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8th October 2020 at Horniman Museum, London SE23.
The Accordion is a bellows driven free reed instrument. From the 1820s onwards several different free reed instruments were invented across Europe (the first to use the name Accordion was patented in Vienna in 1829). They evolved into three main types of instrument: Diatonic, Chromatic and Piano Accordions (as well as Concertinas).
The Diatonic Accordions is operated by pressing buttons or keys allows air to flow across the reeds (strips of brass or steel) which vibrate to produce sound. It is bisonoric (the buttons make one note when the bellows are compressed and another when they are expanded).
The Garmon (or Garmoshka) is a Russian 2-row Button Accordion, usually with 25 treble buttons and 25 bass buttons. Unlike other Diatonic Accordions it is unisonoric (the same note is played pumping in and out).
This instrument was made in the Shuya Garmon Factory located in Shuya, Ivanovo region of Russia in 1994.
Garmons are assigned the number 412.132 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
41 = Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is not contained within the instrument.
412 = Interruptive Free Aerophones. The air-stream is interrupted periodically.
412.1 = Idiophonic Interruptive Aerophones or Reeds. The air-stream is directed against a lamella, setting it in periodic vibration to interrupt the stream intermittently.
412.13 = Free Reed Instruments. Instrument features a reed which vibrates within a closely fitting slot.
412.132 = Sets of Free Reads.
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The Accordions is a bellows driven free reed instrument. From the 1820s onwards several different free reed instruments were invented across Europe (the first to use the name Accordion was patented in Vienna in 1829). They evolved into three main types of instrument: Diatonic, Chromatic and Piano Accordions (as well as Concertinas).
The Piano Accordion was developed in the 1850s in France and Germany. On the right hand side it has a piano style keyboard. It is unisonic producing the same note when the bellows are pushed and pulled. The instrument is more common than the button accordion in English speaking North America, Scotland, and many European countries.
This instrument is made around 1930 by Paolo Soprani in Castelfidardo, Italy it has 48 buttons for the right hand, and a chromatic keyboard for the left hand. Soprani began making Accordions in 1864 after hearing one played by an Austrian pilgrim who sought shelter at his parents' house. He went on to inspire the industrial production of Accordions across a region, many of which were exported around the world. Paolo Soprani died in 1918 aged 73. Soprani Button Accordions of the 1950s and 60s are especially sought after, with instruments sold under the name from the 1970s onwards bearing no comparison. The company no longer having any connection with Paolo Soprani's descendents. First production was hived off to another maker. Then the company was aborbed by a much larger one, and finally ownership of the name passed over to an entirely different enterprise.
Piano Accordions are assigned the number 412.132 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
41 = Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is not contained within the instrument.
412 = Interruptive Free Aerophones. The air-stream is interrupted periodically.
412.1 = Idiophonic Interruptive Aerophones or Reeds. The air-stream is directed against a lamella, setting it in periodic vibration to interrupt the stream intermittently.
412.13 = Free Reed Instruments. Instrument features a reed which vibrates within a closely fitting slot.
412.132 = Sets of Free Reads.
Koorzaal of the Royal Concertgebouw, Amsterdam
SMOKE
Tom van der Zaal: alto saxophone
Floriaan Wempe: tenor saxophone
Durk Hijma: guitar
Timothy Banchet: piano
Steven Willem Zwanink: double bass
Sander Smeets: drums
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The Stroh Violin is a Violin amplified by a resonating metal body and horn. Some have two horns, one positioned at the end of the fingerboard to project the sound to an audience or recording horn, and a smaller monitoring horn that allowed the player to hear their own sound more clear. It was invented by Augustus Stroh, a German electrical engineer in London in 1899. His aim was to address the problem of the early years of recording: the sound produced by conventional string instruments was too quiet and too directionless compared with wind and brass instruments. It was also used in dance bands for the same reason. The Stroh Violin became obsolete when the electric microphone was invented in the late 1920s.
This instrument was made around 1920 by Stroviols in England.
Stroh Violins are assigned the number 321.322-71 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck
321.322 = Necked Box Lutes. Instruments in which the resonator is built up from wood.
321.322-71 = Instruments where the strings vibrated using a bow.
5th August 2012 at Exhibition Road, London SW7.
A Marching Baritone is a version of the Baritone Horn created for Marchng Bands with a forward facing bell.
Baritone Horns are assigned the number 423.232 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-free aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
423 = Trumpets. The player's vibrating lips set the air in motion.
423.2 = Chromatic Trumpet. The pitch of the instrument can be altered mechanically.
423.23 = Trumpets with Valves. The pitch can be changed by connecting or disconnecting auxiliary lengths of tube.
423.232 = With Semi-Conical Bore.
28th April 2018 at the Green Note, London NW1 (Väsen giig).
The 12 string Guitar has 12 strings in 6 courses. It has more ringing tone than a standard 6-string guitar.
This instrument is a J1215 Martin. These were produced in the early 2000s. The name denotes (apart from the 12 strings) Jumbo size and all mahogany (15 series).
Guitars are assigned the number 321.322-5 in the Hornbostel Sachs classification of musical instruments indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck
321.322 = Necked Box Lutes. Instruments in which the resonator is built up from wood.
321.322-5 = Instruments where the strings are vibrated by bare hands and fingers,
13th December 2019 at Royal Festival Hall (Bar level 2), London SE1.
The Guitar was developed across Europe from the 12th century onwards. They usually have six strings. Their vibration is transmitted to the body of the Guitar via a sound board. Air inside the body vibrates and increases the sound.
The instrument in the photo is a Fylde Alchemist. It was made by Fylde Guitars of Penrith in the Lake District.
Guitars are assigned the number 321.322-6 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck
321.322 = Necked Box Lutes. Instruments in which the resonator is built up from wood.
321.322-6 = Strings vibrated by a plectrum.
27th October 2011 at London Irish Centre (McNamara Suite), London NW1 (Lúnasa gig).
The Low Whistle is a larger varient of the standard Tin Whistle. It was developed in 1971 for Finbar Furey to a replace a broken indina bamboo Flute. They are usually made of aluminium and come in different pitches. Their main use is in Irish Traditional Music.
Low Whistles are assigned the number 421.221.12 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
421 = Edge-Blown Flutes. A narrow stream of air is directed against an edge.
421.2 = Flutes with a Duct. A narrow duct directs the air-stream against the sharp edge of a lateral orifice.
421.22 = Flutes with an Internal Duct. The duct is inside the tube.
421.221. = Single Flutes with an Internal Duct.
421.221.1 = Open Flutes with an Internal Duct.
421.221.12 = With Fingerholes.
A Gambus (Arabian Oud) is a stringed instrument shaped like a pear sliced in half. It has twelve nylon strings that are plucked with a plastic plectrum to generate sound, much like a guitar. However, unlike a guitar, the gambus has no frets.
7th August 2016 at Horniman Museum, London SE23.
The Gyaling is a Tibetan Reed Shawm. It is made from a hardwood bore (such as teak or black rosewood).with a gilded copper, bell-shaped trumpet end, and a reed mouthpiece with a small resonator made of beaten metal. The Gyaling has seven holes at the front and one at the back.
These instruments were made before 1886.
Gyalings are assigned the number 422.112.2 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
422 = Reed Instruments. The player's breath is directed against a lamella or pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion.
422.1 = Double reed instruments or Oboes. There are two lamellae which beat against one another.
422.11 = Single Oboes [as opposed to sets of Oboes].
422.112 = With conical bore.
422.112.2 = With fingerholes.
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The European Lute descended from the same ancestor as the North African and the Middle Eastern Oud. It has a pear shaped soundboard and a bent back peghead.
During the Renaissance era (c. 1400-1630) the number of courses of the Lute grew from five to sx, then to seven, eight, or even ten by the late period. Typically there were 11 to 15 strings. The Lute was the premier solo instrument of the 16th century, as well as participating in ensembles with other instruments.
This instrument was made around 1620 probably in Padua and is labelled Matheus Buchenberg. It has 9 courses and 17 strings.
Lutes are assigned the number 321.321 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck.
321.321 = Necked Bowl Lutes. Instrument with a resonator made from a bowl, either natural or carved.
25th February 2011 at Kings Place (Hall Two), London N1 (Suurõ Pilvõ gig).
The Kannel is the Estonian name for the instrument known in Finland as the Kantele.
The traditional Kannel has been developed into a concert instrument which can have up to 40 strings.
Kannels are assigned the number 314.122-5 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
31 = Simple Chordophones. Instruments which are in essence simply a string or strings and a string bearer
314 = Board Zither. Instrument uses a string bearer that is shaped like a board, or is the ground.
314.1 = Instrument with strings parallel to the string bearer.
314.12 = Instrument has a resonator.
314.122 = Box Zither. Instrument has a resonator made from slats.
314.122-5 = Strings are caused to vibrate by bare hands.
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The Clarinet first appeared in the start of the 18th century, and developed from a Baroque instrument called the Chalumeau. It has a single-reed mouthpiece a straight, cylindrical tube and a flared bell. There are keys, originally two and now usually 17.
The Contrabass Clarinet is the l largest members of the clarinet family. It is usually pitched in B♭, sounding two octaves lower than the common B♭ Soprano Clarinet and one octave lower than the B♭ Bass Clarinet. From 1808 onwards various experimental versions of the Contrabass were produced in France and German until in the 1930s the Belgian acoustician Charles Houvenaghel designed and built a more successful instrument in cooperation with the French firm G. Leblanc. Today there are two versions: one made of wood and looks like a much larger Bass with a straight body and double curved neck, the other (the paperclip model) made of metal which doubles back on itself several times.
This instrument was made in 1939 by G.H Hüller in Germany. It has 13 keys and was played in a Military band.
In the photo the Contrabass is on the right next to a Bass.
Clarinets are assigned the number 422.211.2 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
42 = Non-free aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
422 = Reed Instruments. The player's breath is directed against a lamella or pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion.
422.2 = Single Reed Instruments or Clarinets. The pipe has a single 'reed' consisting of a percussion lamella.
422.21 = Single Clarinets [as opposed to sets of Clarinets].
422.211 = With cylindrical bore.
422.211.2 = With fingerholes.
24th September 2020 at Horniman Museum, London SE23.
The Chipango is a Zambian Trough Zither with gourd resonator. The body etched with zig-zag pattern and the handle is a carved representation of a human head... A single length of plastic string passes through ten holes bored on each side of the trough.
This instrument was made around 1970 by Mr Kasempe.
Chipangos are assigned the number 315.2 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
31 = Simple Chordophones. Instruments which are in essence simply a string or strings and a string bearer
315 = Trough Zither Instruments where the strings are stretched across the mouth of a trough.
315.2 = With resonator.
No need to comment but your critique and views very welcome. Visited St Thomas Church, Kimberworth with Winterhill Photography Enthusiasts group. An experiment with HDR. from 3 separate exposures, I used three different HDR programmes: top image - HDR Machinery 2; next Nik HDR Efex Pro; finally, Photomatix. Each final HDR image finished in PS CS5. Sadly, in changing the perspective the organ stops have lost their shape. So which software has achieved the best result?
2012 © David White Photography. Please do not use without permission.
23rd June 2011 at Royal Festival Hall (Clore Ballroom), London SE1 (Muzsikás gig).
The Ütögardon (or Hit Gardon) is a Hungarian instrument made from a single piece of wood with a shape similar to a cello. Three strings are hammered with a stick. At then same time another string is plucked so that it recoils on the finger board. The sound made resembles that of a drum. The traditional ensemble consists of a man playing a violin and a woman playing the gardon.
Ütögardons are assigned the number 321.322-4 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro-acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid-body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonator’s surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck
321.322 = Necked Box Lutes. Instruments in which the resonator is built up from wood.
321.322-4 = Instruments where the strings are vibrated by hammers or beaters.
11th September 2010 at Potters Fields Park, London SE1.
The Helicon is a development of the Tuba, the largest and lowest pitch brass instrument. They have a conical bore i.e. their diameter increases along the tubing from the mouthpiece to the bell. Helicons were developed in the 1860s in Germany for use in military bands. The tube has a circular form with the bell over the player’s self shoulder. This allowed the instrument to be played more easily on the move.
Helicons are assigned the number 423.231 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-free aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
423 = Trumpets. The player's vibrating lips set the air in motion.
423.2 = Chromatic Trumpet. The pitch of the instrument can be altered mechanically.
423.23 = Trumpets with Valves. The pitch can be changed by connecting or disconnecting auxiliary lengths of tube.
423.231= With Conical Bore.
21st April 2013 at Queen Elizabeth Hall (Front Room), London SE1 (gig with Veronica Doubleday).
The Dutar is a long necked two string lute found in Iran and Central Asia. The Afghan Dutar (sometimes known as the Herati Dutar after the town in the west of the country) often has added drone and resonance strings.
Dutars are assigned the number 321.321 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro-acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid-body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonator’s surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck.
321.321 = Necked Bowl Lutes. Instrument with a resonator made from a bowl, either natural or carved.
12th May 2014 at SOAS (Brunei Gallery), London WC1 (Sanubar Tursun gig).
The Uyghur Ghijak is a spike fiddle. Traditionally it had 1 melodic string and 8 or more sympathetic strings. The modern version has 4 strings tuned like a violin. A similar instrument with either a box or bowl shaped body in found from Afghanistan across Central Asia to Xinjiang.
Uyghur Ghijaks are assigned the number 321.311-71 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro-acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid-body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonator’s surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.31 = Spike Lutes. Instruments in which the handle passes diametrically through the resonator.
321.311 = Spike Bowl Lutes. Instrument with a resonator made from a bowl, either natural or carved.
321.311-71 = - Strings vibrated using a bow.
18th May 2016 at the V&A (Europe 1600-1815 galleries), London SW7.
The Harpsichord was a popular instrument in Europe between the 15th and 18th centuries. Pressing a key on the instrument's keyboard lifts a jack (a long strip of wood) that holds a small plectrum (a wedge-shaped piece of quill, now usually plastic), which plucks the string. When the player releases the key, the jack falls back and a felt damper at the top of the jack stops the string vibratiing. The term harpsichord is used to cover a family of instrument, but more specifically a grand-piano-shaped instrument with a triangular case accommodating long bass and short treble strings. Harpsichords can have one, two, and sometimes even three keyboards, which are called manuals. Single manual harpsichords usually have two sets of strings per note, whilst double manual harpsichords usually have a third set of strings that sounds one octave higher than played. The upper manual was originally used for transposing; and later for contrast of tone with the ability to couple the registers of both manuals for a fuller sound.
This instrument was made by the Vaudry family of Paris in 1681. It is the one of the earliest French objects to be decorated with Chinoiserie. It is a double-manual Harpsichord.
Harpsichords are assigned the number 314.122-6-8 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
31 = Simple Chordophones. Instruments which are in essence simply a string or strings and a string bearer
314 = Board Zither. Instrument uses a string bearer that is shaped like a board, or is the ground.
314.1 = Instrument with strings parallel to the string bearer.
314.12 = Instrument has a resonator.
314.122 = Box Zither. Instrument has a resonator made from slats.
314.122-6-8 = Strings are caused to vibrate by plectrum and keyboard.
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The Keyed Trumpet uses keyed openings in its bore as the means of playing all the notes of the chromatic scale. It replaced the Natural Trumpet and was itself replaced by the Valve Trumpet. The Keyed Trumpet was developed by Anton Weidinger in Vienna in the 1790s based on earlier examples of keyed instruments. Keys are placed on one side of the instrument and are operated by one hand only; with the other hand holding the instrument. Sometimes fingered with the left hand (e.g. Austrian versions) and sometimes with with the right (e.g. Italian ones). The number of keys can range from four to six. Unlike the Keyed Bugle they are opened one at a time.
This instrument was made around 1830 by Louis Müller in Lyon, France. It has six keys all placed for the right hand (three parallel with tube, and three on bridges).
Keyed Trumpets are assigned the number 423.211 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-free aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
423 = Trumpets. The player's vibrating lips set the air in motion.
423.2 = Chromatic Trumpet. The pitch of the instrument can be altered mechanically.
423.21 = Trumpets with Fingerholes.
423.211 = With Cylindrical Bore.
Charles Buswell with accordion in front of the Des Moines Music Company. Des Moines, Iowa. ca1937.
Charles Buswell Collection
Source: State Historical Society of Iowa, Des Moines
Reproductions and permissions: www.iowaculture.gov/history/research/research-centers/cop...
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The Mandolin evolved from the Lute via the Mandore in 17th and 18th century Italy. It became popular in the United States in the mid 19th century, where folowing an instrument produced in 1905 by Orville H. Gibson it adopted a flat back rather than the bowl shaped one. The bodies of modern Mandolins can be either pear shaped or tear drop shaped (i.e. with a scroll carved into the headstock). They also vary in the shape and position of the sound holes which impacts on the sound of the instrument.
In 17th century Italy Mandolins adopted different styles based on diferent regions of the country e.g. Milanese, Lombardic, Roman, Cremonese, Brescian, Genoese, Neapolitan before the last became the dominant style.
The Genovese Mandolins were hybrids between the Mandore and the Neapolitan Mandolin. They had six pairs of gut strings rather than metal ones, and were shorter and with a with a shallow back than the Napolitan mandolin.
This instrument was made in the early 18th Century by the Vinaccia family in Naples, Italy, and has six courses and 12 strings.
Mandolins are assigned the number 321.321 in the Hornbostel Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck.
321.321 = Necked Bowl Lutes. Instrument with a resonator made from a bowl, either natural or carved.
Moore or Anderson with cello; plus another musician holding a flute.
One of a series of photographs in the John Fairbairn Anderson Collection, early 1900s.
My first Gibson Les Paul Custom (1968),and Yamaha FG 140 (1971) with Roberto's Fender Jazz bass (1969)
5th July 2019 at the Queen Elizabeth Hall (Foyer), London SE1.
The Electric Oud is an amplified version of the 11-string fretless instrument. It is a relatively recent invention to compete with the loudness of western instruments.
The instrument in the photo was made by the Canadian company Godin Guitars. Called the MultiOud it abandons the traditional bowl back shape, but comes closer to the traditional Oud sound than most electric instruments.
Electric Ouds are assigned the number 321.321-6 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck.
321.321 = Necked Bowl Lutes. Instrument with a resonator made from a bowl, either natural or carved.
321.321-6 = Strings vibrated by a plectrum.
22nd March 2014 at the Royal Festival Hall (J.P. Morgan Pavilion), London SE1 (Event at “Pull Out All the Stops” Festival).
The Sackbut is an instrument from the Renaissance and Baroque eras.. It evolved from the Slide Trobone but differed in having a U-shaped slide with two parallel sliding tubes. This enables for playing scales in a lower range. Compared to the modern trombone the bore is smaller, the bell less flared and it lacks a water key, slide lock or tuning slide.
Sackbuts are assigned the number 423.22 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-free aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
423 = Trumpets. The player's vibrating lips set the air in motion.
423.2 = Chromatic Trumpet. The pitch of the instrument can be altered mechanically.
423.22 = Slide Trumpets. The pitch can be changed by extending a telescopic section of the instrument.
27th July 2016 at the Nehru Centre, London W1 (with Divana Ensemble at event with V.M. Bhatt).
The Kamaicha is an instrument played in Rajasthani folk music associated with the Manganiyar community. It is made of mango wood, withv the round, hollow end covered with goat skin. There are 17 strings with made from goat’s intestine and the rest of steel. The bow is made from horse’s hair.
Kamaichas are assigned the number 321.321-71 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck.
321.321 = Necked Bowl Lutes. Instrument with a resonator made from a bowl, either natural or carved.
321.321-71 = Instruments where the strings vibrated using a bow.
I saw these inside the local music shop. I am hoping to here someone play one. No one was able to play them when I was in there. No frets!
8th October 2020 at Horniman Museum, London SE23.
The Musette (or Piccolo Oboe) a double reed instrument which origiinated in France in the Baroque era (the same name is also used for a bellows blown Bagpipe). It is short (40-35 cm long) and higher pitched (a 5th above) than the regular Oboe.
This instrument was made by Douglas & Co in London is the late 19th or early 20th century. It has six fingerholes and one thumbhole,
Musettes [Oboe] are assigned the number 422.112.2 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
422 = Reed Instruments. The player's breath is directed against a lamella or pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion.
422.1 = Double reed instruments or Oboes. There are two lamellae which beat against one another.
422.11 = Single Oboes [as opposed to sets of Oboes].
422.112 = With conical bore.
422.112.2 = With fingerholes.
25th May 2016 at the V&A ("Musical Wonders of India" Exhibition in South Asian gallery), London SW7.
The South Asian Tanpura (or Tambura) is a fretless lute with 4 or 5 strings. Its usual role in Hindustani and Carnatic instrumental music is as a drone instrument. By plucking the strings one after another in a regular pattern a harmonic resonance is created.
This instrument was aquired in either Pune, Maharashtra, or Shivpuri, near Gwalior in the second half of the 19th century. The front of the sound chamber features images of the Hindu deities Ganesha, Rama, Sita, Hanuman and Lakshmana, along with peacocks and cows. The neck is decorated with figures of a male musician playing a pipe or horn, a female musician playing a drum, and acrobats, who appear to be climbing a very tall bamboo pole. One of the female acrobats has a number of matkas (earthenware pots) stacked upon her head. It is so profusely decorated it may have been made for display or for use at court.
Tanpuras are assigned the number 321.321 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck.
321.321 = Necked Bowl Lutes. Instrument with a resonator made from a bowl, either natural or carved.
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The Viola d'Amore usually has 7 melodic and 7 sympathetic strings (though some have a lower number of each, and an earlier version had 5 of the former and none of the latter). The long peg box is often topped with a carved blindfolded cupid's head. The Viola d'Amore has the body shape of a Viol, that is, sloping shoulders, flat back, high ribs and a rosette but is played like a Violin or Viola held under the chin, and has no frets. It first appeared in Germany at the end of the 17th century, and fell out of use until revived by early music ensembles.
This instrument was made around 1720 in Germany. It has seven bowed and unusually no sympathetic strings. It is also larger than the standard instrument.
Viola d'Amores are assigned the number 321.322-71 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro-acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid-body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonator’s surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck
321.322 = Necked Box Lutes. Instruments in which the resonator is built up from wood.
321.322-7 = Instruments where the strings are vibrated by bowing.
321.322-71 = Instruments where the strings vibrated using a bow.