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So, here we are at Dover Priory again. This time before dawn, as the keen wind had brought frequent rain showers, and I had no desire to sit and huddle in a shelter on the sea front in such weather, watching dawn come up over the Channel.
So, instead, I got Jools to drop me off at the station and I head north, as the weather was less windy in the north of the country, and drier too.
I arrived, bought my ticket and just made it onto the waiting Javelin to whisk me north.
On the downside, leaving so early meant paying peak fare, so it goes.
The train filled up with the bleary eyed office workers and executives as we headed norther to that London, though I would be going no further north than Ebbsfleet.
With just a few seats remaining, I clambered off the train as it pulled into the old International Station. I guess I haven't been here since about 2017 when I used to have to go to Leuven for meetings with the customer.
I say old station, its less than twenty years old, all brutalist concrete, but this is where the High Speed meets the UK Victorian infrastructure, a few hundred yards further on the wires stop and we join the north Kent Line.
The escalator has been out of service for some weeks, still is broken, so I take the lift up to the concourse, past the now abandoned Eurostar entrance and check in desk. Out the doors, and up a wide flight of steps to the platforms built on the flyover.
I had four minutes before my train was due to take me the three miles to my destination.
I guess, were it not for a certain historical figure, fewer people would visit Gravesend that do now.
The town sits on the branks of the brown Rover Thames, several hundred metres wide at this point, opposite the Port of Tilbury in that Essex.
Once upon a time, pilots used to leave their station in the town to guide ships up the river to the Port of London, and I think still do, though few ships now go beyond Dartford.
Leading down to the river is a find old street, High Street, cobbled and lines with old shops and places to eat, drink and be merry. And at the bottom, between two pub, the river and the Essex bank of the river can be seen.
To get to High Street means walking through the modern part of the town, all 60s and 70s retail units and shops, at eight in the morning all closed and unlit.
I found a place to have breakfast, and so having ordered watched the numerous omnibuses leaving on the main road out of town for exotic places like Dartford, Northfleet and Ebbsfleet.
My fry up arrived, and entertained by the Danny Dyer soundalike behind me, I tuck in.
So, why was I here, in Gravesend?
Well, some legends, some stories are based on facts, real events, real people, and sometimes there is evidence that shows they really happened.
Pocahontas was a real person, but unlike in fairy tales or the movies, there is no happy ending.
Coming to England when she was only 22, married to John Rolfe, she was taken ill as their ship left London to return to Virginia, they put ashore at Gravesend, but she sadly died.
She was buried, so it is said, under the chancel of the church. That church burned down soon after, but as it was on the same site with the chancel in roughly the same place, a memorial tablet was erected, and it is there today.
There is also a statue in the graveyard, but isn't particularly attractive and possibly seems to be rather "wild west" than anything. But the statue is signposted from the station, through the town, so people must come to see it.
I mean, I did.
The other reason is that Kent is a large and varied county, I have not churchcrawled up here for over a decade, so I made arrangements for the church to be open, and here I was. Am.
Only, my early start, and even with an extended breakfast, I had two hours to kill.
I sat outside listening to podcasts, but got colder and colder. Until at just after half eleven, I sought warmth and refreshment in the tea shoppe on High Street.
I ordered a scone with a cup of tea, but what came was a cream tea. A pot of tea, milk, a large warm scone, a small pot of jam and a tub of clotted cream.
Now, there is some arguments whether the jam or cream goes on the scone first, growing up it was always jam first, which is the "Devon way", the "Cornish Way" is cream first.
Either way it is good.
And this was too.
Down to the waterside, where there were two still closed pubs, one looked like it might still be an actual pub, and beyond the now closed ferry terminal for the foot passenger only Gravesend Ferry which took foot passengers to the delights of Tilbury until the service ceased in March of this year.
The pier was open, but deserted.
It was time to go to the church, and I was greeted warmly by Jim, the Vicar, and Sue who was my substitute contact after Neil fell ill.
I was made to feel very welcome, and I spoke to most of the congregation who were then leaving the service.
So, after talking and shaking hands, I went round taking my shots. Jim also showed me where Pocahontas's memorial was, as I am never too sure whether it is good in view of people to approach the altar.
I get my shots and am done.
It is just before one, so I decide enough is enough and I would go home, and get there before dark.
The shopping area was busy, which is good to see, even if one woman viewed me with camera with suspicion.
I arrived at the station to find I had a three minute wait for a train to Ebbsfleet, and once then I walked to the International station where in 5 more minutes a train arrived to take me to Ashford.
Five minutes there, and the last train of the day took me via all stations to Dover. Outside, the same taxi driver as yesterday brought me home, dropping me off on Station Road, leaving me with a short walk back to Chez Jelltex.
The cats were happy with two handfuls of kitty kibbles, then went back to sleep, so I put the kettle on for a brew.
Jools was bringing home chips, so no dinner to prepare, just review my shots and listen to some music.
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ADJOINING to Northfleet, north-eastward, lies the town and parish of GRAVESEND, having the river Thames for its northern boundary.
It is called in Domesday, GRAVESHAM, and in the Textus Roffensis, GRAVESÆNDE. Lambarde, as well as Leland, derive the name of this place from the Saxon word Gerefa, a ruler, or portreve. In German, Greve; hence Gravesend signifies the limit or bound of such a rule or office, in Latin, Limes Prætorius. Leland, in his Itinerary, calls it GREVA.
THE PARISH OF GRAVESEND lies on the north side of the London road, which runs along the southern side of it at the distance of about one mile from the town, which is situated twenty-two miles from London and eight from Rochester, the soil towards the west is chalk, and towards the south-east much inclined to gravel; in which part of this parish, at a small distance from the London road southward is Mount Pleasant, the property and residence of Mr. Joynes, of Gravesend. Round the town, in great part owing to the manure from it, there are some rich and fertile grounds. The town of Gravesend, having the church on the west side of it, lies on a descent towards the river Thames, to which it bounds northward, opposite to Tilbury-fort, in Essex; the western part of it lies in the parish of Gravesend, and the eastern in that of Milton. The east street, and the east side of the High-street of this town being in the parish of Milton, and the west street and the west side of the High-street in that of Gravesend. The town-hall, and market-yard, the free-school, and the ferry across the Thames to Tilbury, parcel of the manor of Paddock, alias Parrocks, in Milton, were purchased in 1695, with that manor, by the corporation of Gravesend, in which they continue now vested. It is large and populous, but the houses, about seven hundred in number, are most of them unsightly, and the streets narrow, and until within these few years, illpaved and covered with fifth; the inconveniences of which the inhabitants themselves were so sensible of, that anno 13 king George III. they procured an act for the better lighting, paving and otherwise improving this town, in consequence of which great improvements have already been made in it, and in all probability it will before long put on a far different appearance even from what it wears at present. Proper machines have lately been established here, with every requisite accommodation for sea bathing.
Queen Elizabeth, by her letters patent, in her 10th year, confirmed to the parishes of Gravesend and Milton, the antient privileges granted to them in the reign of king Henry IV. and further incorporated those parishes by the name of, The portreve, (which is now changed into that of mayor,) jurats, and inhabitants, of the parishes of Gravesend and Milton, having justices who have jurisdiction within the limits of the corporation. There are twelve jurats and twenty-four common-councilmen, a recorder, high-steward, chamberlain, town-clerk, and sergeant at mace. The mayor and deputy mayor are chosen from the jurats yearly, on the Monday after St. Michael, and the eldest jurat is usually elected a justice of the peace. The arms of the corporation are: A boat, or, with one mast, lying at anchor, on the hills beyond a porcupine, sable.
King Richard II. in 1377, directed his writs to the sheriffs of Kent and Essex, commanding them to erect certain beacons on each side the river Thames, opposite to each other, which were to be kept prepared, and to be fired on the first approach of the enemies vessels, so that notice might thereby be given of any sudden attempt, in consequence of which one beacon was erected here at Gravesend, and the opposite one at Farnedon, in Essex; notwithstanding which precaution, this town was soon afterwards plundered and burnt by the French, who sailed up the Thames hither in their gallies, and carried away most of the inhabitants prisoners. (fn. 1) To enable the town to recover this loss, king Richard II. granted to the abbot and convent of St. Mary Graces, that the inhabitants of Gravesend and Milton should have the sole privilege of carrying passengers by water from hence to London, on condition that they should provide boats for that purpose, and carry all passengers either at two-pence per head with their bundle, or let the hire of the whole boat at four shillings. This charter was confirmed several times afterwards by succeeding kings, and under proper regulations by the legislature, they still enjoy this advantageous privilege. The fare now taken for this passage, which is called, The Long Ferry, is nine-pence each passenger, and the hire of the whole boat ten shillings and six-pence.
These boats are usually called The Tilt Boats, and are large and commodious for the purpose, being much improved within these few years. The signal for their departure is the ringing of a bell, which continues a quarter of an hour, during which they are obliged to depart. They go to London every flood, and return from Billingsgate, on the like signal, with every ebb.
The lords of the manor of Gravesend have a right to hold a court for the regulation of the boats and water carriage between Gravesend and London. This court is called in an old roll, anno 33 queen Elizabeth, (now in the possession of the earl of Darnley) Curia Cursus Aquæ, in which year it appears to have been held by William Lambarde, gent. steward to William lord Cobham, lord of this manor. This court has not been held for a great number of years; notwithstanding which, in the several acts passed for regulating the navigation of the river Thames, there is in general a reservation of the rights of the heirs of the duke of Richmond and Lenox, which clause was added in respect to this water-court at Gravesend.
In the iter of J. de Berewick, and his associates, in the 21st year of king Edward I. a complaint was made, that the bridge, and chalk causeway leading to the water here, were much out of repair, and that the watermen took extraordinary fare-money on that account, to the great injury of passengers; and that one half of the causeway and bridge ought to be repaired by Henry de Cramaville, then lord of this manor, and the other half next the town by the men of Milton; and it was accordingly fo repaired. (fn. 2)
The city of London at present assumes the regulation of this water passage, and it is almost incredible what numbers of people pass every tide, as well by night as by day, between this town and London.
King Henry VIII. built two bulwarks or platforms, one at this town and the other somewhat lower down on the river at Milton, and mounted them with cannon, as a defence to the mouth of the Thames, and so late as 1782 an act passed for the better securing the river Thames at Gravesend and Tilbury.
AMONG THE GOVERNORS of the fort of Gravesend, and that of West Tilbury, on the opposite side the Thames, I find the following:
1672. Sir Francis Leake, knight.
1702. Lieutenant-General George Cholmondeley, afterwards earl Cholmondeley, resig. 1725.
1725. Major-General Tatton, ob. 1736.
1736. Sir Multon Lambard, knight.
1737. Major-General James Tyrrill.
1737. General Williamson, ob. 1737.
1747. Lieutenant-General John, earl Delawar.
1752. Charles, lord Cadogan, ob. 1776.
1776. Brigadier-General William Fawcitt.
1796. Major-General Thomas Musgrave, the present governor.
The salary of the governor is 300l. per annum.
The honorable James de Courcy is lieutenant-governor, whose salary is 182l. 10s.
Queen Elizabeth, consulting the honour and grandeur of the nation, and of the city of London in particular, ordered the mayor, aldermen and companies of it, to receive all eminent strangers and ambassadors at this place, in their formalities, and so to attend them to London in their barges if they came by water, and if by land, then they were ordered to meet them on Blackheath.
The assizes for this county were held in that part of this town, within the parish of Milton, several times in the reigns of king James and king Charles I. (fn. 3)
The port of London ending just below this town, at the place called Gravesend bridge, at the boundary of this hundred, there are two principal searchers and an office of the customs established here, and all outwardbound ships are obliged to anchor in the road before the town, until they have been visited by the proper officers; but the homeward bound ships all pass by without notice, unless to receive tide-waiters on board, if they have not been supplied with them before.
Most of the outward-bound ships complete their cargoes and take in provisions here, so that the town is generally full of seamen, and here are several good inns, taverns, and other such houses for their accommodation, and that of travellers.
Most of the Dutch turbot-vessels lie at this place, from whence they supply the London market as they think fit. There is likewise a well frequented ferry for passengers, horses, cattle, and carriages from hence across the Thames into Essex. All which cause much bustle and a continued hurry of business, and besides bring great profit to this town.
For many years past there have been great improvements made in the lands near the town, by converting them into gardens, of which there are about seventy acres, with the produce of which, not only the shipping, the town itself, and the neighbouring country is supplied for several miles round, but the London markets too, their asparagus in particular, which is called by the name of Gravesend grass, is esteemed the finest in England, being mostly preferred to that of Battersea, and yet this place is said to have been formerly noted for want of garden stuff in it. (fn. 4)
The market is held weekly in the town of Gravesend on a Wednesday and Saturday, and there are two annual fairs here, on April 23 and Oct. 24, for horses, black cattle, cloaths, toys, and other sorts of goods, which continue for a week, and were granted by patent anno 30 king Edward III. the profits of them belong to the lord of the manor.
On August 24, 1727, between eleven and twelve o'clock at night, a terrible fire happened at Gravesend, which burnt down and destroyed the church and one hundred and ten houses, being the greatest part of the town; soon after which the mayor and jurats sent circular letters to the several corporations, ministers of parishes and others, imploring their assistance in their dreadful scene of distress and calamity, and in May 1731 another fire happened here, which burnt down seven houses, as did another on Nov. 9, 1748, adjoining to a warehouse, which contained a great quantity of pitch, tar, rosin, &c. which, it may be said, happily was prevented spreading further by the explosion of a considerable quantity of gunpowder contained in them. The high road from London to Dover went formerly through the town of Gravesend, and continued so till the quantity of chalk dug from the adjoining pits, which are now become many, of great depth, and of large extent between this town and Northfleet, rendered it so dangerous to passengers, that it has at different times been twice altered to its present course, about a mile further eastward from the former road, now entering the town by queen Mary's green.
On October 7, 1552, three great fishes called whirlepooles, were taken here and drawn up to Westminsterbridge, and August 30, 1718, a whale was taken just below this place, the length of which was forty feet.
The marsh land from Gravesend-bridge to the mouth of the river Medway, and up that river to Penshurst, is within the commission of sewers granted for those limits, the commissioners for which meet at Rochester to transact the business relating to it.
There was a family which took its name from this place, and were called De Gravesend, which had possessions here, as appears by the escheat rolls, as early as the reign of king Edward III. of this family, I imagine, were Richard de Gravesend, bishop of Lincoln in 1258, another of the same name, bishop of London in 1282, and Stephen de Gravesend, bishop of London in 1318. (fn. 5)
Our HERBALISTS have taken notice of the following scarce plants in this parish;
Cyperus rotundus littoreus; round salt marsh cyperus, growing in the marshes below the town.
Limonium; sea lavender, on the banks of the river below the town.
Tripolium vulgare majus & minus; great and small sea starwort, by the blockhouse.
Plantago marina; sea plantaine, near the blockhouse.
Chamæpitys mas, the male ground pine; chamæpitys fœmina, the female ground pine; chemæpitys dodon, the small ground pine; and iva muscata monspeliaca, French herb, ivy or ground pine, about the grounds of this parish.
Glaux, or milkwort, in and about the town.
Cannabis spuria; bastard hemp, of several sorts in and about this town.
Viorna; the travellers joy, in most hedges from hence to Canterbury.
Erica flore albo; heath with white flowers, upon the down near Gravesend. (fn. 6)
Asparagus pratensis; the marsh asparagus, said by Mr. J. Sherard to be found by the Thames near this town.
GRAVESEND, at the time of taking the general survey of Domesday, was part of the large possessions of Odo, the great bishop of Baieux and earl of Kent, half brother to the conqueror, under the general title of whose lands it is accordingly thus entered in that record.
Herbert son of Ivo holds Gravesham of the bishop (of Baieux) It was taxed at 2 sulings and 1 yoke. The arable land is 4 carucates. In demesne there is one, and 4 villeins, with 8 servants, having 2 oxen. There is a church and 1 hythe. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth 10 pounds, when he received it as much, now 11 pounds. This manor was in 3 manors; in the time of king Edward, Leuric and Ulwin and Godwin held them, now it is in one.
On the disgrace of bishop Odo, in 1083, it most probably reverted to the crown. Soon after which it became parcel of the demesnes of the family of Cramaville, called sometimes for shortness Cremille, who had likewise very considerable possessions in the eastern part of this county. They held this place as one knight's see, parcel of the fourteen and a quarter, which made up the barony of Peverel, being part of the lands assigned to John de Fienes and his assistants, for the defence of Dover-castle, to which the tenant of Gravesend was bound to perform his ward three times in each year. (fn. 7) Henry de Cramaville possessed the manor of Gravesend at his death, in the 54th year of king Henry III. holding it of the king in capite, (fn. 8) and was succeeded in it by his son Henry de Cramaville, who died possessed of it in the 26th year of king Edward I. as did Joane his wife in the 8th year of Edward II.
After this, it by some means came to the crown, for king Edward III. in his 4th year, granted it in special tail to Robert de Ufford, in consideration of his services, and that he might the better support himself in the king's wars in Gascoigne. He was grandson of Robert de Ufford, a younger son of John de Peyton, of Suffolk, assuming his surname from the lordship of Ufford, in that county, where he had his residence. In the 11th year of that reign, he was in parliament solemnly advanced to the title and dignity of earl of Suffolk; after which he was continually employed by the king both in his wars, and the most important negociations. In the 18th year of king Edward III. he was made admiral of the king's whole fleet, from the Thames mouth northward. In the 30th year he was in the famous battle of Poictiers, where, by his valour and conduct, he gained great reputation. After which he was elected into the order of the garter, next in succession to those, who were called the founders of it. He died in the 43d year of the above reign, and was buried, according to his will, in the abbey of Campesse, in Suffolk, having married Margaret, daughter of Sir Walter Norwich, of Suffolk, leaving William, his only surviving son, whose son afterwards conveyed it by sale to king Edward III. who by his charter, in his 50th year, granted this manor, among others, to feofees, for the endowing his newly-founded Cistertian abbey, called St. Mary Graces, near the tower of London.
These feoffees, after king Edward's death, in compliance with his will, conveyed it to the abbot and monks there, for a term of years, to the intent that it might be given by king Richard II. in mortmain, to them for ever. They afterwards granted their interest in it at a certain yearly rent, to Sir Simon de Burley, knight of the garter, and lord warden of the cinque ports, who having forfeited it, with his life, for hightreason, in the 10th year of that reign, the king by his letters patent, in his 12th year, at the petition of the abbot and convent, granted to them the rents and profits of this manor, among others, as a sufficient endowment until he should otherwise provide for them. After which, by letters patent, in his 22d year, he granted it to them, to hold in pure and perpetual alms for ever, for the performance of the religious purposes therein mentioned, and he gave licence to the surviving feoffees of king Edward III. to release these manors and lands to them. (fn. 9)
The manor of Gravesend remained part of the possessions of the above monastery till the final dissolution of it, in the 30th year of king Henry VIII. the next year after which it was, together with the lands and revenues of it, by the general words of the act then passed, given to the king for ever. King Henry VIII. in his 31st year, granted, among other premises, his manor of Gravesend, with its appurtenances, in as ample a manner as it was lately let to John Laurente, and his lands and tenements in Pykeaxelond, and others called the Ship in Gravesend and Mylton, all parcel of the possessions of that abbey, to Sir Christopher Morrice alias Morys, to hold for the term of his life, without any rent or account whatsoever. He died in the 38th year of that reign, soon after which the king granted them to his widow Elizabeth Morys, for life.
After her death, king Edward VI. in his 5th year, demised them in ferme, to his servant, Thomas Asteley, esq. for a term of years, and again, in his 7th year, to his servant, John Fowler, one of the grooms of his privy chamber, and Anne his wife, to hold during their lives, without any rent, or account whatsoever. They remained in possession of them in the 11th year of queen Elizabeth; soon after which Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, younger son of John, duke of Northumberland, possessed the fee of this manor: (fn. 10) he, in the 23d year of that reign, having obtained the queen's licence for that purpose, conveyed it by sale to Thomas Gawdye and James Morice. In the 25th year of that reign, the sole right to this manor was become vested in Sir Thomas Gawdie, who had then licence to alienate it to William Brooke, lord Cobham, whose eldest son and heir, Henry, lord Cobham, being found guilty in the 1st year of king James I. together with George his brother, and others, of conspiring to kill the king, and other acts of high treason, had judgment of death pronounced against them; upon which George, his brother, was beheaded, and both of them attainted; but the execution of the lord Cobham, and some of the others, was, through the king's clemency, superseded. (fn. 11)
The manor of Gravesend coming thus to the crown by his attainder, an act passed in the third year of king James I. by which the lands of Henry, late lord Cob. ham, and of George Brooke, esq. attainted of high treason, were established in the crown. After which this manor was granted by king James, in his 10th year, to his kinsman, Lodowick, son of Esme Stuart, duke of Lenox in Scotland, created, in the 21st year of that reign, duke of Richmond. He died that yeat without issue, and was succeeded, as duke of Lenox, and in this manor by his brother, Esme Stuart, lord d'Aubigne and earl of March, and who surviving his brother not quite twelve months, was succeeded in titles and estates by his eldest son, James duke of Lenox, who was, in 1641, created duke of Richmond; on whose death, in 1655, Esme, his only son, succeeded him in honours and in this manor, but died an infant at Paris in 1660; on which his cousin-german, Charles, only son of George Stuart, lord d'Aubigne, deceased, younger brother of James duke of Richmond, father of the said Esme, became duke of Richmond, &c. and inherited this manor among the rest of his estates; and soon afterwards. anno 13 and 14 king Charles II. an act passed for the settling the estate of James, late duke of Richmond and Lenox, according to the agreement of Charles duke of Richmond and LeLenox, Mary duchess dowager of Richmond and Lenox, and the lady Mary her daughter, and the trustees of the said lady duchess. (fn. 12) He died in 1672, leaving Catherine his only sister his next heir, married first to Henry lord Obrien, and secondly to Sir Joseph Williamson. On her making claim to the title of baroness Cliston, as sole heir to her grandmother, Catherine, daughter and heir of Gervas lord Cliston, she had the same allowed to her in 1673; her only surviving daughter and heir Catherine, by her first husband, for she had none by her second, married Edward Hyde, lord Cornbury, eldest son of the earl of Clarendon, by whom she left one son, Edward lord Cornbury, and a daughter, Theodosia, who on her brother's death, s. p. became his heir, and intitled to the barony of Clifton, which she carried in marriage to John Bligh, esq. of the kingdom of Ireland, afterwards created earl of Darnley, and grandfather of the present Right Hon. the earl of Darnley, as will be subsequently mentioned. (fn. 13)
But the manor of Gravesend, with Cobham-hall, and the rest of the estates of Charles duke of Richmond, in this county, were about 1695, after the death of lord Obrien, sold to pay debts, and for other purposes, at which time this manor was sold to Sir Joseph Williamson, then the second husband of the lady Catherine, widow of lord Obrien above mentioned. He died without issue in 1701, possessed of this manor, as did his wife, lady Catharine, a few months after him, upon which two thirds of it descended to Edward lord Cornbury and Catherine his wife, daughter of lady Catherine, by Henry lord Obrien; and on his death, without issue, in 1713, to his only surviving sister, afterwards married to John Bligh, esq. as above mentioned, and the other third, by Sir Jos. Williamson's will, to one Mary Hornsby, who presently afterwards commenced a suit in chancery for a partition of this manor and the other estates, of which the third part had been devised to her, which the court, in 1718, decreed, and a contract was soon afterwards entered into by the earl of Darnley for the purchase of it. He died in 1728, leaving two sons, Edward and John, successively earls of Darnley, and three daughters. After the earl's death, Hornsby brought his bill against his executors, to have the purchase completed, which the court decreed, and the same was accordingly complied with by Edward earl of Darnley, his heir and successor, who then became possessed of the entire see of this manor among the rest of these estates, and dying unmarried, in 1747, was succeeded by his surviving brother, John earl of Darnley, who died in 1781; and his eldest son, now the Right Hon. John earl of Darnley, baron Clifton, &c. residing at Cobham-hall, in this neighbourhood, is the present possessor of the manor of Gravesend, and hereditary high steward of this town and corporation. (fn. 14)
Charities.
EXCLUSIVE of eight or nine hundred poor persons relieved yearly in their passage to and from London by water, there are the following belonging to this parish.
WILLIAM LORD COBHAM by his will, in 1598, gave the nomination of one poor person belonging to this parish to dwell in his new college at Cobham, according to the rules and ordinances established for that purpose, with the pension of 6s. 8d. per month, charged on his lands, now vested in and under the directions of the wardens of Rochester bridge, of the annual produce of 4l. and if this parish should fail to nominate such person the parish of Chalk should have the privilege of such presentation.
RICHARD WHITE gave by will, in 1622, to be distributed to the poor, on the market day before Christmas day, yearly, an annuity, charged on land, vested in the churchwardens, of the annual produce of 1l.
HENRY PINNOCK gave, in 1624, by will, 21 dwelling houses, for the better relief and maintenance of such poor decayed persons as should be in this parish and Milton, and a house for a master weaver to employ them; and he settled an estate for the repairs of them, as well as of the adjacent house, given for the same use by one Mr. Fry, vested in trustees, according to the directions of the will, and of the annual produce of 10l. 14s.
DAVID VARCHALL gave by his will, in 1703, houses and land, to pay 2l. per annum, to be distributed yearly, in the parish church of Gravesend, on the Sunday next before Christmas, as follows—to forty poor persons 6d. each in money, and a loaf of bread of 5d. to pay the clear sum of 20l. per annum to the master of the free school of Milton to teach twenty boys, ten of whom to be sent out of Gravesend and ten out of Milton, by the churchwardens and parishioners, in vestry assembled, and the residue to be laid out in cloathing the boys in October, and the further residue to such other poor persons of the two parishes as the churchwardens and overseers of the poor of the said parishes shall think fit, vested in trustees, as appointed under the direction of a decree of the court of exchequer, made in 1739, and now of the annual produce of 67l. 8s.
ARCHDEACON PLUME gave by his will, in 1704, to be distributed among poor persons attending the lectures, money issuing out of houses and land, vested in the rector of this parish, and the rectors and vicars of other neighbouring parishes, of the annual produce of 10s.
JAMES FRY gave by his will, in 1710, to teach and instruct ten poor boys, that is, four out of Gravesend, four out of Milton, and two out of Chalk parishes, a yearly sum, charged on lands, vested in the corporation of Gravesend and Milton, of the annual produce of 14l. 10s.
ANNE CHAPMAN gave, by deed, in 1709, a yearly sum, to be laid out in bread on St. John's day, charged on lands, vested in the churchwardens, and of the annual produce of 2l.
GRAVESEND is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese and deanry of Rochester.
The church has been twice burned down, the first calamity happened to it about the year 1509, and being rebuilt, it was solemnly consecrated and dedicated to St. Mary, by John bishop of Rochester, April 3, 1510. This was a mean building without any steeple, which was again burned to the ground in that dreadful fire which happened here in 1727. (fn. 15) In 1731, anno 4th George II. an act of parliament passed for the rebuilding this church, as one of the fifty new ones, by which act five thousand pounds was allotted to be paid for that purpose. In consequence of this the first stone of the new church was laid by Sir Roger Meredith, M. P. on the 3d of June; and when finished, it was consecrated by Joseph bishop of Rochester, and in compliment to the king's name, dedicated to St. George. This church is a very neat structure, built of brick, with stone quoins, cornices, and other ornaments; in the steeple hangs a musical peal of eight bells, purchased by subscription. In the year 1764 an organ and lost were erected in it, pursuant to the will of Mr. John Ison, of this parish, who left one hundred pounds for that purpose.
THERE were certain tithes in Gravesend belonging to the monastery of St. Augustine, near Canterbury.
Pope Eugenius III. in 1146, confirmed these tithes to that abbey, (fn. 16) as did pope Urban III. afterwards. Hugh de Trottesclive, abbot of St. Augustine's, in the reign of king Stephen, assigned them, with the consent of his convent, to the cloathing of the monks there. (fn. 17) In the reign of king John there was a controversy between the monks of St. Augustine's and Adam, then rector of Plumsted, concerning the arrears of an annual pension of twenty-five shillings, which the monks alledged they used to receive from the rector of the church of Gravesend, and which he had forborne while rector of it. This claim was heard before the prior of St. Gregory's and others, when he acknowledged the right of the monks to it, and accordingly fully satisfied them in the arrears of it.
THE CHURCH of Gravesend, at the latter end of the reign of king Edward III. seems to have been an appendage to the manor of Gravesend, and was granted with it, by the description of the advowson of the church of the manor of Gravesend, by that king, in his 50th year, to the abbey of St. Mary Graces, as has been already mentioned; after which it passed, with the manor, in the same tract of ownership down to Henry lord Cobham, who forfeited it to the crown in the 1st year of king James I. as has been already more fully related before in the account of the manor of Gravesend. The advowson of this church thus coming to the crown, has continued there ever since, the king being the present patron of this rectory.
In an antient valuation of the churches in this diocese, taken anno 15 Edward I. this church was valued at fifteen marks. In the survey of ecclesiastical livings, taken in 1650, it was returned, that Gravesend was a parsonage, formerly in the king's presentation, worth sixty pounds per annum, Mr. Simon Dyer then incumbent. (fn. 18) This rectory is valued in the king's books at 15l. and in the yearly tenths at 1l. 15s. (fn. 19)
In the reign of king Henry VII. the parishoners of Gravesend, who dwelt at a distance from the church, having for their convenience built an oratory or chapel, for celebrating mass and other divine offices, in 1497, obtained a licence for it from the archbishop's official, and on April 2, 1510, John bishop of Rochester consecrated it, being dedicated to St. George, with a reservation, that it should not be prejudicial to the parish church, and that they should not bury or baptize, or perform any other sacred rite in it, excepting the consecration of the Lord's body. (fn. 20)
The remains of this desecrated chapel are still in being, on the eastern side of the town of Gravesend.
Definition: Technical:
1. Of, relating to, or derived from technique.
2.
a. Having special skill or practical knowledge especially in a mechanical or scientific field: a technical adviser.
b. Used in or peculiar to a specific field or profession; specialized: technical terminology.
3.
a. Belonging or relating to a particular subject: technical expertise.
b. Of, relating to, or involving the practical, mechanical, or industrial arts or the applied sciences: a technical school.
4.
a. Abstract or theoretical: a technical analysis.
b. Of, relating to, or employing the methodology of science; scientific.
5. According to principle; formal rather than practical: a technical advantage.
6. Industrial and mechanical; technological.
7. Relating to or based on analysis of market indicators, such as trading volume and fluctuations in securities prices, rather than underlying economic conditions such as corporate earnings, inflation, and unemployment: a technical correction in the stock market.
Idea: I based the design of this tree on the design of an eclipse viewer or an old brown box camera, but instead of using a small hole, I used a tree shape.
Process: I made this tree by cutting the shape of a palm tree into the bottom of the box Optus sent me my new modem in and then painting the whole thing green. This is the view from the inside.
Just wanted to relate to you all how important it is in life to cherish every moment God lets you live with your loved ones. For two weeks my father had asked me to take him to a special place he wanted to eat lunch and taste the shrimp in that area. At 81, and in a fairly good health after his last stroke, my father wanted to eat shrimp by the bay. I was busy, doing my every day things and took me two weeks to take him. Once there my father told me the story why he wanted to go to that special place. When he was very young, my grandfather had a factory in the city and shipped his goods all thru the country from that special shipping port. They lived close by and he remembered dearly those moments when his father used to take him there (fishers market down town) and he ate those same shrimps over 70 years ago. He was so happy there, he enjoyed every moment, ate slowly and remembered grandma and grandpa who have longed passed away. He felt close to them and just lived the moment second by second every bite he took was just like being there again 70 years before.
I write this with the deepest pain in my heart, so bad it hearts deeply, as I felt God was telling me he is getting ready to reunite my Dad with my grand parents, let him live again but now forever, those unforgettable moments he carries in his heart for all his life, let him have a well deserved peace and tranquility he has more than earned thru his 80 years of being the best Dad anyone can have, the most amazing example of a brave man, who never gave up to give us all the best any one can give and get.
As I sit here praying to God he lets me reimburse my Dad for all he has given us, I wanted to make it public, and ask any of you out there to take one minute and ask God to keep him with us for as much as he wishes so we can all enjoy him for the last days, months o years of his life he has left. We certainly can’t change the past but can absolutely change the future. God I made my deepest desire to you public in my most sincere hope you hear us all and have mercy upon us. God Bless you all.
Definition: Technical:
1. Of, relating to, or derived from technique.
2.
a. Having special skill or practical knowledge especially in a mechanical or scientific field: a technical adviser.
b. Used in or peculiar to a specific field or profession; specialized: technical terminology.
3.
a. Belonging or relating to a particular subject: technical expertise.
b. Of, relating to, or involving the practical, mechanical, or industrial arts or the applied sciences: a technical school.
4.
a. Abstract or theoretical: a technical analysis.
b. Of, relating to, or employing the methodology of science; scientific.
5. According to principle; formal rather than practical: a technical advantage.
6. Industrial and mechanical; technological.
7. Relating to or based on analysis of market indicators, such as trading volume and fluctuations in securities prices, rather than underlying economic conditions such as corporate earnings, inflation, and unemployment: a technical correction in the stock market.
Idea: I was pretty confused with this one, because everyone seems to take this to mean technology, but it doesn’t. So with that definition in mind I realised that this tree could be made out of just about anything that was systematically placed or worked to form the shape of a tree in a far more skilled/difficult manner, or it could be number meaning no 6 "Technological". I thought I’d cover both.
This is my "Technological" or "Technology" tree.
Process: I made this tree from a whole lot of CDs that I placed on a table to form the shape of a stylised tree. Then I turned off the lights and tried to use the camera flash from above them to get a the best colour and light reflections from the CDs. The hardest part was getting the flash angle right.
March 19, 2014. Boston, MA.
Kick Butts Day 2014. Representatives from the Department of Public Health (DPH) today joined more than 250 young people from across the Commonwealth at the State House for the national observance of Kick Butts Day, recognizing the contributions of teenagers in smoking cessation and prevention efforts.
The young people participating in today’s event are part of DPH’s youth movement, The 84, which represents the 84 percent of young people in Massachusetts who don’t smoke.
High school students involved in The 84 have been educating their communities and their local lawmakers about issues relating to tobacco and, working with local health boards and other programs; have promoted effective tobacco prevention strategies in their communities. Members of The 84 Movement have been vital in fighting the way tobacco industry markets its products to youth.
© 2014 Marilyn Humphries
Image from '[Historical Collections of the State of New Jersey ... relating to its history and antiquities, with geographical descriptions of every township in the State. [With illustrations.]]', 000194808
Author: BARBER, John Warner and HOWE (Henry)
Page: 333
Year: 1852
Place: Newark, N.J
Publisher: J. H. Bradley
Following the link above will take you to the British Library's integrated catalogue. You will be able to download a PDF of the book this image is taken from, as well as view the pages up close with the 'itemViewer'. Click on the 'related items' to search for the electronic version of this work.
Postal Museum (Liechtenstein)
The postal museum in the English building in Vaduz
The Postal Museum of the Principality of Liechtenstein exhibits documents relating to philately and postal history in the Principality of Liechtenstein . The museum is affiliated with the Liechtenstein State Museum . It is located in the center of Vaduz in the so-called English building - the first steel-framed building in the country.
History
The museum was founded in 1930 to collect stamp issues and other important documents from the country's philately and postal history and make them accessible to the public. The museum opened in 1936. Hermann E. Sieger carried out significant curatorial work .
After the museum was housed in various rooms, it has been in the English building since 2002 .
Exhibition
The focus of the exhibition is on the stamps issued by the Principality of Liechtenstein since 1912. The museum also presents the most important designs, proofs and engraving plates as well as other important documents of postal history and historical postal equipment. In addition to the permanent exhibitions, changing exhibitions are also held periodically.
Postage stamps in the pedestrian zone
Since May 2011, a selection of oversized Liechtenstein stamps has been on display in the Städtle – Vaduz's pedestrian zone. The 25 stamp reproductions function here as pavement slabs.
Vaduz is the capital of the Principality of Liechtenstein . The municipality in the Oberland is the residence of the prince as well as the seat of the state government , the state parliament and all courts . It is also the seat of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of the same name .
Vaduz is particularly well-known for its role as an international financial center . The municipality has six exclaves and is therefore an administrative unit divided into seven. The inhabitants are called Vaduzer , the adjective is Vaduzisch .
The municipality has an area of 17,284 km² and includes the village of Vaduz and its immediate surroundings as well as six exclaves. The area with the village of Vaduz borders Schaan to the north , Triesenberg to the east, Triesen to the south and the Swiss communities of Sevelen and Buchs SG , located on the other side of the Rhine , to the west . The highest point in the municipality is 2150 m above sea level. M. the silver horn .
Four exclaves are located in the Rhine Valley. These are the agriculturally used Vaduzer Riet between the Schaaner industrial area and Eschen / Nendeln , the forests of Forst at the foot of the Three Sisters massif and Rüttistein and Dachsegg above Planken . The forest plots are owned by the Vaduz citizens' cooperative , whose members are entitled to the annual loose wood. At around 900 m above sea level. Traces of a prehistoric settlement were found in Dachsegg.
Two exclaves are located in the mountain area: on the one hand, the cooperative Alps Pradamee and Hahnenspiel and on the other hand, the Alp Hinter Valorsch . The Pradamee and Hahnenspiel Alps in the Malbun high valley were formerly known as Vaduz Malbun .
The Alp Hintervalorsch was separated from Vorder- and Mittlervalorsch in 1643 because of a dispute between Vaduz and Schaan and has belonged to Vaduz ever since. [8th]
In 1781, the use of the alpine pastures was divided between the Vaduz upper and lower villages and separate alpine buildings were built on the Under Pradamee (1500 m above sea level) and the Upper Pradamee (1700 m above sea level). Since 1930, the municipality of Vaduz has received around one million cubic meters of drinking water from Pradamee every year. The separate dairy operation ended around the middle of the 20th century. Since then, part of the milk has been made into cheese on the Ober Pradamee.
In 1962, the first ski lift in Malbun was built in the Alp Pradamee area, which was replaced by new chairlifts in 2006 along with other old lifts.
The Alp Hahnenspiel is used as Galtalp . One at approx. 2000 m above sea level. The small cave located M. served as a burial place for a dead person during the early Bronze Age .
Alp Gaflei, which was purchased by the municipality of Vaduz in 1952, is located in the Triesenberg municipality. Although the alpine buildings have been demolished since 2006, the alpine pastures continue to be used.
Vaduz was first mentioned in 1175/1200 as de Faduzes , two mentions from 1021 are later forgeries. The name, like many others in the Rhine Valley, is of Romanesque origin and goes back to Old Romansh auadutg “moat; Canal for mills and sawmills; Mill flume”, which in turn comes from the Latin aquaeductus .
On May 3, 1342, the then dominion of the Counts of Bregenz was divided, creating the County of Vaduz . In 1392, under Counts Henry V. (I.) and Hartmann IV. (II.) of Werdenberg-Sargans-Vaduz, it gained imperial immediacy through a privilege from King Wenceslas . In the following decades and centuries, the county repeatedly became the scene of wars and looting, e.g. B. in the Old Zurich War (1444–1446) or in the Swabian War (1499–1500).
Over time, the rulers of Hohenems became increasingly indebted, so that they were ultimately forced to sell the county of Vaduz and the neighboring lordship of Schellenberg . In 1699, Prince Hans Adam of Liechtenstein acquired the rule of Schellenberg and in 1712 the county of Vaduz. On January 23, 1719, a diploma from Emperor Charles VI united. the county of Vaduz with the rule of Schellenberg and raised it to an imperial principality with the name Liechtenstein. As a result, Vaduz became increasingly important.
In 1806, Napoleon Bonaparte founded the Confederation of the Rhine , which also included Liechtenstein and thereby effectively became independent. This independence was confirmed at the Congress of Vienna and Liechtenstein was accepted into the German Confederation .
However, Liechtenstein – and thus also Vaduz – remained very backward for a long time. It was only the customs treaty concluded with Austria in 1852 that enabled economic conditions to improve, and a constitutional constitution of 1862 brought political change so that the prince could no longer rule without restrictions.
The First World War impoverished the population, and at the end of the war the customs agreement with the war loser Austria-Hungary was dissolved.
After the customs treaty with Austria was dissolved in 1919, Liechtenstein became increasingly closer to Switzerland , and in 1923 the customs treaty with Switzerland, which still exists today, was signed. After Austria was annexed to the German Reich in March 1938, the newly ruling Prince Franz Josef II, the first prince of Liechtenstein, decided - because of his rejection of National Socialism - to move his residence to Liechtenstein to Vaduz Castle . Liechtenstein remained neutral during the Second World War and was never involved in direct hostilities. Instead, the principality was able to use its locational advantages (no loss of army personnel, central location, customs union with Switzerland, tax advantages, political stability), so that many new industrial companies were founded in Vaduz, but also in the wider principality, and progress in the country began to make rapid progress .
As of December 31, 2018, Vaduz had 5,625 inhabitants and was the second largest municipality in Liechtenstein after Schaan (with 6,016 inhabitants). At around 42 percent, the proportion of foreigners in Vaduz was higher than in all other Liechtenstein communities.
According to the 2015 census, 66.5 percent of the total population is Roman Catholic , with the proportion of Catholics among the population with Liechtenstein citizenship (80.8 percent) being significantly higher than among the population with foreign citizenship (47.1 percent Catholics). 10.1 percent of Vaduz's residents are Protestants , and 2.6 percent belong to another Christian church (majority Christian Orthodox churches ). 7.7 percent are Muslim , and other religions make up 0.75 percent of the population. Non-religious people make up 9.2 percent of the population - the highest proportion in Liechtenstein.
In the historical lexicon of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Vaduz is defined as the main town. Despite these official declarations, the term main location appears to be controversial among the general public. The principality's tourism website often refers to Vaduz as the capital, as do several Vaduz hotels, several media outlets (such as the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Die Welt , the Geo , the Kronen Zeitung or the Deutschlandfunk), the Association of the Consular Corps in the Principality of Liechtenstein and the Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Hubert Büchel said during his lecture in the Feldkirch Palais Liechtenstein in 1988 : “Vaduz with 5,000 inhabitants is of a size where we do not yet dare to speak of a ‘capital’, but at best of a ‘capital town’.”
In a travel magazine, the moderator Hape Kerkeling asked the FBP politician and former mayor of Vaduz, Manfred Bischof, whether one could “seriously speak of a capital” for a place with 6,000 inhabitants. Bishop replied that Vaduz could seriously be called a capital, since Liechtenstein is its own country and a country also has a capital.
The former Vaduz local councilor and former president of the Johann Schädler Agra Foundation , Stefanie Hasler, said on “ Vaterland TV ” at the end of 2022 that Vaduz is actually a capital and that “every now and then” he doesn’t dare to say so .
In March 2023, the Munich Merkur described Vaduz as the “de facto capital” of Liechtenstein.
Liechtenstein Art Museum : Opened in 2000, the state museum for modern and contemporary art houses the state art collection of the Principality of Liechtenstein. The facade, a colored and seamlessly cast concrete made of predominantly black basalt rock and colored river gravel, is treated in such a way that “a lively play is created on the reflective surface”.
Liechtenstein State Museum : The cultural and natural history of Liechtenstein is presented here . The museum includes two old buildings and a new building in Vaduz. In addition, the postal museum in Vaduz and a rural living museum in Schellenberg are assigned to the state museum.
“ Engländerbau ” with postal museum : The “Engländerbau” was built in 1933/1934 on behalf of an English company as a commercial building. Today it is an exhibition building that shows changing exhibitions of contemporary art. Since 2002, it has also been home to the Postal Museum, which is part of the State Museum and collects, preserves and makes available to the public important documents and artifacts from Liechtenstein philately and postal history.
Kurt Beck Watch Museum : Opened in March 2018 at Lettstrasse 39, the privately run museum shows around 250 antique watches by the collector Kurt Beck.
Vaduz Castle : The landmark of Vaduz was built in the 12th century and finally expanded in the 16th and 17th centuries. The castle has been owned by the Princes of Liechtenstein since 1712, but was not inhabited for a long time and fell increasingly into disrepair. It was only at the beginning of the 20th century that it was extensively renovated, and in 1938 Prince Franz Josef II became the first prince of Liechtenstein to move his permanent residence to the castle. Since then it has no longer been open to the public.
Schalun ruins : The medieval Schalun castle ruins (also called the “Wildschloss”) were built in the 12th century and were supplemented by other parts of the building over time. The ruins are located above Vaduz Castle at an altitude of approx. 850 m above sea level. M. Large parts of the foundation walls are still preserved today, especially the core of the castle with building remains up to ten meters high. The castle has been owned by the municipality of Vaduz since 1933.
“ Red House ”: It is a listed medieval stepped-gable house in the middle village of Vaduz. It belonged to the Vaistli between 1400 and 1500 : The house was acquired by an heir of the Vaistlis in 1525 from the monastery of St. Johann im Thurtal, and the associated vineyard ( Wingert ) has retained its resulting name, Abtswingert, to this day.
St. Florin Chapel: The St. Florin Chapel was a sacred building in the municipality of Vaduz that was probably built in the early modern period. In 1872 the tower and sacristy and in 1874 the remaining parts of the building were demolished, so that the chapel is no longer preserved today. A paving on the floor plan in the center of Vaduz refers to the former location of the chapel. In addition, a large part of the equipment has been preserved or found a new use: the bells of the chapel, for example, were used in the casting of the four bells of the new parish church of St. Florin.
St. Florin Cathedral : The neo-Gothic church was built between 1868 and 1873 and inaugurated on October 5, 1873. With the inauguration of the parish church, Vaduz became a parish, as the community had until then been attached to the original parish of Schaan . Until 1997, Liechtenstein belonged to the diocese of Chur . On December 2, 1997, the Archdiocese of Vaduz was established by Pope John Paul II and separated from the Diocese of Chur. At the same time as the founding of the Archdiocese of Vaduz, the parish church of St. Florin was elevated to the status of a cathedral.
St. Josef Chapel: It was built in 1930 and 1931. It is located in the Ebenholz district and is a branch church of the municipality of Vaduz. The chapel can be seen as an example of a clearly structured church type, as was often built in the 1930s.
The Ebenholz Evangelical Church is located in the Ebenholz district and was built in 1962 and 1963. The modern church building has a clear structure with a choir and a tower in the north and an organ gallery above the main entrance. The three bells come from the Schellenberg monastery church and were cast in 1880.
The Johanneskirche is the sacred building of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Principality of Liechtenstein. The church building was built in 1947 as an emergency church in Stuttgart and finally transferred to Liechtenstein as a gift in 1956. The organ, which dates from the early 18th century, is particularly significant.
Princely crypt : Until the Second World War, the princely crypt in Wranau served as a burial place for the princely family of Liechtenstein. When Franz Josef II became the first prince to move his residence to Vaduz, a new grave was built between 1958 and 1960 in the park south of the cathedral. Prince Franz Josef II was the first sovereign to be buried here in 1989. Since 1992 there has been a relief on the wings of the entrance door showing the resurrection of Lazarus .
Liechtenstein State Parliament Building : The state parliament building was opened in 2008 after 7 years of construction. Since then, it has served as a plenary hall for the state parliament of the Principality of Liechtenstein , where all members of the state parliament can sit at a single round table. Over a million clinker bricks, 600 tons of steel and 5,800 cubic meters of concrete were used in the construction, which cost 42.2 million Swiss francs.
Government building of Liechtenstein : The government building was built from 1903 to 1905 in the neo-baroque style. It contained major technical innovations for Liechtenstein, which was poor at the time: the first central heating system in Liechtenstein was installed in the government building. The building, popularly known as the “Big House”, has been a listed building since 1992.
Vaduz town hall : The town hall was built in 1932 and 1933. Of particular importance is a balcony fresco on the south facade depicting Saint Urban , the patron saint of winegrowers. The coat of arms of the municipality of Vaduz is carved on the entrance front .
“ Rheinbergerhaus ”: The building was built around 1550 and was first mentioned in documents in 1613. It is significant because the composer Josef Gabriel Rheinberger (1839–1901) was born in this house. At the age of twelve he left his hometown to receive musical training in Munich . He worked in Munich his entire life and died there. After the Second World War, he and his wife were transferred to Vaduz in 1945. A bronze portrait of Josef Gabriel Rheinberger was erected in front of his birthplace in 1939/1940.
Old Rhine Bridge : Since 1901, the old Rhine Bridge has connected Vaduz with the Swiss community of Sevelen . The 135 meter long bridge is the only remaining wooden Rhine bridge in Liechtenstein. The bridges of the other Liechtenstein communities were abandoned due to dilapidation or fires and replaced by concrete bridges. Since the opening of the new Rhine bridge, the bridge, which consists of five pillars, has only been accessible to non-motorized private transport. It was extensively renovated in 2009/2010.
The most important sports club is FC Vaduz . As of 2022, he has won the Liechtenstein Cup 48 times and plays in the second highest Swiss league, the Challenge League . FC Vaduz's venue is the Rheinpark Stadium , where the Liechtenstein national football team also plays its home games.
Postcard FTP01314_71
The Fay Thomas Collection includes family archives relating to the Thomas family. Moses Thomas (1825-1878) was a significant figure in the history of the area now known as the City of Whittlesea, Victoria, Australia. Thomas and Ann and their family lived at "Mayfield", Mernda, Victoria.
Miss Lily Thomas (1871-1946), Thomas and Ann’s fourth daughter lived there all her life. She collected postcards which her family and friends sent her on a very regular basis. It was an easy and enjoyable way to keep in touch. Production of postcards blossomed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Lily’s collection encompasses the so-called Golden Age (1890-1915) with many postmarked 1906-1907. Some were sent to other members of the family.
The collection document the natural landscape as well as the built environment—buildings, gardens, parks, and tourist sites. Topographical Postcards showing street scenes and general views from Australian and international locations, some of which are artistic views. Popular postcard manufacturers such as Tuck’s Postcards are included in the collection.
Decorative cards, many embellished with floral motives (as a nod to the receiver Lily?) and embossing. Greeting cards are common for Christmas, New Year, Easter and of course birthdays.
Regular senders can be identified from Kyneton and the Great Ocean Road area, Victoria and there is a siginifant collection from Scotland (but not sent from there).
YPRL hold digital copies of the Papers of the Moses Thomas Family held at State Library Victoria
Copyright for these images is Public domain but a credit to the Fay Thomas Collection and YPRL would be appreciated.
Enquiries: Yarra Plenty Regional Library
The invention relates to a joint system of rescue and provision supply capsules for aircraft. The present invention relates to the field of the art aimed at substantially reducing the consequences of an aviation disaster by dividing the passenger, crew and cargo compartments inside the fuselage of an aircraft into independent capsules. In the event of an imminent impact, said capsules can be ejected from the rest of the aircraft fuselage through a hatch located in the tail of the aircraft, with the help of a conveyor belt arranged longitudinally on the floor of the fuselage and on which the capsules rest, and longitudinal rails for guiding the capsules . The invention can also be used for the aerial supply of provisions to communities or ground troops.
Now there are available licenses of this patent "Joint system of rescue and provision supply capsules for aircraft"
video:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2eztYtLwIM
This new concept in aviation safety,and perhaps also applicable in space shuttles,consists of a system of independent capsules, situated inside the fuselage of the airplane. The capsules are pulled outside by means of a conveyor belt and leave the airplane through a hatch in the aft fuselage; next, parachutes are deployed and guide each capsule to safe landing on land or water.
This invention also can be used for humanitarian supply to populations in an emergency situation or in remote areas, e.g. during a natural disaster, or to military ground forces. A capsule can also be equipped as a mini-hospital and function as a shelter, until it is recuperated by helicopter, while the treated persons are still inside the capsule.Joining the capsules by hellicopters,a hospital can be a reality everywhere.
Furthermore, the capsules are reusable and can be reinstalled in an aircraft for use in future operations / flights.
Website:http://www.agustinaguinaldo.neosites.com
rescuecapsules@gmail.com
Warm-up exercise on how do the participants relate to each other in the "Every Compani is a Wiki" workshop
Postal Museum (Liechtenstein)
The postal museum in the English building in Vaduz
The Postal Museum of the Principality of Liechtenstein exhibits documents relating to philately and postal history in the Principality of Liechtenstein . The museum is affiliated with the Liechtenstein State Museum . It is located in the center of Vaduz in the so-called English building - the first steel-framed building in the country.
History
The museum was founded in 1930 to collect stamp issues and other important documents from the country's philately and postal history and make them accessible to the public. The museum opened in 1936. Hermann E. Sieger carried out significant curatorial work .
After the museum was housed in various rooms, it has been in the English building since 2002 .
Exhibition
The focus of the exhibition is on the stamps issued by the Principality of Liechtenstein since 1912. The museum also presents the most important designs, proofs and engraving plates as well as other important documents of postal history and historical postal equipment. In addition to the permanent exhibitions, changing exhibitions are also held periodically.
Postage stamps in the pedestrian zone
Since May 2011, a selection of oversized Liechtenstein stamps has been on display in the Städtle – Vaduz's pedestrian zone. The 25 stamp reproductions function here as pavement slabs.
Vaduz is the capital of the Principality of Liechtenstein . The municipality in the Oberland is the residence of the prince as well as the seat of the state government , the state parliament and all courts . It is also the seat of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of the same name .
Vaduz is particularly well-known for its role as an international financial center . The municipality has six exclaves and is therefore an administrative unit divided into seven. The inhabitants are called Vaduzer , the adjective is Vaduzisch .
The municipality has an area of 17,284 km² and includes the village of Vaduz and its immediate surroundings as well as six exclaves. The area with the village of Vaduz borders Schaan to the north , Triesenberg to the east, Triesen to the south and the Swiss communities of Sevelen and Buchs SG , located on the other side of the Rhine , to the west . The highest point in the municipality is 2150 m above sea level. M. the silver horn .
Four exclaves are located in the Rhine Valley. These are the agriculturally used Vaduzer Riet between the Schaaner industrial area and Eschen / Nendeln , the forests of Forst at the foot of the Three Sisters massif and Rüttistein and Dachsegg above Planken . The forest plots are owned by the Vaduz citizens' cooperative , whose members are entitled to the annual loose wood. At around 900 m above sea level. Traces of a prehistoric settlement were found in Dachsegg.
Two exclaves are located in the mountain area: on the one hand, the cooperative Alps Pradamee and Hahnenspiel and on the other hand, the Alp Hinter Valorsch . The Pradamee and Hahnenspiel Alps in the Malbun high valley were formerly known as Vaduz Malbun .
The Alp Hintervalorsch was separated from Vorder- and Mittlervalorsch in 1643 because of a dispute between Vaduz and Schaan and has belonged to Vaduz ever since. [8th]
In 1781, the use of the alpine pastures was divided between the Vaduz upper and lower villages and separate alpine buildings were built on the Under Pradamee (1500 m above sea level) and the Upper Pradamee (1700 m above sea level). Since 1930, the municipality of Vaduz has received around one million cubic meters of drinking water from Pradamee every year. The separate dairy operation ended around the middle of the 20th century. Since then, part of the milk has been made into cheese on the Ober Pradamee.
In 1962, the first ski lift in Malbun was built in the Alp Pradamee area, which was replaced by new chairlifts in 2006 along with other old lifts.
The Alp Hahnenspiel is used as Galtalp . One at approx. 2000 m above sea level. The small cave located M. served as a burial place for a dead person during the early Bronze Age .
Alp Gaflei, which was purchased by the municipality of Vaduz in 1952, is located in the Triesenberg municipality. Although the alpine buildings have been demolished since 2006, the alpine pastures continue to be used.
Vaduz was first mentioned in 1175/1200 as de Faduzes , two mentions from 1021 are later forgeries. The name, like many others in the Rhine Valley, is of Romanesque origin and goes back to Old Romansh auadutg “moat; Canal for mills and sawmills; Mill flume”, which in turn comes from the Latin aquaeductus .
On May 3, 1342, the then dominion of the Counts of Bregenz was divided, creating the County of Vaduz . In 1392, under Counts Henry V. (I.) and Hartmann IV. (II.) of Werdenberg-Sargans-Vaduz, it gained imperial immediacy through a privilege from King Wenceslas . In the following decades and centuries, the county repeatedly became the scene of wars and looting, e.g. B. in the Old Zurich War (1444–1446) or in the Swabian War (1499–1500).
Over time, the rulers of Hohenems became increasingly indebted, so that they were ultimately forced to sell the county of Vaduz and the neighboring lordship of Schellenberg . In 1699, Prince Hans Adam of Liechtenstein acquired the rule of Schellenberg and in 1712 the county of Vaduz. On January 23, 1719, a diploma from Emperor Charles VI united. the county of Vaduz with the rule of Schellenberg and raised it to an imperial principality with the name Liechtenstein. As a result, Vaduz became increasingly important.
In 1806, Napoleon Bonaparte founded the Confederation of the Rhine , which also included Liechtenstein and thereby effectively became independent. This independence was confirmed at the Congress of Vienna and Liechtenstein was accepted into the German Confederation .
However, Liechtenstein – and thus also Vaduz – remained very backward for a long time. It was only the customs treaty concluded with Austria in 1852 that enabled economic conditions to improve, and a constitutional constitution of 1862 brought political change so that the prince could no longer rule without restrictions.
The First World War impoverished the population, and at the end of the war the customs agreement with the war loser Austria-Hungary was dissolved.
After the customs treaty with Austria was dissolved in 1919, Liechtenstein became increasingly closer to Switzerland , and in 1923 the customs treaty with Switzerland, which still exists today, was signed. After Austria was annexed to the German Reich in March 1938, the newly ruling Prince Franz Josef II, the first prince of Liechtenstein, decided - because of his rejection of National Socialism - to move his residence to Liechtenstein to Vaduz Castle . Liechtenstein remained neutral during the Second World War and was never involved in direct hostilities. Instead, the principality was able to use its locational advantages (no loss of army personnel, central location, customs union with Switzerland, tax advantages, political stability), so that many new industrial companies were founded in Vaduz, but also in the wider principality, and progress in the country began to make rapid progress .
As of December 31, 2018, Vaduz had 5,625 inhabitants and was the second largest municipality in Liechtenstein after Schaan (with 6,016 inhabitants). At around 42 percent, the proportion of foreigners in Vaduz was higher than in all other Liechtenstein communities.
According to the 2015 census, 66.5 percent of the total population is Roman Catholic , with the proportion of Catholics among the population with Liechtenstein citizenship (80.8 percent) being significantly higher than among the population with foreign citizenship (47.1 percent Catholics). 10.1 percent of Vaduz's residents are Protestants , and 2.6 percent belong to another Christian church (majority Christian Orthodox churches ). 7.7 percent are Muslim , and other religions make up 0.75 percent of the population. Non-religious people make up 9.2 percent of the population - the highest proportion in Liechtenstein.
In the historical lexicon of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Vaduz is defined as the main town. Despite these official declarations, the term main location appears to be controversial among the general public. The principality's tourism website often refers to Vaduz as the capital, as do several Vaduz hotels, several media outlets (such as the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Die Welt , the Geo , the Kronen Zeitung or the Deutschlandfunk), the Association of the Consular Corps in the Principality of Liechtenstein and the Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Hubert Büchel said during his lecture in the Feldkirch Palais Liechtenstein in 1988 : “Vaduz with 5,000 inhabitants is of a size where we do not yet dare to speak of a ‘capital’, but at best of a ‘capital town’.”
In a travel magazine, the moderator Hape Kerkeling asked the FBP politician and former mayor of Vaduz, Manfred Bischof, whether one could “seriously speak of a capital” for a place with 6,000 inhabitants. Bishop replied that Vaduz could seriously be called a capital, since Liechtenstein is its own country and a country also has a capital.
The former Vaduz local councilor and former president of the Johann Schädler Agra Foundation , Stefanie Hasler, said on “ Vaterland TV ” at the end of 2022 that Vaduz is actually a capital and that “every now and then” he doesn’t dare to say so .
In March 2023, the Munich Merkur described Vaduz as the “de facto capital” of Liechtenstein.
Liechtenstein Art Museum : Opened in 2000, the state museum for modern and contemporary art houses the state art collection of the Principality of Liechtenstein. The facade, a colored and seamlessly cast concrete made of predominantly black basalt rock and colored river gravel, is treated in such a way that “a lively play is created on the reflective surface”.
Liechtenstein State Museum : The cultural and natural history of Liechtenstein is presented here . The museum includes two old buildings and a new building in Vaduz. In addition, the postal museum in Vaduz and a rural living museum in Schellenberg are assigned to the state museum.
“ Engländerbau ” with postal museum : The “Engländerbau” was built in 1933/1934 on behalf of an English company as a commercial building. Today it is an exhibition building that shows changing exhibitions of contemporary art. Since 2002, it has also been home to the Postal Museum, which is part of the State Museum and collects, preserves and makes available to the public important documents and artifacts from Liechtenstein philately and postal history.
Kurt Beck Watch Museum : Opened in March 2018 at Lettstrasse 39, the privately run museum shows around 250 antique watches by the collector Kurt Beck.
Vaduz Castle : The landmark of Vaduz was built in the 12th century and finally expanded in the 16th and 17th centuries. The castle has been owned by the Princes of Liechtenstein since 1712, but was not inhabited for a long time and fell increasingly into disrepair. It was only at the beginning of the 20th century that it was extensively renovated, and in 1938 Prince Franz Josef II became the first prince of Liechtenstein to move his permanent residence to the castle. Since then it has no longer been open to the public.
Schalun ruins : The medieval Schalun castle ruins (also called the “Wildschloss”) were built in the 12th century and were supplemented by other parts of the building over time. The ruins are located above Vaduz Castle at an altitude of approx. 850 m above sea level. M. Large parts of the foundation walls are still preserved today, especially the core of the castle with building remains up to ten meters high. The castle has been owned by the municipality of Vaduz since 1933.
“ Red House ”: It is a listed medieval stepped-gable house in the middle village of Vaduz. It belonged to the Vaistli between 1400 and 1500 : The house was acquired by an heir of the Vaistlis in 1525 from the monastery of St. Johann im Thurtal, and the associated vineyard ( Wingert ) has retained its resulting name, Abtswingert, to this day.
St. Florin Chapel: The St. Florin Chapel was a sacred building in the municipality of Vaduz that was probably built in the early modern period. In 1872 the tower and sacristy and in 1874 the remaining parts of the building were demolished, so that the chapel is no longer preserved today. A paving on the floor plan in the center of Vaduz refers to the former location of the chapel. In addition, a large part of the equipment has been preserved or found a new use: the bells of the chapel, for example, were used in the casting of the four bells of the new parish church of St. Florin.
St. Florin Cathedral : The neo-Gothic church was built between 1868 and 1873 and inaugurated on October 5, 1873. With the inauguration of the parish church, Vaduz became a parish, as the community had until then been attached to the original parish of Schaan . Until 1997, Liechtenstein belonged to the diocese of Chur . On December 2, 1997, the Archdiocese of Vaduz was established by Pope John Paul II and separated from the Diocese of Chur. At the same time as the founding of the Archdiocese of Vaduz, the parish church of St. Florin was elevated to the status of a cathedral.
St. Josef Chapel: It was built in 1930 and 1931. It is located in the Ebenholz district and is a branch church of the municipality of Vaduz. The chapel can be seen as an example of a clearly structured church type, as was often built in the 1930s.
The Ebenholz Evangelical Church is located in the Ebenholz district and was built in 1962 and 1963. The modern church building has a clear structure with a choir and a tower in the north and an organ gallery above the main entrance. The three bells come from the Schellenberg monastery church and were cast in 1880.
The Johanneskirche is the sacred building of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Principality of Liechtenstein. The church building was built in 1947 as an emergency church in Stuttgart and finally transferred to Liechtenstein as a gift in 1956. The organ, which dates from the early 18th century, is particularly significant.
Princely crypt : Until the Second World War, the princely crypt in Wranau served as a burial place for the princely family of Liechtenstein. When Franz Josef II became the first prince to move his residence to Vaduz, a new grave was built between 1958 and 1960 in the park south of the cathedral. Prince Franz Josef II was the first sovereign to be buried here in 1989. Since 1992 there has been a relief on the wings of the entrance door showing the resurrection of Lazarus .
Liechtenstein State Parliament Building : The state parliament building was opened in 2008 after 7 years of construction. Since then, it has served as a plenary hall for the state parliament of the Principality of Liechtenstein , where all members of the state parliament can sit at a single round table. Over a million clinker bricks, 600 tons of steel and 5,800 cubic meters of concrete were used in the construction, which cost 42.2 million Swiss francs.
Government building of Liechtenstein : The government building was built from 1903 to 1905 in the neo-baroque style. It contained major technical innovations for Liechtenstein, which was poor at the time: the first central heating system in Liechtenstein was installed in the government building. The building, popularly known as the “Big House”, has been a listed building since 1992.
Vaduz town hall : The town hall was built in 1932 and 1933. Of particular importance is a balcony fresco on the south facade depicting Saint Urban , the patron saint of winegrowers. The coat of arms of the municipality of Vaduz is carved on the entrance front .
“ Rheinbergerhaus ”: The building was built around 1550 and was first mentioned in documents in 1613. It is significant because the composer Josef Gabriel Rheinberger (1839–1901) was born in this house. At the age of twelve he left his hometown to receive musical training in Munich . He worked in Munich his entire life and died there. After the Second World War, he and his wife were transferred to Vaduz in 1945. A bronze portrait of Josef Gabriel Rheinberger was erected in front of his birthplace in 1939/1940.
Old Rhine Bridge : Since 1901, the old Rhine Bridge has connected Vaduz with the Swiss community of Sevelen . The 135 meter long bridge is the only remaining wooden Rhine bridge in Liechtenstein. The bridges of the other Liechtenstein communities were abandoned due to dilapidation or fires and replaced by concrete bridges. Since the opening of the new Rhine bridge, the bridge, which consists of five pillars, has only been accessible to non-motorized private transport. It was extensively renovated in 2009/2010.
The most important sports club is FC Vaduz . As of 2022, he has won the Liechtenstein Cup 48 times and plays in the second highest Swiss league, the Challenge League . FC Vaduz's venue is the Rheinpark Stadium , where the Liechtenstein national football team also plays its home games.
C:\Users\re-dossett\Videos\Uploads from R.E. Dossett\Relate wisely to those who hold unto relief-centred thinking!.mp4
Postal Museum (Liechtenstein)
The postal museum in the English building in Vaduz
The Postal Museum of the Principality of Liechtenstein exhibits documents relating to philately and postal history in the Principality of Liechtenstein . The museum is affiliated with the Liechtenstein State Museum . It is located in the center of Vaduz in the so-called English building - the first steel-framed building in the country.
History
The museum was founded in 1930 to collect stamp issues and other important documents from the country's philately and postal history and make them accessible to the public. The museum opened in 1936. Hermann E. Sieger carried out significant curatorial work .
After the museum was housed in various rooms, it has been in the English building since 2002 .
Exhibition
The focus of the exhibition is on the stamps issued by the Principality of Liechtenstein since 1912. The museum also presents the most important designs, proofs and engraving plates as well as other important documents of postal history and historical postal equipment. In addition to the permanent exhibitions, changing exhibitions are also held periodically.
Postage stamps in the pedestrian zone
Since May 2011, a selection of oversized Liechtenstein stamps has been on display in the Städtle – Vaduz's pedestrian zone. The 25 stamp reproductions function here as pavement slabs.
Vaduz is the capital of the Principality of Liechtenstein . The municipality in the Oberland is the residence of the prince as well as the seat of the state government , the state parliament and all courts . It is also the seat of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of the same name .
Vaduz is particularly well-known for its role as an international financial center . The municipality has six exclaves and is therefore an administrative unit divided into seven. The inhabitants are called Vaduzer , the adjective is Vaduzisch .
The municipality has an area of 17,284 km² and includes the village of Vaduz and its immediate surroundings as well as six exclaves. The area with the village of Vaduz borders Schaan to the north , Triesenberg to the east, Triesen to the south and the Swiss communities of Sevelen and Buchs SG , located on the other side of the Rhine , to the west . The highest point in the municipality is 2150 m above sea level. M. the silver horn .
Four exclaves are located in the Rhine Valley. These are the agriculturally used Vaduzer Riet between the Schaaner industrial area and Eschen / Nendeln , the forests of Forst at the foot of the Three Sisters massif and Rüttistein and Dachsegg above Planken . The forest plots are owned by the Vaduz citizens' cooperative , whose members are entitled to the annual loose wood. At around 900 m above sea level. Traces of a prehistoric settlement were found in Dachsegg.
Two exclaves are located in the mountain area: on the one hand, the cooperative Alps Pradamee and Hahnenspiel and on the other hand, the Alp Hinter Valorsch . The Pradamee and Hahnenspiel Alps in the Malbun high valley were formerly known as Vaduz Malbun .
The Alp Hintervalorsch was separated from Vorder- and Mittlervalorsch in 1643 because of a dispute between Vaduz and Schaan and has belonged to Vaduz ever since. [8th]
In 1781, the use of the alpine pastures was divided between the Vaduz upper and lower villages and separate alpine buildings were built on the Under Pradamee (1500 m above sea level) and the Upper Pradamee (1700 m above sea level). Since 1930, the municipality of Vaduz has received around one million cubic meters of drinking water from Pradamee every year. The separate dairy operation ended around the middle of the 20th century. Since then, part of the milk has been made into cheese on the Ober Pradamee.
In 1962, the first ski lift in Malbun was built in the Alp Pradamee area, which was replaced by new chairlifts in 2006 along with other old lifts.
The Alp Hahnenspiel is used as Galtalp . One at approx. 2000 m above sea level. The small cave located M. served as a burial place for a dead person during the early Bronze Age .
Alp Gaflei, which was purchased by the municipality of Vaduz in 1952, is located in the Triesenberg municipality. Although the alpine buildings have been demolished since 2006, the alpine pastures continue to be used.
Vaduz was first mentioned in 1175/1200 as de Faduzes , two mentions from 1021 are later forgeries. The name, like many others in the Rhine Valley, is of Romanesque origin and goes back to Old Romansh auadutg “moat; Canal for mills and sawmills; Mill flume”, which in turn comes from the Latin aquaeductus .
On May 3, 1342, the then dominion of the Counts of Bregenz was divided, creating the County of Vaduz . In 1392, under Counts Henry V. (I.) and Hartmann IV. (II.) of Werdenberg-Sargans-Vaduz, it gained imperial immediacy through a privilege from King Wenceslas . In the following decades and centuries, the county repeatedly became the scene of wars and looting, e.g. B. in the Old Zurich War (1444–1446) or in the Swabian War (1499–1500).
Over time, the rulers of Hohenems became increasingly indebted, so that they were ultimately forced to sell the county of Vaduz and the neighboring lordship of Schellenberg . In 1699, Prince Hans Adam of Liechtenstein acquired the rule of Schellenberg and in 1712 the county of Vaduz. On January 23, 1719, a diploma from Emperor Charles VI united. the county of Vaduz with the rule of Schellenberg and raised it to an imperial principality with the name Liechtenstein. As a result, Vaduz became increasingly important.
In 1806, Napoleon Bonaparte founded the Confederation of the Rhine , which also included Liechtenstein and thereby effectively became independent. This independence was confirmed at the Congress of Vienna and Liechtenstein was accepted into the German Confederation .
However, Liechtenstein – and thus also Vaduz – remained very backward for a long time. It was only the customs treaty concluded with Austria in 1852 that enabled economic conditions to improve, and a constitutional constitution of 1862 brought political change so that the prince could no longer rule without restrictions.
The First World War impoverished the population, and at the end of the war the customs agreement with the war loser Austria-Hungary was dissolved.
After the customs treaty with Austria was dissolved in 1919, Liechtenstein became increasingly closer to Switzerland , and in 1923 the customs treaty with Switzerland, which still exists today, was signed. After Austria was annexed to the German Reich in March 1938, the newly ruling Prince Franz Josef II, the first prince of Liechtenstein, decided - because of his rejection of National Socialism - to move his residence to Liechtenstein to Vaduz Castle . Liechtenstein remained neutral during the Second World War and was never involved in direct hostilities. Instead, the principality was able to use its locational advantages (no loss of army personnel, central location, customs union with Switzerland, tax advantages, political stability), so that many new industrial companies were founded in Vaduz, but also in the wider principality, and progress in the country began to make rapid progress .
As of December 31, 2018, Vaduz had 5,625 inhabitants and was the second largest municipality in Liechtenstein after Schaan (with 6,016 inhabitants). At around 42 percent, the proportion of foreigners in Vaduz was higher than in all other Liechtenstein communities.
According to the 2015 census, 66.5 percent of the total population is Roman Catholic , with the proportion of Catholics among the population with Liechtenstein citizenship (80.8 percent) being significantly higher than among the population with foreign citizenship (47.1 percent Catholics). 10.1 percent of Vaduz's residents are Protestants , and 2.6 percent belong to another Christian church (majority Christian Orthodox churches ). 7.7 percent are Muslim , and other religions make up 0.75 percent of the population. Non-religious people make up 9.2 percent of the population - the highest proportion in Liechtenstein.
In the historical lexicon of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Vaduz is defined as the main town. Despite these official declarations, the term main location appears to be controversial among the general public. The principality's tourism website often refers to Vaduz as the capital, as do several Vaduz hotels, several media outlets (such as the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Die Welt , the Geo , the Kronen Zeitung or the Deutschlandfunk), the Association of the Consular Corps in the Principality of Liechtenstein and the Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Hubert Büchel said during his lecture in the Feldkirch Palais Liechtenstein in 1988 : “Vaduz with 5,000 inhabitants is of a size where we do not yet dare to speak of a ‘capital’, but at best of a ‘capital town’.”
In a travel magazine, the moderator Hape Kerkeling asked the FBP politician and former mayor of Vaduz, Manfred Bischof, whether one could “seriously speak of a capital” for a place with 6,000 inhabitants. Bishop replied that Vaduz could seriously be called a capital, since Liechtenstein is its own country and a country also has a capital.
The former Vaduz local councilor and former president of the Johann Schädler Agra Foundation , Stefanie Hasler, said on “ Vaterland TV ” at the end of 2022 that Vaduz is actually a capital and that “every now and then” he doesn’t dare to say so .
In March 2023, the Munich Merkur described Vaduz as the “de facto capital” of Liechtenstein.
Liechtenstein Art Museum : Opened in 2000, the state museum for modern and contemporary art houses the state art collection of the Principality of Liechtenstein. The facade, a colored and seamlessly cast concrete made of predominantly black basalt rock and colored river gravel, is treated in such a way that “a lively play is created on the reflective surface”.
Liechtenstein State Museum : The cultural and natural history of Liechtenstein is presented here . The museum includes two old buildings and a new building in Vaduz. In addition, the postal museum in Vaduz and a rural living museum in Schellenberg are assigned to the state museum.
“ Engländerbau ” with postal museum : The “Engländerbau” was built in 1933/1934 on behalf of an English company as a commercial building. Today it is an exhibition building that shows changing exhibitions of contemporary art. Since 2002, it has also been home to the Postal Museum, which is part of the State Museum and collects, preserves and makes available to the public important documents and artifacts from Liechtenstein philately and postal history.
Kurt Beck Watch Museum : Opened in March 2018 at Lettstrasse 39, the privately run museum shows around 250 antique watches by the collector Kurt Beck.
Vaduz Castle : The landmark of Vaduz was built in the 12th century and finally expanded in the 16th and 17th centuries. The castle has been owned by the Princes of Liechtenstein since 1712, but was not inhabited for a long time and fell increasingly into disrepair. It was only at the beginning of the 20th century that it was extensively renovated, and in 1938 Prince Franz Josef II became the first prince of Liechtenstein to move his permanent residence to the castle. Since then it has no longer been open to the public.
Schalun ruins : The medieval Schalun castle ruins (also called the “Wildschloss”) were built in the 12th century and were supplemented by other parts of the building over time. The ruins are located above Vaduz Castle at an altitude of approx. 850 m above sea level. M. Large parts of the foundation walls are still preserved today, especially the core of the castle with building remains up to ten meters high. The castle has been owned by the municipality of Vaduz since 1933.
“ Red House ”: It is a listed medieval stepped-gable house in the middle village of Vaduz. It belonged to the Vaistli between 1400 and 1500 : The house was acquired by an heir of the Vaistlis in 1525 from the monastery of St. Johann im Thurtal, and the associated vineyard ( Wingert ) has retained its resulting name, Abtswingert, to this day.
St. Florin Chapel: The St. Florin Chapel was a sacred building in the municipality of Vaduz that was probably built in the early modern period. In 1872 the tower and sacristy and in 1874 the remaining parts of the building were demolished, so that the chapel is no longer preserved today. A paving on the floor plan in the center of Vaduz refers to the former location of the chapel. In addition, a large part of the equipment has been preserved or found a new use: the bells of the chapel, for example, were used in the casting of the four bells of the new parish church of St. Florin.
St. Florin Cathedral : The neo-Gothic church was built between 1868 and 1873 and inaugurated on October 5, 1873. With the inauguration of the parish church, Vaduz became a parish, as the community had until then been attached to the original parish of Schaan . Until 1997, Liechtenstein belonged to the diocese of Chur . On December 2, 1997, the Archdiocese of Vaduz was established by Pope John Paul II and separated from the Diocese of Chur. At the same time as the founding of the Archdiocese of Vaduz, the parish church of St. Florin was elevated to the status of a cathedral.
St. Josef Chapel: It was built in 1930 and 1931. It is located in the Ebenholz district and is a branch church of the municipality of Vaduz. The chapel can be seen as an example of a clearly structured church type, as was often built in the 1930s.
The Ebenholz Evangelical Church is located in the Ebenholz district and was built in 1962 and 1963. The modern church building has a clear structure with a choir and a tower in the north and an organ gallery above the main entrance. The three bells come from the Schellenberg monastery church and were cast in 1880.
The Johanneskirche is the sacred building of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Principality of Liechtenstein. The church building was built in 1947 as an emergency church in Stuttgart and finally transferred to Liechtenstein as a gift in 1956. The organ, which dates from the early 18th century, is particularly significant.
Princely crypt : Until the Second World War, the princely crypt in Wranau served as a burial place for the princely family of Liechtenstein. When Franz Josef II became the first prince to move his residence to Vaduz, a new grave was built between 1958 and 1960 in the park south of the cathedral. Prince Franz Josef II was the first sovereign to be buried here in 1989. Since 1992 there has been a relief on the wings of the entrance door showing the resurrection of Lazarus .
Liechtenstein State Parliament Building : The state parliament building was opened in 2008 after 7 years of construction. Since then, it has served as a plenary hall for the state parliament of the Principality of Liechtenstein , where all members of the state parliament can sit at a single round table. Over a million clinker bricks, 600 tons of steel and 5,800 cubic meters of concrete were used in the construction, which cost 42.2 million Swiss francs.
Government building of Liechtenstein : The government building was built from 1903 to 1905 in the neo-baroque style. It contained major technical innovations for Liechtenstein, which was poor at the time: the first central heating system in Liechtenstein was installed in the government building. The building, popularly known as the “Big House”, has been a listed building since 1992.
Vaduz town hall : The town hall was built in 1932 and 1933. Of particular importance is a balcony fresco on the south facade depicting Saint Urban , the patron saint of winegrowers. The coat of arms of the municipality of Vaduz is carved on the entrance front .
“ Rheinbergerhaus ”: The building was built around 1550 and was first mentioned in documents in 1613. It is significant because the composer Josef Gabriel Rheinberger (1839–1901) was born in this house. At the age of twelve he left his hometown to receive musical training in Munich . He worked in Munich his entire life and died there. After the Second World War, he and his wife were transferred to Vaduz in 1945. A bronze portrait of Josef Gabriel Rheinberger was erected in front of his birthplace in 1939/1940.
Old Rhine Bridge : Since 1901, the old Rhine Bridge has connected Vaduz with the Swiss community of Sevelen . The 135 meter long bridge is the only remaining wooden Rhine bridge in Liechtenstein. The bridges of the other Liechtenstein communities were abandoned due to dilapidation or fires and replaced by concrete bridges. Since the opening of the new Rhine bridge, the bridge, which consists of five pillars, has only been accessible to non-motorized private transport. It was extensively renovated in 2009/2010.
The most important sports club is FC Vaduz . As of 2022, he has won the Liechtenstein Cup 48 times and plays in the second highest Swiss league, the Challenge League . FC Vaduz's venue is the Rheinpark Stadium , where the Liechtenstein national football team also plays its home games.
March 19, 2014. Boston, MA.
Kick Butts Day 2014. Representatives from the Department of Public Health (DPH) today joined more than 250 young people from across the Commonwealth at the State House for the national observance of Kick Butts Day, recognizing the contributions of teenagers in smoking cessation and prevention efforts.
The young people participating in today’s event are part of DPH’s youth movement, The 84, which represents the 84 percent of young people in Massachusetts who don’t smoke.
High school students involved in The 84 have been educating their communities and their local lawmakers about issues relating to tobacco and, working with local health boards and other programs; have promoted effective tobacco prevention strategies in their communities. Members of The 84 Movement have been vital in fighting the way tobacco industry markets its products to youth.
© 2014 Marilyn Humphries
Just wanted to relate to you all how important it is in life to cherish every moment God lets you live with your loved ones. For two weeks my father had asked me to take him to a special place he wanted to eat lunch and taste the shrimp in that area. At 81, and in a fairly good health after his last stroke, my father wanted to eat shrimp by the bay. I was busy, doing my every day things and took me two weeks to take him. Once there my father told me the story why he wanted to go to that special place. When he was very young, my grandfather had a factory in the city and shipped his goods all thru the country from that special shipping port. They lived close by and he remembered dearly those moments when his father used to take him there (fishers market down town) and he ate those same shrimps over 70 years ago. He was so happy there, he enjoyed every moment, ate slowly and remembered grandma and grandpa who have longed passed away. He felt close to them and just lived the moment second by second every bite he took was just like being there again 70 years before.
I write this with the deepest pain in my heart, so bad it hearts deeply, as I felt God was telling me he is getting ready to reunite my Dad with my grand parents, let him live again but now forever, those unforgettable moments he carries in his heart for all his life, let him have a well deserved peace and tranquility he has more than earned thru his 80 years of being the best Dad anyone can have, the most amazing example of a brave man, who never gave up to give us all the best any one can give and get.
As I sit here praying to God he lets me reimburse my Dad for all he has given us, I wanted to make it public, and ask any of you out there to take one minute and ask God to keep him with us for as much as he wishes so we can all enjoy him for the last days, months o years of his life he has left. We certainly can’t change the past but can absolutely change the future. God I made my deepest desire to you public in my most sincere hope you hear us all and have mercy upon us. God Bless you all.
Mark relates the destruction of a fan's comic at his hand!!! (It doesn't happen here...) Then he relates a tale about bad artists and looks DIRECTLY at Tony Harris when doing so, to which Tony calls him out for it and hilarity ensues. (Yes, that's me cackling like a snaggletoothed witch)
Placard relating the Old Spanish Trail to the Mountain Meadows Massacre of 1857. Photo by: the Beckwith Family / Utah State Historical Society.
Inspired by issues relating to climate change, Water Will Be Here imagines what it might feel like if sea levels rose to the point where cities found themselves underwater.
This photo shows the interior of the space, where viewers can interact with the piece.
Water Will Be Here is a site-specific digital video installation that was presented as part of Scotiabank's 2012 Nuit Blanche Festival and was installed at the CICB building in downtown Toronto.
Relator do Orçamento 2025, senador Angelo Coronel (PSD-BA), concede entrevista.
Foto: Edilson Rodrigues/Agência Senado
Postal Museum (Liechtenstein)
The postal museum in the English building in Vaduz
The Postal Museum of the Principality of Liechtenstein exhibits documents relating to philately and postal history in the Principality of Liechtenstein . The museum is affiliated with the Liechtenstein State Museum . It is located in the center of Vaduz in the so-called English building - the first steel-framed building in the country.
History
The museum was founded in 1930 to collect stamp issues and other important documents from the country's philately and postal history and make them accessible to the public. The museum opened in 1936. Hermann E. Sieger carried out significant curatorial work .
After the museum was housed in various rooms, it has been in the English building since 2002 .
Exhibition
The focus of the exhibition is on the stamps issued by the Principality of Liechtenstein since 1912. The museum also presents the most important designs, proofs and engraving plates as well as other important documents of postal history and historical postal equipment. In addition to the permanent exhibitions, changing exhibitions are also held periodically.
Postage stamps in the pedestrian zone
Since May 2011, a selection of oversized Liechtenstein stamps has been on display in the Städtle – Vaduz's pedestrian zone. The 25 stamp reproductions function here as pavement slabs.
Vaduz is the capital of the Principality of Liechtenstein . The municipality in the Oberland is the residence of the prince as well as the seat of the state government , the state parliament and all courts . It is also the seat of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of the same name .
Vaduz is particularly well-known for its role as an international financial center . The municipality has six exclaves and is therefore an administrative unit divided into seven. The inhabitants are called Vaduzer , the adjective is Vaduzisch .
The municipality has an area of 17,284 km² and includes the village of Vaduz and its immediate surroundings as well as six exclaves. The area with the village of Vaduz borders Schaan to the north , Triesenberg to the east, Triesen to the south and the Swiss communities of Sevelen and Buchs SG , located on the other side of the Rhine , to the west . The highest point in the municipality is 2150 m above sea level. M. the silver horn .
Four exclaves are located in the Rhine Valley. These are the agriculturally used Vaduzer Riet between the Schaaner industrial area and Eschen / Nendeln , the forests of Forst at the foot of the Three Sisters massif and Rüttistein and Dachsegg above Planken . The forest plots are owned by the Vaduz citizens' cooperative , whose members are entitled to the annual loose wood. At around 900 m above sea level. Traces of a prehistoric settlement were found in Dachsegg.
Two exclaves are located in the mountain area: on the one hand, the cooperative Alps Pradamee and Hahnenspiel and on the other hand, the Alp Hinter Valorsch . The Pradamee and Hahnenspiel Alps in the Malbun high valley were formerly known as Vaduz Malbun .
The Alp Hintervalorsch was separated from Vorder- and Mittlervalorsch in 1643 because of a dispute between Vaduz and Schaan and has belonged to Vaduz ever since. [8th]
In 1781, the use of the alpine pastures was divided between the Vaduz upper and lower villages and separate alpine buildings were built on the Under Pradamee (1500 m above sea level) and the Upper Pradamee (1700 m above sea level). Since 1930, the municipality of Vaduz has received around one million cubic meters of drinking water from Pradamee every year. The separate dairy operation ended around the middle of the 20th century. Since then, part of the milk has been made into cheese on the Ober Pradamee.
In 1962, the first ski lift in Malbun was built in the Alp Pradamee area, which was replaced by new chairlifts in 2006 along with other old lifts.
The Alp Hahnenspiel is used as Galtalp . One at approx. 2000 m above sea level. The small cave located M. served as a burial place for a dead person during the early Bronze Age .
Alp Gaflei, which was purchased by the municipality of Vaduz in 1952, is located in the Triesenberg municipality. Although the alpine buildings have been demolished since 2006, the alpine pastures continue to be used.
Vaduz was first mentioned in 1175/1200 as de Faduzes , two mentions from 1021 are later forgeries. The name, like many others in the Rhine Valley, is of Romanesque origin and goes back to Old Romansh auadutg “moat; Canal for mills and sawmills; Mill flume”, which in turn comes from the Latin aquaeductus .
On May 3, 1342, the then dominion of the Counts of Bregenz was divided, creating the County of Vaduz . In 1392, under Counts Henry V. (I.) and Hartmann IV. (II.) of Werdenberg-Sargans-Vaduz, it gained imperial immediacy through a privilege from King Wenceslas . In the following decades and centuries, the county repeatedly became the scene of wars and looting, e.g. B. in the Old Zurich War (1444–1446) or in the Swabian War (1499–1500).
Over time, the rulers of Hohenems became increasingly indebted, so that they were ultimately forced to sell the county of Vaduz and the neighboring lordship of Schellenberg . In 1699, Prince Hans Adam of Liechtenstein acquired the rule of Schellenberg and in 1712 the county of Vaduz. On January 23, 1719, a diploma from Emperor Charles VI united. the county of Vaduz with the rule of Schellenberg and raised it to an imperial principality with the name Liechtenstein. As a result, Vaduz became increasingly important.
In 1806, Napoleon Bonaparte founded the Confederation of the Rhine , which also included Liechtenstein and thereby effectively became independent. This independence was confirmed at the Congress of Vienna and Liechtenstein was accepted into the German Confederation .
However, Liechtenstein – and thus also Vaduz – remained very backward for a long time. It was only the customs treaty concluded with Austria in 1852 that enabled economic conditions to improve, and a constitutional constitution of 1862 brought political change so that the prince could no longer rule without restrictions.
The First World War impoverished the population, and at the end of the war the customs agreement with the war loser Austria-Hungary was dissolved.
After the customs treaty with Austria was dissolved in 1919, Liechtenstein became increasingly closer to Switzerland , and in 1923 the customs treaty with Switzerland, which still exists today, was signed. After Austria was annexed to the German Reich in March 1938, the newly ruling Prince Franz Josef II, the first prince of Liechtenstein, decided - because of his rejection of National Socialism - to move his residence to Liechtenstein to Vaduz Castle . Liechtenstein remained neutral during the Second World War and was never involved in direct hostilities. Instead, the principality was able to use its locational advantages (no loss of army personnel, central location, customs union with Switzerland, tax advantages, political stability), so that many new industrial companies were founded in Vaduz, but also in the wider principality, and progress in the country began to make rapid progress .
As of December 31, 2018, Vaduz had 5,625 inhabitants and was the second largest municipality in Liechtenstein after Schaan (with 6,016 inhabitants). At around 42 percent, the proportion of foreigners in Vaduz was higher than in all other Liechtenstein communities.
According to the 2015 census, 66.5 percent of the total population is Roman Catholic , with the proportion of Catholics among the population with Liechtenstein citizenship (80.8 percent) being significantly higher than among the population with foreign citizenship (47.1 percent Catholics). 10.1 percent of Vaduz's residents are Protestants , and 2.6 percent belong to another Christian church (majority Christian Orthodox churches ). 7.7 percent are Muslim , and other religions make up 0.75 percent of the population. Non-religious people make up 9.2 percent of the population - the highest proportion in Liechtenstein.
In the historical lexicon of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Vaduz is defined as the main town. Despite these official declarations, the term main location appears to be controversial among the general public. The principality's tourism website often refers to Vaduz as the capital, as do several Vaduz hotels, several media outlets (such as the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Die Welt , the Geo , the Kronen Zeitung or the Deutschlandfunk), the Association of the Consular Corps in the Principality of Liechtenstein and the Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Hubert Büchel said during his lecture in the Feldkirch Palais Liechtenstein in 1988 : “Vaduz with 5,000 inhabitants is of a size where we do not yet dare to speak of a ‘capital’, but at best of a ‘capital town’.”
In a travel magazine, the moderator Hape Kerkeling asked the FBP politician and former mayor of Vaduz, Manfred Bischof, whether one could “seriously speak of a capital” for a place with 6,000 inhabitants. Bishop replied that Vaduz could seriously be called a capital, since Liechtenstein is its own country and a country also has a capital.
The former Vaduz local councilor and former president of the Johann Schädler Agra Foundation , Stefanie Hasler, said on “ Vaterland TV ” at the end of 2022 that Vaduz is actually a capital and that “every now and then” he doesn’t dare to say so .
In March 2023, the Munich Merkur described Vaduz as the “de facto capital” of Liechtenstein.
Liechtenstein Art Museum : Opened in 2000, the state museum for modern and contemporary art houses the state art collection of the Principality of Liechtenstein. The facade, a colored and seamlessly cast concrete made of predominantly black basalt rock and colored river gravel, is treated in such a way that “a lively play is created on the reflective surface”.
Liechtenstein State Museum : The cultural and natural history of Liechtenstein is presented here . The museum includes two old buildings and a new building in Vaduz. In addition, the postal museum in Vaduz and a rural living museum in Schellenberg are assigned to the state museum.
“ Engländerbau ” with postal museum : The “Engländerbau” was built in 1933/1934 on behalf of an English company as a commercial building. Today it is an exhibition building that shows changing exhibitions of contemporary art. Since 2002, it has also been home to the Postal Museum, which is part of the State Museum and collects, preserves and makes available to the public important documents and artifacts from Liechtenstein philately and postal history.
Kurt Beck Watch Museum : Opened in March 2018 at Lettstrasse 39, the privately run museum shows around 250 antique watches by the collector Kurt Beck.
Vaduz Castle : The landmark of Vaduz was built in the 12th century and finally expanded in the 16th and 17th centuries. The castle has been owned by the Princes of Liechtenstein since 1712, but was not inhabited for a long time and fell increasingly into disrepair. It was only at the beginning of the 20th century that it was extensively renovated, and in 1938 Prince Franz Josef II became the first prince of Liechtenstein to move his permanent residence to the castle. Since then it has no longer been open to the public.
Schalun ruins : The medieval Schalun castle ruins (also called the “Wildschloss”) were built in the 12th century and were supplemented by other parts of the building over time. The ruins are located above Vaduz Castle at an altitude of approx. 850 m above sea level. M. Large parts of the foundation walls are still preserved today, especially the core of the castle with building remains up to ten meters high. The castle has been owned by the municipality of Vaduz since 1933.
“ Red House ”: It is a listed medieval stepped-gable house in the middle village of Vaduz. It belonged to the Vaistli between 1400 and 1500 : The house was acquired by an heir of the Vaistlis in 1525 from the monastery of St. Johann im Thurtal, and the associated vineyard ( Wingert ) has retained its resulting name, Abtswingert, to this day.
St. Florin Chapel: The St. Florin Chapel was a sacred building in the municipality of Vaduz that was probably built in the early modern period. In 1872 the tower and sacristy and in 1874 the remaining parts of the building were demolished, so that the chapel is no longer preserved today. A paving on the floor plan in the center of Vaduz refers to the former location of the chapel. In addition, a large part of the equipment has been preserved or found a new use: the bells of the chapel, for example, were used in the casting of the four bells of the new parish church of St. Florin.
St. Florin Cathedral : The neo-Gothic church was built between 1868 and 1873 and inaugurated on October 5, 1873. With the inauguration of the parish church, Vaduz became a parish, as the community had until then been attached to the original parish of Schaan . Until 1997, Liechtenstein belonged to the diocese of Chur . On December 2, 1997, the Archdiocese of Vaduz was established by Pope John Paul II and separated from the Diocese of Chur. At the same time as the founding of the Archdiocese of Vaduz, the parish church of St. Florin was elevated to the status of a cathedral.
St. Josef Chapel: It was built in 1930 and 1931. It is located in the Ebenholz district and is a branch church of the municipality of Vaduz. The chapel can be seen as an example of a clearly structured church type, as was often built in the 1930s.
The Ebenholz Evangelical Church is located in the Ebenholz district and was built in 1962 and 1963. The modern church building has a clear structure with a choir and a tower in the north and an organ gallery above the main entrance. The three bells come from the Schellenberg monastery church and were cast in 1880.
The Johanneskirche is the sacred building of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Principality of Liechtenstein. The church building was built in 1947 as an emergency church in Stuttgart and finally transferred to Liechtenstein as a gift in 1956. The organ, which dates from the early 18th century, is particularly significant.
Princely crypt : Until the Second World War, the princely crypt in Wranau served as a burial place for the princely family of Liechtenstein. When Franz Josef II became the first prince to move his residence to Vaduz, a new grave was built between 1958 and 1960 in the park south of the cathedral. Prince Franz Josef II was the first sovereign to be buried here in 1989. Since 1992 there has been a relief on the wings of the entrance door showing the resurrection of Lazarus .
Liechtenstein State Parliament Building : The state parliament building was opened in 2008 after 7 years of construction. Since then, it has served as a plenary hall for the state parliament of the Principality of Liechtenstein , where all members of the state parliament can sit at a single round table. Over a million clinker bricks, 600 tons of steel and 5,800 cubic meters of concrete were used in the construction, which cost 42.2 million Swiss francs.
Government building of Liechtenstein : The government building was built from 1903 to 1905 in the neo-baroque style. It contained major technical innovations for Liechtenstein, which was poor at the time: the first central heating system in Liechtenstein was installed in the government building. The building, popularly known as the “Big House”, has been a listed building since 1992.
Vaduz town hall : The town hall was built in 1932 and 1933. Of particular importance is a balcony fresco on the south facade depicting Saint Urban , the patron saint of winegrowers. The coat of arms of the municipality of Vaduz is carved on the entrance front .
“ Rheinbergerhaus ”: The building was built around 1550 and was first mentioned in documents in 1613. It is significant because the composer Josef Gabriel Rheinberger (1839–1901) was born in this house. At the age of twelve he left his hometown to receive musical training in Munich . He worked in Munich his entire life and died there. After the Second World War, he and his wife were transferred to Vaduz in 1945. A bronze portrait of Josef Gabriel Rheinberger was erected in front of his birthplace in 1939/1940.
Old Rhine Bridge : Since 1901, the old Rhine Bridge has connected Vaduz with the Swiss community of Sevelen . The 135 meter long bridge is the only remaining wooden Rhine bridge in Liechtenstein. The bridges of the other Liechtenstein communities were abandoned due to dilapidation or fires and replaced by concrete bridges. Since the opening of the new Rhine bridge, the bridge, which consists of five pillars, has only been accessible to non-motorized private transport. It was extensively renovated in 2009/2010.
The most important sports club is FC Vaduz . As of 2022, he has won the Liechtenstein Cup 48 times and plays in the second highest Swiss league, the Challenge League . FC Vaduz's venue is the Rheinpark Stadium , where the Liechtenstein national football team also plays its home games.
An additional context of importance to this plan is the location of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. It is close to El Chorrillo, and will be opening soon a Museum of Biodiversity designed by Frank Gehry. Despite STRI’s proximity, little integration with the El Chorrillo exists. By Punta Mal in El Chorrillo is a last remaining stand of the native vegetation, the mangrove forest.
This is an opportunity for the Smithsonian to use its vast scientific knowledge about tropical ecosystems in tandem with the community to create green jobs and expertise. Part of the proposal is to create opportunities for the Smithsonian to advance its research through the mangrove forest and its reparation. STRI can tap into the local community to educate young people about science by working with them to study mangroves in the urban context. This could spur academic and life achievement noted in studies about children’s contact with nature.
A mangrove restoration could be an outstanding way to foster this relationship, exchanging scientific ideas for local ethnobotanical relationships and educate the youth, giving them good jobs.
Sam is relating something to Edrin while they are having good time playing in the water. Look at his body language and gestures. It must have been a real interesting story for him to relate as much fun for Edrin to listen to it.
Urban (ɜːʳbən) adjective [usually ADJECTIVE noun]
Urban means belonging to, or relating to, a town or city.
Arborist (ˈɑːrbərɪst)
noun
A specialist in the cultivation and care of trees and shrubs, including tree surgery, the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tree diseases, and the control of pests
collinsdictionary.com
How do you manage trees that were planted in the 1960s as part of post-war housing development in the third decade of the 21st Millennium? With great care, dinosaur smoke and mankind’s great pursuit in conquest over nature.
The process being undertaken in these photos is what's called pollarding, where a trees limbs are removed entirely to encourage later dense growth within 1 to 2 years. Only certain species of trees can handle this brutal operation, like these London Plane trees here. Once a tree is pollarded, it has to be regularly maintained in 5-10 year operations.
Historically, wood harvested from this method would be used to feed livestock or for light timber, but these days, thanks to the infernal combustion engine, two operatives can pollard five trees in as many hours, with the tree limbs being quite violently mechanically separated and carted off to be used either as mulch or biofuel.
I find arboriculture rather fascinating; living amongst the trees in an urban environment, arborists have been a regular sight over the years, performing everything from whole tree clearings to dead wood pruning, I’ve seen them do a lot.
It’s a highly skilled profession with some of the most dangerous and violent tools possible in the workplace – Darwin Award nominees are quickly weeded out.
There is a strange beauty to the brutality of efficiency, especially towards articles of nature.
All these pictures relate to my blog for Gardeners World Magazine
while you are at it, try my other blog
Image from '[Historical Collections of the State of New Jersey ... relating to its history and antiquities, with geographical descriptions of every township in the State. [With illustrations.]]', 000194808
Author: BARBER, John Warner and HOWE (Henry)
Page: 406
Year: 1852
Place: Newark, N.J
Publisher: J. H. Bradley
Following the link above will take you to the British Library's integrated catalogue. You will be able to download a PDF of the book this image is taken from, as well as view the pages up close with the 'itemViewer'. Click on the 'related items' to search for the electronic version of this work.
Deputado Arthur Maia (PPS-BA), relator da reforma da Previdência Social na Câmara dos Deputados.
Brasília (DF) 25.01.2018 - Foto: José Paulo Lacerda
Postal Museum (Liechtenstein)
The postal museum in the English building in Vaduz
The Postal Museum of the Principality of Liechtenstein exhibits documents relating to philately and postal history in the Principality of Liechtenstein . The museum is affiliated with the Liechtenstein State Museum . It is located in the center of Vaduz in the so-called English building - the first steel-framed building in the country.
History
The museum was founded in 1930 to collect stamp issues and other important documents from the country's philately and postal history and make them accessible to the public. The museum opened in 1936. Hermann E. Sieger carried out significant curatorial work .
After the museum was housed in various rooms, it has been in the English building since 2002 .
Exhibition
The focus of the exhibition is on the stamps issued by the Principality of Liechtenstein since 1912. The museum also presents the most important designs, proofs and engraving plates as well as other important documents of postal history and historical postal equipment. In addition to the permanent exhibitions, changing exhibitions are also held periodically.
Postage stamps in the pedestrian zone
Since May 2011, a selection of oversized Liechtenstein stamps has been on display in the Städtle – Vaduz's pedestrian zone. The 25 stamp reproductions function here as pavement slabs.
Vaduz is the capital of the Principality of Liechtenstein . The municipality in the Oberland is the residence of the prince as well as the seat of the state government , the state parliament and all courts . It is also the seat of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of the same name .
Vaduz is particularly well-known for its role as an international financial center . The municipality has six exclaves and is therefore an administrative unit divided into seven. The inhabitants are called Vaduzer , the adjective is Vaduzisch .
The municipality has an area of 17,284 km² and includes the village of Vaduz and its immediate surroundings as well as six exclaves. The area with the village of Vaduz borders Schaan to the north , Triesenberg to the east, Triesen to the south and the Swiss communities of Sevelen and Buchs SG , located on the other side of the Rhine , to the west . The highest point in the municipality is 2150 m above sea level. M. the silver horn .
Four exclaves are located in the Rhine Valley. These are the agriculturally used Vaduzer Riet between the Schaaner industrial area and Eschen / Nendeln , the forests of Forst at the foot of the Three Sisters massif and Rüttistein and Dachsegg above Planken . The forest plots are owned by the Vaduz citizens' cooperative , whose members are entitled to the annual loose wood. At around 900 m above sea level. Traces of a prehistoric settlement were found in Dachsegg.
Two exclaves are located in the mountain area: on the one hand, the cooperative Alps Pradamee and Hahnenspiel and on the other hand, the Alp Hinter Valorsch . The Pradamee and Hahnenspiel Alps in the Malbun high valley were formerly known as Vaduz Malbun .
The Alp Hintervalorsch was separated from Vorder- and Mittlervalorsch in 1643 because of a dispute between Vaduz and Schaan and has belonged to Vaduz ever since. [8th]
In 1781, the use of the alpine pastures was divided between the Vaduz upper and lower villages and separate alpine buildings were built on the Under Pradamee (1500 m above sea level) and the Upper Pradamee (1700 m above sea level). Since 1930, the municipality of Vaduz has received around one million cubic meters of drinking water from Pradamee every year. The separate dairy operation ended around the middle of the 20th century. Since then, part of the milk has been made into cheese on the Ober Pradamee.
In 1962, the first ski lift in Malbun was built in the Alp Pradamee area, which was replaced by new chairlifts in 2006 along with other old lifts.
The Alp Hahnenspiel is used as Galtalp . One at approx. 2000 m above sea level. The small cave located M. served as a burial place for a dead person during the early Bronze Age .
Alp Gaflei, which was purchased by the municipality of Vaduz in 1952, is located in the Triesenberg municipality. Although the alpine buildings have been demolished since 2006, the alpine pastures continue to be used.
Vaduz was first mentioned in 1175/1200 as de Faduzes , two mentions from 1021 are later forgeries. The name, like many others in the Rhine Valley, is of Romanesque origin and goes back to Old Romansh auadutg “moat; Canal for mills and sawmills; Mill flume”, which in turn comes from the Latin aquaeductus .
On May 3, 1342, the then dominion of the Counts of Bregenz was divided, creating the County of Vaduz . In 1392, under Counts Henry V. (I.) and Hartmann IV. (II.) of Werdenberg-Sargans-Vaduz, it gained imperial immediacy through a privilege from King Wenceslas . In the following decades and centuries, the county repeatedly became the scene of wars and looting, e.g. B. in the Old Zurich War (1444–1446) or in the Swabian War (1499–1500).
Over time, the rulers of Hohenems became increasingly indebted, so that they were ultimately forced to sell the county of Vaduz and the neighboring lordship of Schellenberg . In 1699, Prince Hans Adam of Liechtenstein acquired the rule of Schellenberg and in 1712 the county of Vaduz. On January 23, 1719, a diploma from Emperor Charles VI united. the county of Vaduz with the rule of Schellenberg and raised it to an imperial principality with the name Liechtenstein. As a result, Vaduz became increasingly important.
In 1806, Napoleon Bonaparte founded the Confederation of the Rhine , which also included Liechtenstein and thereby effectively became independent. This independence was confirmed at the Congress of Vienna and Liechtenstein was accepted into the German Confederation .
However, Liechtenstein – and thus also Vaduz – remained very backward for a long time. It was only the customs treaty concluded with Austria in 1852 that enabled economic conditions to improve, and a constitutional constitution of 1862 brought political change so that the prince could no longer rule without restrictions.
The First World War impoverished the population, and at the end of the war the customs agreement with the war loser Austria-Hungary was dissolved.
After the customs treaty with Austria was dissolved in 1919, Liechtenstein became increasingly closer to Switzerland , and in 1923 the customs treaty with Switzerland, which still exists today, was signed. After Austria was annexed to the German Reich in March 1938, the newly ruling Prince Franz Josef II, the first prince of Liechtenstein, decided - because of his rejection of National Socialism - to move his residence to Liechtenstein to Vaduz Castle . Liechtenstein remained neutral during the Second World War and was never involved in direct hostilities. Instead, the principality was able to use its locational advantages (no loss of army personnel, central location, customs union with Switzerland, tax advantages, political stability), so that many new industrial companies were founded in Vaduz, but also in the wider principality, and progress in the country began to make rapid progress .
As of December 31, 2018, Vaduz had 5,625 inhabitants and was the second largest municipality in Liechtenstein after Schaan (with 6,016 inhabitants). At around 42 percent, the proportion of foreigners in Vaduz was higher than in all other Liechtenstein communities.
According to the 2015 census, 66.5 percent of the total population is Roman Catholic , with the proportion of Catholics among the population with Liechtenstein citizenship (80.8 percent) being significantly higher than among the population with foreign citizenship (47.1 percent Catholics). 10.1 percent of Vaduz's residents are Protestants , and 2.6 percent belong to another Christian church (majority Christian Orthodox churches ). 7.7 percent are Muslim , and other religions make up 0.75 percent of the population. Non-religious people make up 9.2 percent of the population - the highest proportion in Liechtenstein.
In the historical lexicon of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Vaduz is defined as the main town. Despite these official declarations, the term main location appears to be controversial among the general public. The principality's tourism website often refers to Vaduz as the capital, as do several Vaduz hotels, several media outlets (such as the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Die Welt , the Geo , the Kronen Zeitung or the Deutschlandfunk), the Association of the Consular Corps in the Principality of Liechtenstein and the Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Hubert Büchel said during his lecture in the Feldkirch Palais Liechtenstein in 1988 : “Vaduz with 5,000 inhabitants is of a size where we do not yet dare to speak of a ‘capital’, but at best of a ‘capital town’.”
In a travel magazine, the moderator Hape Kerkeling asked the FBP politician and former mayor of Vaduz, Manfred Bischof, whether one could “seriously speak of a capital” for a place with 6,000 inhabitants. Bishop replied that Vaduz could seriously be called a capital, since Liechtenstein is its own country and a country also has a capital.
The former Vaduz local councilor and former president of the Johann Schädler Agra Foundation , Stefanie Hasler, said on “ Vaterland TV ” at the end of 2022 that Vaduz is actually a capital and that “every now and then” he doesn’t dare to say so .
In March 2023, the Munich Merkur described Vaduz as the “de facto capital” of Liechtenstein.
Liechtenstein Art Museum : Opened in 2000, the state museum for modern and contemporary art houses the state art collection of the Principality of Liechtenstein. The facade, a colored and seamlessly cast concrete made of predominantly black basalt rock and colored river gravel, is treated in such a way that “a lively play is created on the reflective surface”.
Liechtenstein State Museum : The cultural and natural history of Liechtenstein is presented here . The museum includes two old buildings and a new building in Vaduz. In addition, the postal museum in Vaduz and a rural living museum in Schellenberg are assigned to the state museum.
“ Engländerbau ” with postal museum : The “Engländerbau” was built in 1933/1934 on behalf of an English company as a commercial building. Today it is an exhibition building that shows changing exhibitions of contemporary art. Since 2002, it has also been home to the Postal Museum, which is part of the State Museum and collects, preserves and makes available to the public important documents and artifacts from Liechtenstein philately and postal history.
Kurt Beck Watch Museum : Opened in March 2018 at Lettstrasse 39, the privately run museum shows around 250 antique watches by the collector Kurt Beck.
Vaduz Castle : The landmark of Vaduz was built in the 12th century and finally expanded in the 16th and 17th centuries. The castle has been owned by the Princes of Liechtenstein since 1712, but was not inhabited for a long time and fell increasingly into disrepair. It was only at the beginning of the 20th century that it was extensively renovated, and in 1938 Prince Franz Josef II became the first prince of Liechtenstein to move his permanent residence to the castle. Since then it has no longer been open to the public.
Schalun ruins : The medieval Schalun castle ruins (also called the “Wildschloss”) were built in the 12th century and were supplemented by other parts of the building over time. The ruins are located above Vaduz Castle at an altitude of approx. 850 m above sea level. M. Large parts of the foundation walls are still preserved today, especially the core of the castle with building remains up to ten meters high. The castle has been owned by the municipality of Vaduz since 1933.
“ Red House ”: It is a listed medieval stepped-gable house in the middle village of Vaduz. It belonged to the Vaistli between 1400 and 1500 : The house was acquired by an heir of the Vaistlis in 1525 from the monastery of St. Johann im Thurtal, and the associated vineyard ( Wingert ) has retained its resulting name, Abtswingert, to this day.
St. Florin Chapel: The St. Florin Chapel was a sacred building in the municipality of Vaduz that was probably built in the early modern period. In 1872 the tower and sacristy and in 1874 the remaining parts of the building were demolished, so that the chapel is no longer preserved today. A paving on the floor plan in the center of Vaduz refers to the former location of the chapel. In addition, a large part of the equipment has been preserved or found a new use: the bells of the chapel, for example, were used in the casting of the four bells of the new parish church of St. Florin.
St. Florin Cathedral : The neo-Gothic church was built between 1868 and 1873 and inaugurated on October 5, 1873. With the inauguration of the parish church, Vaduz became a parish, as the community had until then been attached to the original parish of Schaan . Until 1997, Liechtenstein belonged to the diocese of Chur . On December 2, 1997, the Archdiocese of Vaduz was established by Pope John Paul II and separated from the Diocese of Chur. At the same time as the founding of the Archdiocese of Vaduz, the parish church of St. Florin was elevated to the status of a cathedral.
St. Josef Chapel: It was built in 1930 and 1931. It is located in the Ebenholz district and is a branch church of the municipality of Vaduz. The chapel can be seen as an example of a clearly structured church type, as was often built in the 1930s.
The Ebenholz Evangelical Church is located in the Ebenholz district and was built in 1962 and 1963. The modern church building has a clear structure with a choir and a tower in the north and an organ gallery above the main entrance. The three bells come from the Schellenberg monastery church and were cast in 1880.
The Johanneskirche is the sacred building of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Principality of Liechtenstein. The church building was built in 1947 as an emergency church in Stuttgart and finally transferred to Liechtenstein as a gift in 1956. The organ, which dates from the early 18th century, is particularly significant.
Princely crypt : Until the Second World War, the princely crypt in Wranau served as a burial place for the princely family of Liechtenstein. When Franz Josef II became the first prince to move his residence to Vaduz, a new grave was built between 1958 and 1960 in the park south of the cathedral. Prince Franz Josef II was the first sovereign to be buried here in 1989. Since 1992 there has been a relief on the wings of the entrance door showing the resurrection of Lazarus .
Liechtenstein State Parliament Building : The state parliament building was opened in 2008 after 7 years of construction. Since then, it has served as a plenary hall for the state parliament of the Principality of Liechtenstein , where all members of the state parliament can sit at a single round table. Over a million clinker bricks, 600 tons of steel and 5,800 cubic meters of concrete were used in the construction, which cost 42.2 million Swiss francs.
Government building of Liechtenstein : The government building was built from 1903 to 1905 in the neo-baroque style. It contained major technical innovations for Liechtenstein, which was poor at the time: the first central heating system in Liechtenstein was installed in the government building. The building, popularly known as the “Big House”, has been a listed building since 1992.
Vaduz town hall : The town hall was built in 1932 and 1933. Of particular importance is a balcony fresco on the south facade depicting Saint Urban , the patron saint of winegrowers. The coat of arms of the municipality of Vaduz is carved on the entrance front .
“ Rheinbergerhaus ”: The building was built around 1550 and was first mentioned in documents in 1613. It is significant because the composer Josef Gabriel Rheinberger (1839–1901) was born in this house. At the age of twelve he left his hometown to receive musical training in Munich . He worked in Munich his entire life and died there. After the Second World War, he and his wife were transferred to Vaduz in 1945. A bronze portrait of Josef Gabriel Rheinberger was erected in front of his birthplace in 1939/1940.
Old Rhine Bridge : Since 1901, the old Rhine Bridge has connected Vaduz with the Swiss community of Sevelen . The 135 meter long bridge is the only remaining wooden Rhine bridge in Liechtenstein. The bridges of the other Liechtenstein communities were abandoned due to dilapidation or fires and replaced by concrete bridges. Since the opening of the new Rhine bridge, the bridge, which consists of five pillars, has only been accessible to non-motorized private transport. It was extensively renovated in 2009/2010.
The most important sports club is FC Vaduz . As of 2022, he has won the Liechtenstein Cup 48 times and plays in the second highest Swiss league, the Challenge League . FC Vaduz's venue is the Rheinpark Stadium , where the Liechtenstein national football team also plays its home games.
Relates to TOTW: Fragile
This young teenage girl is one of life's survivors.
As a small child she was diagnosed with Leukaemia and for some time her future seemed uncertain.
It was not long after this occured I became a work colleague of her mother and I saw her from time to time following hospital visits and time off school. She even met my daughter and played with her briefly once!
As luck had it, after she had her chemotheraphy and treatment, she outgrow the illness, went on to live a healthy active life and bloomed into the beautiful rose she is today!
She is now going on to 6th form and hopes to study Psychology. Though I did joke with her here that working in a Civil Service Occupation, at places like Quarry House, along with her mother, would give her perhaps too much practical experience!
Life does have happy stories to tell us sometimes :))
Quotes relating to disability from the Working Press, books by and about working class artists, 1986-1996
archives.ucreative.ac.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmVie...
Image from '[Rump: or an exact collection of the choycest poems and songs relating to the late times. By the most eminent wits, from anno 1639 to anno 1661.]', 001087806
Author:
Page: 30
Year: 1874
Place: London
Publisher:
Following the link above will take you to the British Library's integrated catalogue. You will be able to download a PDF of the book this image is taken from, as well as view the pages up close with the 'itemViewer'. Click on the 'related items' to search for the electronic version of this work.
2015特隆赫姆羊年春节联欢晚会
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Photographer: GuoJunjun junjunguo.com/
a song i relate to
half jack by the dresden dolls
"half underwater
i'm half my mother's daughter
a fraction's left up to dispute
the whole collection
half off the price they're asking
in the halfway house of ill repute
half accidental
half pain full instrumental
i have a lot to think about
you think they're joking?
you have to go provoke him...
i guess it's high time you found out
it's half biology and half corrective surgery gone wrong
you'll notice something funny if you hang around here for too
long ago in some black hole before they had these pills to take it back
i'm half jill
and half jack
two halves are equal
a cross between two evils
it's not an enviable lot
but if you listen
you'll learn to hear the difference
between the halfs and the half nots
and when i let him in i feel my stitches getting sicker
i try to wash him out but like she said:the blood is thicker
i see my mother in my face
but only when i travel
i run as fast as i can run
but
jack comes tumbling after....
and when i'm brave enough and find a clever way to kick him out
and i'm so high not even you and all your love could bring me down
on 83rd he never found the magic words to change this fact:
i'm half jill
and half jack
i'm halfway home now
half hoping
for a showdown
cause i'm not big enough to house this crowd
it might destroy me
but i'd sacrifice my body
if it meant i'd get the jack part OUT
see
jack
run....."
This picture has important things on it.
First, the term impulse (J) is defined. J= ∫Fdt or J=mv-mv˳ (the two halves of the derivation we did at the beginning of this unit.
The relationship between F and t we see here can be explained using (t,F) graphs and finding ∫Fdt. The area under the curve is the same for long t and small F as it is for short t and small F. They have the same effect
This relates to the six leading citizens who were taken by Edward III of England after the siege of Calais during the Hundred Years' War. In front of the building there is a sculpture by Auguste Rodin, also depicting "The Burghers of Calais".
The city commissioned Rodin to create the sculpture in 1884 and the work was completed in 1889
The six burghers depicted are:
Eustache de Saint Pierre
Jacques de Wissant
Pierre de Wissant
Jean de Fiennes
Andrieu d'Andres
Jean d'Aire
Under French law, no more than 12 original casts of works of Rodin may be made.
One such cast is in Victoria Tower Gardens adjacent to the Houses of Parliament in London; cast 1908, installed on this site in 1914 and unveiled 19 July 1915