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Io Aircraft - www.ioaircraft.com
Drew Blair
www.linkedin.com/in/drew-b-25485312/
io aircraft, phantom express, phantom works, boeing phantom works, lockheed skunk works, hypersonic weapon, hypersonic missile, scramjet missile, scramjet engineering, scramjet physics, boost glide, tactical glide vehicle, Boeing XS-1, htv, Air-Launched Rapid Response Weapon, (ARRW), hypersonic tactical vehicle, hypersonic plane, hypersonic aircraft, space plane, scramjet, turbine based combined cycle, ramjet, dual mode ramjet, darpa, onr, navair, afrl, air force research lab, defense science, missile defense agency, aerospike,
Advanced Additive Manufacturing for Hypersonic Aircraft
Utilizing new methods of fabrication and construction, make it possible to use additive manufacturing, dramatically reducing the time and costs of producing hypersonic platforms from missiles, aircraft, and space capable craft. Instead of aircraft being produced in piece, then bolted together; small platforms can be produced as a single unit and large platforms can be produces in large section and mated without bolting. These techniques include using exotic materials and advanced assembly processes, with an end result of streamlining the production costs and time for hypersonic aircraft; reducing months of assembly to weeks. Overall, this process greatly reduced the cost for producing hypersonic platforms. Even to such an extent that a Hellfire missile costs apx $100,000 but by utilizing our technologies, replacing it with a Mach 8-10 hypersonic missile of our physics/engineering and that missile would cost roughly $75,000 each delivered.
Materials used for these manufacturing processes are not disclosed, but overall, provides a foundation for extremely high stresses and thermodynamics, ideal for hypersonic platforms. This specific methodology and materials applications is many decades ahead of all known programs. Even to the extend of normalized space flight and re-entry, without concern of thermodynamic failure.
*Note, most entities that are experimenting with additive manufacturing for hypersonic aircraft, this makes it mainstream and standardized processes, which also applies for mass production.
What would normally be measured in years and perhaps a decade to go from drawing board to test flights, is reduced to singular months and ready for production within a year maximum.
Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle (U-TBCC)
To date, the closest that NASA and industry have achieved for turbine based aircraft to fly at hypersonic velocities is by mounting a turbine into an aircraft and sharing the inlet with a scramjet or rocket based motor. Reaction Engines Sabre is not able to achieve hypersonic velocities and can only transition into a non air breathing rocket for beyond Mach 4.5
However, utilizing Unified Turbine Based Combine Cycle also known as U-TBCC, the two separate platforms are able to share a common inlet and the dual mode ramjet/scramjet is contained within the engine itself, which allows for a much smaller airframe footprint, thus engingeers are able to then design much higher performance aerial platforms for hypersonic flight, including the ability for constructing true single stage to orbit aircraft by utilizing a modification/version that allows for transition to outside atmosphere propulsion without any other propulsion platforms within the aircraft. By transitioning and developing aircraft to use Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle, this propulsion system opens up new options to replace that airframe deficit for increased fuel capacity and/or payload.
Enhanced Dynamic Cavitation
Dramatically Increasing the efficiency of fuel air mixture for combustion processes at hypersonic velocities within scramjet propulsion platforms. The aspects of these processes are non disclosable.
Dynamic Scramjet Ignition Processes
For optimal scramjet ignition, a process known as Self Start is sought after, but in many cases if the platform becomes out of attitude, the scramjet will ignite. We have already solved this problem which as a result, a scramjet propulsion system can ignite at lower velocities, high velocities, at optimal attitude or not optimal attitude. It doesn't matter, it will ignite anyways at the proper point for maximum thrust capabilities at hypersonic velocities.
Hydrogen vs Kerosene Fuel Sources
Kerosene is an easy fuel to work with, and most western nations developing scramjet platforms use Kerosene for that fact. However, while kerosene has better thermal properties then Hydrogen, Hydrogen is a far superior fuel source in scramjet propulsion flight, do it having a much higher efficiency capability. Because of this aspect, in conjunction with our developments, it allows for a MUCH increased fuel to air mixture, combustion, thrust; and ability for higher speeds; instead of very low hypersonic velocities in the Mach 5-6 range. Instead, Mach 8-10 range, while we have begun developing hypersonic capabilities to exceed 15 in atmosphere within less then 5 years.
Conforming High Pressure Tank Technology for CNG and H2.
As most know in hypersonics, Hydrogen is a superior fuel source, but due to the storage abilities, can only be stored in cylinders thus much less fuel supply. Not anymore, we developed conforming high pressure storage technology for use in aerospace, automotive sectors, maritime, etc; which means any overall shape required for 8,000+ PSI CNG or Hydrogen. For hypersonic platforms, this means the ability to store a much larger volume of hydrogen vs cylinders.
As an example, X-43 flown by Nasa which flew at Mach 9.97. The fuel source was Hydrogen, which is extremely more volatile and combustible then kerosene (JP-7), via a cylinder in the main body. If it had used our technology, that entire section of the airframe would had been an 8,000 PSI H2 tank, which would had yielded 5-6 times the capacity. While the X-43 flew 11 seconds under power at Mach 9.97, at 6 times the fuel capacity would had yielded apx 66 seconds of fuel under power at Mach 9.97. If it had flew slower, around Mach 6, same principles applied would had yielded apx 500 seconds of fuel supply under power (slower speeds required less energy to maintain).
Enhanced Fuel Mixture During Shock Train Interaction
Normally, fuel injection is conducted at the correct insertion point within the shock train for maximum burn/combustion. Our methodologies differ, since almost half the fuel injection is conducted PRE shock train within the isolator, so at the point of isolator injection the fuel enhances the combustion process, which then requires less fuel injection to reach the same level of thrust capabilities.
Improved Bow Shock Interaction
Smoother interaction at hypersonic velocities and mitigating heat/stresses for beyond Mach 6 thermodynamics, which extraordinarily improves Type 3, 4, and 5 shock interaction.
6,000+ Fahrenheit Thermal Resistance
To date, the maximum thermal resistance was tested at AFRL in the spring of 2018, which resulted in a 3,200F thermal resistance for a short duration. This technology, allows for normalized hypersonic thermal resistance of 3,000-3,500F sustained, and up to 6,500F resistance for short endurance, ie 90 seconds or less. 10-20 minute resistance estimate approximately 4,500F +/- 200F.
*** This technology advancement also applies to Aerospike rocket engines, in which it is common for Aerospike's to exceed 4,500-5,000F temperatures, which results in the melting of the reversed bell housing. That melting no longer ocurrs, providing for stable combustion to ocurr for the entire flight envelope
Scramjet Propulsion Side Wall Cooling
With old technologies, side wall cooling is required for hypersonic flight and scramjet propulsion systems, otherwise the isolator and combustion regions of a scramjet would melt, even using advanced ablatives and ceramics, due to their inability to cope with very high temperatures. Using technology we have developed for very high thermodynamics and high stresses, side wall cooling is no longer required, thus removing that variable from the design process and focusing on improved ignition processes and increasing net thrust values.
Lower Threshold for Hypersonic Ignition
Active and adaptive flight dynamics, resulting in the ability for scramjet ignition at a much lower velocity, ie within ramjet envelope, between Mach 2-4, and seamless transition from supersonic to hypersonic flight, ie supersonic ramjet (scramjet). This active and dynamic aspect, has a wide variety of parameters for many flight dynamics, velocities, and altitudes; which means platforms no longer need to be engineered for specific altitude ranges or preset velocities, but those parameters can then be selected during launch configuration and are able to adapt actively in flight.
Dramatically Improved Maneuvering Capabilities at Hypersonic Velocities
Hypersonic vehicles, like their less technologically advanced brethren, use large actuator and the developers hope those controls surfaces do not disintegrate in flight. In reality, it is like rolling the dice, they may or may not survive, hence another reason why the attempt to keep velocities to Mach 6 or below. We have shrunken down control actuators while almost doubling torque and response capabilities specifically for hypersonic dynamics and extreme stresses involved, which makes it possible for maximum input authority for Mach 10 and beyond.
Paradigm Shift in Control Surface Methodologies, Increasing Control Authority (Internal Mechanical Applications)
To date, most control surfaces for hypersonic missile platforms still use fins, similar to lower speed conventional missiles, and some using ducted fins. This is mostly due to lack of comprehension of hypersonic velocities in their own favor. Instead, the body itself incorporates those control surfaces, greatly enhancing the airframe strength, opening up more space for hardware and fuel capacity; while simultaneously enhancing the platforms maneuvering capabilities.
A scramjet missile can then fly like conventional missile platforms, and not straight and level at high altitudes, losing velocity on it's decent trajectory to target. Another added benefit to this aspect, is the ability to extend range greatly, so if anyone elses hypersonic missile platform were developed for 400 mile range, falling out of the sky due to lack of glide capabilities; our platforms can easily reach 600+ miles, with minimal glide deceleration.
Lite snett och vint, men mycket fint ändå... (; (11 foton sammanfogade, 9000*7000px)
A bit crooked, but I still like it... (; (11 photos merged, 9000*7000px)
I lightly sprayed through a mesh bag to break the pattern up a bit. How far away from the can is from the bag and how long you spray/linger will affect how heavy or light the scale effect is.
I've missed a couple of months of the 52/52 but no harm, in joining in again, right? Playground at dusk with a mist settling.
神戸花鳥園
I refuse an invitation to the following group and the method.
Three or more comments, Many of the add-min, Multiple invitations, Big icon
My mosaic of August's 365 images. Back to front as the normal method using the Big Huge Labs Mosaic Maker wasn't working. Travels to Portugal, Bedford and Belgium, tinkering in the garage, a Goodwood breakfast club and Drifting at Lydden Hill, the Shoreham Airshow and the aftermath of the tragic crash were the notable moments of a cool, wet August.
1. Old Malt Cottage - August, 2. Riding the Bull - Brighton (24), 3. Vigil over the Adur, 4. Red Bus, 5. Under the Channel, 6. Waffle, 7. Lommel Fairground, 8. Floral Tributes - Shoreham, 9. Grazing on Mill Hill, 10. RAF Falcons - RAFA (520), 11. Touchdown - Spitfire (63), 12. Sign of Life, 13. Drops, 14. Sunset at Mill Hill, 15. Waiting for the Tide, 16. Wood and Vinyl, 17. Engine Driver - Weald and Downland, 18. Vintage & Steam, 19. AR501, 20. Bedford Sunset, 21. Great Ouse at Bedford, 22. Chalk Minion, 23. King of Europe - Drifting (704), 24. Wake Boarding - Hove (89), 25. Lock Gate Shadows, 26. Under the A27, 27. Paddle Board, 28. Invaders, 29. After the Rain, 30. Mercedes - Breakfast Club (14), 31. Airport Parking32
kalki avatar kalki avataar sadgurudev shri ramlalji siyag gurudev guru siddhayoga shaktipat method of meditation awakening kundalini shakti kling kreeshn kling spiritual the comforter next prophet judaism, christianity, hinduism.
The Comforter, next Prophet or Kalki of Christians, Jews and Hindus has already arrived or not ??? – a method to Prove that whether the Supramental Force, Supreme Power, Comforter, next Prophet or Kalki of Christians, Jews and Hindus has already arrived on Earth or Not.
It may sound mind blowing to scientific minded people, surprisingly this method is especially for the Scientist and Intellectual Community of the World, who experiment and scrutinize every new concept before believing it, yes, and we must be able to prove it ourselves before believing or accepting it.
Yes; it is a complete and more advanced science than the modern science says Guru Siyag, capable of giving on the spot results just like modern science. Of course it was limited to myths, stories, faith and belief till today, because we were not able to prove it as a factual subject, it was regarded as a mere baseless theory. Guru Siyag has proved it to be a Practical Science; he has discovered and disclosed a new formula or Practical experimental Method, using this Method every Positive minded curious Human Being of the World can himself do this experiment to realize and visualize the truth of spiritual science, leading to spiritual evolution and holistic healing. Guru Siyag has proved that through Siddha Yoga method of Meditation it is possible to get rid of even the so called incurable diseases like cancer, AIDS, Arthritis, Insomnia, and Mental Stress and so on. The Practitioner also gets rid drug and other addictions like alcohol, tobacco, Brown sugar, Morphine, Opium, Heroine etc. These results are nothing but the removal of hurdles in the way to complete development of Human Beings, to attain a Divine Bodily Form, in other words we can call it the journey from man to superman.
Another surprising Disclosure by Guru Siyag is the Method to prove whether the Comforter, Next Prophet or kalki Avatar of Christians, Jews and Hindus has already arrived on Earth or not, yes we can test the truth about presence of that supramental force on earth. It takes only 15 to 20 minutes to experiment it, right now. The Method ---
1. Sit in a comfortable posture on the ground with crossed legs.
2. Close the eyes and concentrate on the Forehead between the Eyebrows.
3. Make a Mental Prayer to that Supramental Force, saying that if the Comforter, Prophet or Kalki is Present on Earth, then I must get the proof, if the Supramental Force is Present on Earth, then I must go into automatic (Kundalini controlled) Spiritual Meditation for 15 or 20 minutes.
4. After this mental prayer start continuous mental repetition(Chanting) of any one sacred word of your choice(God, Jesus, Allah, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, etc.,) in the mind without moving lips or tongue, simultaneously keep concentrating on the forehead between the eyebrows.
5. Continue this process and within a few minutes you will be induced by automatic spiritual meditation, might even hear and see visualizations during this state of meditation.
6. Don’t panic if your body starts moving automatically during this process, these are the Yogic body movements (Real Yoga is induced automatically by inner spiritual power Kundalini), required to free the body from physical, mental and spiritual diseases of all kinds, these will stop automatically after 15 or 20 minutes, and you will come out of spiritual meditation into normal state.
7. To get complete results and benefits, it has to be practiced regularly in the morning and evening at any convenient time, empty stomach, before having food.
8. The time taken to get the results is totally dependent on our Positive approach and curiosity to realize the truth.
9. No barriers of Race, Religion, Cast, Country or Gender, no rules and no regulations.
More info and Free Download of
Method of Meditation from
Another way to get into automatic spiritual meditation is by listening to Guru Siyag's voice with closed eyes.
proven method examples of unrequited love proven method to how do i get my ex girlfriend back fastest ex wants to get back together ==> Click Here!
Using a technique discovered by Ryan Brenizer, which achieves the look of a wide angle or medium telephoto with a razor thin depth of field. This shot is composed of about 40 images taken at 85 1.4 and merged together in photoshop. Check out Ryan's stream to find the original exposition of his technique.
www.flickr.com/photos/carpeicthus/
jgwphotography.blogspot.com
British Red Cross.
By pioneering fundraising methods such as house-to-house collections, penny-a-week appeals and the popularisation of charity shops, the Duke of Gloucester’s Red Cross and St John Appeal Fund raised the equivalent of £7.7 billion. As well as raising this extraordinary amount, they also paved the way for many of the fundraising techniques that we rely upon today.
Background
The Duke of Gloucester’s Red Cross and St John Appeal Fund was launched in September 1939 to raise funds for those affected by the Second World War. By 1946 the appeal had raised £54,324,408, which is the equivalent of £7,700,000,000 today1, making it the largest charitable fund ever raised in the UK. The proceeds of the fund went to the Red Cross and St John War Organisation. To see more, visit: sofii.org/case-study/british-red-cross-the-7.7-billion-ap...
Director Theophilus Raynsford Mann
~ a Taiwanese social reformer, philosopher, photographer, and film director
“Do Everything for My People”
馬天亮導演
~ 臺灣的社會改革者，哲學家，攝影師，和電影導演
《造福人民》
SUMMARY
Theophilus Raynsford Mann is a naturalist, occultist, Buddhist and Taoist. In 1982, Mann developed a technique for abstract photography, applied “Rayonism” into photographic works. Mann staged 32 individual, extraordinary exhibitions around Taiwan, who was the first exhibitor around Formosa. Mann’s works is the beginning of modernization in the modern abstract arts in the world. At the University of Oxford, Mann’s attractive topic was “A View of Architectural History: Towns through the Ages from Winchester through London Arrived at Oxford in England”; also an author at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Michigan in the United States; an alumnus from Christ Church College at the University of Oxford in England, the University of Glamorgan in Wales, and National Taiwan University in Taipei on Taiwan. Mann’s works have been quoted by the scholars many times, making Mann one of the highly cited technological, artistic, and managing public administrators in the academia. Mann was listed in “Taiwan Who’s Who In Business” © 1984, 1987, 1989 Harvard Management Service.
Early Life and Record of Genealogy
Theophilus Raynsford Mann possesses both Taiwanese and German surnames from birth. Usually, whenever anyone asks Mann about where he comes from, he would reply “Formosa” as he grew up and was educated in the Far East and lives in Taiwanese and Japanese lifestyles. Moreover, he often teaches and educates younger generations based on the methods of the Far Eastern teaching he experienced when he was young, though he does not oppose the Western ways of teaching and thinking. Mann takes great pride in his roots, which go back 150 years (since 1864); Mann’s ancestry originates and creates generations, and prepares younger generations to succeed their personality and ethical standards and integrity.
Education in Taiwan and a Brief of Latest Generation of History in Taiwan / Formosa
In 1980, Mann obtained his postgraduate certificate from the Graduate Institute of Electrical Engineering of National Taiwan University in Taipei; successfully completed another graduate studies in Information dBase III Plus and Taiwanese Traditional Chinese Mandarin Information System at National Sun Yat-Sen University in Kaohsiung in 1989.
In history, the Portuguese explorers discovered and called the island (Taiwan), “Formosa” (meaning “Beautiful Island”) in 1590. They are non-Chinese people; it was long a Chinese and Japanese pirate base. Fighting continued, between its original inhabitants of Taiwanese and the Chinese settlers, into the 19th century. In 1894-95 first Sino-Japanese War that ended in Manchus of the Qing (Ching) dynasty defeat, the late Manchu Qing Government forced to cede Formosa to Japan. This result was made by the Treaty of Shomonoseki in 1895 and remained under Japanese control until the end of the Second World War. Early on, Taiwan was conquered by the Qing in 1683 and for the first time became part of older China dynasty. However, today, the home country of Mann’s origin has around 165 institutions (93 universities) of higher education, which now has one of the best-educated populations in Asia. Among the major public (state) ones are the National Taiwan University (NTU) at Taipei, and National Sun Yat-Sen University (NSYSU) at Kaohsiung. NSYSU is also called National Chun-Shan University; according to Times Higher Education 2010-2011, NSYSU ranks as the 3rd university in Taiwan, 21st in Asia, and 163rd worldwide. National Taiwan University is ranked 51 to 60 ranks on Times Higher Education World University Rankings - Top Universities by Reputation 2013, the United Kingdom (see www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/...); King's College London (KCL) (21st in the world and 6th in Europe in the 2010, QS World University Rankings), the University of London, and University of Southern California (is one of the world's leading private research universities, located in the heart of Los Angeles), afterward.
Backing to Mann’s early school-time of Taiwan Provincial Kaohsiung Industrial Senior High School (Kaohsiung Municipal Kaohsiung Industrial High school), the professional technical education, which is equivalent to Advanced Level General Certificate of Education, commonly referred to as an A-level in the United Kingdom; China Electronic Engineering College, the distance learning programme, which is in equivalence as UK’s Diploma of Higher Education / Undergraduate Diploma (as an Associate Degree in the United States). An additional, his middle education was taught by the Kaohsiung Municipal Chihjh (Ci Sian) Junior High School; and Kaohsiung Municipal San Min Elementary School was his first school in Taiwan.
Early Career
In 1989, Mann instituted Mann’s Office of Electrical Engineer, he settled himself in electrical technology and industries as a chief engineer in his early years. He put his professional and precise knowledge to good account in business management. A formal business management with business relationship established to provide for regular services, dealings, and other commercial transactions and deed. He had many customers having a business and credit relationship with his firm then he was a successful engineer.
Study Abroad and Immigration into the United Kingdom
In 1998, Mann studied abroad when he arrived in Great Britain; he studied at School of Built Environment, the University of Glamorgan (Prifysgol Morgannwg) in Merthyr Tydfil, Pontypridd, Wales for a master of science in real estate appraisal. Until the summer of 2000, Mann completed an academic course on “Towns through the Ages” from Christ Church College at the University of Oxford (is ranked the 2nd place worldwide on The Times Higher Education, World University Rankings 2012-2013 www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/...) in England. Afterward, Mann immigrated into the United Kingdom in the early year of 2004.
PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS
Mann is a naturalist; he trusts spiritual naturalism and naturalistic spirituality, which teaches that “the unknown” created this wonderful world. “The unknown” arranged the nature with its law so that everything in nature is kept balanced and in order. However, human beings failed to control themselves, deliberately went against the law of nature, and resulted in disasters, which we deserved. He also is an occultist, a Taoist, and a Buddhist; but in Britain, he frequently goes to Christian and Catholic churches, where he makes friends with pastors and fathers as well as churchgoers. In his mind, he recognizes “Belief is truth held in the mind; faith is a fire in the heart”. He is always a freethinker, does not accept traditional, social, and religious teaching, but based on his ideas: a thought or conception that potentially and actually exists in his mind as a product of mental activity - his opinion, conviction, and principle. If people have not come across eastern classics and philosophy, we are afraid that people would never understand Theophilus Raynsford Mann. People cannot judge an eastern philosopher based on western ways of thinking. He studies I Ching discovering eastern classics of ancient origin consisting of 64 interrelated hexagrams along with commentaries. The hexagrams embody Taoist philosophy by describing all nature and human endeavour in terms of the interaction of yin and yang, and the classics may be consulted as an oracle.
Back in the 1990s when Mann just arrived at England, he had been offered places to do Ph.D. and LL.M. degrees (degree in Law and Politics of the European Union) by several western professors in the Great Britain. He has met all the requirements for postgraduate admissions to study at UK’s universities.
During his time at Oxford, he learnt a lot of British culture and folk-custom while carrying out research with many British and Western professors, experts, and archaeologists. This proves that Mann understands various aspects in British society, culture, and lifestyles. Of course, he does not fully understand about the perspectives of thinking of a typical British. For example, what would be the most valuable in life for a British person? What would a British want to gain from life? What is the goal in life for a British? Is it fortune or a lover? Alternatively, perhaps honour? On the other hand, maybe being able to travel around the world and see the world?
FAIRNESS and JUSTICE
As Theophilus Raynsford Mann’s saying are:
“Touching Fairness and Justice”
Feel good about themselves, but do not know the sufferings of the people...
Who can get easy life like them?
What is profile of modern society?
What type and style is truly solemn for this society identify?
Where “the characterization” is? Who can see? Did you see it?
《感動的公平與正義》
自我感覺良好, 不知民間疾苦...
誰能得到安逸的生活如同他們一樣？
這是個什麼樣子的社會？
這個社會認定什麼樣的類型和風格是真正莊重的?
「特徵」在那裡？誰可以看到？你看到了嗎？
Jurisprudence and Political Philosophy and Perspectives
Mann ever studied judicial review and governmental action, the impact of law and legal techniques, constitutional mechanisms for the protection of basic rights, and ensuring the integrity of commercial activity, the impact of law and legal techniques on government, policymaking, and administration, as well as the creation of markets. He tries to understand these critical trends in the political development of modern state. Mann will combine both theoretical and empirical approaches, and the conditions for democratic transition and the nature of state development in the ‘post-industrial’ era of globalisation and economic integration.
According as Mann’s legal experiences, he comprehend that “the knowledge of the law is like a deep well, out of which each man draught according to the strength of his understanding”, and, law and arbitrary power are in eternal enmity. He is also sure law and institutions are constantly tending to gravitate like clocks; they must be occasionally cleansed, and wound up, and set to true time.
The government issues a decree - an authoritative order having the force of law, which charged with putting into effect a country's laws and the administering of its functions. Any of the officials promulgate a law or put into practice relating to the government charged with the execution and administration of the nation's laws then they announce and carry out the creation of any order or new policy that will be responsible for the people.
Mann had knowledge in connexion with construction law; he also understands architectural arts, and as well learnt the forms by combining materials and parts include as an integral part concerning modern construct. I ever built urban buildings and rural architecture in different styles under new housing and building projects by the governmental administration and construction corporations.
Right now, Mann studies the problems caused by ethnic disputes and human armed conflicts in the modern society resulted code of mixed civil and criminal procedure. He wishes an agreement or a treaty to end human hostilities - the absence of war and other hostilities around the world. The interrelation and arrangement of freedom from quarrels and disagreement become harmonious relations living in peace with each other. Actually, erect peace in more friendly ways of making friendships for modern human society is comfortable in my ideal. It is like building monolithic architecture: houses and buildings for the people. Mann would like to do “something beautiful for `the unknown`”.
In the ethnic disagreement and armed conflicts as concerning the poor people and children notwithstanding they live through a bad environment on any of poor or crowded village or town in a particular manner - lived frugally. However, after years of industrialisation as a more educated population, becomes more aware of global plenum, continuing to be alive. Environmental groups are increasing and lobbing government will legislate to stop bad environmental and social practices. The establishments of human rights’ wide and untiring efforts will be alleviated people’s suffering. And as well the poor people shall meet and debate sustainable development and for a concerted government led action towards sustainability is an example that the younger generation are concerned for the future. It shall be making the younger easier for their life and make better on their lives, and help them to build a better future.
In present world, Mann really knows the full meanings of “Fundamental Human Rights and Equal Opportunities for the People”. He thinks ethics is the moral code governing the daily conduct of the individual toward those about him / her. It represents those rules or principles by which men and women live and work in a spirit of mutual confidence and service. Without going into the question of how an ethical code was formulated or why anybody should obey it, we can look at the matter in a common-sense fashion with reference to its influence upon our legal affairs. In brief, from the law point of view, a reputable ethical code embodies the qualities of accuracy, dependability, fair play, sound judgement, and service. It is based upon honesty.
No person can have an ethical code that concerns him / her alone. Living in society, as he / she must, a person encounters others whose rights must be respected as well as his / her own. An honest regard for the rights of others is an essential element of any decent code of ethics, and one that anyone must observe if anybody intends to follow that code. After all, ethics is not something apart from human beings. Indeed, there is no such thing apart from our actions and us. It is the duty, therefore, of every man and woman in legal affairs to see that his daily associations with others are truly in conformity with the plain meaning of the Ten Commandments: “Thou shalt not barratry, thou shalt not bear false witness, thou shalt not receive illegal fee and the rest”.
The knowledge Mann has, in connection with legal affairs, was usually come from his precious experiences of his past over ten year’s law and political careers. In an interval regarded as a distinct period of 1980s, he studied mixed civil and crime, and the code of mixed civil and criminal procedure for the problems caused by ethnic disputes and human armed conflicts in the modern society. He was especially one who maintains the language and customs of the group, and social security in Taiwan.
Since 30 July of 1988, Mann settled himself in law as a chief executive and scrivener at Central Legal, Real Estate, and Accounting Services Office; it is in the equivalent to a solicitor of the United Kingdom. The Office provided full legal, accounting, real estate, and commercial services to the public. He did his job as a person legally appointed by another to act as his or her agent in the transaction of business, specifically one qualified and licensed to act for plaintiffs and defendants in legal proceedings and affairs. Over and above Mann was a chairman and executive consultant at Taiwan Credit Information Company®, founded in 1994. The company offered services to the public in response to need and demand in the area of credit information.
Mann had excellent experiences in political and law work was pertaining to mixed civil and crime, the code of mixed civil and criminal procedure, construction, and commercial law abroad. The experiences of legal services related to the rights of private individuals and legal proceedings concerning these rights as distinguished. In the criminal proceedings, he did many cases for the defendants. Although an act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it and for which punishment is imposed upon conviction; but he also laid legal claim, required as useful, just, proper, or necessary to the defendants under the human rights in the meantime. This provision ensures to the defendant a real voice in the subject.
The men whose judgement we respect are those who do not allow prejudices, preferences, or personalities to influence their decisions. Profit and self-aggrandisement are likewise ignored in their determination to reach an equitable and fair settlement. What are the basic principles upon which good judgement is founded? A keen intellect, a normal emotionally, a through understanding of human nature, experience of law work, sincerity, and integrity.
Developed a Technique for Abstract Photography and Abstractionist
In 1982, Mann developed a technique for abstractive photography, which applied “rayonism” to the photographic works. In November of 1984, Mann was 26-year-old, he instructed many professors and students of National Taiwan Normal University in photography of abstract impressionism and rayonnisme in Taipei, Taiwan. The word “rayonnisme” is French for rayonism - a style of abstract painting developed in 1911 in Russia.
Photographic Exhibitions
Theophilus Raynsford Mann Photographic Exhibition of “Rayonnisme / Rayonism” Tour - Invitational Exhibition of Taiwan 1983-84.
一九八三〜八四年中華民國臺灣 馬天亮攝影巡迴邀請展
Theophilus Raynsford Mann Photographic Exhibition of Rayonism (32 individual exhibitions) 1983~1985.
馬天亮『光影』攝影特展（個人展32場）1983〜1985年.
Mann staged 32 individual, extraordinary exhibitions and annual special exhibitions on photography of abstractive image and Rayonnisme around Taiwan / Formosa. Mann was the first exhibitor around the country. All of the invited displays were by the Taiwan’s Government, cultural and artistic organisations, and sponsors. Mann’s earliest exhibition took place in the National Taiwan Arts Education Center (Museum) on 19 December 1983 when Mann was 25 years old; Mann was the youngest exhibitor in the history of the Center in any solo exhibitions. The Center that was opened in March 1957, kept a collection of Mann’s work. It is currently updating the Center’s internal organisation and strengthening co-operation with leading centers and museums around the world. Meanwhile, it widened the center’s scope to increase its emphasis on Taiwan’ regional culture and folk arts.
Modernization in the Modern Abstract Arts of Taiwan
Mann’s works is the beginning of modernization in the modern abstract arts of Taiwan, China and greater Chinese society in the world. The use of “modernisation” as a concept that is opposed to “Traditional” of “Conservative” ideas began with the approach of the 20th century. It spreads rapidly through academic circles, and was broadly accepted as a means to reform society. Chinese Manchu Qing (Ching) dynasty’s first steps toward modernisation began in the Tung-chih era (1862-1874) with the “Self-Empowerment Movement”. During the late 19th century, as late Manchu dynasty was confronted on all sides by foreign aggression, voices throughout society debated the most effective means to reform and strengthen the country. Some advocated “combining the best of East and West”, while others went so far as to call for “complete Westernisation”. Taiwan was at the centre of these waves of reform. Faced with direct threats against the island by foreign enemies, the Chinese Ching dynasty court took special steps to push Taiwan’s modernisation.
In a role just like that of a gardener wanting to create a rich and fertile environment for the seeds of culture, one in which Mann may sprout, grow and bloom. Mann aims to provide an educational stimulus for society by introducing his works - Mann can express the neo-romantic spirit deftly from various creations and supporting international artistic exchanges. Mann believes that the first step in creating such a new and independent state is the real emergence of culture and arts, for which the art and science of designing and erecting buildings, and fine arts (including photography and motion picture) of the civilization is a good measurement of success. For the foreseeable future, Mann should be continuing to forge ahead, working diligently and unceasingly towards its mission of raising China and Formosa / Taiwan’s culture in his spare time.
Became an Author and a Scholar
In 1980, Theophilus Raynsford Mann completed his first book - scenario original “The Soul's Sentimentalizing”, also named: “Hun Yun : Jin Qi Tu Rui” 電影原著《魂韻》(衿契吐蕊) then Mann was at the age of 22. In 1983, The General Library of the University of California, Berkeley in the United States of America, collected and kept Mann’s writings - scenario original 「魂韻 : 衿契吐蕊」“Hun Yun : jin qi tu rui”, included a musical composition of his own – “Sonate Nr. 1 C-dur op. 3 für Klavier (piano)”, composed on 3rd April 1977 then Mann was 18 years old. The works were published in 1980; the theme was based on “The Soul's Sentimentalizing”. Another masterpiece was an Album of Academic Work for News Publication “Theophilus Raynsford Mann Photographic Exhibition of Rayonnisme / Rayonism”, published in 1985. The Hathi Trust Digital Library, the University of Michigan also collected and kept Mann’s writings.
Authorship
Mann’s articles and writings were published in more than 200 different kinds of domestic and foreign magazines, newspapers, and periodicals, in the period between May of 1972 and 1990s. It was all started when Mann was just 13-year-old. Many of which have been very influential. These have been quoted by Western and Eastern scholars many times in the last few years, making Mann one of the highly cited technological, artistic, and managing public administrators in the world in the late 20th and early 21st century. The Ministry of the Interior in Taiwan had registered Mann’s professional writings and given him two certificates of copyright. The numbers are 33080 and 33081 on 4th July of 1985; and Taiwan’s Gazette of The Presidential Office issue No. 4499, featured his writings on 4th September 1985.
Became an Academic and Film Director
Today, Mann is a professor at Space Time Life Research Academy, and a photographer, film director, and computer engineer now live and work in London.
Director Works:
FILMS:
Experimental Film “New Image for the Spring” © 1982
Documentary Film “Rayonnisme” © 2011
“The Soul's Sentimentalizing” of the feature film is based on the scenario original “The Soul's Sentimentalizing” (preparation)
FASHION SHOWS:
New Image for the Spring of Shapely Models International © 1982
High Lights on the Summer and Fall Fashion of Shapely Models Int’l © 1982
ART EXHIBITIONS:
The Cadillac Club International Fine Arts Exhibition © 1981
The Cinematic & Photographic Arts Salon and the Hall of the Arts, Pegasus Academy of Arts © 1981
Musician Work:
MUSIC COMPOSITION:
Sonate Nr. 1 C-dur op. 3 für Klavier (piano) © 1977, © 1980, © 1981, © 1983, the theme was based on “The Soul's Sentimentalizing”.
PHOTOGRAPHIC ALBUMS:
Portrait and Landscape in France © 2000
Portrait and Landscape in Scotland © 2001
Portrait and Landscape in England © 2009
Portrait at Queen Mary, University of London © 2010
Rayonism of London © 2011
Portrait at The University of Nottingham, United Kingdom © 2011
Snowy London © 2012
Portrait at King's College London © 2013
BOOKS:
Scenario Original 「魂韻」(衿契吐蕊) “Hun yun: jin qi tu rui” © December 1980, © 1981, © 1983 (Date of First Publication: 31 December 1980, Second Edition on 29 July 1981, Date of Revision: Revised Edition on 8 May 1983), Languages: Chinese (traditional), and English language.
“Album of the Cadillac Club International Fine Arts Exhibition” © 1981
“Album of the Cinematic & Photographic Arts Salon and the Hall of the Arts, Pegasus Academy of Arts” © 1981
“Album of New Image for the Spring of Shapely Models International” © 1982
“Album of High Lights on the Summer and Fall Fashion of Shapely Models Int’l” © 1982
“Romantic Carol” © 1982
Album of Academic Work for News Publication: “Theophilus Raynsford Mann Photographic Exhibitions of Rayonnisme” © May 1985
New version of scenario original “The Soul's Sentimentalizing” (to be published)
「曾經輝煌到頂天立地」(individual biography, to be published)
“My Life, My History, and My Love” (based on a legend, to be published, a film scenario will be developed later)
「感動的公平與正義」“Touching Fairness and Justice” (political science and social studies, to be published)
Research Interests:
University of Oxford
Research Studies in Archaeology:
Mann’s attractive topic was “A View of Architectural History: Towns through the Ages from Winchester through London Arrived at Oxford in England”.
National Taiwan University
Graduate Certificate,
Graduate Institute of Electrical Engineering:
Mann’s monograph of seminar was “Applied the sequence control in the electric power distribution engineering”.
University of Glamorgan
M.Sc. Course,
Master of Science in Real Estate Appraisal:
Mann’s thesis - major subject, with relevant construction law was “The Assignment is under Economics of Construction Management in Architecture”.
National Sun Yat-Sen University
Postgraduate Certificate,
Postgraduate Studies in Computing:
Mann’s required subject was Information dBase III Plus and Taiwanese Traditional Mandarin Chinese Information System. He combined academic course work and practical laboratory sessions in “Applied Mandarin Phonetic Symbols into Traditional Taiwanese Personal Computer and Its Information System”.
Associations:
Member of The Kaohsiung Life Line Association since 11 January 1979, an association established in the USA.
Member of The Society of Youth Writers, Tien (Catholic) Educational Center, Taipei since 1980.
Since 1980, a member of Chinese Taipei Film Archive (CTFA, National Film Archive, Taiwan; founded in 1978), The Motion Picture Foundation, R.O.C. (member of Fédération Internationale des Archives du Film, FIAF; The International Federation of Film Archives was founded in Paris in 1938 by the British Film Institute, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, the Cinémathèque Française and the Reichsfilmarchiv in Berlin.)
Commissioner of the cinema, photography, radio, and television committee of The Culture and Arts Association (Chinese Writers and Artists Association) of Taiwan ever since September 1983.
Classic member, the membership is equivalent to a doctorate membership of the Chinese Institute of Electrical Engineering since 23 March 1984.
On 15 March 1989, Mann promoted and founded the Consortium Juridical Person Mr. Theophilus Raynsford Mann Social Benefit Foundation 財團法人馬天亮先生社會公益基金會籌備處 (Social Charity 社會慈善事業) in Taiwan.
near.archives.gov.tw/cgi-bin/near2/nph-redirect?rname=tre...
Classic member, the membership is equal to a professor or associate professor of The Chinese Institute of Engineers since 30 September 1991.
Honours:
Listed on ‘Taiwan Who’s Who In Business’, © 1984, © 1987, and © 1989 Harvard Management Service.
中華民國企業名人錄編纂委員會, 哈佛企業管理顧問公司.
On 26 August 1985, Mann was awarded a professional certificate of the Outdoor Artistry Activities issued by Education Bureau, Kaohsiung City Government, Taiwan. He acquired awards and certificates of honour about twenty times from National Taiwan Arts Education Center (Museum) on 24 December 1983; Kaohsiung Municipal Social Education Center on 17 March 1984, Kaohsiung Cultural Center, Taipei Cultural Center (Taipei Municipal Social Education Hall); and Taiwan Province Government, Taipei City Government, Kaohsiung City Government, and many cultural centres and art galleries, and so on.
Careers:
Honorary Professor at Space Time Life Research Academy, 7 June 2012 to present; Professor at Space Time Life Research Academy, 1 September 2011 to 1 June 2012 in London, United Kingdom:
Academia,
Teaching and Research:
business management and consultant, political philosophy, Chinese classics, Chinese humanities, modern Chinese language and literature, photography (portrait, fashion, commercial, digital, architectural, abstract photography), visual arts and filmmaking.
教學與研究：
企業管理及顧問、政治哲學、中華經典 (古典漢學、文學、藝術、語言) 、中華人文、中華現代語言與文學、攝影 (人像、時裝、商業、數位/數碼、建築、抽象攝影) ，視覺藝術和製作影片。
Consultant and Translator at Eternal Life Consultants of Immigration and Translations Services, 10 March 2004 to present in London, United Kingdom:
consultants of immigration, translations, and legal services.
永生移民顧問翻譯服務社的移民諮詢顧問和翻譯：
移民事務，翻譯和法律服務。
Computer Hardware & Networking Engineer at Mann Office of Electrical Engineer, 8 March 2004 to present in London, United Kingdom:
Computer Engineering and Network Services. Repairing of Motherboards, Monitors, Power Supplies, CD-ROM Drives; UPS, Hard Disk Drives, H.D.D Data Recovery; BIOS Programming, and all types of Computer Hardware and Software Solutions.
計算機工程和網絡服務。維修主機板，顯示器，電源供應器，光碟機/光盘驱动器，不斷電系統，硬碟/硬盘，硬盤數據恢復，基本輸入輸出系統編程，以及所有類型的電腦/計算機硬體/硬件和軟體/軟件解決方案。
Film Director and Photographer at Shapely Studio of Creative and Cultural Industries, 2 April 2007 to present in London, United Kingdom:
1) Photo, Video and Film Production; 2) Graphic Design, Web Design, Social Networking, Social Media and Advertising; 3) Architectural Design and Interior Design.
Reformer and Philosopher at Taiwanese Social Reformer and Philosopher, 7 April 2012 (location: Los Angeles, California) to present in London, United Kingdom:
Social Reform in Taiwan
www.facebook.com/twreform/info
《魂韻》(衿契吐蕊) - 馬天亮22歲寫的電影原著。Theophilus Raynsford Mann (TianLiang Maa) wrote “Hun Yun” (Jin Qi Tu Rui), scenario original “The Soul’s Sentimentalizing” © 1980, 1981, 1983, was at the age of 22.
Website
mtltwp.pixnet.net/album/set/1265174
photo.roodo.com/photos/mtltwp/albums/small/100469.html
Sonate Nr. 1 C-dur op. 3 für Klavier (piano) by Theophilus Raynsford Mann (TianLiang Maa 馬天亮) © 1977, © 1980, © 1981, © 1983. The Sonate composed on 3rd April 1977 then Mann was 18-year-old. The work was published in 1980; the theme was based on “The Soul's Sentimentalizing”.
Website
mtltwp.pixnet.net/album/set/1265208
www.facebook.com/sonate1c/info
LINKS:
University of California, Berkeley
berkeley.worldcat.org/search?q=Ma%2C+Tianliang&dblist...
berkeley.worldcat.org/title/hun-yun/oclc/813684284?refere...
oskicat.berkeley.edu/record=b11283690~S1
University of Michigan
mirlyn.lib.umich.edu/Record/006237256
catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006237256
WorldCat® Identities
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Google Books
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National Bibliographic Information Network (NBINet)
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192.83.186.170/search*cht/a%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%AE
National Yang Ming University 國立陽明大學
library.ym.edu.tw/search~S7*cht?/tThe+Soul%27s+and+sentim...
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology 國立臺灣科技大學
millennium.lib.ntust.edu.tw/record=b1016706~S1
Wikimedia Commons 維基共享資源
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國家圖書館 期刊文獻資訊網, 臺灣期刊論文索引
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聲音藝術的審美角度, 大學雜誌, 天然
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為文化中心把脈, 幼獅文藝
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科學家與守財奴, 中國地方自治
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Yahoo, Bing, Google Search
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画像検索
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Japan Photos and Pictures
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far-east-movement - Blogcu (Turkey)
far-east-movement.blogcu.com/professor-tianliang-maa/1226...
A Story of Professor Theophilus Raynsford Mann
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Sports Wallpapers
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Travel Splash
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University of California, Berkeley period
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University of Michigan period
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University of Oxford period
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University of Glamorgan period
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University of Huddersfield period, UK. Huddersfield period
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art galleries uk
artgalleriesuk.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/bigandtall-stores-s...
Mitrasites system
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articles.whmsoft
articles.whmsoft.com/related_search.php?keyword=Tianliang...
pantieslace-forwomen.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/motherhood-ma...
3piece-suits.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/nursing-shawl-become-...
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German
www.wer-ist.org/person/Jin_Mann
www.pediatr.org.tw/DB/News/file/1913-1.pdf
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"ive seen a kid one night at the spot,
he had a wu tang logo on his face
i mean, just a tattoo this big, and a whole bunch of other shit carved on it
you dont see that that often
i mean, i never seen a g unit logo on someones face or arm
you know, not saying that there isnt
but, umm, i would say its sort of like a cult following
you know, but were just regular people
i mean, i look at myself as a regular person..."
--gza
used here
copyright © 2009 sean dreilinger
view nick is starting to learn violin - _MG_4106 on a black background.
view nick is starting to learn violin - _MG_4106 on a black background.
To process in R3 Monobath I warmed it to 27 degrees C. I turned off the lights and then loaded the film on to developing reel and placed slowly into tank. Started the timer already set for 6 minutes. I gently turned film reel by hand for a few seconds and screwed the lid on the tank. I then turned the lights on. At the end of the 6 minutes I unscrewed the tank top and removed the film and placed in a beaker filled with tap water. I poured the R3 back into its container. I then returned the film to the tank and used Ilford method to wash the film. Final rinse was in Photo flo. Simple as it gets.
Some of the images that show signs of streaking from the sprocket holes but it was not as pronounced as on first roll which had to gentle agitation at beginning of development.
Film: 16mm ORWO UN54 ISO 100
Hand loaded into Minolta film casette
Filter: none
Camera: Minolta 16Ps
Developed R3 Monobath Developer shop.new55.net/collections/frontpage/products/r3-monobath...
Scanned Epson V600 Edited in Adobe Elements 10
201509M169-002
Dimanche 24 août 2014. Painlevé Mathématicien et politicien ministre de la Guerre en 1917, puis président Conseil. Perrin par une expérience apporta preuve existence des électrons. Braille. aveugle auteur méthode de lecture.
Le Panthéon est un monument de style néo-classique situé dans le 5e arrondissement de Paris. Au cœur du Quartier latin, sur la montagne Sainte-Geneviève, il est au centre de la place du Panthéon et entouré notamment de la mairie du 5e arrondissement, du lycée Henri-IV, de l'église Saint-Étienne-du-Mont, de la bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève et de la faculté de droit. La rue Soufflot lui dessine une perspective jusqu'au jardin du Luxembourg.
Le nom du monument, Panthéon, vient du grec pántheion (πάνθειον), qui signifie « de tous les dieux ». Prévu à l'origine, au XVIIIe siècle, pour être une église qui abriterait la châsse de sainte Geneviève, ce monument a maintenant vocation à honorer de grands personnages ayant marqué l'histoire de France hormis pour les carrières militaires normalement consacrées au Panthéon militaire des Invalides. Y sont notamment inhumés Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Victor Hugo, Sadi Carnot, Émile Zola, Jean Jaurès, Jean Moulin, Jean Monnet, Pierre et Marie Curie, André Malraux ou encore Alexandre Dumas, qui y a fait son entrée en 2002. Germaine Tillion, Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz, Jean Zay et Pierre Brossolette sont les quatre derniers à y faire leur entrée le 27 mai 2015.
L'architecture reprend notamment la façade du Panthéon de Rome, construit au Ier siècle av. J.-C., surmontée d'un dôme qui s'inspire du Tempietto de l'église San Pietro in Montorio. Les différents desseins de sa construction, sa décoration, les inscriptions et les symboles qui y figurent permettent de parcourir la construction — lente et contrastée — de la nation française. Ce monument est ouvert au public et géré par le Centre des monuments nationaux.
Le Panthéon est un bâtiment long de 110 m et large de 84 m. La façade principale est décorée d’un portique aux colonnes corinthiennes, surmonté d’un fronton triangulaire réalisé par David d'Angers. Ce fronton représente la République (au centre) donnant la Liberté et protégeant à sa gauche les Sciences – représentées par de nombreux grands savants (François-Xavier Bichat, Berthollet, Gaspard Monge, Laplace…), philosophes (Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau…), écrivains (Fénelon, Pierre Corneille…) et artistes (Jacques-Louis David…) – et à sa droite l'Histoire – représentée par les grands personnages de l'État (Napoléon Bonaparte…) et étudiants de l'École polytechnique.
L'édifice, en forme de croix grecque, est couronné par un dôme haut de 83 mètres, coiffé d’un lanterneau. L’intérieur est décoré par des peintres académiques comme Puvis de Chavannes, Antoine-Jean Gros, Léon Bonnat ou Cabanel.
Le projet architectural de Jacques-Germain Soufflot est une église à dôme, en forme de croix grecque, c'est-à-dire avec quatre branches courtes, égales en longueur et en largeur . Pour le réaliser, il emprunte à différents styles architecturaux, ce qui fera écrire à Maximilien Brébion : « Le principal objet de M. Soufflot, en bâtissant son église, a été de réunir, sous une des plus belles formes, la légèreté de la construction des édifices gothiques avec la magnificence de l'architecture grecque. »
Soufflot était assisté par deux ingénieurs, Émiland Gauthey et Jean-Baptiste Rondelet qui a achevé le monument à la mort de l’architecte en 1780. Pour la première fois, un monument a fait l’objet de calculs mathématiques afin d’évaluer les poussées et la résistance des matériaux. On avait même construit à cet effet une machine à écraser les pierres. Pour tenter de consolider la structure, toutes les pierres ont été armées avec des agrafes en fer.
Soufflot a composé son église en puisant dans différents registres :
gothique : par la structure, constituée d'une nef voûtée, contrebutée par des arcs-boutants au-dessus des bas-côtés. Soufflot connaissait l'architecture gothique pour avoir écrit un mémoire sur le sujet en 1747,
byzantin : avec l'usage des coupoles en couvrement,
classique : la coupole à tambour, avec son péristyle extérieur, est une référence au tempietto de Bramante,
mais surtout Gréco-Romain : péristyle à six colonnes à entrecolonnement régulier et à fronton triangulaire (unique à l'époque), colonnes corinthiennes portant un entablement – alors que l'usage à l'époque était les piliers carrés portant des arcades
En raison de ces différents styles, l'église Sainte-Geneviève sera considérée par Pierre Lavedan et Louis Hautecœur comme le premier édifice éclectique. Il est cependant généralement classé comme néo-classique, d'abord pour la période de sa construction, puis par le vocabulaire de l'architecture classique (colonnes, entablement, fronton, etc.) utilisé dans une volonté de retour à la simplicité antique en réaction au style baroque de la période précédente (la façade ne comporte qu'un seul ordre comme les temples grecs, et non des ordres superposés comme Saint-Louis des Invalides, les colonnes du péristyle d'entrée ont un entrecolonnement régulier comme les temples antiques, alors que l'usage classique était d'écarter davantage les colonnes centrales, le même ordre corinthien se retrouve à l'intérieur comme à l'extérieur, etc.)
D'un point de vue structurel, les quatre nefs servent à contrebuter les poussées latérales du dôme. Cependant, le recours à l'armature de la pierre est nécessaire, compte tenu des poussées à contenir. Le portail contient une structure métallique invisible. Il s'agit véritablement de pierre armée et non pas simplement chaînée comme il était souvent pratiqué à l'époque, la disposition des armatures étant déjà celle d'une poutre en béton armé11. Cependant cette technique de construction nécessite un entretien régulier, pour éviter que l'humidité n'entre dans la maçonnerie et ne fasse rouiller le fer des armatures qui risqueraient de faire éclater la pierre.
Dès 1764, ce projet audacieux est l'objet de protestations de la part du clergé catholique qui s'élève contre la construction d'une église dont le plan au sol ne serait pas celui d'une croix latine. Soufflot doit donc revoir son plan. Il allonge d'une travée le bras du chœur (branche est), ce qui permet de créer une abside flanquée de deux tours abritant des chapelles au rez-de-chaussée et des clochers en élévation. À l'opposé, il allonge également le bras de la branche ouest en la dotant, à la manière des temples grecs de l'Antiquité, d'une sorte de pronaos, c'est-à-dire d'un portique qui précède le sanctuaire.
Il s'agissait d'abord de trouver de l'argent pour réaliser ce projet. On majora le prix des trois loteries mensuelles, leur coût passant de 20 sols à 24, ce qui rapporta 400 000 livres.
Ensuite, il fallait trouver un terrain. On décida de le prendre sur la partie ouest du jardin de l'abbaye Sainte-Geneviève. Les travaux commencèrent en 1758. L'argent récolté ne permit de réaliser que les fondations, car le terrain était miné par les galeries qu'avaient forées, seize siècles plus tôt, les potiers gallo-romains pour extraire l'argile. On dénombra au moins sept puits de 25 mètres de profondeur, et une centaine d'autres, moins profonds.
Enfin, le 6 septembre 1764, Louis XV vint poser la première pierre. On avait édifié pour l'occasion une reproduction du futur édifice, un trompe-l'œil grandeur nature, de toile et de charpente, représentant le futur portail de l'église.
La construction avança malgré tout avec régularité : en 1769, les murs étaient élevés et en 1776, les voûtes terminées et décintrées.
Mais le projet fut très contesté. Bien que cette idée fît école, il fut attaqué par de nombreux détracteurs. L'audace du projet, mais aussi, il est vrai, des tassements dans les maçonneries dus à une mauvaise exécution, alimentèrent libelles et mémoires explicatifs. La polémique fut très vive et c'est désespéré que Soufflot mourut le 29 août 1780 avant que le projet ne fût terminé. Les critiques principales tendaient à établir que les quatre groupes de trois colonnes destinées à soutenir les trois coupoles, imaginées par l'architecte, manquaient de solidité et que l'édifice allait s'écrouler.
La plupart des pierres viennent des carrières du Bassin parisien. Les parties inférieures, jusqu’à neuf pieds de hauteur, viennent des carrières d'Arcueil et sont constituées de banc franc réputé comme le cliquart pour sa finesse et la dureté de son grain. De la carrière de Conflans-Sainte-Honorine, au confluent de la Seine et de l'Oise, on a extrait deux beaux blocs dits de banc royal qui ont été employés pour les angles du fronton. Du banc supérieur au banc royal, on trouve des pierres d'une dureté et d'une finesse un peu inférieure, dont on a extrait les blocs qui ont servi aux chapiteaux des colonnes corinthiennes.
La suite des travaux fut confiée à deux collaborateurs de Soufflot, les architectes Rondelet et Brébion aidés d'un parent de Soufflot, Soufflot dit le Romain.
Pour la structure, leur principal apport fut de substituer de massifs piliers aux colonnes imaginées par Soufflot pour soutenir le dôme. Pour tracer les fuseaux verticaux contenant les caissons du dôme, Rondelet s'est servi d'une méthode simple : accrochant un fil à plomb au sommet, il se servit de l'ombre portée directement sur la voûte déjà réalisée pour les matérialiser.
Ils assurèrent également le suivi du chantier. On trouvera sur le site italien Vita e opere de nombreuses gravures sur la construction de l'église Sainte-Geneviève, plans de coupe du bâtiment, croquis de machines de chantier pour tester la solidité de la pierre et pour le renforcement de la pierre par des armatures de métal.
Le sculpteur Guillaume II Coustou réalisa le fronton.
Le 4 avril 1791, l'Assemblée constituante transforme l'église Sainte-Geneviève en « Panthéon des grands hommes ». Elle charge Quatremère de Quincy d'adapter les lieux à cette nouvelle fonction.
Les choix de l'architecte modifient l'idée initiale de Soufflot : il change l'apparence extérieure en supprimant le lanterneau et les clochers, devenus inutiles. Intérieurement, il obture 38 des 42 fenêtres, modifiant ainsi profondément la circulation de la lumière à l'intérieur du bâtiment. Alors que le projet initial était de faire entrer le plus de lumière possible, l'obturation des ouvertures plonge maintenant la base du lieu dans une semi-pénombre. Elle accentue la lumière zénithale issue de l'oculus de la coupole à caissons, comme c'est le cas pour l'austère Panthéon de Rome.
La suppression de ces fenêtres perturbe la ventilation du bâtiment ; elle accroît en particulier le taux d'humidité et se trouve à l'origine, au XXe siècle, de fissures et d'érosion des structures métalliques.
Au milieu du bouillonnement des idées de la Révolution française, concernant le Panthéon, il faut retenir l'idée de Charles De Wailly, finalement non réalisée, qui aurait consisté à modifier l'édifice pour le mettre au goût de l'époque et lui donner le caractère de solidité qui semblait lui manquer.
En 1744, alors qu'il se trouve à Metz souffrant d’une grave maladie, Louis XV fait le vœu, s’il survit, de faire ériger une église dédiée à sainte Geneviève. Rétabli, et de retour à Paris, il charge le marquis de Marigny, directeur général des bâtiments, d'édifier le monument en lieu et place de l’ancienne abbaye Sainte-Geneviève, alors en ruine. Plusieurs architectes dont Laurent Destouches conçoivent les plans d'un nouvel édifice. Mais, en 1755, le marquis de Marigny confie la responsabilité des plans à l’architecte Jacques-Germain Soufflot, qui avait envoyé de Rome, un projet adopté par acclamation.
Le chantier commence en 1757 et l'abbé de Sainte-Geneviève bénit le terrain le 1er août 1758. Dès lors on commence à creuser les fondations.
Louis XV pose la première pierre le 6 septembre 1764, devant une grandiose préfiguration : le futur portail y figure, peint et représenté grandeur nature, comme un décor en toile tendu sur une charpente ; l'œuvre est due aux peintres Pierre-Antoine Demachy et Callet. Le souverain est accompagné du dauphin, de l'abbé de Sainte-Geneviève, du marquis de Marigny, directeur général des Bâtiments du roi, ainsi que de l'architecte Soufflot, qui lui présente son projet. Une médaille commémorative de la cérémonie est gravée par Pierre-Simon-Benjamin Duvivier et Charles Norbert Roëttiers. Elle porte au droit l'effigie du roi et au revers l'élévation initialement prévue. Un exemplaire en or de cette médaille, offert par le roi à Jean-Baptiste de Puisieux, collaborateur de Soufflot, est conservé au musée Carnavalet. Un célèbre tableau de Demachy représentant la cérémonie, présenté au Salon de 1765, et un grand dessin préparatoire à la plume et au lavis de bistre pour la composition de Soufflot sont également conservés au musée Carnavalet.
Cependant, des critiques s’élèvent bientôt, dès 1770, au sujet du dôme dont on prédit, notamment l’architecte Pierre Patte, que les bases ne suffiront pas à le porter et que, faute de remplacer les colonnes de soutènement par des piliers pleins et massifs, l’édifice est voué à l'effondrement. Bientôt l’idée est fermement ancrée chez beaucoup de Parisiens qui s’imaginent l’ouvrage destiné à s’écrouler à plus ou moins long terme. Mercier, par exemple, se fait l’écho de cette rumeur dans son Tableau de Paris :
« Le dôme ou la coupole de l'église de Sainte-Geneviève s’écroulera-t-il sur nos têtes ? Ou bien bravera-t-il, sur une base inébranlable, les clameurs et les alarmes de M. Patte ? Il a annoncé le danger, n’est-il qu’imaginaire ? S’il arrivait, il ne nous resterait donc que la majestueuse façade de ce monument ; morceau qui mérite les plus grands éloges.».
La construction prend du retard à cause de difficultés financières dues à la guerre et à la mort de Soufflot en 1780. L'édifice n'est achevé qu'en 1790, par les associés de Soufflot, Jean-Baptiste Rondelet et Maximilien Brébion. Ils dénaturent cependant le projet en le privant de la partie audacieuse et originale qui le caractérisait. C'est la Révolution, qui entrainera la laïcisation du monument et une épuration de l'architecture : suppression des deux clochers prévus initialement, obturation des trente-neuf fenêtres de la nef, anéantissant définitivement l'esthétique lumineuse du temple, voulue par Soufflot.
C'est à la mort de Mirabeau, le 2 avril 1791, que l'on songe à réunir les tombes des grands hommes de France dans un endroit qui leur soit dédié, à l'image de l'abbaye de Westminster en Angleterre ou de l'église Saint-Étienne-du-Mont dans le passé en France.
La proposition d’Emmanuel Pastoret d'utiliser pour cela l'édifice qui vient d'être achevé et n'est pas encore consacré comme église, plutôt que la rotonde de la Villette et le Champ-de-Mars, est retenue par l’Assemblée nationale. Cette dernière décide, par un décret du 4 avril 1791, que le bâtiment servira de nécropole aux personnalités exceptionnelles qui contribuent à la grandeur de la France.
Le discours d'Emmanuel Pastoret, procureur syndic du département de Paris, provoque l'acclamation de l'Assemblée entraînée par Robespierre et Barnave :
« Messieurs, Le Directoire du département propose à l'Assemblée nationale de décréter : Que le nouvel édifice Sainte-Geneviève soit destiné à recevoir les cendres des grands hommes, à dater de l'époque de notre liberté ; Que l'Assemblée nationale puisse seule juger à quels hommes cet honneur sera décerné ; Que Honoré-Riquetti Mirabeau en est jugé digne ; Que les exceptions qui pourront avoir lieu pour quelques grands hommes, morts avant la Révolution, tels que Descartes, Voltaire, Rousseau, ne puissent être faites que par l'Assemblée nationale ; Que le Directoire du département de Paris soit chargé de mettre promptement l'édifice Sainte-Geneviève en état de remplir sa nouvelle destination, et fasse graver au-dessus du fronton ces mots : Aux grands hommes la patrie reconnaissante. »
Entre 1791 et 1793, le bâtiment est par conséquent profondément modifié par Quatremère de Quincy, qui lui donne son apparence actuelle afin qu'il devienne un « panthéon », c'est-à-dire un monument laïc consacré à la mémoire des grands hommes de la nation.
Entre 1796 et 1801, un chantier de consolidation du monument voit se succéder de nombreuses expertises, de projets et de controverses entre des architectes, tels que Antoine-Marie Peyre, Viel, Charles de Wailly, Jean-François Chalgrin, Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart, Louis-François Petit-Radel, Léon Vaudoyer et des ingénieurs et mathématiciens, tels que Pierre-Simon de Laplace, Charles Bossut, Gaspard de Prony), dont triomphe pourtant, Jean-Baptiste Rondelet.
Sous le Premier Empire, par le décret du 20 février 1806, le bâtiment prend le nom d'église Sainte-Geneviève ; c'est à la fois le lieu d’inhumation des grands hommes de la patrie et un lieu de culte. La crypte reçoit donc le cercueil de grands serviteurs de l'État, tandis que dans la partie supérieure se déroulent des cérémonies religieuses notamment liées aux commémorations impériales.
Au début de la Restauration, le Panthéon reste un lieu d'inhumation pour les grands hommes. L'ordonnance royale du 12 avril 1816 rend l'église Sainte-Geneviève au culte catholique, prévoyant la « suppression de tous les ornements et emblèmes étrangers au culte catholique ». En 1819, les lettres de bronze formant l'inscription du fronton sont enlevées, mais le texte reste lisible. C'est seulement en 1823 (pour le fronton) et en 1826 que les traces de l'ancienne fonction du Panthéon disparaissent finalement. En décembre 1821, les tombes de Voltaire et de Rousseau avaient été déplacées pour ne plus être visibles du grand public tout en restant dans l'édifice : alors que ses courtisans demandaient à Louis XVIII s'il était bien convenable de laisser la dépouille de l'anticlérical Voltaire dans un lieu rendu à sa fonction d'église, le roi répondit : « Laissez-le donc, il est bien assez puni d'avoir à entendre la messe tous les jours »
À son tour, la monarchie de Juillet retire l'église Sainte-Geneviève au culte catholique et lui rend sa destination de panthéon qui est appelé alors « le Temple de la Gloire ». David d'Angers refait le fronton et la célèbre devise « Aux grands hommes, la patrie reconnaissante » réapparaît. Pourtant, durant cette période personne ne sera panthéonisé. De 1848 à 1851, sous la Deuxième République, il est « Temple de l'Humanité », sans succès non plus pour d'éventuels nouveaux locataires.
Sous le Second Empire (1851-1870), l’édifice redevient une église et l’inscription disparaît à nouveau. Le décret du 6 novembre 1851 n'abroge pas l'ordonnance de Louis-Philippe maintenant le caractère de sépulture nationale voulue par la Révolution. La cérémonie de reprise du culte a lieu le 3 janvier 1852.
Un second décret, du 22 mars 1852, fixe les conditions d'exercice du culte. Ne s'agissant pas d'une paroisse ni de l'église d'une congrégation, l'État prévoit les modalités d'exercice suivantes : « Une communauté de prêtres est établie pour desservir l'église Sainte-Geneviève de Paris. Cette communauté est composée de six membres qui prennent le titre de chapelains de Sainte-Geneviève, et d'un doyen. Les chapelains de Sainte-Geneviève sont institués aux fins de se former à la prédication et de prier Dieu pour la France et pour les morts qui auront été inhumés dans les caveaux de l'église »
Dès l'affermissement de la Troisième République un débat s'engage sur la possibilité de rendre à l'église sainte-Geneviève son statut de panthéon. le 19 juillet 1881, le rapporteur Benjamin Raspail présente un projet de loi intitulé : Proposition de loi relative au chapitre métropolitain des chapelains de sainte-Geneviève et au Panthéon. Après discussion 3 articles sont adoptés :
Article 1 : Le décret loi de l’Assemblée nationale, en date des 4-10 avril 1791, est rétabli en ce qui concerne la consécration de l'église Sainte-Geneviève, à la mémoire des grand citoyens. Cet édifice reprendra la dénomination de Panthéon. L'inscription : « Aux grands hommes la patrie reconnaissante ! » sera maintenue sur son fronton.
Article 2 : La communauté de prêtres, portant le titre de chapelains de Sainte-Geneviève, avec doyen, est supprimée.
Article 3 : Le décret du 20 février 1806, l'ordonnance du 12 décembre 1821, les décrets du 6 décembre 1851, 22 mars 1852 et 22 mai 1862 sont abrogés.
En 1885, à l'occasion du décès de Victor Hugo et de son inhumation au Panthéon cette loi est mise en application. Désormais le bâtiment est bien le lieu de repos des grands hommes honorés par la République
Design Methods was a book authored in the 1960's by J. Christopher Jones. the book is a tour de force of rigorous methods to decide "what to make" and not just "how to make". it outlines a process including analysis and synthesis, and frankly, sound a lot like what the I.D. is teaching now... but only 40 years after this book was published.
the book is certainly dated but i am shocked to consider how far Design would have come as a discipline if designers would have actually used Jones' methods. by the latest edition here:
www.amazon.com/gp/product/0471284963/sr=1-1/qid=115677728...
best way breaking up with a married man proven method to mending a broken heart Ex Girlfriend Pi ==>
"Dorothy Ann & Pathfinder" dwarf the little skifff while preparing to dock ahead of the "Edward L. Ryerson" with a load of Limestone on the Black River in Lorain, OH.
Tour the Greene King Brewery and Taste the Beer!
Greene King has been brewing on site for over 200 years. See how real beer is produced using natural ingredients and traditional brewing methods. A tour around the historic working brewhouse includes the best view of Bury St Edmunds from the roof (weather permitting). Start at the museum, tour the brewery and then finish off with a tasting of different beers at the Greene King Brewery Tap.
Greene King's Westgate brewery is in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. It was established in 1799 by Benjamin Greene, the great-grandfather of the brothers Graham, Hugh and Raymond who have all gone on to become noteworthy in their respective fields of literature, television and mountaineering. There is a visitor centre next to the brewery, and tours can be arranged. The company also owns pubs and hotels including the Hungry Horse pub chain. Greene King dominates the pub scene in many parts of East Anglia with a large number of both urban and rural establishments. It also has a stand named after it at Ipswich Town's football ground, Portman Road. The company has won awards for its pubs in recent years, and Greene King IPA won the Gold award at the 2004 Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) Great British Beer Festival in the Bitter category and runner-up in the Champion Beer Of Britain category.
First Nations people taught the early British and European settlers their methods for making maple syrup from the sap of the sugar maple tree – one of nature’s golden sweeteners – which can only be found in southeastern Canada and northeastern USA. Through the years, harvesting the maple crop has become a big business. The sap needs frosty nights (approximately -3°C) followed by warm sunny days (approximately 3°C to 5°C) in order to flow. Farmers collect sap by drilling a hole in the tree trunk and attaching a spile to direct the sap into a bucket or tubing system. Some sap is still collected in pails and carried to the sugar house in tanks on sleighs and wagons. Other maple syrup producers use plastic tubing and a vacuum pump to bring the sap from the trees to a storage tank near the sugar house.A sugar maple tree must be about 40 years old before it is large enough to tap for syrup production and can yield a total of 30-40 gallons in a season. To produce maple syrup, you need 40 gallons (135-180 litres) of sap boiled down to make 1 gallon (4.5 litres) of syrup. The syrup can be boiled down further to make maple sugar, maple butter and maple taffy. Although a significant outlay of time and effort is required to harvest a crop with a relatively small output, maple syrup and maple sugar are important agricultural products in Quebec where 80% of the world’s supply is produced. It's a seasonal ritual in Québec. As soon as the moon is right, or the wind from the southwest blows a certain way, the maple syrup producers head into the sugar bush and begin tapping their trees. The buckets fill with a sweetish, watery liquid that will be boiled down to make the delicately flavoured syrup everyone loves on pancakes.Don't for a moment think that maple syrup is just for breakfast. The Amerindians used it to cook venison; later, the French pioneers added it to all kinds of dishes they cooked up on wood fires. Today, the whole family gathers in late March and early April at the sugar shack, where groaning tables are laden with the traditional "cabane à sucre" foods: pea soup, baked beans, maple-cured ham, "oreilles de crisse" (fried strips of salt pork), omelettes, and maple-sweetened desserts like sugar pie, crepes and "grands-pères" (dumplings poached in maple syrup). Then everyone goes outside for the traditional hot maple taffy, served on a bed of fresh snow and scooped up with wooden sticks.Sugaring off time is the perfect occasion for a sleigh ride, a tromp through the woods or a stop at one of Québec's famous maple festivals, like the one at Saint-Georges, in the Beauce (Chaudière-Appalaches).
This is one of my first tries at the Brenizer method. I'd taken a few other sets, but due to moving people or not enough photos, they weren't as comprehensive as they could be.
This is a crop of a composite of 72 shots, however there is still a erranous section in the top left.
Still, this is getting close to what I'm working towards. I'd like to try it on a nifty fifty.
My bday is coming up soonish ;)