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IMAGE INFO
- Viewpoint is looking due west during the afternoon with heavy overcast skies, from The Nobbies Blowhole lookout platform (next to the main Nobbies carpark).
- Wiki link:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Island
- The Nobbies link:
www.phillip-island-balcony.com/The-Nobbies.html
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SOURCE INFO
- Original image was captured using a hand-held SEAGULL DF-300 SLR camera (an authorized Chinese clone of the Minolta X-300 / X-370) loaded with KODAK GOLD 200 color film & fitted with a SIGMA 28-200mm f3.5-5.6 Compact SLR Aspherical Hyperzoom Macro lens.
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PROCESS INFO
- Digitized using a Canon Canoscan 8800F scanner.
- Image sharpness improved & film grain & noise significantly reduced using Topaz Gigapixel AI at maximum settings (which causes a slight but not displeasing "painted-oil-on-canvas" effect at 100% zoom). - Image colour density, vibrance & contrast restored using Luminar AI.
- Final fine editing using Adobe Photoshop CS (Windows).
- Image size = 6862x4555px [31.2MP] Best viewed LARGE.
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POSTSCRIPT
- Overall I'm very happy with the result, given I had almost written-off the original negative (it looked very "muddy", scratched, faded & underexposed with some areas of emulsion damage).
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Made for LeLUTKA Kris Head 4.0 EvoX
This shape fits the bodies:
- [LEGACY] Meshbody (m) Athletic Edition (1.6)
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- [ INITHIUM ] KARIO
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This M&S peplum skirt fits exactly where it touches - which is everywhere, except for the little flare around the hem. Otherwise, a judicious tuck is most definitely required, lest a bit too much of the model is revealed!
Is there anything more autumnal than a savannah sparrow eating dried-up goldenrod seeds? Let me answer that for you: no.
I also lost 15 minutes of my life looking up whether or not "autumnalty" is a real word (it isn't), which lead down a wikipedia rabbit hole in which I discovered that the word "autumn" itself is possible derived from the lost language of the Etruscan people. Learning is fun! I want to shove myself into a locker so bad right now
DSC_0320GPPcaWhtBalAtoShpn100
I recommend clicking on the expansion arrows icon (top right corner) to go into the Lightbox for maximum effect.
Don't use or reproduce this image on Websites/Blog or any other media without my explicit permission.
© All Rights Reserved - Jim Goodyear 2014.
Made for LeLUTKA Eon Head 3.1 EvoX
This shape fits the bodies:
- [LEGACY] Meshbody (m) Athletic Edition (1.6)
- -Belleza- Mesh Body Jake
- [ INITHIUM ] KARIO
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CLOTHING STYLE IS NOT INCLUDED
Maximum Eclipse --- Pentax K 5 + Meade Focal Reducer f/6.3 + C 11 Celestron 2800mm + Solar Filter , Mounted On Losmandy G 11 ---
Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg, Deutschland.
Konstanz es una ciudad alemana del estado federado de Baden-Wurtemberg ubicada en la orilla sur del lago de Constanza (Bodensee en alemán) y fronteriza con Suiza. Es la ciudad más grande y de mayor densidad poblacional de este gran lago, el más extenso de Alemania, alimentado por el río Rin y que comparte con dos países más: Suiza y Austria. La ciudad de Constanza forma un solo casco urbano real junto con la localidad suiza de Kreuzlingen, sobrepasando entre ambas los 100.000 habitantes.
Hay un puente que divide la ciudad en dos zonas, bajo el cual el Rin alimenta el lago de Constanza.
A pesar de ser una ciudad pequeña, su climatología la convierte en destino turístico e incrementa notablemente sus habitantes estacionales.
El casco antiguo y, por lo tanto, lugar de máximo interés de la ciudad se encuentra en la orilla sur del Rin, donde sólo existe esta porción de tierra alemana rodeada por territorio suizo. Desde el mismo puente sobre el Rin (Rheinbrücke) que accede al casco antiguo desde el norte de la ciudad, se observan dos de los monumentos más característicos de la ciudad: las torres de Pulverturm y Rheintorturm, de origen medieval.
Más hacia el centro de la ciudad antigua destacan las plazas más importantes, la Markstätte y la Münsterplatz, donde, como indica su nombre, se halla la catedral de Nuestra Señora. Dentro de la misma es destacable la cripta románica primigenia, construida entre los años 1052 y 1089 y situada bajo el altar actual. En los meses de verano, la torre de 76 metros del edificio está abierta al público y permite unas espléndidas vistas del lago. Como cabe esperar en todo edificio europeo de estas características, el edificio románico original tiene importantes elementos y modificaciones góticas y barrocas posteriores.
También en la Münsterplatz se encuentran los restos de una fortaleza romana, los cuales son perfectamente visibles por medio de una pirámide acristalada en el suelo de la plaza, a los pies mismos de la catedral.
La puerta "Schnetztor" desde el interior de la muralla de Constanza.
Numerosas calles del centro histórico de la ciudad, como la Wessenbergstrasse o la Rosgartenstrasse, poseen gran cantidad de edificios medievales con bonitos balcones y pinturas en las que se puede leer la fecha de su construcción, nombre o gremio. Muchas de ellas son anteriores al siglo XV y entre las posteriores destacan también interesantes edificios barrocos.
La Wessenbergstrasse, una de las arterias principales del casco antiguo de la ciudad, desemboca en la Hussenstrasse y esta a su vez en la torre Schnetztor, puerta principal de la muralla antigua de la ciudad, parte de la cual todavía se conserva, y salida directa hacia la ciudad de Kreuzlingen, ya en Suiza, pero completamente integrada con Constanza, con la que forma un mismo núcleo urbano.
Konstanz is a German city in the federal state of Baden-Württemberg located on the southern shore of Lake Constance (Bodensee in German) and bordering Switzerland. It is the largest and most densely populated city of this great lake, the largest in Germany, fed by the Rhine River and shared with two other countries: Switzerland and Austria. The city of Constanza forms a single real urban area together with the Swiss town of Kreuzlingen, surpassing both 100,000 inhabitants.
There is a bridge that divides the city into two zones, under which the Rhine feeds Lake Constance.
In spite of being a small city, its climatology turns it into a tourist destination and it increases remarkably its seasonal inhabitants.
The old town and, therefore, place of maximum interest of the city is on the southern bank of the Rhine, where only this portion of German land surrounded by Swiss territory exists. From the same bridge over the Rhine (Rheinbrücke) that accesses the old town from the north of the city, there are two of the most characteristic monuments of the city: the Pulverturm and Rheintorturm towers, of medieval origin.
More towards the center of the old city, the most important squares stand out, the Markstätte and the Münsterplatz, where, as its name indicates, there is the Cathedral of Our Lady. Inside it is remarkable the original Romanesque crypt, built between 1052 and 1089 and located under the current altar. In the summer months, the 76-meter tower of the building is open to the public and allows a splendid view of the lake. As expected in any European building of these characteristics, the original Romanesque building has important elements and subsequent Gothic and Baroque modifications.
Also on the Münsterplatz are the remains of a Roman fortress, which are perfectly visible by means of a glass pyramid on the floor of the square, at the very foot of the cathedral.
The "Schnetztor" door from inside the wall of Constance.
Numerous streets in the historic center of the city, such as the Wessenbergstrasse or the Rosgartenstrasse, have a large number of medieval buildings with beautiful balconies and paintings in which you can read the date of its construction, name or guild. Many of them date from before the 15th century and interesting baroque buildings also stand out among the later ones.
The Wessenbergstrasse, one of the main arteries of the old part of the city, flows into the Hussenstrasse and this in turn into the Schnetztor tower, the main gate of the old city wall, part of which is still preserved, and direct exit towards the city of Kreuzlingen, already in Switzerland, but completely integrated with Constance, with which it forms the same urban nucleus.
9345 PhotosMACasablanca 20091230 S 566 Casablan_48
The Hassan II Mosque (Arabic: مسجد الحسن الثاني, French: Grande Mosquée Hassan II) Casablanca, Morocco. 9345 PhotosMACasablanca 20091230 S 566 Casablan_48
The mosque is located at Bd Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah in Casablanca.
The Hassan II Mosque (Arabic: مسجد الحسن الثاني, French: Grande Mosquée Hassan II) is a mosque in Casablanca, Morocco. It is the second largest functioning mosque in Africa and is the 7th largest in the world.[citation needed] Its minaret is the world's second tallest minaret at 210 metres (689 ft). Completed in 1993, it was designed by Michel Pinseau under the guidance of King Hassan II and built by Moroccan artisans from all over the kingdom. The minaret is 60 stories high topped by a laser, the light from which is directed towards Mecca.[4] The mosque stands on a promontory looking out to the Atlantic Ocean; worshippers can pray over the sea but there is no glass floor looking into the sea. The walls are of hand-crafted marble and the roof is retractable. A maximum of 105,000 worshippers can gather together for prayer: 25,000 inside the mosque hall and another 80,000 on the mosque's outside ground.
Went to spain - and all I had with me were those 3 Sandtroopers. What a pitty... Inspired by some iconic sandtrooper-beach shots from smokebelch (too stupid to give a link but I think you know his great stream)...
Just a few more to tide us over, as Daisy and I are not likely to get out much this weekend. What's left of hurricane Ian is rolling through and likely to wander around a bit, so the weekend will be a wet mess. Oh well, there's always next weekend! 😊💗
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I love how ridiculously overloaded these boats get. Whether it's shipping across a river, a short ferry ride, or even a long distance bus, they all seem to get loaded to the max. Let no space go to waste. It's pretty crazy sometimes - like, is everything tied down well? If just one little thing slid a bit, would everything else come crashing into the water?
If you look at the main boat in the center, you can even see a guy relaxing, laying down underneath all those wicker goods! Meanwhile, one of the other boats even has motorcycles on the roof! Like, there wasn't enough space elsewhere to put them, so they just loaded them into the roof of a boat. I guess those motorcycles are on the lighter side, because I can only imagine what it's like to load and unlock them.
Blogged: www.aisleseatplease.com/blog/2016/10/21/maximum-utilization
Narayanganj, Bangladesh, 2011.
A worker pouring molten iron in the dice in a steel re-rolling mill in Narayanganj, Bangladesh.
Imperial County, California - The Salton Sea
Best seen LARGE
The Salton Sea is an inland saline lake, located in the Colorado Desert in Southern California, north of the Imperial Valley. The lake covers a surface area of approximately 376 square miles (974 km²), making it the largest lake in California. It varies in dimensions and area due to changes in agricultural runoff and rain. It averages 15 by 35 miles (24 by 56 km). Its maximum depth is 51 feet and its total volume is about 7.5 million acre-feet (9.3 km³). Sea inflow averages 1.36 million acre-feet per year (53 m³/s). You can find more information HERE.
The Val d’Orcia (in English: "Valley of the Orcia") towards the volcanic mountain of Monte Amiata, seen from the elevated town of Pienza, Province of Siena, Tuscany, Italy
Some background information:
Monte Amiata (in English: "Mount Amiata") is the largest of the lava domes in the Amiata lava dome complex located in the southern Tuscany region of Italy. The volcanic mountain is standing at 1,738 metres (5,702 feet) above sea level. Its trachytic lava flow, 5 km (3.1 miles) long and 4 km (2.5 miles) wide, extends to the east. Radiometric dates indicate that the Amiata complex had a major eruptive episode about 300,000 years ago.
For the last time Monte Amiata erupted about 180,000 years ago. During the Holocene no eruptive activity has occurred, but thermal activity including cinnabar mineralization continues at a geothermal field near the town of Bagnore, at the southwestern end of the dome complex. Geysers and hot springs in this area are used for geothermal energy generation and there’s even a geothermal power plant in the town of Piancastagnaio.
The main economical resources of the Amiata region are chestnuts, timber and increasingly also tourism (with ski resorts including the peak area). The lower areas are characterized by olive trees and vines. Other vegetation include beech and fir. In ancient times cinnabar was extracted there.
The Val d'Orcia, or Valdorcia, is a region of Tuscany, central Italy, which extends from the hills south of Siena to Monte Amiata. Its endless gentle, cultivated rolling hills, which are covered with grain or sunflowers in the summer and vineyards, olive groves, cypresses, beech or chestnut trees all year round alternate with medieval habitations, rural villas and castles boasting impervious towers – all of which is diffused in a tranquilly-isolated nature. This is the scenario that is laid out before the eyes of the visitor to Val d’Orcia.
In 2004, the Val d'Orcia was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. According to UNESCO the valley is an exceptional exemplar of the way in which a natural setting was redesigned during the Renaissance (in the 14th and 15th centuries), reflecting the ideals of good governance in the Italian city-state. Additionally, these splendid localities were celebrated by the painters of the Sienese School, which flourished between the 13th and 15th centuries.
The Val d‘Orcia is often described as the perfect combination of nature and culture, but it is also an ecosystem which bears witness oft he rural population that has cultivated and farmed the ground since the Middle Ages. However, also five-million years of geological history have left their mark on this territory that, today, is abundant in plant and animal species. Even the deposits of lava from volcanoes no longer active – such as Mounts Radicofani and Amiata – have contributed to the delineations and details of the area; the lava, hardened, gave form to those dark stones known as trachytes.
The valley is not only traversed by the river Orcia, but also by the rivers Asso, Formone, Vellora and Vivo. Furthermore the historic road Via Francigena and the Roman road Via Cassia pass through valley that covers and area of altogether 61,188 hectare (151,200 acres). Occasionally the landscape is broken by gullies and picturesque towns and villages such as Montalcino, San Quirico, Pienza, Castiglione and Radicofani. In the northwest the Val d’Orcia borders the Crete Senesi landscape while in the northeast it is flanked by the Val di Chiania.
Until 1250, the Val d’Orcia was under the rule of the noble family Aldobrandeschi, but subsequently noble families of the nearby town of Siena took control of the valley. They were attracted by the continuous transit of men and commerce along the fundamental pathways Via Francigena and Via Cassia. The most notable of these families was the family Piccolomini, which also provided several popes, among them the famous Pius II. It was him who commissioned to transform the little village of Corsignano into the town of Pienza and hence into a place which he thought is the "ideal town". However, after the mid-1500s, Val d’Orcia became a valuable part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and thereby of the Florentine orbit – solely for its agricultural aspect. Thus, it was the family Medici that improved the valley’s infrastructure in the years that followed.
Within the Val d'Orcia is a strip of land following the Orcia river that is used as a wine-growing area between the DOCG zones of Brunello di Montalcino and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano. Here the Sangiovese and Trebbiano-based wines are produced under the Orcia Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) status. The DOC red wine is composed of at least 60 percent Sangiovese with other local varieties, such as Abrusco, permitted to fill in the remainder of the blend. The dry white wine and Vin Santo style DOC wines are composed of at least 50 percent Trebbiano with other local varieties filling out the rest of the blend. All grapes destined for DOC wine production are limited to a maximum harvest yield of 10 tonnes/hectare with the finished wines required to have a minimum alcohol level of at least 12 percent.
But the region is also very rich in other high quality local products such as the "Pecorino" cheese of Pienza (a typical cheese made with sheep's milk), the genuine olive oil, saffron, mushrooms, (including truffles), sweet chestnuts, honey and a lot of other specialties.
After a windy and rainy day, we had some moments of calm.
However Eduard got wet anyway because he was jumping quite close to the fall
Mini Cooper S (R56) by AC Schnitzer. Photomatix HDR made with a circular polarizer, postprocessed with The Gimp.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions. With a total area of about 106,400,000 square kilometres (41,100,000 sq mi),[1] it covers approximately 20% of the Earth's surface and about 26% of its water surface area. The first part of its name refers to Atlas of Greek mythology, making the Atlantic the "Sea of Atlas".
The oldest known mention of "Atlantic" is in The Histories of Herodotus around 450 BC (Hdt. 1.202.4): Atlantis thalassa (Greek: Ἀτλαντὶς θάλασσα; English: Sea of Atlas); see also: Atlas Mountains. The term Ethiopic Ocean, derived from Ethiopia, was applied to the southern Atlantic ocean as late as the mid-19th century.[2] Before Europeans discovered other oceans, the term "ocean" itself was synonymous with the waters beyond the Strait of Gibraltar that we now know as the Atlantic. The early Greeks believed this ocean to be a gigantic river encircling the world.
The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. As one component of the interconnected global ocean, it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean (which is sometimes considered a sea of the Atlantic), to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and the Southern Ocean in the south. (Other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica.) The equator subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean.
Geography
The Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea. To the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe; the Strait of Gibraltar (where it connects with the Mediterranean Sea–one of its marginal seas–and, in turn, the Black Sea, both of which also touch upon Asia) and Africa.
In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean. The 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border. Some authorities show it extending south to Antarctica, while others show it bounded at the 60° parallel by the Southern Ocean.[3]
In the southwest, the Drake Passage connects it to the Pacific Ocean. The man-made Panama Canal links the Atlantic and Pacific. Besides those mentioned, other large bodies of water adjacent to the Atlantic are the Caribbean Sea; the Gulf of Mexico; Hudson Bay; the Arctic Ocean; the Mediterranean Sea; the North Sea; the Baltic Sea and the Celtic Sea.
Covering approximately 22% of Earth's surface, the Atlantic is second in size to the Pacific. With its adjacent seas, it occupies an area of about 106,400,000 square kilometres (41,100,000 sq mi);[1] without them, it has an area of 82,400,000 square kilometres (31,800,000 sq mi). The land that drains into the Atlantic covers four times that of either the Pacific or Indian oceans. The volume of the Atlantic with its adjacent seas is 354,700,000 cubic kilometers (85,100,000 cu mi) and without them 323,600,000 cubic kilometres (77,640,000 cu mi).
The average depth of the Atlantic, with its adjacent seas, is 3,339 metres (1,826 fathoms; 10,950 ft); without them it is 3,926 metres (2,147 fathoms; 12,880 ft). The greatest depth, Milwaukee Deep with 8,380 metres (4,580 fathoms; 27,500 ft), is in the Puerto Rico Trench. The Atlantic's width varies from 1,538 nautical miles (2,848 km; 1,770 mi) between Brazil and Sierra Leone to over 3,450 nautical miles (6,400 km; 4,000 mi) in the south
Cultural significance
Transatlantic travel played a major role in the expansion of Western civilization into the Americas. It is the Atlantic that separates the "Old World" from the "New World". In modern times, some idioms refer to the ocean in a humorously diminutive way as the Pond, describing both the geographical and cultural divide between North America and Europe, in particular between the English-speaking nations of both continents. Many British people refer to the United States and Canada as "across the pond", and vice versa
Ocean bottom
The principal feature of the bathymetry (bottom topography) is a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[5] It extends from Iceland in the north to approximately 58° South latitude, reaching a maximum width of about 860 nautical miles (1,590 km; 990 mi). A great rift valley also extends along the ridge over most of its length. The depth of water at the apex of the ridge is less than 2,700 metres (1,500 fathoms; 8,900 ft) in most places, while the bottom of the ridge is three times as deep. Several peaks rise above the water and form islands.[6] The South Atlantic Ocean has an additional submarine ridge, the Walvis Ridge.[7]
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge separates the Atlantic Ocean into two large troughs with depths from 3,700–5,500 metres (2,000–3,000 fathoms; 12,000–18,000 ft). Transverse ridges running between the continents and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge divide the ocean floor into numerous basins. Some of the larger basins are the Blake, Guiana, North American, Cape Verde, and Canaries basins in the North Atlantic. The largest South Atlantic basins are the Angola, Cape, Argentina, and Brazil basins.
The deep ocean floor is thought to be fairly flat with occasional deeps, abyssal plains, trenches, seamounts, basins, plateaus, canyons, and some guyots. Various shelves along the margins of the continents constitute about 11% of the bottom topography with few deep channels cut across the continental rise.
Ocean floor trenches and seamounts:
•Puerto Rico Trench, in the North Atlantic, is the deepest trench at 8,605 metres (4,705 fathoms; 28,230 ft)[8]
•Laurentian Abyss is found off the eastern coast of Canada
•South Sandwich Trench reaches a depth of 8,428 metres (4,608 fathoms; 27,650 ft)
•Romanche Trench is located near the equator and reaches a depth of about 7,454 metres (4,076 fathoms; 24,460 ft).
Ocean sediments are composed of:
•Terrigenous deposits with land origins, consisting of sand, mud, and rock particles formed by erosion, weathering, and volcanic activity on land washed to sea. These materials are found mostly on the continental shelves and are thickest near large river mouths or off desert coasts.
•Pelagic deposits, which contain the remains of organisms that sink to the ocean floor, include red clays and Globigerina, pteropod, and siliceous oozes. Covering most of the ocean floor and ranging in thickness from 60–3,300 metres (33–1,800 fathoms; 200–11,000 ft) they are thickest in the convergence belts, notably at the Hamilton Ridge and in upwelling zones.
•Authigenic deposits consist of such materials as manganese nodules. They occur where sedimentation proceeds slowly or where currents sort the deposits, such as in the Hewett Curve.
Water characteristics
On average, the Atlantic is the saltiest major ocean; surface water salinity in the open ocean ranges from 33 to 37 parts per thousand (3.3 – 3.7%) by mass and varies with latitude and season. Evaporation, precipitation, river inflow and sea ice melting influence surface salinity values. Although the lowest salinity values are just north of the equator (because of heavy tropical rainfall), in general the lowest values are in the high latitudes and along coasts where large rivers enter. Maximum salinity values occur at about 25° north and south, in subtropical regions with low rainfall and high evaporation.
Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from below −2 °C (28 °F). Maximum temperatures occur north of the equator, and minimum values are found in the polar regions. In the middle latitudes, the area of maximum temperature variations, values may vary by 7–8 °C (12–15 °F).
The Atlantic Ocean consists of four major water masses. The North and South Atlantic central waters make up the surface. The sub-Antarctic intermediate water extends to depths of 1,000 metres (550 fathoms; 3,300 ft). The North Atlantic Deep Water reaches depths of as much as 4,000 metres (2,200 fathoms; 13,000 ft). The Antarctic Bottom Water occupies ocean basins at depths greater than 4,000 metres.
Within the North Atlantic, ocean currents isolate the Sargasso Sea, a large elongated body of water, with above average salinity. The Sargasso Sea contains large amounts of seaweed and is also the spawning ground for both the European eel and the American eel.
The Coriolis effect circulates North Atlantic water in a clockwise direction, whereas South Atlantic water circulates counter-clockwise. The south tides in the Atlantic Ocean are semi-diurnal; that is, two high tides occur during each 24 lunar hours. In latitudes above 40° North some east-west oscillation occurs.
Climate
Climate is influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water currents as well as winds. Because of the ocean's great capacity to store and release heat, maritime climates are more moderate and have less extreme seasonal variations than inland climates. Precipitation can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from water temperatures.
The oceans are the major source of the atmospheric moisture that is obtained through evaporation. Climatic zones vary with latitude; the warmest zones stretch across the Atlantic north of the equator. The coldest zones are in high latitudes, with the coldest regions corresponding to the areas covered by sea ice. Ocean currents influence climate by transporting warm and cold waters to other regions. The winds that are cooled or warmed when blowing over these currents influence adjacent land areas.
The Gulf Stream and its northern extension towards Europe, the North Atlantic Drift, for example, warms the atmosphere of the British Isles and north-western Europe and influences weather and climate as far south as the northern Mediterranean. The cold water currents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of eastern Canada (the Grand Banks of Newfoundland area) and Africa's north-western coast. In general, winds transport moisture and air over land areas. Hurricanes develop in the southern part of the North Atlantic Ocean. More local particular weather examples could be found in examples such as the; Azores High, Benguela Current, Nor'easter.
History
The Atlantic Ocean appears to be the second youngest of the five oceans. It did not exist prior to 130 million years ago, when the continents that formed from the breakup of the ancestral super continent Pangaea were drifting apart from seafloor spreading. The Atlantic has been extensively explored since the earliest settlements along its shores.
The Vikings, the Portuguese, and the Spaniards were the most famous among early explorers. After Columbus, European exploration rapidly accelerated, and many new trade routes were established.
As a result, the Atlantic became and remains the major artery between Europe and the Americas (known as transatlantic trade). Scientific explorations include the Challenger expedition, the German Meteor expedition, Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office.
Notable crossings
Ra II, a ship built from papyrus, was successfully sailed across the Atlantic by Thor Heyerdahl proving that it was possible to cross the Atlantic from Africa using such boats in early epochs of history.
•Around 980 – 982, Eric the Red discovered Greenland, geographically and geologically a part of the Americas.
•In 985 or 986, Bjarni Herjólfsson was the first European to sight the Americas. He did not go ashore, though.
•In the year 1000, the Icelander Leif Ericson was the first European to set foot on North American soil, corresponding to today's Eastern coast of Canada, i. e. the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, including the area of land named "Vinland" by Ericson. The Norse discovery was documented in the 13th century Icelandic Sagas and was corroborated by recent L'Anse aux Meadows archeological evidence.
•Around 1010, Thorfinnr Karlsefni led an attempted Viking settlement in North America with 160 settlers, but was later driven off by the natives. His son Snorri Thorfinnsson was the first American born (somewhere between 1010 and 1013) to European (Icelandic) immigrant parents.
•In 1419 and 1427, Portuguese navigators reached Madeira and Azores, respectively.
•From 1415 to 1488, Portuguese navigators sailed along the Western African coast, reaching the Cape of Good Hope.
•In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on the island of San Salvador in The Bahamas.
•In 1497, John Cabot landed at Bonavista Newfoundland and Labrador.
•In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil.
•In 1524, Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano discovered the United States of America's east coast.
•In 1534, Jacques Cartier entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and reached the mouth of the St. Lawrence River.
•In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed Newfoundland for the English Crown.
•In 1764 William Harrison (the son of John Harrison) sailed aboard the HMS Tartar, with the H-4 time piece. The voyage became the basis for the invention of the global system of Longitude.
•In 1858, Cyrus West Field laid the first transatlantic telegraph cable (it quickly failed).
•In 1865 Brunel's ship the SS Great Eastern laid the first successful transatlantic telegraph cable .
•In 1870 the small City of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) became the first small Lifeboat to cross the Atlantic from Cork to Boston with two men crew, John Charles Buckley and Nikola Primorac (di Costa), only.[9]
•In 1896 Frank Samuelsen and George Harbo from Norway became the first people to ever row across the Atlantic Ocean.
•On April 15, 1912 the RMS Titanic sank after hitting an iceberg with a loss of more than 1,500 lives.[10]
•1914–1918, the First Battle of the Atlantic took place.
•In 1919, the American NC-4 became the first seaplane to cross the Atlantic (though it made a couple of landings on islands and the sea along the way, and taxied several hundred miles).
•Later in 1919, a British aeroplane piloted by Alcock and Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight, from Newfoundland to Ireland.
•In 1921, the British were the first to cross the North Atlantic in an airship.
•In 1922, Sacadura Cabral and Gago Coutinho were the first to cross the South Atlantic in an airship.
•In 1927, Charles Lindbergh made the first solo non-stop transatlantic flight in an aircraft (between New York City and Paris).
•In 1931, Bert Hinkler made the first solo non-stop transatlantic flight across the South Atlantic in an aircraft.
•In 1932, Amelia Earhart became the first female to make a solo flight across the Atlantic
•1939–1945, the Second Battle of the Atlantic. Nearly 3,700 Allied ships were sunk at a cost of 783 German U-boats.[11]
•In 1952, Ann Davison was the first woman to single-handedly sail the Atlantic Ocean.
•In 1965, Robert Manry crossed the Atlantic from the U.S. to England non-stop in a 13.5 foot (4.05 meters) sailboat named "Tinkerbell".[12] Several others also crossed the Atlantic in very small sailboats in the 1960s, none of them non-stop, though.
•In 1969 and 1970 Thor Heyerdahl launched expeditions to cross the Atlantic in boats built from papyrus. He succeeded in crossing the Atlantic from Morocco to Barbados after a two-month voyage of 6,100 km with Ra II in 1970, thus conclusively proving that boats such as the Ra could have sailed with the Canary Current across the Atlantic in prehistoric times.[13]
•In 1975, Fons Oerlemans crossed the Atlantic in 82 days, starting from Safi (Morocco) to Trinidad and Tobago, on a selfmade raft.
•In 1980, Gérard d'Aboville was the first man to cross the Atlantic Ocean rowing solo.
•In 1984, Five Argentines sail in a 10-meter-long raft made from tree trunks named Atlantis from Canary Islands and after 52 days 3,000 miles (4,800 km) journey arrived to Venezuela in an attempt to prove travelers from Africa may have crossed the Atlantic before Christopher Columbus.[14][15]
•In 1994, Guy Delage was the first man to allegedly swim across the Atlantic Ocean (with the help of a kick board, from Cape Verde to Barbados).
•In 1998, Benoît Lecomte was the first man to swim across the northern Atlantic Ocean without a kick board, stopping for only one week in the Azores.
•In 1999, after rowing for 81 days and 4,767 kilometres (2,962 mi), Tori Murden became the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by rowboat alone when she reached Guadeloupe from the Canary Islands.
Ethiopic Ocean
The Aethiopian Sea, Ethiopic Ocean or Ethiopian Ocean (Okeanos Aithiopos), is an old name for what is now called the South Atlantic Ocean, which is separated from the North Atlantic Ocean by a narrow region between Natal, Brazil and Monrovia, Liberia. The use of this term illustrates a past trend towards referring to the whole continent of Africa by the name Aethiopia. The modern nation of Ethiopia, in northeast Africa, is nowhere near the Ethiopic Ocean, which would be said to lie off the west coast of Africa. The term Ethiopian Ocean sometimes appeared until the mid-19th century.[
Economy
The Atlantic has contributed significantly to the development and economy of surrounding countries. Besides major transatlantic transportation and communication routes, the Atlantic offers abundant petroleum deposits in the sedimentary rocks of the continental shelves. The Atlantic hosts the world's richest fishing resources, especially in the waters covering the shelves. The major fish are cod, haddock, hake, herring, and mackerel.
The most productive areas include Newfoundland's Grand Banks, the Nova Scotia shelf, Georges Bank off Cape Cod, the Bahama Banks, the waters around Iceland, the Irish Sea, the Dogger Bank of the North Sea, and the Falkland Banks. Eel, lobster, and whales appear in great quantities. Various international treaties attempt to reduce pollution caused by environmental threats such as oil spills, marine debris, and the incineration of toxic wastes at sea.
Terrain
From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and Baltic Sea. A clockwise warm-water gyre occupies the northern Atlantic, and a counter-clockwise warm-water gyre appears in the southern Atlantic. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin, first discovered by the Challenger Expedition dominates the ocean floor. This was formed by the vulcanism that also formed the ocean floor and the islands rising from it.
The Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs, and seas. These include the Norwegian Sea, Baltic Sea, North Sea, Labrador Sea, Black Sea, Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Bay of Fundy, Gulf of Maine, Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea.
Islands include Newfoundland (including hundreds of surrounding islands), Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Islands, Great Britain (including numerous surrounding islands), Ireland, Rockall, Sable Island, Azores, St. Pierre and Miquelon, Madeira, Bermuda, Canary Islands, Caribbean, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Annobón Province, Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Ascension Island, Saint Helena, Trindade and Martim Vaz, Tristan da Cunha, Gough Island (Also known as Diego Alvarez), Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego, South Georgia Island, South Sandwich Islands, and Bouvet Island.
Natural resources
The Atlantic harbors petroleum and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, and precious stones.
Natural hazards
Icebergs are common from February to August in the Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and Madeira. Ships are subject to superstructure icing in the extreme north from October to May. Persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to September, as can hurricanes north of the equator (May to December).
The United States' southeast coast has a long history of shipwrecks due to its many shoals and reefs. The Virginia and North Carolina coasts were particularly dangerous.
The Bermuda Triangle is popularly believed to be the site of numerous aviation and shipping incidents because of unexplained and supposedly mysterious causes, but Coast Guard records do not support this belief.
Hurricanes are also a natural hazard in the Atlantic, but mainly in the northern part of the ocean, rarely tropical cyclones form in the southern parts. Hurricanes usually form between June 1 and November 30 of every year. The most notable hurricane in the Atlantic would be Hurricane Katrina in the 2005 season
Current environmental issues
Endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions, turtles, and whales. Drift net fishing can kill dolphins, albatrosses and other seabirds (petrels, auks), hastening the fish stock decline and contributing to international disputes.[16] Municipal pollution comes from the eastern United States, southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina; oil pollution in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; and industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea.
In 2005, there was some concern that warm northern European currents were slowing down, but no scientific consensus formed from that evidence.[17]
On June 7, 2006, Florida's wildlife commission voted to take the manatee off the state's endangered species list. Some environmentalists worry that this could erode safeguards for the popular sea creature.
Marine pollution
Marine pollution is a generic term for the entry into the ocean of potentially hazardous chemicals or particles. The biggest culprits are rivers and with them many agriculture fertilizer chemicals as well as livestock and human waste. The excess of oxygen-depleting chemicals leads to hypoxia and the creation of a dead zone.[18]
Marine debris, which is also known as marine litter, describes human-created waste floating in a body of water. Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of gyres and coastlines, frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter
Bordering countries and territories
The states (territories in italics) with a coastline on the Atlantic Ocean (excluding the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas) are:
Europe
• Belgium
• Denmark
• Germany
• Spain
• France
• Faroe Islands
• Guernsey
• Isle of Man
• Ireland
• Iceland
• Jersey
• Netherlands
• Norway
• Portugal
• Sweden
• United Kingdom
Africa
• Morocco
• Angola
• Benin
• Bouvet Island
• Côte d'Ivoire
• Cameroon
• Democratic Republic of the Congo
• Republic of the Congo
• Cape Verde
• Western Sahara (claimed by Morocco)
• Spain (Canary Islands)
• Gabon
• Ghana
• Guinea
• Gambia
• Guinea-Bissau
• Equatorial Guinea
• Liberia
• Mauritania
• Namibia
• Nigeria
• Senegal
• Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
• Sierra Leone
• São Tomé and Príncipe
•
South America
• Argentina
• Brazil
• Chile
• Colombia
• Falkland Islands
• France (French Guiana)
• Guyana
• South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
• Suriname
• Uruguay
• Venezuela
Caribbean
• Aruba
• Anguilla
• Antigua and Barbuda
• Bahamas
• Saint Barthélemy
• Barbados
• Cuba
• Curaçao
• Cayman Islands
• Dominica
• Dominican Republic
• France (Martinique and Guadeloupe)
• Grenada
• Haiti
• Jamaica
• Saint Lucia
• Saint Martin
• Montserrat
• Netherlands (Caribbean Netherlands)
• Puerto Rico
• Saint Kitts and Nevis
• Sint Maarten
• Turks and Caicos Islands
• Trinidad and Tobago
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
• British Virgin Islands
• United States Virgin Islands
Central and North America
• Belize
• Bermuda
• Canada
• Costa Rica
• Greenland
• Guatemala
• Honduras
• Mexico
• Nicaragua
• Panama
• Saint Pierre and Miquelon
• United States
2014-02-13 15.07.00InvertGPPcSq
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Ford Escort RS Turbo (1984-90) Engine 1597 cc S4 OC Production 5000
Registration Number D 742 KJT (Bournemouth)
FORD EUROPE
www.flickr.com/photos/45676495@N05/sets/72157623665118181...
Using the same basic engine as the 1983 RS 1600i but with a Garrett AiResearch Turbocharger to give 132 bhp which remained unchanged throughout production. The Escort RS Turbo was launched in October 1984. it had been delayed several times and when it went on sale in early 1985 the chassis came in for severe criticism.The RS Turbo Series 1 was only marketed in a few European nations as production was limited to 5,000 examples, all in white with the exception of one black car, for Lady Diana Spencer (Princess of Wales) They were well equipped, with the alloy wheels from the limited production RS 1600i, Recaro seats, and a limited slip differential. The Series 2 RS Turbo continued after the 1986 facelift.
Maximum speed 122-125 mph 0-60mph in 8.1 seconds. Price at launch £ 9951
Diolch am olygfa anhygoel, 65,148,076
oblogaeth y Lloegr honno dros y Mynyddoedd
Thanks for a stonking 65,148,076 views
Shot 06.05.2018 at Catton Hall Car Show, Catton Hall, Walton on Trent, Derbyshire Ref 133-473
Photo André Knoerr, Genève. Reproduction autorisée avec mention de la source.
Utilisation commerciale soumise à autorisation spéciale préalable.
Le retard pris par Bombardier dans la livraison des motrices Flexity Wien donne l'occasion aux classiques motrices E2 d'effectuer un "bouquet final" en étant engagées au maximum et parfois sur des lignes où elles n'étaient pas affectées jusque là.
En service sur la ligne 25 en direction d'Aspern, le convoi E2 4076 + c5 1469 passe sous une rame Cityjet du S-Bahn.
21624
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