouse.
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Mingle Media TV and our Red Carpet Report team with host Quinn Marie were on hand for the Band of Robbers World Premiere at LA Film Festival at LA Live in Los Angeles.
Band of Robbers is a modern riff on Mark Twain’s Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn and stars Kyle Gallner (American Sniper, Dear White People, The Finest Hours), Adam Nee (Drunk History), Matthew Gray Gubler (Criminal Minds, 500 Days of Summer, The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou), Hannibal Buress (SNL Emmy-nominated writer, Broad City, Neighbors), Melissa Benoist (Glee, Supergirl), Daniel Mora (The Bridge), Eric Christian Olsen (NCIS: Los Angeles), and Stephen Lang (Avatar, Salem).
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About Band of Robbers
A modern-day retelling of Mark Twain’s iconic books, Band of Robbers is a comedic adventure that reimagines the characters as grown men, and small-time crooks. When Huck Finn is released from prison, he hopes to leave his criminal life behind, but his lifelong friend, and corrupt cop, Tom Sawyer, has other plans. Not ready to give up on his childhood fantasies, Tom forms the Band of Robbers, recruiting their misfit friends, Joe Harper and Ben Rogers, to join them for an elaborate plan to find a fabled treasure. But the plan soon unravels, thrusting the guys on a wild journey with dangerous consequences. Find out more at www.bandofrobbers.com
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Mingle Media TV and Red Carpet Report host, Stephanie Garrett, were invited to cover the 17th Annual Angel Awards held at Project Angel Food on Vine in Hollywood. NCIS' Pauley Perrette & Kiehl's President Chris Salgardo were honored at the event. Be sure to visit our Red Carpet Report site for all the details on who won this year including photos and interviews here at www.redcarpetreporttv.com.
About Project Angel Food
Project Angel Food's mission is to nourish the body and spirit of men, women and children affected by HIV/AIDS, cancer, and other life-threatening illnesses. Since 1989, the Project Angel Food Program has prepared and delivered more than 7 million meals. Last year, the Project Angel Food Program prepared and delivered 735,000 meals to 2,200 individuals. Project Angel Food was founded by Marianne Williamson. www.angelfood.org
www.facebook.com/projectangelfood
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Follow Stephanie on Twitter at www.twitter.com/Stephanieg3360
Mingle Media TV's Red Carpet Report team were invited to cover the Premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy at the El Capitan Theater in Hollywood directed by James Gunn and presented in Dolby 3D.
Marvel’s “Guardians of the Galaxy” is rated PG-13 and releases in U.S. theaters on August 1, 2014.
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About Guardians of the Galaxy
Marvel’s “Guardians of the Galaxy,” which first appeared in comic books in Marvel Super-Heroes, Issue #18 (Jan. 1969), is an action-packed, epic space adventure, that expands the Marvel Cinematic Universe into the cosmos, where brash adventurer Peter Quill finds himself the object of an unrelenting bounty hunt after stealing a mysterious orb coveted by Ronan, a powerful villain with ambitions that threaten the entire universe. To evade the ever-persistent Ronan, Quill is forced into an uneasy truce with a quartet of disparate misfits—Rocket, a gun-toting raccoon, Groot, a tree-like humanoid, the deadly and enigmatic Gamora and the revenge-driven Drax the Destroyer. But when Quill discovers the true power of the orb and the menace it poses to the cosmos, he must do his best to rally his ragtag rivals for a last, desperate stand—with the galaxy's fate in the balance. For more information please visit: marvel.com/guardians. Join the Conversation on Twitter: twitter.com/GuardiansGalaxy or Like them on Facebook: facebook.com/guardiansofthegalaxy
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The Transition Report 2016-17 casts a spotlight on inequality and inclusion, explaining how a failure to deliver a fair distribution of the fruits of progress may lead to setbacks in political and economic development. It also explores the causes of inequality of opportunity and looks at how to strengthen financial inclusion.
Tracking the successes that have been achieved in post-communist societies, the report concludes that the “happiness gap” has finally closed with people on similar incomes in non-transition countries, but warns that not everyone has shared in this economic prosperity.
This latest annual analysis draws on a wide-ranging survey of people who have experienced transition first-hand.
Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76 under the command of Captain George S. Nares ...
Edinburgh :Neill,1880-1895.
Mingle Media TV's Red Carpet Report team stopped by to cover the Secret Room Events 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees Style Lounge at The SLS Hotel, a luxury hotel in Beverly Hills honoring MTV Movie Award nominees and presenters.
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ABOUT SECRET ROOM EVENTS
Secret Room Events produces exclusive gift lounges and gift bagssurrounding major awards shows. Secret Room Events was voted top gift suite by Huffington Post, featured in the LA Times, Washington Post, Access Hollywood, E!, OK!, HGTV, Frontdoor.com and many more. For more info visit secretroomevents.com.
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Secret Room Events always has amazing trips to be giving to our Celebrity Nominees
Aria Hotel Budapest - a 5-star luxury hotel and Spa in the center of Budapest, near St Stephen Basilica, the Danube, Opera and more www.ariahotelbudapest.com
Langham Place - nestled in New York City's coveted Midtown Manhattan district offering 214 luxury guest rooms and suites designed to relax, inspire, and surprise. www.langhamhotels.com
Secret Room Events is a proud supporter of our Charity this year..
Rock it 4 Reef
Reef Carneson. At age six, he is a veteran of the war against cancer. He has endured leukemia and a bone marrow transplant. He now suffers from Graft Versus Host Disease and skin cancer. All this and he still loves to dance to Pharrell William's "Happy" song. His parents moved from their native South Africa to Los Angeles seeking life-saving treatment for their precious son.
Also onsite were Secret Room Events Platinum and Gold /Silver sponsors who will be gifting..
Sue Wong
Joey New York
Coffee Bean
ARCHT Audio
Cheero
Ancestry
Half Breed Clothing
The Underground Chic
Anje
Speck Products
Jason Emer ,MD
EMK skin care
Barb-A-Mel Books
Effi Foods
Wiley X Sunglasses
Ioma Paris
Le Jolie Medi Spa
Tikkon Spa
Tick key Products LLC -TICKKEY.COM
Right Life Project
Kuumba Made Inc
Lisi Lerch
Total Dreamz- Aloka Designs
Y.O.U by Matt Titus - ready to wear
Cellusana
Essence water inc
All guest will leave Secret Room Events Style Lounge with a huge Gift bag provided by LL Bean with the following items
Zacasha ,Blue Fin USA, Mwah lip care, Dedo Kids, THERA CANE CO, Tabbatha Henry, Crystals on fire, Elysee Scientific cosmetics, Brooks Candy Co, Sunkist Fruit food, Just skin food, Marina cottage soap co, Nubru coffee, Clifbar, Sinner Threads, Local Honey Designs, Letarte, Capri Blue by DPM fragrance, THEMINICLASSY, No Cosmetics, Nooloos,LLC, Java skin care, Justins, BULA, Isabel Halley ceramics, Green Tidings All Natural Deodorant, Sashka Co. Bracelets, Aromatique, Thera Cane co, AromaFloria, Johnson's Popcorn, Inc, LL Bean, Huit/Freya, Nikkay fashions Jewelry, bitchnewyork.com, signaturelittleones.com, thebestdeodorantintheworld.com, Demes Natural Products, Estevia Parfum, High Brew Coffee, Millstone Farm &Organics, DR Jacobs Natural, pedisavers.com, Hipoglos, Gluvleez- Anti Aging manicure, Zipsessory.com, Ladies & Gents, Sprinkles Magazine, Ranch Organics.
The Secret Room Events will be providing luxurious services to pamper their guests ranging from massages, Eye Lashes, pedicures Car service and valet is also being offered.
HTC's new Vive Pre virtual reality system: an HMD with an camera near the bottom rim; wireless, handheld controllers (foreground); and room sensors. The camera captures enough information to provide an AR-like experience, enabling the user it see and interact with physical objects.
This was the cover of our Colloquium Project report. Looks fantastic, I think... Kate really outdid herself.
Daylesford.
This forested area was first settled by a white man in 1838 when John Hepburn took out a pastoral run here hence the name of Hepburn Springs nearby. James Egan found gold at Daylesford in late 1851 which he reported to authorities in February 1852. The two main digging sites for alluvial gold were Jim Crow diggings and Wombat Flat. The forest here is still called Wombat State Forest. In June 1854 the town of Wombat was surveyed but it was gazetted as Daylesford in 1855 after Daylesford in Worcestershire England. Although many diggers of British background came to the Wombat Flat diggings many Italians came to the gold diggings too. The alluvial diggings gave out in the early 1860s and deep shaft quartz mining continued. The old Wombat Hill became the Daylesford Botanic Gardens from 1862 with development of the gardens from 1865. A hill near Hepburn Springs was named Italian Hill. The gold mining continued for decades and the last mine closed at Daylesford in 1923 just as the tourism industry and the first pavilions at nearby Hepburn Springs was built. Motor cars or coaches were also becoming more common for travellers in the 1920s and so many guest houses and private hotels were opened at this time but they all closed in the 1950s. The Hepburn Springs Bathhouse was restored with some financial help from the government in 1984 in an effort to attract more tourists.
The town of Daylesford, like all rich gold mining centres, developed quickly around the gold Commissioner’s camp in Camp Street. The first civic buildings built here included the Anglican school in 1857, the hospital and Courthouse in 1862 and the Catholic Church in 1865. It replaced an earlier wooden Catholic Church. Also up on the hillside was the Presbyterian Church built in 1905 with a two storey manse built in 1907 and the Anglican Church built in 1863. The sandstone Wesleyan Church was also built on the hill slopes in 1861. This original church became the church hall when a second brick and stone Wesleyan Church was built in 1865. The early town was developing on the hillside of Wombat Hill but this soon changed.
In later decades the significant civic and commercial buildings were built lower down the slopes on the flatter current Main Street. The main part of the town is 2,000 feet above sea level and the tip of Wombat Hill is a further 300 feet above sea level. Down in the Main Street is the Town Hall in grand classical style with Corinthian pilasters, balustrade and urns along the roof line. It was erected in 1884. Here you will also find the State School ( 1875), the Fire Station built in 1906 which has now been converted to the Information Centre, the old School of Mines which was opened in 1890 ( the rear section) with a 1914 addition in front and the corner Post Office with clock grand tower which was built in 1867. The oldest hotel in the central part of the Main Street is the Royal Hotel built in 1864 and the State Savings Bank was erected in 1870 and some 1860s shops and stores still exist here. Daylesford also has a number of Art Nouveau buildings in its main street built around 1912 for solicitors etc. In 1880 a railway reached Daylesford from Woodend via Trentham and the railway station was built in 1881. Train services closed in 1953 but tourist trains are now operate from the station on Sundays. The railway opened the town and the mineral springs and spas up to tourists from Melbourne. Industrially Daylesford and Hepburn Springs have had several butter factories, an early macaroni factory (the Italian heritage), woollen mills and cordial factories because of the excellent quality water and springs.
Hepburn Springs has a couple of heritage listed buildings both with an Italian architectural air about them – the old Macaroni factory built in 1859 by Italian immigrants the Lucini brothers at 64 Main Road. It operated as a macaroni factory until the 1930s. The other Italian style building is the Villa Parma built in 1864 for an Italian-Swiss resident named Fabrizzio Crippa. Even the hotel in Hepburn Springs has an Italian named as it was named after the Italian royal family- it is the Savoia Hotel. But the real attraction of Hepburn Springs is and was the mineral springs. Around 100 springs are recorded in this district and the government set aside a large reserve area to make them available for drinking and recuperation from 1868. The government did not want the springs ruined by gold mining tunnels. The first bath house was established at the springs in the 1890s after the railway had reached nearby Daylesford. The Locarno Spring was named after a local Italian resident and protected by a government reserve from 1914. Nearby are the Soda and Sulphur springs which were all part of the government reserve. The bathhouse here was built in the 1920s and was the one restored in 1984 and added to more recently. Hand pumps allow visitors to refill their water bottles here even today. The springs were formed in volcanic basins when water was trapped. Minerals have leached through the waters over 4 to 5 million years to give the springs curative mineral properties.
Annual Report.
SAS is the leader in business analytics software and services, and the largest independent vendor in the business intelligence market. Through innovative solutions, SAS helps customers improve performance and deliver value by making better decisions faster.
FA has designed many annual reports and other collateral for SAS over the years, all of which show how they're empowering clients around the globe and creating new markets.
Report to the Nation
****Beginning of Shooting Data Section****
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Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76 under the command of Captain George S. Nares ...
Edinburgh :Neill,1880-1895.
These International trucks will be eventually outfitted and rotated into the fleet. It takes time to fabricate and install the custom parts, like headlights and electronic controls. Once in service, they will plow for at least 12 years. ^bt
Mingle Media TV and Red Carpet Report host Traci Stumpf were invited to come out to cover the 27th American Cinematheque Award Benefit Gala honoring Jerry Bruckheimer who was toasted by friends and colleagues at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills. Bruce Willis presented the award to Jerry Bruckheimer with several pre-taped and in-person tributes from Justin Bartha, Cuba Gooding Jr., Wayne Gretzky, Armie Hammer, Marg Helgenberger, Sir Ben Kingsley, Dame Helen Mirren, Luc Robitaille, Jon Turteltaub, Jon Voight Diane Warren, Hans Zimmer, Eric Bana, Nicolas Cage, Tom Cruise, Johnny Depp, Martin Lawrence and Judge Reinhold.
About the Week Long Tribute
The American Cinematheque is also holding a mini-career retrospective of the work of Jerry Bruckheimer from December 13 - 16 at the Aero and Egyptian Theatres. Bruckheimer will appear in person with a double feature of THE ROCK and BAD BOYS on Saturday, December 14 at 7:30 PM. He will sign copies of his brand new book Jerry Bruckheimer: When Lightning Strikes - Four Decades of Filmmaking in the lobby of the Aero at 6:30 PM. The retrospective will also include a Tom Cruise double feature of TOP GUN and DAYS OF THUNDER in 70MM, ENEMY OF THE STATE, BLACK HAWK DOWN, THIEF and AMERICAN GIGOLO. A complete schedule can be found here: www.americancinemathequecalendar.com/content/lightning-st....
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About Jerry Bruckheimer
Jerry Bruckheimer has for 40 years produced films and television programs of distinction and quality, in the process becoming the most successful producer of all time in both mediums. Bruckheimer’s films have earned worldwide revenues of over $16 billion in box office, video and recording receipts. In the 2005-6 season he had a record-breaking 10 series on network television, a feat unprecedented in nearly 60 years of television history. His films (19 of which exceeded the $100 million mark in U.S. box office receipts, three of which are on the all-time top ten list and two of which surpassed a billion dollars in international box office) and television programs have been acknowledged with 41 Academy Award® nominations, six Oscars®, eight Grammy Award® nominations, five Grammys, 23 Golden Globe® nominations, four Golden Globes, 118 Emmy Award® nominations, 22 Emmys, 30 People’s Choice Awards nominations, 15 People’s Choice Awards, 12 BAFTA nominations, two BAFTA Awards, numerous MTV Awards, including one for Best Picture of the Decade for "Beverly Hills Cop" and 20 Teen Choice Awards.
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Follow our host Traci on Twitter at twitter.com/TraciStumpf
Mingle Media TV and Red Carpet Report host, Ashley Bornancin, were invited to cover NBC's hit drama, Parenthood at the 2013 PaleyFest at the Saban Theatre, Beverly Hills. We got to interview some cast members on their way to the live stream panel, talked to hem about getting renewed and well, if we told you everything here, you wouldn't watch the videos. Oh and you can watch the replay of the live stream at Hulu or on our site.
About Parenthood
This is the story of the Bravermans – Sarah, Adam, Crosby and Julia – four grown siblings sharing the headaches, heartaches and unexpected joys of being a parent. From Imagine Entertainment’s Ron Howard and Brian Grazer, writer/executive producer Jason Katims (Friday Night Lights), and Emmy Award-winning director Thomas Schlamme (The West Wing). Starring Peter Krause, Lauren Graham, Dax Shepard, Monica Potter, Erika Christensen, Sam Jaeger, Craig T. Nelson, Bonnie Bedelia, Mae Whitman, Sarah Ramos, Miles Heizer, Max Burkholder and Savannah Argenti. For more info visit www.nbc.com/parenthood/, www.facebook.com/Parenthood or
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About the PaleyFest 2013
Fans can watch the 30th Annual PaleyFest: Revolution, Once Upon a Time, The Newsroom, Community, The New Normal, Parenthood, The Mindy Project, Nashville, Arrow, Dallas, New Girl, 2 Broke Girls and American Horror Story: Asylum panels online live via Livestream. for more info visit www.paleycenter.org/paleyfest-home/
Fans are invited to follow @paleycenter and #PaleyFest on Twitter for immediate announcements and live tweeting from the events. The PaleyFest Program being live streamed on Livestream can be viewed at new.livestream.com/paleyfest. If you missed the live stream, you can watch it on www.hulu.com.
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Report on the collections of natural history made in the Antarctic regions during the voyage of the "Southern Cross.".
London :Printed by order of the Trustees,1902..
Reporting live from influenza ground zero, may 2, 2009, U2 add in Centro Comercial Santa Fe (Western Mexico City). WE'RE STILL ALIVE.