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The Range Rover CSK was a limited edition of 200 numbered vehicles introduced in 1990 using the 2-door body shell which was nearing the end of production. It was named in recognition of Charles Spencer ‘Spen’ King who had been the head of Rover’s New Vehicle Projects department and was in charge of the programme that led to the original Range Rover.
The CSK was the first ‘sports’ Range Rover and was luxuriously equipped with bespoke leather and American walnut trim and was finished in Beluga Black. It introduced the 3.9 version of the V8 engine and was available with manual and automatic transmission.
This vehicle is CSK Number One and was retained by Land Rover for publicity photographs and promotional work before being sold in 1992 to a director of a Land Rover dealership in Bromley, Kent. He appears to have used it for annual holidays in France and sold it in 2000 with only 7,000 miles on the clock. The new owner also used the car sparingly and today it has covered just 23,000 miles.
This car continues to play an active role in JLR’s media activities having participated in the launch of the Range Rover Sport in 2005 and the Evoque in 2010. It was also displayed on Land Rover’s stand at the Paris Motor Show in 2010 and 2012, and joined the company’s 2014 Model Year launch event at the Schlumpf Collection in France.
The Dunsfold Collection
Alfold - Surrey
England - United Kingdom
June 2015
The first pre-production model
Chassis n° R01
HUE 166
1.595 cc
4 Cylinder
50 bhp
The Dunsfold Collection
Alfold - Surrey
England - United Kingdom
June 2015
A river cruse ship passes by the Yangtze Number 1 Bridge, as viewed from the Wuchang shore of the Yangtze River in Wuhan, China.
Giraffe shaped numeral birthday cake. Inspiration given by customers invitation.....so I turned it into a cake. Spaghetti comes in very handy at times!
Chassis n° 35500001A
The story of the Pre-production Range Rovers can seem confusing: seven Engineering Prototypes were built between 1967 and 1969 with the chassis numbers 100/1 to 100/7. These were followed by 27 Pre-production vehicles whose chassis numbers were the first in what became the final production vehicle chassis sequence, beginning with 35500001A for UK-spec vehicles and 35800001A for LHD export-spec cars. These were followed by 20 cars built for the Press Launch which had the chassis numbers 35500026A to 45A. The first car built to full production standard is considered to be chassis 35500046A.
This vehicle was built in late 1969 and is the first of the Pre-production vehicles. It carries chassis number 35500001A. It was sold by the company in April 1971 to Michael Forlong who was the producer of the two Range Rover promotional films ‘A car for all reasons’ and ‘Sahara South’. It had two further owners during which time it was given a cherished number plate and then a replacement age-related plate.
It was acquired in 1985 by Chris Greenwood who, with his brother Scott, carried out a painstaking renovation retaining all the original components. In 1990 the car was acquired by Peter Garside of the Huddersfield Land Rover Centre and exhibited in the showroom, rarely venturing out other than for magazine features or film work, until being offered for sale at the Salon Privé auction in September 2014.
We are delighted to have secured the loan of this important vehicle to the Dunsfold Collection.
The Dunsfold Collection
Alfold - Surrey
England - United Kingdom
June 2015
I placed this picture in the Top 20 Alabama for two reasons. Alabama is the number one team in the nation and it is for gatorinsc! Roll Tide! Taken while on the tour of Bryant-Denny Stadium.
This is the first production Series 11B 110 Forward Control. We purchased it in 2004 and carried out a full restoration to its original specification.
It was registered to the Rover Company in September 1966 and despatched to the Sales Department for use as a demonstrator. This vehicle appears in many factory films and photographs.
Of particular interest are the canvas hood and sticks, which are very rare.
The diesel engine was frankly not the best option for this vehicle, being very sluggish compared with the 2.6 six cylinder petrol – it is flat out at 45mph!
The Dunsfold Collection
Alfold - Surrey
England - United Kingdom
June 2015
The first pre-production model
Chassis n° R01
HUE 166
1.595 cc
4 Cylinder
50 bhp
The Dunsfold Collection
Alfold - Surrey
England - United Kingdom
June 2015
Here we go on yet another challenge for this year. My third photography project kicked off this week.
This one is to post 100 images over the course of the year following a theme chosen by the photographer.
This project will see me follow the theme of numbers, 1 through to 100, posted in order. Should be interesting.
So here we go with number ONE.
This is preset 1 on the radio in my car. My favourite radio station Absolute Radio, listened to on my daily journeys to and from work.
Not tracing: advantages and disadvantages
I like all my drawings, but none of them are an accurate depiction of Terry Blas or Ang156.
I like the way that each photo of Terry makes him look different. Number1, he could be a japanese business man, Number2 could be a follower of MalcolmX. Number4 he looks like an Italian architect.
Maybe Number3 is the most accurate, but he's still a lot better looking in real life!
I tried to be accurate with the first drawing of Ang156, but it doesn't do her justice. I like the 2nd drawing more, but it wouldn't help identify her in a police investigation!
Sometimes I despair at my inability to draw and capture a likeness. But I do enjoy the process!
Photographer: Chõe Xoăn
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Phone: 0934683092
Email: Choe.designer@gmail.com
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♥ Like page! | www.facebook.com/choephoto
She is the one of my lovely daughters.The photo was taken in the spring, i just was reviewing and organizing the photos on my computer as many files take a lot of space in my hard disk. I wanted to readjust the photo and share. Hopefully this will be the one faved in flicker.
Do you know the kind of weather, when it's cloudy but the sky is too bright to look at. It's like a non light, weird sort of dark brightness. It's really difficult to get the exposure right when the light is like that. Or maybe it's just me who can't get it right. So this has been fiddled with a little bit. Composition/crop straight from the camera.
Our forecast was for heavy rain and my goodness that's just what we got but then the sun came out and then we rushed to Siesta Beach and yes it is still the USA's #1 Beach .... what a great day we had!!
No. 6 365 ~ 2018 .... Number 1 ....
Thanks to everyone who views this photo, adds a note, leaves a comment and of course BIG thanks to anyone who chooses to favourite my photo .... Thanks to you all.
Playing around with using different techniques, styles and lenses to create a collage of the same object.
"Bring Your Daughter... to the Slaughter" is the second single from the 1990 Iron Maiden album No Prayer for the Dying.
The song was originally recorded and released by Bruce Dickinson for the soundtrack to A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child, but Steve Harris liked it so Iron Maiden rerecorded it. It is the only UK No. 1 single for the band to date, in spite of the fact that it received very little airplay on the BBC.
A tour boat approaches the Yangtze Number 1 Bridge, as viewed from the Wuchang shore of the Yangtze River in Wuhan, China.
Be the best that you can be.
You need not prove anyone at all.
You need not be number one.
You just have to know that you have done
and given your best.
WHEN ON TOP, THERE IS FEAR. FEAR OF FALLING; FEAR OF FAILING.
WHEN AT THE BOTTOM, THERE IS JUST DRIVE.
So what do you do when you're already there? You have to stay there---- without forgetting to look down; without stepping on anyone else's dreams. It doesn't hurt to fall sometimes. In fact, it makes you even more driven; it makes you feel more alive.
-------
OT:
I am terribly sad that J.D Salinger died [27th of Jan. 2010]; he was 91.
I have always loved The Catcher in the Rye. It was the first book I read in my freshman year for a book report and it became my first favorite book. I've read it for over 10 times. I will read it again today in honor of Salinger. ='(
Holden Caulfield is the best main character there is; disturbed, yes, as everyone sees him, but most evidently real and honest than any other book character.
Target has this special edition giftset version of the 50th anniversary Bathing Suit Barbie® doll.
You can read more about it here.
Another view of the headgear at Astley Green Colliery Museum.
(The temporary headgears used during sinking were of wooden construction and only about half the height of the permanent steel structures. The Number1 shaft was intended principally for winding just over 8 tonnes of coal every two minutes from a depth of 801 metres. The headgear for this shaft is an impressive lattice steel riveted structure nearly 30 metres high. It was built by Head Wrightson of Stockton on Tees and completed by 1912. The two winding pulleys are 6.4 metres in diameter and the whole structure weighs 122 tonnes.
Number 2 headgear used rolled steel girders and was of lighter construction reflecting its principal duty to transport men and materials. After nationalisation, both shafts wound coal but Number 2 only from the "Worsley Four feet seam" at a depth of 263 metres.) Extract from the museum website.
Here we can see 3 maps
Number 1: First Roman Provinces from 197 to 133 before Chirst, in Roman Republic
Number 2: First Provincial Division lead by Agripa, from 27 b.C. to 300 after Christ.
Number 3: Second Provincial division lead by Diocleciano from 300 to 410 a.C.
Number1
Hispania Ulterior
Hispania Ulterior (English: Further Hispania) was a region of Hispania during the Roman Republic, roughly located in Baetica and in the Guadalquivir valley of modern Spain and extending to all of Lusitania (modern Portugal, Extremadura and a small part of Salamanca province) and Gallaecia (modern Northern Portugal and Galicia). Its capital was Corduba.
Etymology
Hispania is the Latin term given to the Iberian peninsula. The term can be traced back to at least 200 BC by the poet Quintus Ennius. The word is possibly derived from the Punic אי שפן "I-Shaphan" meaning "coast of hyraxes", in turn a misidentification on the part of Phoenician explorers of its numerous rabbits as hyraxes. Ulterior is the comparative form of ulter, which means "that is beyond". The people of the region came from many different tribes, not sharing a common language nor a common government
History
After losing control of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica in the 1st Punic War, Carthage began to expand into the south of the Iberian peninsula. Soon afterwards, the 2nd Punic War began. Much of the war involved Hispania until Scipio Africanus seized control from Hannibal and the Carthaginians in the Battle of Ilipa in 206 BC; four years later, Carthage surrendered and ceded its control of the region to Rome after Carthage’s defeat in 201 BC.
In 197 BC, the peninsula was divided into two provinces because of the presence of two military forces during its conquest. These two regions are Hispania Citerior (Nearer Hispania) and Hispania Ulterior (Further Hispania). The boundary was generally along a line passing from Carthago Nova to the Cantabrian Sea. Hispania Ulterior consisted of what are now Andalusia, Portugal, Extremadura, León, much of Castilla la Vieja, Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, and the Basque Country.
There was peace in the region until 155 BC when the Lusitanians attacked Hispania Ulterior. Twice defeating Roman praetors, their success soon sparked multiple other rebellions in the peninsula. The Iberian peninsula became a center of military activity and an opportunity for advancement. As Appian claims, “[the consuls] took the command not for the advantage of the city [Rome], but for glory, or gain, or the honour of a triumph.” [3] War continued in Hispania until 19 BC, when Agrippa defeated the Cantabrians in Hispania Citerior, and Hispania had finally been completely conquered.
In 27 BC, when Augustus had become emperor, Hispania Ulterior was divided into Baetica (modern Andalusia) and Lusitania (modern Portugal, Extremadura, and part of Castilla-León). Cantabria and Basque country were also added to Hispania Citerior.
In the early fifth-century AD, the Vandals invaded and took over the south of Hispania. The Roman Emperor Honorius commissioned his brother-in-law, the Visigoth king, to defeat the Vandals. The Visigoths seized control of Hispania and made Toledo the capital of their country.
Each province was to be ruled by a praetor. Members of the tribal elite of Hispania were introduced into the Roman aristocracy and allowed to participate in their own governance. Roman emperors Trajan, Hadrian, and Theodosius I were all born in Hispania. Roman latifundia were granted to members of the aristocracy throughout the region. Cities in Hispania Citerior such as Valencia were enhanced, and irrigation aqueducts were introduced. The economy thrived as a granary as well as by exporting gold, olive oil, wool, and wine.
Hispania Citerior
Hispania Citerior ("Nearer Hispania") was a region of Hispania during the Roman Republic, roughly occupying the northeastern coast and the Ebro Valley of what is now Spain. Hispania Ulterior ("Further Hispania") was located west of Hispania Citerior—that is, farther away from Rome.
Number2 and Number3
With the expantion of the territory, Romans give the name of the provinces, of the most brave tribes. The one's that gave more fight.
In Mumber 3, we see 2 new provinces, Gallaeci and Cartagienense, was an option, they could manage better the situations.
Hispania Baetica
Hispania Baetica was one of three Imperial Roman provinces in Hispania, (modern Iberia). Hispania Baetica was bordered to the west by Lusitania, and to the northeast by Hispania Tarraconensis. Baetica was part of Al-Andalus under the Moors in the 8th century and approximately corresponds to modern Andalucia. Its capital was Corduba
Before Romanization, the mountainous area that was to become Baetica was occupied by several settled Iberian tribal groups. Celtic influence was not as strong as it was in the Celtiberian north. According to the geographer Claudius Ptolemy, the indigenes were the powerful Turdetani, in the valley of the Guadalquivir in the west, bordering on Lusitania, and the partly Hellenized Turduli with their city Baelon, in the hinterland behind the coastal Phoenician trading colonies, whose Punic inhabitants Ptolemy termed the "Bastuli". Phoenician Gadira (Cadiz) was on an island against the coast of Hispania Baetica. Other important Iberians were the Bastetani, who occupied the Almería and mountainous Granada regions. Towards the southeast, Punic influence spread from the Carthaginian cities on the coast: New Carthage (Roman Cartago Nova, modern Cartagena), Abdera and Malaca (Málaga).
Some of the Iberian cities retained their pre-Indo-European names in Baetica throughout the Roman era. Granada was called Eliberri, Illiberis and Illiber by the Romans; in Basque, "iri-berri" or "ili-berri", still signifies "new town".
The south of the Iberian peninsula was agriculturally rich, providing for export wine, olive oil and the fermented fish sauce called garum that were staples of the Mediterranean diet, and its products formed part of the western Mediterranean trade economy even before it submitted to Rome in 206 BC. After the defeat of Carthage in the Second Punic War, which found its casus belli on the coast of Baetica at Saguntum, Hispania was significantly Romanized in the course of the 2nd century BC, following the uprising initiated by the Turdetani in 197. The central and north-eastern Celtiberians soon followed suit. It took Cato the Elder, who became consul in 195 BC and was given the command of the whole peninsula to put down the rebellion in the northeast and the lower Ebro valley. He then marched southwards and put down a revolt by the Turdetani. Cato returned to Rome in 194, leaving two praetors in charge of the two Iberian provinces. In the late Roman Republic, Hispania remained divided like Gaul into a "Nearer" and a "Farther" province, as experienced marching overland from Gaul: Hispania Citerior (the Ebro region), and Ulterior (the Guadalquivir region). The battles in Hispania during the 1st century BC were largely confined to the north.
In the reorganization of the Empire in 14 BC, when Hispania was remade into the three Imperial provinces, Baetica was governed by a proconsul who had formerly been a praetor. Fortune smiled on rich Baetica, which was Baetica Felix, and a dynamic, upwardly-mobile social and economic middling stratum developed there, which absorbed freed slaves and far outnumbered the rich elite. The Senatorial province of Baetica became so secure that no Roman legion was required to be permanently stationed there. Legio VII Gemina was permanently stationed to the north, in Hispania Tarraconensis.
Hispania Baetica was divided into four conventūs, which were territorial divisions like judicial circuits, where the chief men met together at major centers, at fixed times of year, under the eye of the proconsul, to oversee the administration of justice: the conventus Gaditanus (of Gades, or Cádiz), Cordubensis (of Cordoba), Astigitanus (of Astigi, or Écija), and Hispalensis (of Hispalis, or Seville). As the towns became the permanent seats of standing courts during the later Empire, the conventūs were superseded (Justinian's Code, i.40.6) and the term conventus is lastly applied to certain bodies of Roman citizens living in a province, forming a sort of enfranchised corporation, and representing the Roman people in their district as a kind of gentry; and it was from among these that proconsuls generally took their assistants. So in spite of some social upsets, as when Septimius Severus put to death a number of leading Baetians— including women— the elite in Baetica remained a stable class for centuries.
Columella, who wrote a twelve volume treatise on all aspects of Roman farming and knew viticulture, came from Baetica. The vast olive plantations of Baetica shipped olive oil from the coastal ports by sea to supply Roman legions in Germania. Amphoras from Baetica have been found everywhere in the Western Roman empire. It was to keep Roman legions supplied by sea routes that the Empire needed to control the distant coasts of Lusitania and the northern Atlantic coast of Hispania.
Baetica was rich and utterly Romanized, facts that the Emperor Vespasian was rewarding when he granted the Ius latii that extended the rights pertaining to Roman citizenship (latinitas) to the inhabitants of Hispania, an honor that secured the loyalty of the Baetian elite and its middle class. The Roman Emperor Trajan, the first emperor of provincial birth, came from Baetica, though of Italian stock,[1] and his kinsman and successor Hadrian came from a family resident in Baetica, though Hadrian himself was born at Rome (which however some say he made up Hadrian#cite note-5). Baetia was Roman until the brief invasion of the Vandals and Alans passed through in the 5th century, followed by the more permanent kingdom of the Visigoths. The province formed part of the Exarchate of Africa and was joined to Mauretania Tingitana after Belisarius' reconquest of Africa. The Catholic bishops of Baetica, solidly backed by their local population, were able to convert the Arian Visigoth king Reccared and his nobles. In the 8th century the Islamic Berbers ("Moors") of North Africa established the Caliphate of Cordoba conquering Baetica. The region was known to them as "al-Andalus", under which name its later history is continued.
The early 20th century composer Manuel de Falla wrote a Fantasia Baetica for piano, using Andalusian melodies.
Gallaecia
Gallaecia or Callaecia, also known as Hispania Gallaecia, was the name of a Roman province and an early Mediaeval kingdom that comprised a territory in the north-west of Hispania (approximately present-day northern Portugal, and León (province), Asturias and Galicia in Spain). The most important city and historical capital of Callaecia were the towns of Bracara Augusta,[citation needed] the modern Portuguese Braga, the administrative centre of the Conventus bracarensis, and Lucus Augusti, the modern Galician Lugo, the administrative centre of the Conventus lucensis.
Description
The Romans gave the name Gallaecia to the northwest part of the Iberian peninsula (northern Portugal, Galicia, Asturias, Leon and Cantabria). The Gallaeci (Greek Kallaikoi) tribes (or Gallaecians) Gallaeci lived in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. One of their southern towns, Cale, become the Roman town of Portus Cale, today's Porto, after which the modern state of Portugal is named.[1] [2]
The wild Gallaic Celts make their entry in written history in the first-century epic Punica of Silius Italicus on the First Punic War:
Fibrarum et pennae divinarumque sagacem flammarum misit dives Callaecia pubem, barbara nunc patriis ululantem carmina linguis, nunc pedis alterno percussa verbere terra, ad numerum resonas gaudentem plaudere caetras. (book III.344-7) "Rich Gallaecia sent its youths, wise in the knowledge of divination by the entrails of beasts, by feathers and flames— who, now crying out the barbarian song of their native tongue, now alternately stamping the ground in their rhythmic dances until the ground rang, and accompanying the playing with sonorous caetrae" (a caetra was a small type of shield used in the region).
Gallaecia, as a region, was thus marked for the Romans as much for its Celtic culture, the culture of the castros or castrexa — hillforts of Celtic origin—as it was for the lure of its gold mines. This civilization extended over present day Galicia, the north of Portugal, the western part of Asturias, the Berço, and Sanabria and was distinctive from the neighbouring non-Celtic Lusitanian civilization to the south, according to the classical authors Pomponius Mela and Pliny the Elder.
At a far later date, the mythic history that was encapsulated in Lebor Gabála Érenn credited Gallaecia as the point from which the Gallaic Celts sailed to conquer Ireland, as they had Gallaecia, by force of arms.
History
Pre-Roman Gallaecia
Strabo in his Geography lists the people of the northeastern Atlantic coast of Iberia as follows:
...then the Vettonians and the Vaccaeans, through whose territory the Durius [Douro] River flows, which affords a crossing at Acutia, a city of the Vaccaeans; and last, the Callaicans, [Gallaicans] who occupy a very considerable part of the mountainous country. For this reason, since they were very hard to fight with, the Callaicans themselves have not only furnished the surname for the man who defeated the Lusitanians [meaning Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus, Roman general] but they have also brought it about that now, already, the most of the Lusitanians are called Callaicans.
Roman Gallaecia
After the Punic Wars, the Romans turned their attention to conquering Hispania. The tribe of the Gallaeci 60,000 strong, according to Paulus Orosius, faced the Roman forces in 137 BC in a battle at the river Douro (Spanish: Duero, Portuguese: Douro, Latin: Durius), which resulted in a great Roman victory, by virtue of which the Roman proconsul Decimus Junius Brutus returned a hero, receiving the agnomen Gallaicus ("conqueror of the Gallaicoi"). From this time, Gallaic fighters joined the Roman legions, to serve as far away as Dacia and Britain. The final extinction of Celtic resistance was the aim of the violent and ruthless Cantabrian Wars fought under the Emperor Augustus from 26 to 19 BC. The resistance was appalling: collective suicide rather than surrender, mothers who killed their children before committing suicide, crucified prisoners of war who sang triumphant hymns, rebellions of captives who killed their guards and returned home from Gaul.
For Rome Gallaecia was a region formed exclusively by two conventus—the Lucensis and the Bracarensis — and was distinguished clearly from other zones like the Asturica, according to written sources:
Legatus iuridici to per ASTURIAE ET GALLAECIAE.
Procurator ASTURIAE ET GALLAECIAE.
Cohors ASTURUM ET GALLAECORUM.
Pliny: ASTURIA ET GALLAECIA
In the 3rd century, Diocletian created an administrative division which included the conventus of Gallaecia, Asturica and, perhaps, Cluniense. This province took the name of Gallaecia since Gallaecia was the most populous and important zone within the province. In 409, as Roman control collapsed, the Suebi conquests transformed Roman Gallaecia (convents Lucense and Bracarense) into the kingdom of Galicia (the Galliciense Regnum recorded by Hydatius and Gregory of Tours).
Hispania Carthaginensis
Hispania Carthaginensis was a Roman province segregated from Hispania Tarraconensis in the new division of Hispania by emperor Diocletian in 298.
The capital of the new province was settled in Carthago Nova, now Cartagena.
It encompassed the southern part of the Mediterranean coast of Spain, except that belonging to Hispania Baetica. Roughly speaking, the modern provinces of Valencia, Alicante and Murcia.
Hispania Tarraconensis
Hispania Tarraconensis was one of three Roman provinces in Hispania. It encompassed much of the Mediterranean coast of Spain along with the central plateau. Southern Spain, the region now called Andalusia, was the province of Hispania Baetica. On the Atlantic west lay the province of Lusitania, partially coincident with modern day Portugal.
History
The Imperial Roman province called Tarraconensis, supplanted Hispania Citerior, which had been ruled by a consul under the late Republic, in Augustus's reorganization of 27 BC. Its capital was at Tarraco (modern Tarragona, Catalonia). The Cantabrian Wars (29–19 BC) brought all of Iberia under Roman domination, within the Tarraconensis. The Cantabri in the northwest corner of Iberia (Cantabria) were the last people to be pacified. Tarraconensis was an Imperial province and separate from the two other Iberian provinces — Lusitania (corresponding to modern Portugal plus Spanish Extremadura) and the Senatorial province Baetica, corresponding to the southern part of Spain, or Andalusia. Servius Sulpicius Galba, who served as Emperor briefly in 68–69, governed the province since 61. Pliny the Elder served as procurator in Tarraconensis (73). Under Diocletian, in 293, Hispania Tarraconensis was divided in three smaller provinces: Gallaecia, Carthaginensis and Tarraconensis. The Imperial province of Hispania Tarraconensis lasted until the invasions of the 5th century, beginning in 409, which encouraged the Basques and Cantabri to revolt, and ended with the establishment of a Visigothic kingdom.
The invasion resulted in widespread exploitation of metals, especially gold, tin and silver. The alluvial gold mines at Las Medulas show that Roman engineers worked the deposits on a very large scale using several aqueducts up to 30 miles (48 km) long to tap water in the surrounding mountains. By running fast water streams on the soft rocks, they were able to extract large quantities of gold by hydraulic mining methods. When the gold had been exhausted, they followed the auriferous seams underground by tunnels using fire-setting to break up the much harder gold-bearing rocks. Pliny the Elder gives a good account of the methods used in Spain, presumably based on his own observations.
Lusitania
Lusitania (Portuguese: Lusitânia, Spanish: Lusitania) or Hispania Lusitania was an ancient Roman province including approximately all of modern Portugal south of the Douro river and part of modern Spain (the present autonomous community of Extremadura and a small part of the province of Salamanca). It was named after the Lusitani or Lusitanian people (an Indo-European people). Its capital was Emerita Augusta (currently Mérida, Spain), and it was initially part of the Roman Republic province of Hispania Ulterior, before becoming a province of its own in the Roman Empire. Romans first came to the territory around the mid 2nd century BC. A war with Lusitanian tribes followed, from 155 to 139 BC. In 27 BC, the province was created.
Origin of the name
The etymology of the origin of the Lusitani who gave the province their name, is unclear. The name may be of Celtic origin: Lus and Tanus, "tribe of Lusus", connecting the name with the personal Celtic name Luso and with the god Lugh.
Early modern scholars derived the name from Lucis, an ancient people mentioned in Avienus' Ora Maritima and Tan, from Celtic Tan (Stan), or Tain, meaning a region or implying a country of waters, a root word that formerly meant a prince or sovereign governor of a region.[4][5][6] The name has been connected with the personal Celtic name Luso and with the god Lugh.[7]
Ancient Romans, such as Pliny the Elder (Natural History, 3.5) and Varro (cited by Pliny), speculated that the name Lusitania was of Roman origin, as when Pliny says lusum enim liberi patris aut lyssam cum eo bacchantium nomen dedisse lusitaniae et pana praefectum eius universae: that Lusitania takes its name from the lusus associated with Bacchus and the lyssa of his Bacchantes, and that Pan is its governor. Lusus is usually translated as "game" or "play", while lyssa is a borrowing from the Greek λυσσα, "frenzy" or "rage", and sometimes rage personified; for later poets, Lusus and Lyssa become flesh-and-blood companions of Bacchus. Luís de Camões' Os Lusíadas, which portrays Lusus as the founder of Lusitania, extends these ideas, which have no connection with modern etymology.
In his work, "Geography", the classical geographer Strabo suggests a change had occurred in the use of the name "Lusitanian". He mentions a group who had once been called "Lusitanians" living north of the Douro river but were called in his day "Callacans".
Lusitanians
The Lusitani, who were Indo-European speakers, established themselves in the region in the 6th century BC, but historians and archeologists are still undecided about their ethnogenesis. Some modern authors consider them to be an indigenous people who were Celticized culturally and possibly also through intermarriage.
The Lusitani are mentioned for the first time in Livy (218 BC) and are described as fighting for the Carthaginians; they are reported as fighting against Rome in 194 BC, sometimes allied with Celtiberian tribes.
In 179 BC, the praetor Lucius Postumius Albinus celebrated a triumph over the Lusitani, but in 155 BC, on the command of Punicus (Πουνίκου, perhaps a Carthaginian) first and Cesarus (Καίσαρος) after, the Lusitani reached Gibraltar. Here they were defeated by the praetor Lucius Mummius.
From 152 BC onwards, the Roman Republic had difficulties in recruiting soldiers for the wars in Hispania, deemed particularly brutal. In 150 BC, Servius Sulpicius Galba organised a false armistice. While the Lusitani celebrated this new alliance, he massacred them, selling the survivors as slaves; this caused a new rebellion led by Viriathus, who was soon killed by traitors paid by the Romans in 139 BC, after having led a successful guerrilla campaign against Rome and their local allies. Two years after, in 137 BC Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus led a successful campaign against the Lusitani, reaching as far north as the Minho river.
Romans scored other victories with proconsul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus and Gaius Marius (elected in 113 BC), but still the Lusitani resisted with a long guerilla war; they later joined Sertorius' (a renegade Roman General) troops (around 80 BC) and were finally defeated by Augustus (around 28-24 BC).
Hispania
Hispania was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula. Under the Republic, Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. During the Principate, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Baetica and Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Tarraconensis. Subsequently, the western part of Tarraconensis was split off, first as Hispania Nova, later renamed Callaecia (or Gallaecia, whence modern Galicia). From Diocletian's Tetrarchy (AD 284) onwards, the south of remaining Tarraconensis was again split off as Carthaginensis, and probably then too the Balearic Islands and all the resulting provinces formed one civil diocese under the vicarius for the Hispaniae (that is, the Celtic provinces). The name, Hispania, was also used in the period of Visigothic rule. The modern name Spain derives from Hispania.
A line of buses at Silcox Coaches Tenby outstation on August 18th 2013. From right to left are Dennis Dart SLF 45 S113EGK, Optare Solo 16 CV55AXW, Mercedes L811D 40 XIL9100 and Mercedes L709D number1 M361CDE.
Far have I travelled and much have I seen
Dark distant mountains with valleys of green
Past painted deserts, the sun sets on fire
As he carries me home to the Mull of Kintyre
Mull of Kintyre is a song by the British-American rock band Wings written by Paul McCartney and Denny Laine. The song was written in tribute to the Kintyre peninsula in Scotland and its headland, the Mull of Kintyre, where McCartney has owned High Park Farm since 1966.
The single was Wings' biggest hit in Britain and is one of the best selling singles of all time in the United Kingdom, where it became the 1977 Christmas number one and was the first single to sell over two million copies nationwide. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mull_of_Kintyre_(song)
CC BY-SA picture of the Mull Of Kintyre Lighthouse by James T M Towill on Wikimedia Commons w.wiki/58xU