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Uccellino® by Xavier Madera. Xavier Madera is most noted for his creative custom jewelery collaboration with Erykah Badu & Thundercat but he has worked with several high-profile celebrities & celebrity friends throughout recent years. Some of which include Khalil, Lil Nate Dogg, Kaya Jones, Gladys Knight, Kayley Stallings, Boo Boo Stewart, Big Chan, Chris Brown, Marla Gibbs, Jane Seymour, Kyle Richards, Wynona Judd, Yung OFB, Trinity Marquez, Mathew Wayne & Daniella Monet just to name a few. He's also worked with top photographers in the fashion industry; K-rish, Nave Elefano (Inspirawr Music), Sir Jones, D'andre Michael, Bob Delgadillo, Sheri Determan, Gisele (Party by 5) & Gino Studios. Xavier Madera has worked with models from Chris Brown's Legendary Faces Modeling Agency; as well as, top models Leslie Allen & Brianna Michelle. His work has been featured in boutiques and Fashion Houses; Mint Collection, Shoes for the Stars Fashion House, Orange Bone, COLORS and more. He's also had several interviews & write ups in Splash Magazine, Dope Chic Style & other publications. In conjunction with Cindy Marquez (LC1 PR).
some of his works: www.magnoliaeditions.com/Content/Register/Register.htm
www.askart.com/askart/r/john_register/john_register.aspx
one of my favorite painters
Local call number: PR30135
Title: Brokaw-McDougall House: Tallahassee, Florida
Date: 2006
General note: The Brokaw-McDougall House, located at 329 North Meridian Road in Tallahassee, Florida, was built in 1856. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.
Photographer: Beatrice M. Queral
Physical descrip: 1 digital image - col.
Series Title: Print Collections
Repository: State Library and Archives of Florida, 500 S. Bronough St., Tallahassee, FL 32399-0250 USA. Contact: 850.245.6700. Archives@dos.myflorida.com
Persistent URL: www.floridamemory.com/items/show/16974
Sculpture on top of Mt Wycheproof made from bits of recycled metal by local artist Jimmy Johnson.
open.abc.net.au/posts/jimmy-johnson-79vg0uq
Mt Wycheproof's claim to fame is that of the smallest registered mountain in the world. It is 148m above sea level and just 43m above the surrounding plains.
Originally registered in Stockport, FJA612 was new in 1953 to the North Western Road Car Company which operated in parts of Derbyshire, Cheshire and Lancashire. It was of the type Leyland PSU1/15 and its centre entrance 41-seat coach body was also manufactured by Leyland. Withdrawn by North Western in 1961, it was photographed here alongside the River Nith in Dumfries on 24th February 1965 with Clarks' Coaches which I am informed was based in Glencaple and subsequently taken over by Western SMT. Subsequently it saw service with A & C McLennan of Spittalfield in Perth and Kinross.
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Found within the Gay Street Commercial Historic District in Knoxville, Tennessee and on the National Register of Historic Places #86002912.
Uccellino® by Xavier Madera. Xavier Madera is most noted for his creative custom jewelery collaboration with Erykah Badu & Thundercat but he has worked with several high-profile celebrities & celebrity friends throughout recent years. Some of which include Khalil, Lil Nate Dogg, Kaya Jones, Gladys Knight, Kayley Stallings, Boo Boo Stewart, Big Chan, Chris Brown, Marla Gibbs, Jane Seymour, Kyle Richards, Wynona Judd, Yung OFB, Trinity Marquez, Mathew Wayne & Daniella Monet just to name a few. He's also worked with top photographers in the fashion industry; K-rish, Nave Elefano (Inspirawr Music), Sir Jones, D'andre Michael, Bob Delgadillo, Sheri Determan, Gisele (Party by 5) & Gino Studios. Xavier Madera has worked with models from Chris Brown's Legendary Faces Modeling Agency; as well as, top models Leslie Allen & Brianna Michelle. His work has been featured in boutiques and Fashion Houses; Mint Collection, Shoes for the Stars Fashion House, Orange Bone, COLORS and more. He's also had several interviews & write ups in Splash Magazine, Dope Chic Style & other publications. In conjunction with Cindy Marquez (LC1 PR).
An old register found in one of the abandoned buildings in Pripyat. What does it record? Are the people there still alive and ok?
Behind the Disney Store registers, after I bought my Jasmine doll and Aladdin tsum tsums. Unused LE Jasmine voucher cards and line cards. Store lighting.
I got to a local mall about 7:40 am, and went to the Disney Store to wait for it to open at 10 am. They had the display Jasmine doll and a promo placard on a shelf behind the counter, and bins full of Aladdin tsums on the floor behind the counter. There was already a man and his young daughter in line ahead of me. They were waiting for the Aladdin tsum tsums, and didn't know about the Jasmine doll. The next person in line was with a friend, and worked at Disneyland. He was also there for the tsums, and didn't know anything about the doll. But he was curious, and after talking to him about the LE doll line, he decided to get one for a "friend." LOL. Later a fellow collector that I knew joined the line, and we chatted for awhile. Then a regular at the LE doll releases and his family came and we also chatted. He was very surprised by how many people were there, but was relieved when he found out that almost all of them were for the tsum tsums. The line was getting very long. Security came around 9:30 and told us to stand up.
At about 9:45 a CM came out and told us the ground rules for the release. Then she gave out line cards for Jasmine. They had 20 dolls, and she gave out 16 cards to those waiting. Naturally, I was #1. Right after the opening ceremony, we formed two lines. One was strictly for tsum tsums (which was where the original line was at). The other, much shorter line was for the Jasmine dolls, and we could also order Aladdin tsum tsums at the same time. I got my doll, and the CM never asked me for the line card. This the first line card I've been allowed to keep. Afterwards I was allowed to take photos of the doll. But it was very cramped behind the registers, and I didn't want to get in the way, so I only took a couple of photos.
I then went to another local Disney Store, and was lucky enough to get another Jasmine, for a fellow collector. They had 16 dolls, and sold 8 of them before I got there. I also took some photos of the doll, using flash this time, as there were annoying shadows across Jasmine's face.
Resister....
Hommage à ses hommes et ses femmes qui ont su résister aux tempêtes de leur temps.
La résistance est ambivalente car elle implique un choix. Il n'y a pas de bon ou de mauvais choix, il n'y a que des actes ni bons, ni mauvais. Des actes dont nous prenons en charge les responsabilités qui en découlent.
Si quelques fois nous devons louvoyer pour vivre comme nous le sentons. SI quelques fois nous devons nous déguiser pour survivre, ce n'est pas par lâcheté.
Nous savons ce que nous sommes, nous connaissons notre valeur (entre nos forces et nos faiblesses)
et comme il est écrit dans le Jardin de Roses de Saadi : Si quelqu'un dit du mal de vous, dites lui que vous êtes pire que ce qu'il raconte car vous connaissez vos fautes et qu'il les ignore.
C'est peut-être antinomique ce que j'écris : je parle de résistance mais également de se fondre dans la masse... C'est certainement le reflet de mon état d'esprit.
HS-TKG Boeing 777-35R/ER [35157] (Thai Airways) Bangkok Int'l~HS 30/10/2005. WFU stored Delhi~VT 12-04-2019 whilst registered VT-JET.
Registered 23 Sep 13. Taxi-ing to holding point 'K' for a runway 34 departure bound for KUL. The airline has since transferred its services to Melbourne - Avalon (AVV).
- with Canada 5 cents Registered Letter Stamp / REGISTERED - straight line marking...
Broad Cove is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in Lunenburg County. The community thrives on tourism, especially in the peak summer months. The community is served by a town hall where regular community events are held. It is about four miles north-east of Medway Harbour. This name is desriptive since the cove is roughly triangular in shape with a wide mouth. The population in 1956 was 206.
- from "Lovell's Gazetteer of the Dominion of Canada (1908)" - BROAD COVE, a post settlement in Lunenburg County, N.S., on the Atlantic Coast, 8 miles from County Line on the Halifax and South Western Ry. (MacKenzie & Mann System). It contains 2 churches, 2 stores, 1 hotel, and 1 lumber mill. The population in 1908 was about 250.
A Postal Way Office was established in Broad Cove (Lunenburg) in 1854 - it became a Post Office - c. October 1876 and closed - 30 July 1970.
/ BROAD • COVE • (LUNENBURG) / DE 26 / 89 / N.S / - split ring cancel - this split ring hammer was proofed - 20 August 1878 - (#422).
- sent to - / HALIFAX • N.S. / DE 27 / 89 / CANADA. / - cds cancel - this cds hammer was proofed - (#3506).
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Letter sent to: Geo. A. Pyke Esq / Head Central Wharf / Halifax, Nova Scotia
Name: George Augustus Pyke
Birth Date: abt 1840 in Halifax, N.S.
Death Date: 24 Oct 1900
Cemetery: Christ Church Cemetery
Burial or Cremation Place: Dartmouth, Halifax County, Nova Scotia, Canada
Spouse's Name: Jane Young (Jane Amelia Pyke) (1839–1932)
Event Date (Marriage): 12 Aug 1868
Event Place: Dartmouth, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Father's Name: William Pyke
Mother's Name: Emily Pyke
Spouse's Father's Name: Francis Young
Spouse's Mother's Name: Amelia Young
Children: (6)
1. George Francis Pyke (b. 28 Jun 1869 in Dartmouth, Halifax, Nova Scotia - d. 1931)
2. William Pyke (b. 26 Dec 1871 in Dartmouth, N.S. - d. 1871)
3. Arthur Charles Pyke (b. 23 Feb 1873 in Dartmouth, Halifax, Nova Scotia - d. 1933)
4. Harry E. Pyke (twin) (b. 1 Mar 1877 in Dartmouth, Halifax, Nova Scotia - d. 16 February 1938 in Halifax, N.S.)
5. Mabel Rose Pyke (twin) (b. 01 Mar 1877 in Dartmouth, Halifax, Nova Scotia) - Spouce - George Melville Howard
6. Edith Emilie Pyke (b. 22 Aug 1880 in Dartmouth, Halifax, Nova Scotia - d. 1944)
++++++ Form Wikipedia +++++
Kalaw (Burmese: ကလောမြို့; Shan: ၵလေႃး [ka lɔ]) is a hill town in the Shan State of Myanmar. It is located in Kalaw Township in Taunggyi District.
Kalaw
ကလောမြို့
Kalaw 21.jpg
Kalaw is located in Myanmar
Kalaw
Location in Myanmar
Coordinates: 20°38′N 96°34′E
Country Myanmar
Division Shan State
Districts Taunggyi District
Township Kalaw Township
Population (2005)
• Religions Buddhism
Time zone MST (UTC+6.30)
OverviewEdit
The town was popular with the British during colonial rule. Kalaw is the main setting of the novel "The Art of Hearing Heartbeats" by Jan-Philipp Sendker.
The hill station is located at an elevation of 1320 metres, 50 km from the Inle lake. Kalaw is famous for hiking and trekking.[1]
Kalaw Train station sign altitude.
Myanmar (Burmese pronunciation: [mjəmà]),[nb 1][8] officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma, is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia. Myanmar is bordered by India and Bangladesh to its west, Thailand and Laos to its east and China to its north and northeast. To its south, about one third of Myanmar's total perimeter of 5,876 km (3,651 mi) forms an uninterrupted coastline of 1,930 km (1,200 mi) along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. The country's 2014 census counted the population to be 51 million people.[9] As of 2017, the population is about 54 million.[10] Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometers (261,228 square miles) in size. Its capital city is Naypyidaw, and its largest city and former capital is Yangon (Rangoon).[1] Myanmar has been a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) since 1997.
Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma.[11] In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Mainland Southeast Asia.[12] The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British took over the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony. Myanmar was granted independence in 1948, as a democratic nation. Following a coup d'état in 1962, it became a military dictatorship.
For most of its independent years, the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife and its myriad ethnic groups have been involved in one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars. During this time, the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country.[13] In 2011, the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election, and a nominally civilian government was installed. This, along with the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners, has improved the country's human rights record and foreign relations, and has led to the easing of trade and other economic sanctions.[14] There is, however, continuing criticism of the government's treatment of ethnic minorities, its response to the ethnic insurgency, and religious clashes.[15] In the landmark 2015 election, Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a majority in both houses. However, the Burmese military remains a powerful force in politics.
Myanmar is a country rich in jade and gems, oil, natural gas and other mineral resources. In 2013, its GDP (nominal) stood at US$56.7 billion and its GDP (PPP) at US$221.5 billion.[6] The income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as a large proportion of the economy is controlled by supporters of the former military government.[16] As of 2016, Myanmar ranks 145 out of 188 countries in human development, according to the Human Development Index.[7]
Etymology
Main article: Names of Myanmar
In 1989, the military government officially changed the English translations of many names dating back to Burma's colonial period or earlier, including that of the country itself: "Burma" became "Myanmar". The renaming remains a contested issue.[17] Many political and ethnic opposition groups and countries continue to use "Burma" because they do not recognise the legitimacy of the ruling military government or its authority to rename the country.[18]
In April 2016, soon after taking office, Aung San Suu Kyi clarified that foreigners are free to use either name, "because there is nothing in the constitution of our country that says that you must use any term in particular".[19]
The country's official full name is the "Republic of the Union of Myanmar" (ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်, Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma Nainngandaw, pronounced [pjìdàʊɴzṵ θàɴməda̰ mjəmà nàɪɴŋàɴdɔ̀]). Countries that do not officially recognise that name use the long form "Union of Burma" instead.[20]
In English, the country is popularly known as either "Burma" or "Myanmar" /ˈmjɑːnˌmɑːr/ (About this sound listen).[8] Both these names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group. Myanmar is considered to be the literary form of the name of the group, while Burma is derived from "Bamar", the colloquial form of the group's name.[17] Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced [bəmà]) or Myamah (pronounced [mjəmà]).[17] The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century.
Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries, such as Canada and the United Kingdom.[21][22] Official United States policy retains Burma as the country's name, although the State Department's website lists the country as "Burma (Myanmar)" and Barack Obama has referred to the country by both names.[23] The Czech Republic officially uses Myanmar, although its Ministry of Foreign Affairs mentions both Myanmar and Burma on its website.[24] The United Nations uses Myanmar, as do the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Australia,[25] Russia, Germany,[26] China, India, Bangladesh, Norway,[27] Japan[21] and Switzerland.[28]
Most English-speaking international news media refer to the country by the name Myanmar, including the BBC,[29] CNN,[30] Al Jazeera,[31] Reuters,[32] RT (Russia Today) and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)/Radio Australia.[33]
Myanmar is known with a name deriving from Burma as opposed to Myanmar in Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Greek – Birmania being the local version of Burma in the Spanish language, for example. Myanmar used to be known as "Birmânia" in Portuguese, and as "Birmanie" in French.[34] As in the past, French-language media today consistently use Birmanie.,[35][36]
History
Main article: History of Myanmar
Prehistory
Main articles: Prehistory of Myanmar and Migration period of ancient Burma
Pyu city-states c. 8th century; Pagan is shown for comparison only and is not contemporary.
Archaeological evidence shows that Homo erectus lived in the region now known as Myanmar as early as 750,000 years ago, with no more erectus finds after 75,000 years ago.[37] The first evidence of Homo sapiens is dated to about 11,000 BC, in a Stone Age culture called the Anyathian with discoveries of stone tools in central Myanmar. Evidence of neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BC has been discovered in the form of cave paintings in Padah-Lin Caves.[38]
The Bronze Age arrived circa 1500 BC when people in the region were turning copper into bronze, growing rice and domesticating poultry and pigs; they were among the first people in the world to do so.[39] Human remains and artefacts from this era were discovered in Monywa District in the Sagaing Division.[40] The Iron Age began around 500 BC with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay.[41] Evidence also shows the presence of rice-growing settlements of large villages and small towns that traded with their surroundings as far as China between 500 BC and 200 AD.[42] Iron Age Burmese cultures also had influences from outside sources such as India and Thailand, as seen in their funerary practices concerning child burials. This indicates some form of communication between groups in Myanmar and other places, possibly through trade.[43]
Early city-states
Main articles: Pyu city-states and Mon kingdoms
Around the second century BC the first-known city-states emerged in central Myanmar. The city-states were founded as part of the southward migration by the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states, the earliest inhabitants of Myanmar of whom records are extant, from present-day Yunnan.[44] The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India, importing Buddhism as well as other cultural, architectural and political concepts, which would have an enduring influence on later Burmese culture and political organisation.[45]
By the 9th century, several city-states had sprouted across the land: the Pyu in the central dry zone, Mon along the southern coastline and Arakanese along the western littoral. The balance was upset when the Pyu came under repeated attacks from Nanzhao between the 750s and the 830s. In the mid-to-late 9th century the Bamar people founded a small settlement at Bagan. It was one of several competing city-states until the late 10th century when it grew in authority and grandeur.[46]
Imperial Burma
Main articles: Pagan Kingdom, Taungoo Dynasty, and Konbaung Dynasty
See also: Ava Kingdom, Hanthawaddy Kingdom, Kingdom of Mrauk U, and Shan States
Pagodas and kyaungs in present-day Bagan, the capital of the Pagan Kingdom.
Pagan gradually grew to absorb its surrounding states until the 1050s–1060s when Anawrahta founded the Pagan Kingdom, the first ever unification of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Pagan Empire and the Khmer Empire were two main powers in mainland Southeast Asia.[47] The Burmese language and culture gradually became dominant in the upper Irrawaddy valley, eclipsing the Pyu, Mon and Pali norms by the late 12th century.[48]
Theravada Buddhism slowly began to spread to the village level, although Tantric, Mahayana, Hinduism, and folk religion remained heavily entrenched. Pagan's rulers and wealthy built over 10,000 Buddhist temples in the Pagan capital zone alone. Repeated Mongol invasions (1277–1301) toppled the four-century-old kingdom in 1287.[48]
Temples at Mrauk U.
Pagan's collapse was followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted well into the 16th century. Like the Burmans four centuries earlier, Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind. Several competing Shan States came to dominate the entire northwestern to eastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley. The valley too was beset with petty states until the late 14th century when two sizeable powers, Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom, emerged. In the west, a politically fragmented Arakan was under competing influences of its stronger neighbours until the Kingdom of Mrauk U unified the Arakan coastline for the first time in 1437.
Early on, Ava fought wars of unification (1385–1424) but could never quite reassemble the lost empire. Having held off Ava, Hanthawaddy entered its golden age, and Arakan went on to become a power in its own right for the next 350 years. In contrast, constant warfare left Ava greatly weakened, and it slowly disintegrated from 1481 onward. In 1527, the Confederation of Shan States conquered Ava itself, and ruled Upper Myanmar until 1555.
Like the Pagan Empire, Ava, Hanthawaddy and the Shan states were all multi-ethnic polities. Despite the wars, cultural synchronisation continued. This period is considered a golden age for Burmese culture. Burmese literature "grew more confident, popular, and stylistically diverse", and the second generation of Burmese law codes as well as the earliest pan-Burma chronicles emerged.[49] Hanthawaddy monarchs introduced religious reforms that later spread to the rest of the country.[50] Many splendid temples of Mrauk U were built during this period.
Taungoo and colonialism
Bayinnaung's Empire in 1580.
Political unification returned in the mid-16th century, due to the efforts of Taungoo, a former vassal state of Ava. Taungoo's young, ambitious king Tabinshwehti defeated the more powerful Hanthawaddy in the Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War (1534–41). His successor Bayinnaung went on to conquer a vast swath of mainland Southeast Asia including the Shan states, Lan Na, Manipur, Mong Mao, the Ayutthaya Kingdom, Lan Xang and southern Arakan. However, the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia unravelled soon after Bayinnaung's death in 1581, completely collapsing by 1599. Ayutthaya seized Tenasserim and Lan Na, and Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin (Syriam).
The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley, and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty.
A British 1825 lithograph of Shwedagon Pagoda shows British occupation during the First Anglo-Burmese War.
After the fall of Ava, the Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War involved one resistance group under Alaungpaya defeating the Restored Hanthawaddy, and by 1759, he had reunited all of Myanmar and Manipur, and driven out the French and the British, who had provided arms to Hanthawaddy. By 1770, Alaungpaya's heirs had subdued much of Laos (1765) and fought and won the Burmese–Siamese War (1765–67) against Ayutthaya and the Sino-Burmese War (1765–69) against Qing China (1765–1769).[51]
With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat, Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770, and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776. Burma and Siam went to war until 1855, but all resulted in a stalemate, exchanging Tenasserim (to Burma) and Lan Na (to Ayutthaya). Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east, King Bodawpaya turned west, acquiring Arakan (1785), Manipur (1814) and Assam (1817). It was the second-largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill-defined border with British India.[52]
The breadth of this empire was short lived. Burma lost Arakan, Manipur, Assam and Tenasserim to the British in the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826). In 1852, the British easily seized Lower Burma in the Second Anglo-Burmese War. King Mindon Min tried to modernise the kingdom, and in 1875 narrowly avoided annexation by ceding the Karenni States. The British, alarmed by the consolidation of French Indochina, annexed the remainder of the country in the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885.
Konbaung kings extended Restored Toungoo's administrative reforms, and achieved unprecedented levels of internal control and external expansion. For the first time in history, the Burmese language and culture came to predominate the entire Irrawaddy valley. The evolution and growth of Burmese literature and theatre continued, aided by an extremely high adult male literacy rate for the era (half of all males and 5% of females).[53] Nonetheless, the extent and pace of reforms were uneven and ultimately proved insufficient to stem the advance of British colonialism.
British Burma (1824–1948)
Main articles: British rule in Burma and Burma Campaign
Burma in British India
The landing of British forces in Mandalay after the last of the Anglo-Burmese Wars, which resulted in the abdication of the last Burmese monarch, King Thibaw Min.
British troops firing a mortar on the Mawchi road, July 1944.
The eighteenth century saw Burmese rulers, whose country had not previously been of particular interest to European traders, seek to maintain their traditional influence in the western areas of Assam, Manipur and Arakan. Pressing them, however, was the British East India Company, which was expanding its interests eastwards over the same territory. Over the next sixty years, diplomacy, raids, treaties and compromises continued until, after three Anglo-Burmese Wars (1824–1885), Britain proclaimed control over most of Burma.[54] British rule brought social, economic, cultural and administrative changes.
With the fall of Mandalay, all of Burma came under British rule, being annexed on 1 January 1886. Throughout the colonial era, many Indians arrived as soldiers, civil servants, construction workers and traders and, along with the Anglo-Burmese community, dominated commercial and civil life in Burma. Rangoon became the capital of British Burma and an important port between Calcutta and Singapore.
Burmese resentment was strong and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Yangon (Rangoon) on occasion all the way until the 1930s.[55] Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions such as the British refusal to remove shoes when they entered pagodas. Buddhist monks became the vanguards of the independence movement. U Wisara, an activist monk, died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike to protest against a rule that forbade him to wear his Buddhist robes while imprisoned.[56]
Separation of British Burma from British India
On 1 April 1937, Burma became a separately administered colony of Great Britain and Ba Maw the first Prime Minister and Premier of Burma. Ba Maw was an outspoken advocate for Burmese self-rule and he opposed the participation of Great Britain, and by extension Burma, in World War II. He resigned from the Legislative Assembly and was arrested for sedition. In 1940, before Japan formally entered the Second World War, Aung San formed the Burma Independence Army in Japan.
A major battleground, Burma was devastated during World War II. By March 1942, within months after they entered the war, Japanese troops had advanced on Rangoon and the British administration had collapsed. A Burmese Executive Administration headed by Ba Maw was established by the Japanese in August 1942. Wingate's British Chindits were formed into long-range penetration groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines.[57] A similar American unit, Merrill's Marauders, followed the Chindits into the Burmese jungle in 1943.[58] Beginning in late 1944, allied troops launched a series of offensives that led to the end of Japanese rule in July 1945. The battles were intense with much of Burma laid waste by the fighting. Overall, the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma. Only 1,700 prisoners were taken.[59]
Although many Burmese fought initially for the Japanese as part of the Burma Independence Army, many Burmese, mostly from the ethnic minorities, served in the British Burma Army.[60] The Burma National Army and the Arakan National Army fought with the Japanese from 1942 to 1944 but switched allegiance to the Allied side in 1945. Under Japanese occupation, 170,000 to 250,000 civilians died.[61]
Following World War II, Aung San negotiated the Panglong Agreement with ethnic leaders that guaranteed the independence of Myanmar as a unified state. Aung Zan Wai, Pe Khin, Bo Hmu Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Dr. Sein Mya Maung, Myoma U Than Kywe were among the negotiators of the historical Panglong Conference negotiated with Bamar leader General Aung San and other ethnic leaders in 1947. In 1947, Aung San became Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Myanmar, a transitional government. But in July 1947, political rivals[62] assassinated Aung San and several cabinet members.[63]
Independence (1948–1962)
Main article: Post-independence Burma, 1948–62
British governor Hubert Elvin Rance and Sao Shwe Thaik at the flag raising ceremony on 4 January 1948 (Independence Day of Burma).
On 4 January 1948, the nation became an independent republic, named the Union of Burma, with Sao Shwe Thaik as its first President and U Nu as its first Prime Minister. Unlike most other former British colonies and overseas territories, Burma did not become a member of the Commonwealth. A bicameral parliament was formed, consisting of a Chamber of Deputies and a Chamber of Nationalities,[64] and multi-party elections were held in 1951–1952, 1956 and 1960.
The geographical area Burma encompasses today can be traced to the Panglong Agreement, which combined Burma Proper, which consisted of Lower Burma and Upper Burma, and the Frontier Areas, which had been administered separately by the British.[65]
In 1961, U Thant, then the Union of Burma's Permanent Representative to the United Nations and former Secretary to the Prime Minister, was elected Secretary-General of the United Nations, a position he held for ten years.[66] Among the Burmese to work at the UN when he was Secretary-General was a young Aung San Suu Kyi (daughter of Aung San), who went on to become winner of the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize.
When the non-Burman ethnic groups pushed for autonomy or federalism, alongside having a weak civilian government at the centre, the military leadership staged a coup d’état in 1962. Though incorporated in the 1947 Constitution, successive military governments construed the use of the term ‘federalism’ as being anti-national, anti-unity and pro-disintegration.[67]
Military rule (1962–2011)
On 2 March 1962, the military led by General Ne Win took control of Burma through a coup d'état, and the government has been under direct or indirect control by the military since then. Between 1962 and 1974, Myanmar was ruled by a revolutionary council headed by the general. Almost all aspects of society (business, media, production) were nationalised or brought under government control under the Burmese Way to Socialism,[68] which combined Soviet-style nationalisation and central planning.
A new constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma was adopted in 1974. Until 1988, the country was ruled as a one-party system, with the General and other military officers resigning and ruling through the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP).[69] During this period, Myanmar became one of the world's most impoverished countries.[70]
Protesters gathering in central Rangoon, 1988.
There were sporadic protests against military rule during the Ne Win years and these were almost always violently suppressed. On 7 July 1962, the government broke up demonstrations at Rangoon University, killing 15 students.[68] In 1974, the military violently suppressed anti-government protests at the funeral of U Thant. Student protests in 1975, 1976, and 1977 were quickly suppressed by overwhelming force.[69]
In 1988, unrest over economic mismanagement and political oppression by the government led to widespread pro-democracy demonstrations throughout the country known as the 8888 Uprising. Security forces killed thousands of demonstrators, and General Saw Maung staged a coup d'état and formed the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC). In 1989, SLORC declared martial law after widespread protests. The military government finalised plans for People's Assembly elections on 31 May 1989.[71] SLORC changed the country's official English name from the "Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma" to the "Union of Myanmar" in 1989.
In May 1990, the government held free elections for the first time in almost 30 years and the National League for Democracy (NLD), the party of Aung San Suu Kyi, won 392 out of a total 492 seats (i.e., 80% of the seats). However, the military junta refused to cede power[72] and continued to rule the nation as SLORC until 1997, and then as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) until its dissolution in March 2011.
Protesters in Yangon during the 2007 Saffron Revolution with a banner that reads non-violence: national movement in Burmese. In the background is Shwedagon Pagoda.
On 23 June 1997, Myanmar was admitted into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). On 27 March 2006, the military junta, which had moved the national capital from Yangon to a site near Pyinmana in November 2005, officially named the new capital Naypyidaw, meaning "city of the kings".[73]
Cyclone Nargis in southern Myanmar, May 2008.
In August 2007, an increase in the price of diesel and petrol led to the Saffron Revolution led by Buddhist monks that were dealt with harshly by the government.[74] The government cracked down on them on 26 September 2007. The crackdown was harsh, with reports of barricades at the Shwedagon Pagoda and monks killed. There were also rumours of disagreement within the Burmese armed forces, but none was confirmed. The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the international reactions to the Saffron Revolution and led to an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government.
In May 2008, Cyclone Nargis caused extensive damage in the densely populated, rice-farming delta of the Irrawaddy Division.[75] It was the worst natural disaster in Burmese history with reports of an estimated 200,000 people dead or missing, damage totalled to 10 billion US dollars, and as many as 1 million left homeless.[76] In the critical days following this disaster, Myanmar's isolationist government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts.[77] Humanitarian aid was requested but concerns about foreign military or intelligence presence in the country delayed the entry of United States military planes delivering medicine, food, and other supplies.[78]
In early August 2009, a conflict known as the Kokang incident broke out in Shan State in northern Myanmar. For several weeks, junta troops fought against ethnic minorities including the Han Chinese,[79] Wa, and Kachin.[80][81] During 8–12 August, the first days of the conflict, as many as 10,000 Burmese civilians fled to Yunnan province in neighbouring China.[80][81][82]
Civil wars
Main articles: Internal conflict in Myanmar, Kachin Conflict, Karen conflict, and 2015 Kokang offensive
Civil wars have been a constant feature of Myanmar's socio-political landscape since the attainment of independence in 1948. These wars are predominantly struggles for ethnic and sub-national autonomy, with the areas surrounding the ethnically Bamar central districts of the country serving as the primary geographical setting of conflict. Foreign journalists and visitors require a special travel permit to visit the areas in which Myanmar's civil wars continue.[83]
In October 2012, the ongoing conflicts in Myanmar included the Kachin conflict,[84] between the Pro-Christian Kachin Independence Army and the government;[85] a civil war between the Rohingya Muslims, and the government and non-government groups in Rakhine State;[86] and a conflict between the Shan,[87] Lahu, and Karen[88][89] minority groups, and the government in the eastern half of the country. In addition, al-Qaeda signalled an intention to become involved in Myanmar. In a video released on 3 September 2014, mainly addressed to India, the militant group's leader Ayman al-Zawahiri said al-Qaeda had not forgotten the Muslims of Myanmar and that the group was doing "what they can to rescue you".[90] In response, the military raised its level of alertness, while the Burmese Muslim Association issued a statement saying Muslims would not tolerate any threat to their motherland.[91]
Armed conflict between ethnic Chinese rebels and the Myanmar Armed Forces have resulted in the Kokang offensive in February 2015. The conflict had forced 40,000 to 50,000 civilians to flee their homes and seek shelter on the Chinese side of the border.[92] During the incident, the government of China was accused of giving military assistance to the ethnic Chinese rebels. Burmese officials have been historically "manipulated" and pressured by the Chinese government throughout Burmese modern history to create closer and binding ties with China, creating a Chinese satellite state in Southeast Asia.[93] However, uncertainties exist as clashes between Burmese troops and local insurgent groups continue.
Democratic reforms
Main article: 2011–12 Burmese political reforms
The goal of the Burmese constitutional referendum of 2008, held on 10 May 2008, is the creation of a "discipline-flourishing democracy". As part of the referendum process, the name of the country was changed from the "Union of Myanmar" to the "Republic of the Union of Myanmar", and general elections were held under the new constitution in 2010. Observer accounts of the 2010 election describe the event as mostly peaceful; however, allegations of polling station irregularities were raised, and the United Nations (UN) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent.[94]
U.S. President Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton with Aung San Suu Kyi and her staff at her home in Yangon, 2012
The military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party declared victory in the 2010 elections, stating that it had been favoured by 80 percent of the votes; however, the claim was disputed by numerous pro-democracy opposition groups who asserted that the military regime had engaged in rampant fraud.[95][96] One report documented 77 percent as the official turnout rate of the election.[95] The military junta was dissolved on 30 March 2011.
Opinions differ whether the transition to liberal democracy is underway. According to some reports, the military's presence continues as the label "disciplined democracy" suggests. This label asserts that the Burmese military is allowing certain civil liberties while clandestinely institutionalising itself further into Burmese politics. Such an assertion assumes that reforms only occurred when the military was able to safeguard its own interests through the transition—here, "transition" does not refer to a transition to a liberal democracy, but transition to a quasi-military rule.[97]
Since the 2010 election, the government has embarked on a series of reforms to direct the country towards liberal democracy, a mixed economy, and reconciliation, although doubts persist about the motives that underpin such reforms. The series of reforms includes the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest, the establishment of the National Human Rights Commission, the granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners, new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes, a relaxation of press censorship, and the regulation of currency practices.[98]
The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas, including ASEAN's approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014;[99] the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress, which was the first visit by a Secretary of State in more than fifty years,[100] during which Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein, as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi;[101] and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) party in the 2012 by-elections, facilitated by the government's abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD.[102] As of July 2013, about 100[103][104] political prisoners remain imprisoned, while conflict between the Burmese Army and local insurgent groups continues.
Map of Myanmar and its divisions, including Shan State, Kachin State, Rakhine State and Karen State.
In 1 April 2012 by-elections, the NLD won 43 of the 45 available seats; previously an illegal organisation, the NLD had not won a single seat under new constitution. The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar.[105]
2015 general elections
Main article: Myanmar general election, 2015
General elections were held on 8 November 2015. These were the first openly contested elections held in Myanmar since 1990. The results gave the National League for Democracy an absolute majority of seats in both chambers of the national parliament, enough to ensure that its candidate would become president, while NLD leader Aung San Suu Kyi is constitutionally barred from the presidency.[106]
The new parliament convened on 1 February 2016[107] and, on 15 March 2016, Htin Kyaw was elected as the first non-military president since the military coup of 1962.[108] On 6 April 2016, Aung San Suu Kyi assumed the newly created role of State Counsellor, a role akin to a Prime Minister.
Geography
Main article: Geography of Myanmar
A map of Myanmar
Myanmar map of Köppen climate classification.
Myanmar has a total area of 678,500 square kilometres (262,000 sq mi). It lies between latitudes 9° and 29°N, and longitudes 92° and 102°E. As of February 2011, Myanmar consisted of 14 states and regions, 67 districts, 330 townships, 64 sub-townships, 377 towns, 2,914 Wards, 14,220 village tracts and 68,290 villages.
Myanmar is bordered in the northwest by the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and the Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh states of India. Its north and northeast border is with the Tibet Autonomous Region and Yunnan province for a Sino-Myanmar border total of 2,185 km (1,358 mi). It is bounded by Laos and Thailand to the southeast. Myanmar has 1,930 km (1,200 mi) of contiguous coastline along the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea to the southwest and the south, which forms one quarter of its total perimeter.[20]
In the north, the Hengduan Mountains form the border with China. Hkakabo Razi, located in Kachin State, at an elevation of 5,881 metres (19,295 ft), is the highest point in Myanmar.[109] Many mountain ranges, such as the Rakhine Yoma, the Bago Yoma, the Shan Hills and the Tenasserim Hills exist within Myanmar, all of which run north-to-south from the Himalayas.[110]
The mountain chains divide Myanmar's three river systems, which are the Irrawaddy, Salween (Thanlwin), and the Sittaung rivers.[111] The Irrawaddy River, Myanmar's longest river, nearly 2,170 kilometres (1,348 mi) long, flows into the Gulf of Martaban. Fertile plains exist in the valleys between the mountain chains.[110] The majority of Myanmar's population lives in the Irrawaddy valley, which is situated between the Rakhine Yoma and the Shan Plateau.
Administrative divisions
Main article: Administrative divisions of Myanmar
A clickable map of Burma/Myanmar exhibiting its first-level administrative divisions.
About this image
Myanmar is divided into seven states (ပြည်နယ်) and seven regions (တိုင်းဒေသကြီး), formerly called divisions.[112] Regions are predominantly Bamar (that is, mainly inhabited by the dominant ethnic group). States, in essence, are regions that are home to particular ethnic minorities. The administrative divisions are further subdivided into districts, which are further subdivided into townships, wards, and villages.
Climate
Main article: Climate of Myanmar
The limestone landscape of Mon State.
Much of the country lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator. It lies in the monsoon region of Asia, with its coastal regions receiving over 5,000 mm (196.9 in) of rain annually. Annual rainfall in the delta region is approximately 2,500 mm (98.4 in), while average annual rainfall in the Dry Zone in central Myanmar is less than 1,000 mm (39.4 in). The Northern regions of Myanmar are the coolest, with average temperatures of 21 °C (70 °F). Coastal and delta regions have an average maximum temperature of 32 °C (89.6 °F).[111]
Environment
Further information: Deforestation in Myanmar
Myanmar continues to perform badly in the global Environmental Performance Index (EPI) with an overall ranking of 153 out of 180 countries in 2016; among the worst in the South Asian region, only ahead of Bangladesh and Afghanistan. The EPI was established in 2001 by the World Economic Forum as a global gauge to measure how well individual countries perform in implementing the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. The environmental areas where Myanmar performs worst (ie. highest ranking) are air quality (174), health impacts of environmental issues (143) and biodiversity and habitat (142). Myanmar performs best (ie. lowest ranking) in environmental impacts of fisheries (21), but with declining fish stocks. Despite several issues, Myanmar also ranks 64 and scores very good (ie. a high percentage of 93.73%) in environmental effects of the agricultural industry because of an excellent management of the nitrogen cycle.[114][115]
Wildlife
Myanmar's slow economic growth has contributed to the preservation of much of its environment and ecosystems. Forests, including dense tropical growth and valuable teak in lower Myanmar, cover over 49% of the country, including areas of acacia, bamboo, ironwood and Magnolia champaca. Coconut and betel palm and rubber have been introduced. In the highlands of the north, oak, pine and various rhododendrons cover much of the land.[116]
Heavy logging since the new 1995 forestry law went into effect has seriously reduced forest acreage and wildlife habitat.[117] The lands along the coast support all varieties of tropical fruits and once had large areas of mangroves although much of the protective mangroves have disappeared. In much of central Myanmar (the Dry Zone), vegetation is sparse and stunted.
Typical jungle animals, particularly tigers, occur sparsely in Myanmar. In upper Myanmar, there are rhinoceros, wild water buffalo, clouded leopard, wild boars, deer, antelope, and elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals, particularly in the lumber industry. Smaller mammals are also numerous, ranging from gibbons and monkeys to flying foxes. The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species, including parrots, myna, peafowl, red junglefowl, weaverbirds, crows, herons, and barn owl. Among reptile species there are crocodiles, geckos, cobras, Burmese pythons, and turtles. Hundreds of species of freshwater fish are wide-ranging, plentiful and are very important food sources.[118] For a list of protected areas, see List of protected areas of Myanmar.
Government and politics
Main article: Politics of Myanmar
Assembly of the Union (Pyidaungsu Hluttaw)
The constitution of Myanmar, its third since independence, was drafted by its military rulers and published in September 2008. The country is governed as a parliamentary system with a bicameral legislature (with an executive President accountable to the legislature), with 25% of the legislators appointed by the military and the rest elected in general elections.
Relief with Two Registers
The Reliefs of King Ashur-nasir-pal II
From the palace of Ashur-nasir-pal II, Kalhu (modern Nimurd, Iraq), Room I of the Northwest Palace
Reign of Ashur-nasir-pal II (circa 883–859 B.C.)
Purchased with funds given by Hagop Kevorkian and the Kevorkian Foundation, 55.146
The twelve massive carved alabaster panels, on view together for the first time, that line the walls of the Hagop Kevorkian Gallery are but a sample of hundreds of such reliefs, all originally brightly painted, that once adorned the vast palace of King Ashur-nasir-pal II (883–859 B.C.), one of the greatest rulers of ancient Assyria. Completed in 879 B.C. at the site of Kalhu (modern Nimrud, slightly north of what is now Baghdad, Iraq), the palace was the heart of a vast empire.
The reliefs served a propagandistic purpose, proclaiming the king's legitimacy. Because most people in the Near East understood the administration of the state as a collaborative effort between the king and gods, many reliefs show the ruler and his supernatural attendants celebrating religious rituals. The most depict the ruler and his winged protectors (genies) tending a sacred tree.
Nearly all of the reliefs contain the same inscription. The script is cuneiform. The language is Akkadian. The text, known as the Standard Inscription, begins by tracing Ashur-nasir-pal II's lineage back three generations. It recounts his military victories, defines the boundaries of his empire, and tells how he founded Kalhu and built the palace.
Assyrian artists favored symmetrical compositions, the exact correspondence of figures on opposite sides of a real or imaginary dividing line. On both the upper and lower registers of this slab, winged genies strike similar poses on either side of a sacred tree, forming near-mirror images of each other. These scenes were repeated along the walls of the room where the relief once stood.
In 1840, a young English diplomat named Austen Henry Layard noticed an unusually large mound while rafting down the Tigris River. He returned in 1845 to unearth the remains of the palace, sending his discoveries to the British Museum in London. He sent so many monumental sculptures and relief-decorated slabs that the museum sold some of them, including these twelve reliefs. In 1855, the expatriate American Henry Stevens purchased the reliefs and shipped them to Boston. Unable to raise funds for the reliefs there, he sold them to James Lenox for the New-York Historical Society. In 1937, the Society lent them to the Brooklyn Museum and in 1955, Hagop Kevorkian, the New York collector and dealer, donated the funds to purchase and install the reliefs in the renamed Hagop Kevorkian Gallery of Ancient Middle Eastern Art at the Brooklyn Museum.
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The Brooklyn Museum, sitting at the border of Prospect Heights and Crown Heights near Prospect Park, is the second largest art museum in New York City. Opened in 1897 under the leadership of Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences president John B. Woodward, the 560,000-square foot, Beaux-Arts building houses a permanent collection including more than one-and-a-half million objects, from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art.
The Brooklyn Museum was designated a landmark by the New York Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1966.
National Historic Register #770009
On display at the museum ship Cap San Diego is a 1978-79 Register of Ships.
This sort of records fascinates me.
This building which now serves as Sandwell's register office was formerly known as Highfields House. Although this buildings looks as though it is a single unit, it was originally constructed as four houses.
The original properties were built between 1804 and 1839, and taken into the ownership of West Bromwich Corporation in 1922. The memorial garden was added on 1951, and first used as a register office in 1991. It is Grade II listed.
Uccellino® by Xavier Madera. Xavier Madera is most noted for his creative custom jewelery collaboration with Erykah Badu & Thundercat but he has worked with several high-profile celebrities & celebrity friends throughout recent years. Some of which include Khalil, Lil Nate Dogg, Kaya Jones, Gladys Knight, Kayley Stallings, Boo Boo Stewart, Big Chan, Chris Brown, Marla Gibbs, Jane Seymour, Kyle Richards, Wynona Judd, Yung OFB, Trinity Marquez, Mathew Wayne & Daniella Monet just to name a few. He's also worked with top photographers in the fashion industry; K-rish, Nave Elefano (Inspirawr Music), Sir Jones, D'andre Michael, Bob Delgadillo, Sheri Determan, Gisele (Party by 5) & Gino Studios. Xavier Madera has worked with models from Chris Brown's Legendary Faces Modeling Agency; as well as, top models Leslie Allen & Brianna Michelle. His work has been featured in boutiques and Fashion Houses; Mint Collection, Shoes for the Stars Fashion House, Orange Bone, COLORS and more. He's also had several interviews & write ups in Splash Magazine, Dope Chic Style & other publications. In conjunction with Cindy Marquez (LC1 PR).
The one and a half-story, gable roof, barn was built in 1884. The ramp leads to double doors. One side of the double door had a pedestrian door. A forebay or overhang is on the other side of the barn. The farm is connected with Botzum family who immigrated from Germany in 1836.
The Conrad Botzum farm and its buildings are historically significant as a representative of 19th century farming practices in the Cuyahoga Valley. The Conrad Botzum Farm is owned by the National Park Service and is leased to a nonprofit foundation. There are two barns on the farm. The other barn is available for weddings and other special events. The Conrad Botzum Farm is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This barn is a contributing property.
Dollfie Dream® Sister: Sailor Senshi "Moon, Mercury & Mars" 1/3 Scale BJD (Volks) Japan 美少女戦士セーラームーン
Uccellino® by Xavier Madera. Xavier Madera is most noted for his creative custom jewelery collaboration with Erykah Badu & Thundercat but he has worked with several high-profile celebrities & celebrity friends throughout recent years. Some of which include Khalil, Lil Nate Dogg, Kaya Jones, Gladys Knight, Kayley Stallings, Boo Boo Stewart, Big Chan, Chris Brown, Marla Gibbs, Jane Seymour, Kyle Richards, Wynona Judd, Yung OFB, Trinity Marquez, Mathew Wayne & Daniella Monet just to name a few. He's also worked with top photographers in the fashion industry; K-rish, Nave Elefano (Inspirawr Music), Sir Jones, D'andre Michael, Bob Delgadillo, Sheri Determan, Gisele (Party by 5) & Gino Studios. Xavier Madera has worked with models from Chris Brown's Legendary Faces Modeling Agency; as well as, top models Leslie Allen & Brianna Michelle. His work has been featured in boutiques and Fashion Houses; Mint Collection, Shoes for the Stars Fashion House, Orange Bone, COLORS and more. He's also had several interviews & write ups in Splash Magazine, Dope Chic Style & other publications. In conjunction with Cindy Marquez (LC1 PR).
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No license is given nor granted in respect of the use of any copyrighted material on this site other than with the express written agreement of ©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams). No image may be used as source material for paintings, drawings, sculptures, or any other art form without permission and/or compensation to ©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams)
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I would like to say a huge and heartfelt 'THANK YOU' to GETTY IMAGES, and the 49.426+ Million visitors to my FLICKR site.
***** Selected for sale in the GETTY IMAGES COLLECTION on Thursday 22nd February 2024
CREATIVE RF gty.im/2022073473 MOMENT ROYALTY FREE COLLECTION**
This photograph became my 6,959th frame to be selected for sale in the Getty Images collection and I am very grateful to them for this wonderful opportunity.
©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams)
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Photograph taken at an altitude of Twenty metres at 13:50pm on Friday 17th February 2024, off the Mall and Horse Guards Road within the grounds of St James's Park in Central London, one of the Royal parks of London situated in South West London.
Here we see a Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) in the lake. These large birds can weigh 2.8kg and have a wingspan up to 160cms. Conservation status is green in the UK with 9,018 pairs recorded in 2023.
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Nikon D850 Focal length 600mm Shutter speed: 1/500s (Mechanical shutter) Aperture f/6.3 ISO: Auto ISO3200 Hand held with Tamron VR Vibration reduction enabled on setting 1. Image area FX (36 x 24) NEF RAW L (8256 x 5504). (14 bit uncompressed file) Focus mode AF-C focus. AF-C Priority Selection: Release. Nikon Back button focusing enabled AF-Area mode: 3D-Tracking Exposure mode: Manual mode Metering mode: Matrix metering White balance on: Natural light Auto, 0, 0 Colour space: RGB. Picture control: Neutral (NL) (Sharpening +2.00)
Tamron SP 150-600mm F/5-6.3 Di VC USD G2. Nikon GP-1 GPS module. Hoodman HEYENRG round eyepiece oversized eyecup.Mcoplus professional MB-D850 multi function battery grip 6960.Two Nikon EN-EL15a batteries (Priority to battery in Battery grip). Black Rapid Curve Breathe strap. My Memory 128GB Class 10 SDXC 80MB/s card. Lowepro Flipside 400 AW camera bag.
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LATITUDE: N 51d 30m 12.40s
LONGITUDE: W 0d 7m 46.50s
ALTITUDE: 20.0m
RAW (TIFF) FILE: 130.00MB NEF: 59.5MB
PROCESSED (JPeg) FILE: 33.30MB
PROCESSING POWER:
Nikon D850 Firmware versions C 1.10 (9/05/2019) LD Distortion Data 2.018 (18/02/20) LF 1.00
HP 110-352na Desktop PC with AMD Quad-Core A6-5200 APU 64Bit processor. Radeon HD8400 graphics. 8 GB DDR3 Memory with 1TB Data storage. 64-bit Windows 10. Verbatim USB 2.0 1TB desktop hard drive. WD My Passport Ultra 1tb USB3 Portable hard drive. Nikon ViewNX-1 64bit Version 1.4.1 (18/02/2020). Nikon Capture NX-D 64bit Version 1.6.2 (18/02/2020). Nikon Picture Control Utility 2 (Version 2.4.5 (18/02/2020). Nikon Transfer 2 Version 2.13.5. Adobe photoshop Elements 8 Version 8.0 64bit.
I want to write up a description for this shot as I do almost all of my photos. But for this one, I feel it best to let the viewer narrate it in their imagination and thoughts.
Uccellino® by Xavier Madera. Xavier Madera is most noted for his creative custom jewelery collaboration with Erykah Badu & Thundercat but he has worked with several high-profile celebrities & celebrity friends throughout recent years. Some of which include Khalil, Lil Nate Dogg, Kaya Jones, Gladys Knight, Kayley Stallings, Boo Boo Stewart, Big Chan, Chris Brown, Marla Gibbs, Jane Seymour, Kyle Richards, Wynona Judd, Yung OFB, Trinity Marquez, Mathew Wayne & Daniella Monet just to name a few. He's also worked with top photographers in the fashion industry; K-rish, Nave Elefano (Inspirawr Music), Sir Jones, D'andre Michael, Bob Delgadillo, Sheri Determan, Gisele (Party by 5) & Gino Studios. Xavier Madera has worked with models from Chris Brown's Legendary Faces Modeling Agency; as well as, top models Leslie Allen & Brianna Michelle. His work has been featured in boutiques and Fashion Houses; Mint Collection, Shoes for the Stars Fashion House, Orange Bone, COLORS and more. He's also had several interviews & write ups in Splash Magazine, Dope Chic Style & other publications. In conjunction with Cindy Marquez (LC1 PR).
At the Barcelona Princess: a typical, original fashion of a brand based in Barcelona, noted for its patchwork designs, intense prints, innovative graffiti art, asymmetrical designs and flamboyant color splashes
To all who visit and view, and – especially – express support and satisfaction: you are much appreciated!
Uccellino® by Xavier Madera. Xavier Madera is most noted for his creative custom jewelery collaboration with Erykah Badu & Thundercat but he has worked with several high-profile celebrities & celebrity friends throughout recent years. Some of which include Khalil, Lil Nate Dogg, Kaya Jones, Gladys Knight, Kayley Stallings, Boo Boo Stewart, Big Chan, Chris Brown, Marla Gibbs, Jane Seymour, Kyle Richards, Wynona Judd, Yung OFB, Trinity Marquez, Mathew Wayne & Daniella Monet just to name a few. He's also worked with top photographers in the fashion industry; K-rish, Nave Elefano (Inspirawr Music), Sir Jones, D'andre Michael, Bob Delgadillo, Sheri Determan, Gisele (Party by 5) & Gino Studios. Xavier Madera has worked with models from Chris Brown's Legendary Faces Modeling Agency; as well as, top models Leslie Allen & Brianna Michelle. His work has been featured in boutiques and Fashion Houses; Mint Collection, Shoes for the Stars Fashion House, Orange Bone, COLORS and more. He's also had several interviews & write ups in Splash Magazine, Dope Chic Style & other publications. In conjunction with Cindy Marquez (LC1 PR).