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"staff dressed up in colorful shirts (and dresses) to promote interest in the city's month-long, Fiesta del Pacifico, and Convair's Open House,"
Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum
To promote the new Peugeot 806 people carrier, Peugeot Talbot Belgium entered this Kronos prepared 806 racecar in the 24 Hours of Spa in 1995. It was the idea of Pascal Witmeur, the promoter of the very popular Belgian Procar race series. The car was driven by Eric Bachelart, Philippe Verellen and Pascal Witmeur. The 806 was prepared as a proper care car using the mechanicals of the Peugeot 306 GTI N 2000. Its engine produced about 300 hp. The car was no competition against the the BMW 318i, Opel Vectra, Nissan Primera a.o.. The car failed to finish but scored a maximum win as a publicity stunt.
Class XI : 24h Spa-Francorchamps
Zoute Concours d'Elegance
The Royal Zoute Golf Club
Zoute Grand Prix 2019
Knokke - Zoute
België - Belgium
October 2019
Sky Soldiers with CEWI Platoon, Delta Company, 54th Brigade Engineer Battalion provide actionable signal intelligence to help the 173rd Airborne Brigade win the fight during Saber Junction 18 in Grafenwoehr, Germany September 15, 2018. Exercise Saber Junction 18 is a U.S. Army Europe-directed exercise designed to assess the readiness of the U.S. Army's 173rd Airborne Brigade to execute unified land operations in a joint, combined environment and to promote interoperability with participating allies and partner nations.
With support from the Kiwanis Club and the Parent-Teacher Association, Randolph Lee Clark (1871-1941) began promoting the idea of a junior college upon his arrival in 1923 as superintendent of Gainesville's public schools. In May 1924, the city council authorized the creation of a college as part of the school system. The two-year institution opened the following September in the Newsome Dougherty Memorial High School Building. Initial enrollment at Gainesville Junior College was 32, with ten students in the first graduating class of 1926. World War II stimulated the development of an aeronautics program, and returning veterans took advantage of the college's first night classes. The curriculum initially consisted of academic courses that would transfer to four-year universities. Eventually, vocational and agricultural training programs, a division of continuing education, and cultural enrichment courses were added to expand the college's offerings. In 1960, Cooke County voters approved the separation of the college from the independent school district. In the ensuing decade, enrollment surpassed 1,000, and the campus of Cooke County Junior College (as it then was known) grew from one to eight buildings. Known as North Central Texas College since 1994 to reflect the school's presence beyond the boundaries of Cooke County, this institution is significant as the oldest, continuously operating, public two-year college in Texas. In 2000, it opened new campuses in the cities of Corinth and Bowie. (2001)
Society of Friends of Music in Vienna
The Society of Friends of Music in Vienna (briefly : Wiener Musikverein) is a traditional club in Vienna to promote musical culture. It was founded in 1812.
(Pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of the site!)
Founded Concert 1812
Foundation
On 29 November and 3 December 1812 was performed in the Winter Riding School of the Hofburg the Handel oratorio Timothy. This concert can be considered as a trigger for the founding of the Society of Friends of Music in Vienna. As the founder of the association is Joseph Sonnleithner (1766-1835) then secretary of the imperial Viennese court theater (Burgtheater and Kärntnertortheater). The proceeds of the concert should benefit the newly founded institution. Emperor Franz I donated 1,000 guilders, the net profit amounted to 25,934 florins finally Viennese currency. First office of the company was the Lobkowitz Palace today Lobkowitzplatz.
Goals
According to its statutes, which originated in 1814, is the "Empor renewed progress on music in all its branches" primary purpose of the Company.
The Friends of Music Society reaches(d) this in three ways:
The establishment of a conservatory,
The systematic collection of musicological documents (archive)
Organizing their own concerts.
To date, private commitment of individual members shapes the functioning of the Company. Since January 2000, all editions of the monthly appearing club newspaper "music lovers" on the website of the company are available .
Concerts
On the initiative of Antonio Salieri's first choral activities at the Musikverein go back, for example, also in 1824 at the Vienna initial or first performances of Beethoven's Missa Solemnis and 9th Symphony was involved. After there had been choral concerts of the Association for many years, then in 1858 was the official establishment of the Concert Choir held as a branch association of the Vienna Musikverein. The first principal conductor of the Vienna Singing Society was Johann von Herbeck, directs the choir since 1991, Johannes Prinz.
Musikverein (1831-1870) to the Tuchlauben (home to the Red Hedgehog), first building on the right, then No. 558, now No. 12
First concert hall of the society
1829 , the Company purchased a scoring for Kärnthnerviertl house on the Tuchlauben (home to the Red Hedgehog, rented from 1822, then House # 558, today Tuchlauben 12) with several business offices and apartments, it had the house demolished and gave at Franz Lossl (Site Manager: Carl Högl) by around 88,000 guilders (including equipment) the construction of a three storey new building with a concert hall on the 1st Floor in order. The site was approximately opposite the former Ofenlochgasse, since 1863 Kleeblattgasse. The Brandstätte that time not yet branched of from the Tuchlauben, but was a small place near the St. Stephen's Cathedral.
The festival opening concert of the hall took place on 4 November 1831 instead (then the cholera raged in Vienna). The Musikverein contributed among other things at this location (visitor concerts were still highly popular in the large ball room of the Hofburg ) essentially to the public concert life in Vienna.
The hall proved with 700 seats soon to be too small, but was still used for almost 40 years. 1846 gas lighting was installed. In the upper floors of the Conservatory and the archives of the Society, offices and rehearsal rooms were located.
The Society of Friends of Music in 1870 moved into their new house and sold its first house in the same year. In the subsequent use of it emerged inter alia the Strampfer-Theatre. The building was demolished in 1885.
Vienna Musikverein in 1898
Today's office of the Company
1863, Emperor Franz Joseph I donates the society from the state capital, the area on the bank of the river opposite the Vienna Karlskirche (church). It was on the former glacis of the 1858 demolished city walls around the old town. 1861-1869 emerged near the present-day Vienna State Opera, on the neighboring construction site on the riverbank 1865-1868 the Vienna Künstlerhaus, on the direction of ring road adjacent square 1862-1865 today's Imperial Hotel.
The of Theophil Hansen, who later built the Parliament, designed house, shortened to Vienna Musikverein, was on 6 January 1870 opened with a celebratory concert. That same year, the High Steward of the Emperor, Prince Constantine zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, was in gratitude for the favor of the imperial court for the new building project appointed as a honorary member of the society.
1869 Carl Heissler was the first conductor of the orchestra of the Society of Friends of Music in Vienna. 187, and 1872 was the Russian composer Anton Rubinstein artistic director of the company. After a short time he was replaced by Johannes Brahms.
Children and Youth Projects
In order to convey the joy of music and access to classical culture children and adolescents, the Friends of Music Society offers a pertinent program: In April 1989, it was the first "Celebration for Children" in all the rooms of the Musikverein building, since the offer has been steadily expanded and now includes more than 150 projects for all ages 3-19 years. The 20-year anniversary of the youth concerts was celebrated with a big party at the Vienna Musikverein in 2009. Symbol of child and youth concerts of the Society of Friends of Music is the concert clown Allegretto.
Artistic performances will be processed in accordance with the relevant age requirements paying particular attention to opportunities for active contribution. These include sing and dance along to the little ones, a gallery of children's drawings on the Internet and artist talks under the slogan "meet the artist" with internationally renowned conductors, soloists and composers for 15- to 19- year-old.
Conservatory of the Society of Music Lovers
The Conservatory was the first public music school in Vienna and was founded in 1819 by the violinist Joseph Böhm. As early as 1818, the Court Kapellmeister Antonio Salieri began to form a singing class. The general musical newspaper wrote here about 7 January 1818: "As the beginning of a newly established Conservatory imparts our worthy Hofkapellm. (chapel masteer) Salieri already to 12 girls and 12 boys gratuitous singing lessons."
On 19 April, the first 24 students of the Conservatory presented themselves in a collective concert of the Friends of Music to the public and sing an A cappella choral of Salieri. The dedication on the autograph reads: "Ringraziamento because farsi alli Benefattori del Conservatorio della musica nazionale inglese dalli primi Ventiquattro allieve dodici Ragazzi e dodici Ragazze, di detto luogo, nella quarta accademia dei dilettanti il giorno 19 Aprile 1818".
In the 19th Century, this facility has been significantly expanded, in the 1890s it had more than 1,000 students and found imitation in Vienna in other such facilities. In 1909, the private institute was to resolution of the emperor as "k.k. Academy of Music and Dramatic Art" nationalized. Thus, it is predecessor of today's University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna.
Archive
The archives of the Society of Friends of Music is one of the most important music collections in the world.
Personalities
Musikverein building of 1870 (2006)
Musikverein building at night
Founder
Joseph Sonnleithner (1766-1835)
Co-Founder
Fanny von Arnstein (1758-1818)
Prince Franz Joseph Maximilian von Lobkowitz (1772-1816) , Major General, art lover and patron
Famous members
Leopold of Sonnleithner (1797-1873), lawyer and music collector
January Václav Voříšek (1791-1825), composer, pianist and organist, as a member in 1818.
Franz Schubert (1797-1828), full member from 12 June 1827
Concert directors
Carl Heissler, lithography by Joseph Kriehuber, 1866
Carl Heissler (1823-1878), Artistic Director 1869-1871
Anton Rubinstein, Artistic Director 1871-1872
Johannes Brahms (1833-1897), concert director 1872-1875
Eduard Schön (1825-1879), Ministerialrat and composer, director in 1870
Johann von Herbeck (1831-1877), conductor and composer
Hans Richter (1843-1916), conductor, director until 1900
Franz Schalk (1863-1931), concert director 1904-1921
Ferdinand Löwe (1865-1925), concert director
Wilhelm Furtwängler (1886-1954), concert director 1921-1927 (jointly with Leopold Reichwein)
Leopold Reichwein (1878-1945), concert director 1921-1927 (together with Wilhelm Furtwängler)
Robert Heger (1886-1978), concert director 1925-1933
Walter Legge (1906-1979), director from 1946
Herbert von Karajan (1908-1989), last concert director 1948-1964
Vice Presidents
Raphael Georg Kiesewetter (1773-1850), privy councillor and musician, vice president 1821-1843
Nikolaus Dumba (1830-1900), industrialist, vice president in 1880
Gustav Ortner (born 1935) , diplomat, vice president since 2001
Directorate members
Heinrich Eduard Josef von Lannoy (1787-1853), conductor and composer, member
Martin Gustav Nottebohm (1817-1882), musicologist and composer, member from 1858
Anthony van Hoboken (1887-1983), musicologist and collector, member since 1957
Brothers Czartoryski, circa 1870
Secretaries
Leopold Alexander Zellner, general secretary in 1880
Botstiber Hugo (1875-1941), secretary and office director 1905-1912
Angyan Thomas (born 1953), general and artistic director since 1988
Archivist
Martin Gustav Nottebohm in 1864
Eusebius Mandyczewski (1857-1929), musicologist and composer, from 1887
Karl Geiringer (1899-1989), musicologist and librarian, 1930-1938
Otto Biba (born 1946), musicologist and director of the archive, since 1979
J.K. Rowling promote the first trailer of Harry Potter prequel, Fantastic Beasts and Where To Find Them. Photo: EW
After a long wait, a prequel to Harry Potter, Fantastic Beasts and Where To Find Them finally released the first trailer. The author, J.K. Rowling was promoting the film starring...
milutenali.com/2015/12/16/j-k-rowling-promote-first-trail...
promoted to Baguio
Bus No: 9559
Year released: 2010
Capacity: 45; 2x2 seating configuration
Route: Baguio-Manila/Avenida via Dau/Magalang/Concepcion/Capas/Tarlac/Gerona/Paniqui/Moncada/Urdaneta/Rosario
Body: KIA Motors Korea
Model: 2010 KIA Grandbird SD-II "Parkway" Series
Engine: Hyundai D6CA
Fare: Airconditioned
Aircon System: KIA overhead a/c
Transmission System: M/T
Plate No.: CVK-921
Taken on: July 11, 2011
Location: McArthur Highway, Brgy. San Nicolas, Tarlac City, Tarlac
A period poster at Wemyss Bay advertising the joys of Sealink and driving an Austin Allegro! Judging by the registration plate of the Allegro this poster dates back to 1973, and the grimace on the drivers face to the day he bought the car. Copyright Photograph John Whitehouse (copyright of the poster unknown) - all rights reserved
60,000 rubber ducks..
Over 60,000 rubber ducks floating down the Willamette River during the Great Rotary Duck Race 08. 5 dollars was donated per duck or more than 300 thousand dollars was raised that year to fight child abuse. I never posted these here before since I was not into the 6x4 format. Photography to promote child abuse prevention. Have a wonderful day!
This is one of four CDV’s taken of members of HMS Repulse, Royal Navy, on its October-November 1873 visit to San Francisco, California. Written on the verso in ink: C.W.W. Ingram, November 1873.
Charles William Winnington Ingram (Winnington-Ingram) was born on 7 June 1856 in Stanford on Teme, Worcestershire, England, the son of Rector Edward Winnington Ingram (1814-1891) and Maria Louisa Pepys (born circa 1828). He was married on 6 February 1894 to Ida Verde Maude Chambers (1874-1945) and the couple had at least four children. In 1861, Charles was living with his parents and five siblings in Stanford on Teme, where his father was rector. Charles joined the Royal Navy on 18 January 1870 and became a midshipman on 23 March 1872. He served on the HMS Repulse on her 1873 visit to San Francisco, California. Charles graduated from the Royal Naval College in 1876 and a became a sub-lieutenant on 19 March 1876, and was promoted to lieutenant on 8 December 1879. In 1881, he served aboard the ironclad HMS Bacchante, which had been commissioned in 1876. Ingram became a commander on 3 January 1894 and a captain on 30 June 1901. Some of the ships he served on included HMS: Mildura, Crocodile, Terrible, Conqueror, Daphne, Vivid, Scylla, and Royal Sovereign. He was commander of the first class cruiser HMS Argonaut in 1909. His ratings were consistent excellent. At his compulsory retirement in 1910, Charles Ingram was awarded the rank of rear admiral. Charles William Winnington Ingram passed away on 18 January 1923.
The Iñupiat Heritage Center (IHC) brings people together to promote and perpetuate Iñupiat history, language and culture. This dynamic interaction between the Iñupiat and their environment fosters the awareness, understanding and appreciation of the Iñupiat way of life from generation to generation.
Michael D Stotts - The Iñupiat Heritage Center Manager giving tour.
Monument of Captain John McNeill Boyd of HMS Ajax. He died heroically trying to rescue seamen during a vivicious storm in February 1861.
xxxxxx
If you've the time, read his whole story here (quoted from St. Patrick's Cathedral's Facebook page on the monument):
John McNeill Boyd was born in Derry in 1812, and joined the Royal Navy in September 1825, aged 13. In 1841 he was promoted to Lieutenant, and in 1850, Commander. Finally, in 1856 he became Captain. He served as Lieutenant on the HMS St Vincent under Sir Henry John Codrington, later an Admiral of the Fleet, then on HMS Winchester, HMS Eurydice and HMS Thetis before joining HMS Superb as second in command under Edward Purcell. He was appointed captain of HMS Conway in 1857, in which year he published “A Manual for Naval Cadets”. A year later in 1858 he became Captain of HMS Ajax and commander of the Dublin District of the Irish Coast Guard.
The storms that swept the East coast of Ireland on the weekend of 8th and 9th of February 1861 were amongst the most severe ever recorded. The whole East coast from Bray to Drogheda was battered, and the severity of the gale was such that many ships were lost and dozens of lives lost. The harbour at Kingstown( now Dun Laoghaire) was littered with debris and the wreckage of sunken or foundering vessels. It was on Saturday the 9th. that three stricken vessels, the Neptune, the Industry and the Mary were trying to get to the shelter of the harbour. The Neptune went ashore at the back of the East Pier and was smashed, it’s crew members being thrown into the sea. Captain Boyd had observed their perilous situation, and immediately summoned his men to man boats for the pier. Some of Capt. Boyd’s men procured ropes, lashed themselves with them and plunged into the sea to endeavour to get on board either of the ill-fated ships, but the sea was too powerful. At about 12 noon there was a lull in the storm, and just then an enormous wave swept over the breakwater upon which Captain Boyd and his crew were standing. They were swept to sea, and Captain Boyd and five of his crew were drowned. At least twenty-one townspeople were also lost. The badly injured sailors were treated on board the Ajax by Dr Buchanan, the ship’s surgeon, who also had to break the news of her husband’s death to the Captain’s wife Cordelia, who resided on board.
The bodies of the crew members who died were washed ashore days later and were buried in Carrickbrennan graveyard, but as Captain Boyd’s body was not recovered for several weeks, the grave dug for him was not used. Instead he was buried in the graveyard of St Patrick’s on the 5th. March 1861 with full Naval and Military honours in the most splendid funeral ever seen in Dublin. There is a story that his Newfoundland dog, which was said to have accompanied the rescue boat that had recovered his body, followed his body to the grave. When it was filled in, he lay on top and refused to leave, eventually dying of hunger. Legend has it that the dog has often been seen at the base of the statue in St Patrick’s , and indeed, that the former Dean, Very Rev. David Wilson allegedly was one of those who saw it!
Captain Boyd was posthumously awarded the RNLI Silver Medal, the Tayleur Fund Gold Medal and the Sea Gallantry Medal.
A rewind to April 2009 sees First Cymru's Marshall Capital-bodied Dennis Dart 41149 arriving in Haverfordwest when operating Service 349 (Tenby-Manorbier-Pembroke-Pembroke Dock-Neyland-Johnston-Haverfordwest).
She was one of the best part of 100 Capitals to transfer to the company, and at the time of the photograph, they comprised the entire allocation at Haverfordwest depot. Whilst most of these were 10.7m variants that had arrived from First Somerset and Avon, 41149 was unique as a 9.3m version.
Despite the variety of liveries carried, all received vinyls promoting the company's small Pembrokeshire network which had reduced to just two commercially operated services.
She passed to Bayliss, the Ogmore Vale-based scrap dealer, in June 2014.
Locality Name : Shama ( शमा )
Block Name : Kapkote
District : Bageshwar
State : Uttarakhand
Language : Hindi and Kumauni And English
( website )
Shama is small but most beautiful hill station and local market place at a altitute of 2500 Mtrs from sea level . It is situated at a distance of 24 Kms(road distance) towards north east from its Block Headquarter . Kapkot and 48 Kms from its Distt Headquater Bageshwar, State of Uttarakhand.
People enjoy a healthy climate, Naturally minral enriched water, fresh air and delicious fruits like Plum, apricot, Orange and apple, Wall nuts throughout the year at this place. A good deal of snowfall can be experienced during every winter.
Main occupation of localities is agriculture. Soil is quite suitable for growing Maize, lantinals and Ragi in summer and Wheat, Barliey potato and other seasonal vegetables in winter. Bee keeping and sheep/Himalayan gots are also a back bone of local economy. Keeping ecological suitability in mind, State govt opend a Big Sheep farm and agricultural help centre/ Farm under IGADA (Indo German Agricultural Development Association) in late 60s or early 70s to promote good yealding crops. This is why this area is very much rich in Potato and other vegetable farming.
Later on in late 90s Mr Rajendra Singh Koshyari an passionate and enthusiastic Research Scholar of Botany, worked for promoting new farming techniques viz.Organic farming/ Poly houses/advanced Bee keeping technique etc and persued state Govt for setting up electric Rope way trollies in nearby hill pockets to move there produce up hill at motor heads.
This hill station works as an epicentre for religious gatherings/ treking/Travelling/ cultural and Marketing activities. Famous Moolnarayan temple Shikhar, Banjyayan Temple Bhanar, Nauling dev Temple Sangar, Bhagwati Temple Liti and Hokra and SAU DHARA Trek to SARMOOL are key attraction for religious beliefs. famous Namik Glecier, Hiramani Gleciers and other Tough treks can be started from here. One can sneak directly in to Millam treak at Bogdyar and Lillam, bypassing Munsyari. This place can be well developed for cultivating Medicinal herbs. Adventure sports like Para Gliding, Mountaineering and River rafting can also be well promoted. This place is having a small but fully working round the year KMVN TRH also.
Hill Top of Sama is popularly Known as HITA GAIR. It needs a 30 minutes uphill walk to reach. On arriving at the top there is nearly half a Km long ground which is often used to perform sports activities by Seconder schools. From this point one can have an mesmerising 180 degree view of famous himalayan peaks like Trishool, Nanda Devi, Nandakot, Panchchuli, Rajrambha, Naglafu and passes like Kwari pass, Namik Pass at a closest distance. This Place is highly blessed with nature. One must visit.
#Uttarakhand
#India
#Travel
#Travelblog
Nikon D750
70.0-200.0 mm f/2.8
ƒ/5.0
70.0 mm
1/125
450
Shot on January 1 , 2019
The Los Angeles Fire Department is proud to honor the achievements of five LAFD uniformed members who have successfully completed the demanding process of promoting in rank within the Department.
Expressing her pride in their accomplishments, City of Los Angeles Fire Chief Kristin M. Crowley oversaw a formal promotion ceremony at the LAFD Frank Hotchkin Memorial Training Center in Elysian Park on Friday, May 12, 2023.
Individually honored at the event (with their new rank) were:
Assistant Chief Luis Aldana
Assistant Chief Melford Beard
Assistant Chief Jason Hing
Assistant Chief Peter Hsiao
Inspector II Patrick Perez
LAFD Event: 051223
Photo Use Permitted via Creative Commons - Credit: LAFD Photo (John McCoy)
Connect with us: LAFD.ORG | News | Facebook | Instagram | Reddit | Twitter: @LAFD @LAFDtalk
Haus Vaterland (Fatherland House) was a pleasure palace on the southwest side of Potsdamer Platz in central Berlin. Preceded by Haus Potsdam, a multi-use building including a large cinema and a huge cafe, from 1928 to 1943 it was a large, famous establishment including the largest cafe in the world, a major cinema and numerous theme restaurants, promoted as a showcase of all nations. It was partially destroyed by fire in World War II, reopened in a limited form until 1953, and was finally demolished in 1976.
Haus Vaterland[edit]
Haus Potsdam became less successful during the 1920s, and in 1927 was sold to the Bank für Handel und Grundbesitz, which leased it for ten years to the Kempinski family of restaurateurs. They had an exclusive contract to provide all food and drink and to manage the business, which became their flagship.[16][17][n 2] In 1928, the building was reopened as Haus Vaterland, based on an idea by Leo Kronau, who had visited Coney Island in New York and wanted to emulate the international attractions in the amusement parks there and improve on Berlin's own imitation, Lunapark.[18] He persuaded the Kempinski family, who had a 65-year track record of success as restaurateurs in Berlin, to convert Haus Potsdam into a Haus der Nationen (house of nations), and became its first artistic director, arranging entertainment to suit the flavour of each of the gastronomic units.[19]
The architect for the conversion, Carl Stahl-Urach, the architect for Fritz Lang's Doctor Mabuse films,[n 3] modernised the exterior by applying stucco and in particular by wiring the domed section to be illuminated at night as an example of Architecture of the Night (Architektur der Nacht) or Light Architecture (Licht-Architektur)[9] which also emulated Coney Island lighting effects.[20] The lettering around the rotunda was illuminated, and approximately 4,000 bulbs arranged in intersecting arcs on the dome turned on and off to create the illusion of spinning motion. A reporter in Germania applauded the "Babylonian dome" as irrefutable evidence that "here, world-capital life is pulsing."[21] David Clay Large describes it as "a beacon of commercial kitsch".[22] Inside, the cafe was renovated and the building extended and the cinema moved to make room for a new entrance block in the centre of the building; in the rest of the space, restaurants dedicated to different countries and regions of the world were constructed.[5] Each was decorated appropriately with dioramas up to 6 metres deep,[23] panoramas, and lighting effects, and served appropriate food; it was an early example of modern theme dining or experiential gastronomy.[24] While the main shows took place in the ballroom,[25] each theme restaurant also had musicians of the appropriate origins on staff to complete the dining experience, including at least six dance bands.[26][27][n 4] A central kitchen occupied the entire top floor, connected to the different dining establishments by pneumatic tubes, through which orders came up, and dumbwaiters, by means of which food was sent down and dirty dishes sent back up; conveyor belts at kitchen level transferred the dishes to be machine washed, dried and stacked.[20] The whole was run on American-influenced principles of industrial efficiency.[28] It published a house magazine called Berolina - Latin for Berlin and most famously embodied in the statue in the Alexanderplatz.[29]
It was an enormous and popular establishment,[30] and like Haus Potsdam before it, is frequently alluded to in both artistic and tourist contexts, for example in Irmgard Keun's 1932 novel Das kunstseidene Mädchen (The Artificial Silk Girl).[14] Its combination of spectacle, variety performances, international dining and cinema was unique.[31] Large sees it as having been "a kind of proto-Disney World".[22] The building could accommodate up to 8,000 people; the 4,454 square metres of theme restaurants had a capacity of 3,500 people and Café Vaterland was the largest in the world; the one millionth guest was recorded in October 1929, barely a year after the opening.[32][33]
Third Reich and World War II[edit]
In the Nazi years, the mix of restaurants was modified and the Jewish Kempinskis had to sell the building for a pittance to "Aryans" and leave the country.[28] A 1936 French film, Les Loups entre eux (English title: The Sequel to Second Bureau), features scenes in Haus Vaterland, including "the Horst Wessel song booming from the loud-speaker".[34][35] The business continued to host throngs of customers even after Berlin began to suffer heavy bombing by the Allies. In 1943 the building was damaged, particularly in the central section, in the raid on the night of 22 November that destroyed much of the centre of the city.[36] On 2 February 1945 it was bombed out, only the walls left standing.[28]
Under occupation[edit]
After the war, Potsdamer Platz was the centre from which the four Allied occupation zones were demarcated. The ruined Haus Vaterland was in the Russian sector, but had doors to both the British and the American. In 1947, Café Vaterland was reopened in an acclaimed gesture of will to rebuild the city, and in 1948 the Communist cabaret Frischer Wind was playing there,[37] while because of its position on the sector lines, it was a hotbed of spying, flight from the East, and black marketing in currency and goods.[28][38]
Destruction[edit]
The building was finally completely burnt out on 17 June 1953, along with Erich Mendelsohn's Columbushaus, during the East German strike and protest.[39] It was then left in ruins, the windows simply being walled up. It was adjacent to the Berlin wall after its construction in 1961.[28] In 1966 Der Spiegel described the desolation of the Potsdamer Platz during those years, with birch trees growing out of the rubble of what had been the busiest traffic intersection in Europe and kestrels nesting in the ruin of Haus Vaterland and hunting rats which emerged from locked S-Bahn entrances.[40]
In 1972, the Senate of West Berlin bought the building as part of 8.5 hectares of land to build a road,[41] and had it demolished in 1976. The 600 tonnes of iron and steel were sold as scrap.[28]
Ironically, when Potsdamer Platz was rebuilt after German reunification, the site of Haus Vaterland was the only parcel on which no entertainment facility was sited, only offices, because it was felt to be too small. The building abutting the square was given a semi-circular façade in homage to the round section of the building which had once stood there.[42]
Description[edit]
Haus Vaterland promised die Welt in einem Haus - "the world in one house".[43][25] Siegfried Kracauer said, "Haus Vaterland includes the entire globe".[44] He also pointed out the contrast between the "exaggerated" New Objectivity in the style of the "immense" lobby and the "luxuriant sentimentality" of the dining establishments as little as one step away.[45] He used this example to argue that the New Objectivity was merely a façade.[46] To Franz Hessel, it was a "perfectly planned city of entertainment" which demonstrated the nascent totalitarianism of "monster Germany".[47] Sydney Clark summed it up in his guide for British tourists as a must-see because it typified Berlin:
I can think of no better way to top off a Berlin night . . . than an hour or two or three in Haus Vaterland. The place is certainly not "high hat," nor is it low hat, but it is of the very essence of Berlin.[48]
The original attractions were:
Kammerlichtspiele im Haus Vaterland[edit]
The cinema, from about 1920 renamed UFA-Haus am Potsdamer Platz, was moved and enlarged to 1,415 seats in Stahl-Urach's renovation. The auditorium was strikingly modern,[23] on a circular plan and with vibrant red carpeting and gold-painted wooden trim on the seats.[3] It was one of five Berlin cinemas Sydney Clark recommended to the American tourist in 1933 as worth seeing (the others being the Titania-Palast, the UFA-Palast am Zoo, the Primus-Palast and the Phoebus Palast).[49]
Ballroom[edit]
The ballroom, also called the Palmensaal (palm room) was under the dome, and intended as a re-creation of the Garden of Eden.[50] It was decorated with silver palm fronds and sculptures by Josef Thorak, who was to be popular during the Nazi era.[5] Jazzmeister Bill Bartholomew led the house dance band[27] and the "Vaterland-Girls" performed.[33]Grinzinger Heuriger[edit]
A re-creation of a Viennese Heuriger in Grinzing, on the third floor. The menu included Sachertorte prepared from the authentic recipe; the Kempinskis had an exclusive licence to offer it in Berlin.[51] Guests sampled the new wine looking out at the steeple of St. Stephen's cathedral against a starry sky, and a tram with interior lights lit crossed the bridge over the Danube.[45] In the Berliner Tageblatt, the Austrian writer Arnold Höllriegel declared the place to be far more genuine than the real thing.[52]
Rheinterrasse[edit]
The Rheinterrasse (Rhine terrace) on the third floor in the circular section of the building, had a diorama to give the illusion of sitting outdoors overlooking the river between Sankt Goar and the Lorelei rock. A troupe of twenty "Rhine maidens" danced between the tables under hoops twined with grape vines.[51] Hourly thunderstorms were created by lighting and sound effects; one American visitor reputedly "beam[ed] like a movie theater façade on Broadway" when told about this.[53]
Cameroon is hosting approximately 331 000 refugees according to UNHCR figures. Among them, 259 000 are from Central African Republic and have fled conflicts between SELEKA and Anti-Balaka, and 72 000 are from Nigeria, having escaped attacks perpetrated by Boko Haram.
Garoua-Boulai, at the crossroads of the route to Bangui, remains the main entrance for CAR refugees in the country.
©EC/ECHO/Aminata Diagne Barre
The first day of the Edinburgh International Festival and The Fringe - always plenty to see on the Royal Mile, street entertainers and groups promoting their shows. 😀📷 #edinburgh #edinburgh_snapshots #edinburghinternationalfestival #edinburghinternationalfestival #edinburghfringe #edinburghfringe2025 #streetentertainment #streetentertainers #jugglers #buskers #edinburghphotography #edinburghphotographer #freshinktheatrecompany
Doing sports regularly is essential to a healthy lifestyle, but too often kids prefer to stay home playing with electronic devices.
At MILO, we believe that sports is essential for kids development because it teaches them life skills and values that helps them succeed in life. This is why we are committed to enabling more kids to play sports regularly.
I use this for greater control over bracketing exposures on my camera (whose default is 9 exposures). This also has the ability to do timelapse. Small, lightweight and pretty weather resistant.
VENICE BIENNALE / VENEZIA BIENNIAL 2013 : BIENNALIST
www.emergencyrooms.org/biennalist.html
Biennalist is an Art Format by Thierry Geoffroy / Colonel debating with artistic tools on Biennales and other cultural managed events . Often those events promote them selves with thematics and press releases faking their aim . Biennalist take the thematics of the Biennales very seriously , and test their pertinance . Artists have questioned for decade the canvas , the pigment , the museum ... since 1989 we question the Biennales .Often Biennalist converge with Emergency Room providing a burning content that cannot wait ( today before it is too late )
please contact before using the images : Thierry Geoffroy / Colonel 1@colonel.dk
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lists of artists participating at the Venice Biennale :
Hilma af Klint, Victor Alimpiev, Ellen Altfest, Paweł Althamer, Levi Fisher Ames, Yuri Ancarani, Carl Andre, Uri Aran, Yüksel Arslan, Ed Atkins, Marino Auriti, Enrico Baj, Mirosław Bałka, Phyllida Barlow, Morton Bartlett, Gianfranco Baruchello, Hans Bellmer, Neïl Beloufa, Graphic Works of Southeast Asia and Melanesia, Hugo A. Bernatzik Collection, Ștefan Bertalan, Rossella Biscotti, Arthur Bispo do Rosário, John Bock, Frédéric Bruly Bouabré, Geta Brătescu, KP Brehmer, James Lee Byars, Roger Caillois, Varda Caivano, Vlassis Caniaris, James Castle, Alice Channer, George Condo, Aleister Crowley & Frieda Harris, Robert Crumb, Roberto Cuoghi, Enrico David, Tacita Dean, John De Andrea, Thierry De Cordier, Jos De Gruyter e Harald Thys, Walter De Maria, Simon Denny, Trisha Donnelly, Jimmie Durham, Harun Farocki, Peter Fischli & David Weiss, Linda Fregni Nagler, Peter Fritz, Aurélien Froment, Phyllis Galembo, Norbert Ghisoland, Yervant Gianikian & Angela Ricci Lucchi, Domenico Gnoli, Robert Gober, Tamar Guimarães and Kasper Akhøj, Guo Fengyi, João Maria Gusmão & Pedro Paiva, Wade Guyton, Haitian Vodou Flags, Duane Hanson, Sharon Hayes, Camille Henrot, Daniel Hesidence, Roger Hiorns, Channa Horwitz, Jessica Jackson Hutchins, René Iché, Hans Josephsoh, Kan Xuan, Bouchra Khalili, Ragnar Kjartansson, Eva Kotátková, Evgenij Kozlov, Emma Kunz, Maria Lassnig, Mark Leckey, Augustin Lesage, Lin Xue, Herbert List, José Antonio Suárez Londoño, Sarah Lucas, Helen Marten, Paul McCarthy, Steve McQueen, Prabhavathi Meppayil, Marisa Merz, Pierre Molinier, Matthew Monahan, Laurent Montaron, Melvin Moti, Matt Mullican, Ron Nagle, Bruce Nauman, Albert Oehlen, Shinro Ohtake, J.D. ‘Okhai Ojeikere, Henrik Olesen, John Outterbridg, Paño Drawings, Marco Paolini, Diego Perrone, Walter Pichler, Otto Piene, Eliot Porter, Imran Qureshi, Carol Rama, Charles Ray, James Richards, Achilles G. Rizzoli, Pamela Rosenkranz, Dieter Roth, Viviane Sassen, Shinichi Sawada, Hans Schärer, Karl Schenker, Michael Schmidt, Jean-Frédéric Schnyder, Friedrich Schröder-Sonnenstern, Tino Sehgal, Richard Serra, Shaker Gift Drawings, Jim Shaw, Cindy Sherman, Laurie Simmons e Allan McCollum, Drossos P. Skyllas, Harry Smith, Xul Solar, Christiana Soulou, Eduard Spelterini, Rudolf Steiner, Hito Steyerl, Papa Ibra Tall, Dorothea Tanning, Anonymous Tantric Paintings, Ryan Trecartin, Rosemarie Trockel, Andra Ursuta, Patrick Van Caeckenbergh, Stan VanDerBeek, Erik van Lieshout, Danh Vo, Eugene Von Bruenchenhein, Günter Weseler, Jack Whitten, Cathy Wilkes, Christopher Williams, Lynette Yiadom-Boakye, Kohei YoshiyUKi, Sergey Zarva, Anna Zemánková, Jakub Julian Ziółkowski ,Artur Żmijewski.
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other pavilions at Venice Biennale
Andorra Artists: Javier Balmaseda, Samantha Bosque, Fiona Morrison
Commissioner: Henry Périer Deputy Commissioners: Francesc Rodríguez, Ermengol Puig, Ruth Casabella
Curators: Josep M. Ubach, Paolo De GrandisAngola Artist: Edson Chagas Commissioner: Ministry of Culture
Curators: Beyond Entropy (Paula Nascimento, Stefano Rabolli Pansera), Jorge Gumbe, Feliciano dos Santos
Argentina Artist: Nicola Costantino Commissioner: Magdalena Faillace Curator: Fernando Farina
Armenia Artist: Ararat SarkissianCurator: Arman Grogoryan /AustraliaArtist: Simryn Gill Commissioner: Simon Mordant Deputy Commissioner: Penelope Seidler Curator: Catherine de Zegher /AustriaArtist: Mathias Poledna ,Curator: Jasper Sharp /AzerbaijanArtists: Rashad Alakbarov, Sanan Aleskerov, Chingiz Babayev, Butunay Hagverdiyev, Fakhriyya Mammadova, Farid Rasulov /Commissioner: Heydar Aliyev FoundationCurator: Hervé Mikaeloff
Bahamas Artist: Tavares Strachan Commissioner: Nalini Bethel, Ministry of Tourism Curators: Jean Crutchfield, Robert HobbsDeputy Curator: Stamatina Gregory/BangladeshChhakka Artists’ Group: Mokhlesur Rahman, Mahbub Zamal, A. K. M. Zahidul Mustafa, Ashok Karmaker, Lala Rukh Selim, Uttam Kumar Karmaker. Dhali Al Mamoon, Yasmin Jahan Nupur, Gavin Rain, Gianfranco Meggiato, Charupit School/Commissioner/Curator: Francesco Elisei. , Curator: Fabio Anselmi./BahrainArtists: Mariam Haji, Waheeda Malullah, Camille Zakharia /Commissioner: Mai bint Mohammed Al Khalifa, Minister of Culture /Curator: Melissa Enders-Bhatiaa/BelgiumArtist: Berlinde De Bruyckere
Commissioner: Joke Schauvliege, Flemish Minister for Environment, Nature and Culture .Curator: J. M. Coetzee ,Deputy Curator: Philippe Van Cauteren /Bosnia and Herzegovina
Artist: Mladen Miljanovic .Commissioners: Sarita Vujković, Irfan Hošić
Brazil Artists: Hélio Fervenza, Odires Mlászho, Lygia Clark, Max Bill, Bruno Munari
Commissioner: Luis Terepins, Fundação Bienal de São Paulo,Curator: Luis Pérez-Oramas ,Deputy Curator: André Severo
CanadaArtist: Shary Boyle /Commissioner: National Gallery of Canada / Musée des beaux-arts du Canada ,Curator: Josée Drouin-Brisebois/Central AsiaArtists: Vyacheslav Akhunov, Sergey Chutkov, Saodat Ismailova, Kamilla Kurmanbekova, Ikuru Kuwajima, Anton Rodin, Aza Shade, Erlan Tuyakov
Commissioner: HIVOS (Humanist Institute for Development Cooperation)
Deputy Commissioner: Dean Vanessa Ohlraun (Oslo National Academy of the Arts/The Academy of Fine Art)
Curators: Ayatgali Tuleubek, Tiago Bom
Scientific Committee: Susanne M. Winterling
ChileArtist: Alfredo JaarCommissioner: CNCA, National Council of Culture and the Arts Curator: Madeleine Grynsztejn
ChinaArtists: He Yunchang, Hu Yaolin, Miao Xiaochun, Shu Yong, Tong Hongsheng, Wang Qingsong, Zhang Xiaotao
Commissioner: China Arts and Entertainment Group (CAEG) ,Curator: Wang Chunchen
Costa Rica Artists: Priscilla Monge, Esteban Piedra, Rafael Ottón Solís, Cinthya Soto
Commissioner: Francesco EliseiCurator: Francisco Córdoba, Museo de Arte y Diseño Contemporáneo (Fiorella Resenterra)
Croatia Artist: Kata Mijatovic ,Commissioner/Curator: Branko Franceschi.
CubaArtists: Liudmila and Nelson, Maria Magdalena Campos & Neil Leonard, Sandra Ramos, Glenda León, Lázaro Saavedra, Tonel, Hermann Nitsch, Gilberto Zorio, Wang Du, H.H.Lim, Pedro Costa, Rui Chafes, Francesca Leone ,Commissioner: Miria ViciniCurators: Jorge Fernández Torres, Giacomo Zaza
CyprusArtists: Lia Haraki, Maria Hassabi, Phanos Kyriacou, Constantinos Taliotis, Natalie Yiaxi, Morten Norbye Halvorsen, Jason Dodge, Gabriel Lester, Dexter Sinister /Louli Michaelidou
Deputy Commissioners: Angela Skordi, Marika Ioannou/Curator: Raimundas Malašauskas
Czech Republic & Slovak RepublicArtists: Petra Feriancova, Zbynek Baladran ,Commissioner: Monika Palcova, Curator: Marek Pokorny /DenmarkArtist: Jesper Just in collaboration with Project ProjectsEgypt
Artists: Mohamed Banawy, Khaled Zaki
EstoniaArtist: Dénes Farkas ,Commissioner: Maria Arusoo ,Curator: Adam Budak
FinlandArtist: Antti Laitinen , Commissioner: Raija Koli , Curators: Marko Karo, Mika Elo, Harri Laakso
FranceArtist: Anri Sala ,Curator: Christine Macel
GeorgiaArtists: Bouillon Group,Thea Djordjadze, Nikoloz Lutidze, Gela Patashuri with Ei Arakawa and Sergei Tcherepnin, Gio Sumbadze/Commissioner: Marine Mizandari, First Deputy Minister of Culture Curator: Joanna Warsza
GermanyArtists: Ai Weiwei, Romuald Karmakar, Santu Mofokeng, Dayanita Singh Commissioner/Curator: Susanne Gaensheimer /Great BritainArtist: Jeremy Deller ,Commissioner: Andrea Rose , Curator: Emma Gifford-Mead
Holy SeeArtists: Lawrence Carroll, Josef Koudelka, Studio Azzurro ,Curator: Antonio Paolucci
Hungary , Artist: Zsolt Asztalos , Curator: Gabriella Uhl
Iceland , Artist: Katrín Sigurðardóttir ,Commissioner: Dorotheé Kirch
Curators: Mary Ceruti , Ilaria Bonacossa/IndonesiaArtists: Albert Yonathan Setyawan, Eko Nugroho, Entang Wiharso, Rahayu Supanggah, Sri Astari, Titarubi
Deputy Commissioner: Achille Bonito Oliva , Assistant Commissioner: Mirah M. Sjarif
Curators: Carla Bianpoen, Rifky Effendy
IraqArtists: Abdul Raheem Yassir, Akeel Khreef, Ali Samiaa, Bassim Al-Shaker, Cheeman Ismaeel, Furat al Jamil, Hareth Alhomaam, Jamal Penjweny, Kadhim Nwir, WAMI (Yaseen Wami, Hashim Taeeh)
Commissioner: Tamara Chalabi (Ruya Foundation for Contemporary Culture)Curator: Jonathan Watkins.
IrelandArtist: Richard MosseCommissioner, Curator: Anna O’Sullivan
Israel , Artist: Gilad Ratman , Commissioners: Arad Turgeman, Michael GovCurator: Sergio Edelstein
ItalyArtists: Francesco Arena, Massimo Bartolini, Gianfranco Baruchello, Elisabetta Benassi, Flavio Favelli, Luigi Ghirri, Piero Golia, Francesca Grilli, Marcello Maloberti, Fabio Mauri, Giulio Paolini, Marco Tirelli, Luca Vitone, Sislej Xhafa ,Commissioner: Maddalena Ragni
Curator: Bartolomeo Pietromarchi /Ivory Coast Artists: Frédéric Bruly Bouabré, Tamsir Dia, Jems Koko Bi, Franck Fanny
Commissioner: Paolo De Grandis , Curator: Yacouba Konaté
Japan ,Artist: Koki Tanaka ,Curator: Mika Kuraya
KenyaArtists: Kivuthi Mbuno, Armando Tanzini, Chrispus Wangombe Wachira, Fan Bo, Luo Ling & Liu Ke, Lu Peng, Li Wei, He Weiming, Chen Wenling, Feng Zhengjie, César MeneghettiCommissioner: Paola Poponi ,Curators: Sandro Orlandi, Paola Poponi /Korea (Republic of)Artist: Kimsooja
KosovoArtist: Petrit Halilaj ,Commissioner: Erzen Shkololli ,Curator: Kathrin Rhomberg
KuwaitArtists: Sami Mohammad, Tarek Al-Ghoussein
Commissioner: Mohammed Al-Asoussi ,Curator: Ala Younis /Latin AmericaIstituto Italo-Latino Americano
Artists:Marcos Agudelo, Miguel Alvear & Patricio Andrade, Susana Arwas, François Bucher, Fredi Casco, Colectivo Quintapata (Pascal Meccariello, Raquel Paiewonsky, Jorge Pineda, Belkis Ramírez), Humberto Díaz, Sonia Falcone, León & Cociña, Lucía Madriz, Jhafis Quintero, Martín Sastre, Guillermo Srodek-Hart, Juliana Stein, Simón Vega, Luca Vitone, David Zink Yi. /Harun Farocki & Antje Ehmann. In collaboration with: Cristián Silva-Avária, Anna Azevedo, Paola Barreto, Fred Benevides, Anna Bentes, Hermano Callou, Renata Catharino, Patrick Sonni Cavalier, Lucas Ferraço Nassif, Luiz Garcia, André Herique, Bruna Mastrogiovanni, Cezar Migliorin, Felipe Ribeiro, Roberto Robalinho, Bruno Vianna, Beny Wagner, Christian Jankowski ,Commissioner: Sylvia Irrazábal ,Curator: Alfons Hug
Deputy Curator: Paz Guevara /Latvia Artists: Kaspars Podnieks, Krišs Salmanis ,Commissioners: Zane Culkstena, Zane Onckule ,Curators: Anne Barlow, Courtenay Finn, Alise Tifentale
LithuaniaArtist: Gintaras Didžiapetris, Elena Narbutaite, Liudvikas Buklys, Kazys Varnelis, Vytaute Žilinskaite, Morten Norbye Halvorsen, Jason Dodge, Gabriel Lester, Dexter SinisterCommissioners: Jonas Žokaitis, Aurime Aleksandraviciute Curator: Raimundas Malašauskas /LuxembourgArtist: Catherine LorentCommissioner: Clément Minighetti Curator: Anna Loporcaro /MexicoArtist: Ariel Guzik ,Commissioner: Gastón Ramírez Feltrín ,Curator: Itala Schmelz
Montenegro ,Artist: Irena Lagator Pejovic .Commissioner/Curator: Nataša Nikcevic
The Netherlands ,Artist: Mark Manders
Commissioner: Mondriaan Fund ,Curator: Lorenzo Benedetti
New Zealand Artist: Bill Culbert ,Commissioner: Jenny Harper ,Deputy Commissioner: Heather Galbraith ,Curator: Justin Paton /Finland: ,Artist: Terike Haapoja ,Commissioner: Raija Koli ,Curators: Marko Karo, Mika Elo, Harri Laakso
Norway:Artists: Edvard Munch, Lene Berg
Curators: Marta Kuzma, Pablo Lafuente, Angela Vettese
Paraguay Artists: Pedro Barrail, Felix Toranzos, Diana Rossi, Daniel Milessi ,Commissioner: Elisa Victoria Aquino Laterza
Deputy Commissioner: Nori Vaccari Starck , Curator: Osvaldo González Real
Poland Artist: Konrad Smolenski Commissioner: Hanna Wróblewska Curators: Agnieszka Pindera, Daniel Muzyczuk
Portugal Artist: Joana Vasconcelos Curator: Miguel Amado
RomaniaArtists: Maria Alexandra Pirici, Manuel Pelmus Commissioner: Monica Morariu Deputy Commissioner: Alexandru Damia Curator: Raluca VoineaArtists: Anca Mihulet, Apparatus 22 (Dragos Olea, Maria Farcas,Erika Olea), Irina Botea, Nicu Ilfoveanu, Karolina Bregula, Adi Matei, Olivia Mihaltianu, Sebastian MoldovanCommissioner: Monica Morariu ,Deputy Commissioner: Alexandru Damian ,Curator: Anca Mihulet
Russia Artist: Vadim Zakharov ,Commissioner: Stella Kasaeva ,Curator: Udo Kittelmann
Serbia Artists: Vladimir Peric, Miloš Tomic .Commissioner: Maja Ciric
SloveniaArtist: Jasmina CibicCommissioner: Blaž Peršin ,Curator: Tevž Logar
South Africa Commissioner: Saul Molobi ,Curator: Brenton Maart
Spain Artist: Lara Almarcegui , Commissioner/Curator: Octavio Zaya
Switzerland Artist: Valentin Carron Commissioners: Pro Helvetia - Sandi Paucic and Marianne Burki
Curator: Giovanni CarmineVenue: Pavilion at Giardini
Syrian Arab RepublicArtists: Giorgio De Chirico, Miro George, Makhowl Moffak, Al Samman Nabil, Echtai Shaffik, Giulio Durini, Dario Arcidiacono, Massimiliano Alioto, Felipe Cardena, Roberto Paolini, Concetto Pozzati, Sergio Lombardo, Camilla Ancilotto, Lucio Micheletti, Lidia Bachis, Cracking Art Group, Hannu Palosuo
Commissioner: Christian Maretti Curator: Duccio Trombadori
Taiwan Artists: Bernd Behr, Chia-Wei Hsu, Kateřina Šedá + BATEŽO MIKILU Curator: Esther Lu
Thailand Artists: Wasinburee Supanichvoraparch, Arin Rungjang
Curators: Penwadee Nophaket Manont, Worathep Akkabootara
Turkey Artist: Ali Kazma Commissioner: Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts Curator: Emre Baykal
Ukraine Artists: Ridnyi Mykola, Zinkovskyi Hamlet, Kadyrova Zhanna Commissioner: Victor Sydorenko
Curators: Soloviov Oleksandr, Burlaka Victoria
United Arab Emirates Artist: Mohammed Kazem /Commissioner: Dr. Lamees Hamdan Curator: Reem Fadda
Uruguay Artist: Wifredo Díaz Valdéz
Commissioner: Ricardo Pascale Curators: Carlos Capelán, Verónica Cordeiro
USA Artist: Sarah Sze Commissioners/Curators: Carey Lovelace, Holly Block
Venezuela Colectivo de Artistas Urbanos Venezolanos , Commissioner: Edgar Ernesto González Curator: Juan Calzadilla
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Encyclopedic Palace is curated by Massimiliano Gioni
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Other Biennales (Biennials ) : Venice Biennial , Documenta Havana Biennial,Istanbul Biennial ( Istanbuli),Biennale de Lyon ,Dak'Art Berlin Biennial,Mercosul Visual Arts Biennial ,Bienal do Mercosul Porto Alegre.,Berlin Biennial ,Echigo-Tsumari Triennial .Yokohama Triennial Aichi Triennale,manifesta ,Copenhagen Biennale,Aichi Triennale
Yokohama Triennial,Echigo-Tsumari Triennial.Sharjah Biennial ,Biennale of Sydney, Liverpool , São Paulo Biennial ; Athens Biennale , Bienal do Mercosul ,Göteborg International Biennial for Contemporary Art
U.S. Army Cadet Command (USACC) welcomes Col. Promotable Amanda Azubuike as the Deputy Commanding Officer of USACC, Fort Knox, Ky., July 28, 2022. Azubuike received the Cadet Command patch during the ceremony and shared remarks about joining the Army ROTC command team. | Photo by Kyle Crawford, U.S. Army Cadet Command Public Affairs
The Tariff Reform League (TRL) was a British trade protectionist movement founded in July 1903 to advocate protection for British jobs and promote tighter trade cooperation within the British Empire. In doing so, the TRL sought to impose preferential tariffs against the import of foreign goods, especially from newly industrial countries such as Germany and the USA. At the same time the TRL promoted preferential trading with countries of the British Empire who would be excluded from the import tariffs and developed as an Empire-wide trading bloc.
Against the backdrop of trade recession, high unemployment and the rising economic powers of Germany and the USA, the TRL movement was organised by a breakaway faction within the Conservative Party under the leadership of Joseph Chamberlain. There was much popular support for the TRL and it remained at the centre of Edwardian politics in Britain. However, the TRL was strongly opposed by the Liberals and the opposing faction within the Conservative party who were in favour of open free trade with all countries. The main argument against TRL’s policies was based on the premise that import tariffs would lead to higher food prices, especially with regards to imported grain and emotionally labelling them as a ‘bread tax’. The issue had also split the Conservatives who set up the Unionist Free Food League as a counterweight to the TRL.
The TRL was staunchly supportive of protectionism and free trade within the British Empire but to succeed, it needed more national appeal. Arguments were put forward at rallies to convince the working classes of it’s merits and how it would contribute to their greater prosperity. At the same time the trade unions would need to be convinced and taken on board. Henry Page-Croft was instrumental in driving this and in giving the TRL a much broader class appeal that contributed to it’s success as a political movement.
The Liberals won a landslide electoral victory over the Conservatives in 1906 but despite this, Chamberlain and Croft continued to advocate for tariff reform. After 1910, the TRL suffered continual decline as funding decreased and the political will to drive the movement no longer had popular support. A general trade recovery made the issue seem less relevant to the public and interest waned as employment improved. Other political events had overtaken tariff reform as the burning issue, such as Home Rule for Ireland that proved politically divisive at the time. By the outbreak of WW1 in 1914, the significance of the TRL movement had ceased to be an important political issue and other reforms were affected too (eg; Home Rule shelved). The work of hundreds of TRL local branches throughout the UK was diverted away from tariff reform to helping the war effort by patriotic fund raising and moral-raising amongst the troops. Tariff reform became a dead letter and the TRL quickly dissolved as a political force once the war was over.
In the context of the time, the TRL was one of many tariff reform leagues and in addition, there were other political groups established to oppose them. The progress of WW1 lead to such profound social and political change that the circumstances within which the TRL developed were lost in the past. Despite this, the Conservative continued to cherish the policy of tariff reforms into the 1920’s, but events had overtaken them.
This very rare badge depicts a finely engraved image of the Rt. Hon. Jospeh Chamberlain (1836-1914) and it’s text states TO PROMOTE THE FUTURE SUCCESS OF THE EMPIRE – PROTECTION – RETALIATION being the aims and methods of the TRL. This badge may date to the early years of the TRL, before 1910.
References:
Henry Page-Croft and the crises of British Conservatism by Larry L. Witherell
For Party or Country – Nationalism and the dilemmas of popular Conservatism in Edwardian England by Frans Coetzee
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain#Tariff_reform:_C...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain (Joseph Chamberlain
Enamels: 3 (red, white & blue).
Finish: Gilt.
Material: Brass.
Fixer: Clip.
Size: 1 1/8” x 1 ¼” (28mm x 32mm).
Process: Die stamped.
Imprint: No maker’s name or mark but text states REG APPL FOR.
Photo reproduced with kind permission of the seller (diggerlee - Lee Burgess)).
Currently for sale on eBay as from 5th August 2015.
Item number 141737345872.
£300 buy it now or make offer.